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Palma-Rojo E, Barquinero JF, Pérez-Alija J, González JR, Armengol G. Differential biological effect of low doses of ionizing radiation depending on the radiosensitivity in a cell line model. Int J Radiat Biol 2024; 100:1527-1540. [PMID: 39288264 DOI: 10.1080/09553002.2024.2400514] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/09/2024] [Revised: 07/18/2024] [Accepted: 08/22/2024] [Indexed: 09/19/2024]
Abstract
PURPOSE Exposure to low doses (LD) of ionizing radiation (IR), such as the ones employed in computed tomography (CT) examination, can be associated with cancer risk. However, cancer development could depend on individual radiosensitivity. In the present study, we evaluated the differences in the response to a CT-scan radiation dose of 20 mGy in two lymphoblastoid cell lines with different radiosensitivity. MATERIALS AND METHODS Several parameters were studied: gene expression, DNA damage, and its repair, as well as cell viability, proliferation, and death. Results were compared with those after a medium dose of 500 mGy. RESULTS After 20 mGy of IR, the radiosensitive (RS) cell line showed an increase in DNA damage, and higher cell proliferation and apoptosis, whereas the radioresistant (RR) cell line was insensitive to this LD. Interestingly, the RR cell line showed a higher expression of an antioxidant gene, which could be used by the cells as a protective mechanism. After a dose of 500 mGy, both cell lines were affected by IR but with significant differences. The RS cells presented an increase in DNA damage and apoptosis, but a decrease in cell proliferation and cell viability, as well as less antioxidant response. CONCLUSIONS A differential biological effect was observed between two cell lines with different radiosensitivity, and these differences are especially interesting after a CT scan dose. If this is confirmed by further studies, one could think that individuals with radiosensitivity-related genetic variants may be more vulnerable to long-term effects of IR, potentially increasing cancer risk after LD exposure.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elia Palma-Rojo
- Unitat d'Antropologia Biològica, Departament de Biologia Animal, Biologia Vegetal i Ecologia, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, Bellaterra, Catalonia, Spain
| | - Joan-Francesc Barquinero
- Unitat d'Antropologia Biològica, Departament de Biologia Animal, Biologia Vegetal i Ecologia, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, Bellaterra, Catalonia, Spain
| | - Jaime Pérez-Alija
- Servei de Radiofísica i Radioprotecció, Hospital de la Santa Creu i Sant Pau, Barcelona, Catalonia, Spain
| | - Juan R González
- Barcelona Institute for Global Health (ISGlobal), Barcelona, Spain
| | - Gemma Armengol
- Unitat d'Antropologia Biològica, Departament de Biologia Animal, Biologia Vegetal i Ecologia, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, Bellaterra, Catalonia, Spain
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Tao SM, Wang LL, Li MD, Wang J, Gu HM, Zhang LJ. Cancer risk associated with low-dose ionizing radiation: A systematic review of epidemiological and biological evidence. MUTATION RESEARCH. REVIEWS IN MUTATION RESEARCH 2024; 794:108517. [PMID: 39522793 DOI: 10.1016/j.mrrev.2024.108517] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/06/2024] [Revised: 09/11/2024] [Accepted: 10/29/2024] [Indexed: 11/16/2024]
Abstract
The current radiation protection reference standards on stochastic cancer risk, drafted by the International Committee on Radiation Protection, are mostly based on the Life Span Study (LSS), though sufficient epidemiological and basic research evidence is lacking. The relationship between low-dose ionizing radiation (LDIR) and cancer risk is currently modeled with linear non-threshold (LNT) models. However, with the widespread use of medical examinations, the demand for substantial evidence of cancer risk under LDIR and the establishment of a threshold has become more significant. In the first part of the review, we summarize pivotal research in epidemiology, which includes the LSS, medical radiation studies, and occupational and environmental exposure studies. We describe and discuss solid cancers and hematopoietic malignancies induced by LDIR separately, attempting to identify the consistency and differences in the research results, and offering suggestions for future research directions. In the second part, we review recent progress in the underlying biology of cancer associated with LDIR. Besides the obvious harmful effect of DNA damage, chromosome aberrations caused by LDIR, epigenetic regulation also requires attention due to their relationship with carcinogenic and genetic risk. The multistage carcinogenesis model of stem cells, along with the varying effects of radiation on different tumors, may challenge the LNT model. Related research of stem cells, mitochondria and omic biology also offers promising directions for future research in this field.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shu Min Tao
- Department of Radiology, Affiliated Hospital of Nantong University, Nantong 226001, China
| | - Le Le Wang
- Department of Radiology, Xuzhou cancer hospital, Xuzhou 221000, China
| | - Min Da Li
- Department of Radiology, Affiliated Hospital of Nantong University, Nantong 226001, China; Department of Radiology, The Frist Affiliated Hospital of Soochow University, Suzhou 215000, China
| | - Jing Wang
- Department of Radiology, Affiliated Hospital of Nantong University, Nantong 226001, China
| | - Hong Mei Gu
- Department of Radiology, Affiliated Hospital of Nantong University, Nantong 226001, China.
| | - Long Jiang Zhang
- Department of Radiology, Jinling Hospital, Medical School of Nanjing University, Nanjing 210002, China.
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Ma Y, Guo L, Fang L, Hou D, Chen R, Wang X, Mao X, Zhao Z, Chen Y. Assessment of radiation doses and DNA damage in pediatric patients undergoing interventional procedures for vascular anomalies. MUTATION RESEARCH. GENETIC TOXICOLOGY AND ENVIRONMENTAL MUTAGENESIS 2023; 889:503653. [PMID: 37491112 DOI: 10.1016/j.mrgentox.2023.503653] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/16/2022] [Revised: 06/07/2023] [Accepted: 06/22/2023] [Indexed: 07/27/2023]
Abstract
Interventional procedures (IPs) have been widely used to treat vascular anomalies (VA) in recent years. However, patients are exposed to low-dose X-ray ionizing radiation (IR) during these fluoroscopy-guided IPs. We collected clinical information and IR doses during IPs and measured biomarkers including γ-H2AX, chromosome aberrations (CA), and micronuclei (MN), which underpin radiation-induced DNA damage, from 74 pediatric patients before and after IPs. For the 74 children, the range of dose-area product (DAP) values was from 1.2 to 1754.6 Gy∙cm2, with a median value of 27.1 Gy∙cm2. DAP values were significantly higher in children with lesions in the head and neck than in the limbs and trunk; the age and weight of children revealed a strong positive correlation with DAP values. The treated patients as a group demonstrated an increase in all three endpoints relative to baseline following IPs. Children with vascular tumors have a higher risk of dicentric chromosome + centric ring (dic+r) and cytokinesis-block micronucleus (CBMN) after IPs than children with vascular malformations. The younger the patient, the greater the risk of CA after IPs. Moreover, rogue cells (RCs) were found in five children (approximately 10%) after IPs, and the rates of dic+r and CBMN were significantly higher than those of other children (Z = -3.576, p < 0.001). These results suggest that there may be some children with VA who are particularly sensitive to IR, but more data and more in-depth experiments will be needed to verify this in the future.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ya Ma
- School of Preventive Medicine Sciences (Institute of Radiation Medicine), Shandong First Medical University (Shandong Academy of Medical Sciences), No. 6699 Qingdao Road, Jinan 250117, PR China
| | - Lei Guo
- Jinan Children's Hospital, No. 23976 Jingshi Road, Jinan 250022, PR China
| | - Lianying Fang
- School of Preventive Medicine Sciences (Institute of Radiation Medicine), Shandong First Medical University (Shandong Academy of Medical Sciences), No. 6699 Qingdao Road, Jinan 250117, PR China
| | - Dianjun Hou
- School of Preventive Medicine Sciences (Institute of Radiation Medicine), Shandong First Medical University (Shandong Academy of Medical Sciences), No. 6699 Qingdao Road, Jinan 250117, PR China
| | - Rui Chen
- School of Preventive Medicine Sciences (Institute of Radiation Medicine), Shandong First Medical University (Shandong Academy of Medical Sciences), No. 6699 Qingdao Road, Jinan 250117, PR China
| | - Xiaoshan Wang
- School of Preventive Medicine Sciences (Institute of Radiation Medicine), Shandong First Medical University (Shandong Academy of Medical Sciences), No. 6699 Qingdao Road, Jinan 250117, PR China
| | - Xuesong Mao
- School of Preventive Medicine Sciences (Institute of Radiation Medicine), Shandong First Medical University (Shandong Academy of Medical Sciences), No. 6699 Qingdao Road, Jinan 250117, PR China
| | - Zihan Zhao
- High School Attached to Shandong Normal University, No. 3 Shanshi North Street, Jinan 250014, PR China
| | - Yingmin Chen
- School of Preventive Medicine Sciences (Institute of Radiation Medicine), Shandong First Medical University (Shandong Academy of Medical Sciences), No. 6699 Qingdao Road, Jinan 250117, PR China.
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López-Riego M, Płódowska M, Lis-Zajęcka M, Jeziorska K, Tetela S, Węgierek-Ciuk A, Sobota D, Braziewicz J, Lundholm L, Lisowska H, Wojcik A. The DNA damage response to radiological imaging: from ROS and γH2AX foci induction to gene expression responses in vivo. RADIATION AND ENVIRONMENTAL BIOPHYSICS 2023:10.1007/s00411-023-01033-4. [PMID: 37335333 DOI: 10.1007/s00411-023-01033-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/28/2023] [Accepted: 06/03/2023] [Indexed: 06/21/2023]
Abstract
Candidate ionising radiation exposure biomarkers must be validated in humans exposed in vivo. Blood from patients undergoing positron emission tomography-computed tomography scan (PET-CT) and skeletal scintigraphy (scintigraphy) was drawn before (0 h) and after (2 h) the procedure for correlation analyses of the response of selected biomarkers with radiation dose and other available patient information. FDXR, CDKN1A, BBC3, GADD45A, XPC, and MDM2 expression was determined by qRT-PCR, DNA damage (γH2AX) by flow cytometry, and reactive oxygen species (ROS) levels by flow cytometry using the 2', 7'-dichlorofluorescein diacetate test in peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMC). For ROS experiments, 0- and 2-h samples were additionally exposed to UVA to determine whether diagnostic irradiation conditioned the response to further oxidative insult. With some exceptions, radiological imaging induced weak γH2AX foci, ROS and gene expression fold changes, the latter with good coherence across genes within a patient. Diagnostic imaging did not influence oxidative stress in PBMC successively exposed to UVA. Correlation analyses with patient characteristics led to low correlation coefficient values. γH2AX fold change, which correlated positively with gene expression, presented a weak positive correlation with injected activity, indicating a radiation-induced subtle increase in DNA damage and subsequent activation of the DNA damage response pathway. The exposure discrimination potential of these biomarkers in the absence of control samples as frequently demanded in radiological emergencies, was assessed using raw data. These results suggest that the variability of the response in heterogeneous populations might complicate identifying individuals exposed to low radiation doses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Milagrosa López-Riego
- Centre for Radiation Protection Research, Department of Molecular Biosciences, The Wenner-Gren Institute, Stockholm University, Stockholm, Sweden.
| | - Magdalena Płódowska
- Department of Medical Biology, Institute of Biology, Jan Kochanowski University, Kielce, Poland
| | - Milena Lis-Zajęcka
- Department of Medical Biology, Institute of Biology, Jan Kochanowski University, Kielce, Poland
| | - Kamila Jeziorska
- Department of Medical Biology, Institute of Biology, Jan Kochanowski University, Kielce, Poland
| | - Sylwia Tetela
- Department of Medical Biology, Institute of Biology, Jan Kochanowski University, Kielce, Poland
| | - Aneta Węgierek-Ciuk
- Department of Medical Biology, Institute of Biology, Jan Kochanowski University, Kielce, Poland
| | - Daniel Sobota
- Department of Medical Physics, Institute of Biology, Jan Kochanowski University, Kielce, Poland
| | - Janusz Braziewicz
- Department of Medical Physics, Institute of Biology, Jan Kochanowski University, Kielce, Poland
- Department of Nuclear Medicine With Positron Emission Tomography (PET) Unit, Holy Cross Cancer Centre, Kielce, Poland
| | - Lovisa Lundholm
- Centre for Radiation Protection Research, Department of Molecular Biosciences, The Wenner-Gren Institute, Stockholm University, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Halina Lisowska
- Department of Medical Biology, Institute of Biology, Jan Kochanowski University, Kielce, Poland
| | - Andrzej Wojcik
- Centre for Radiation Protection Research, Department of Molecular Biosciences, The Wenner-Gren Institute, Stockholm University, Stockholm, Sweden
- Department of Medical Biology, Institute of Biology, Jan Kochanowski University, Kielce, Poland
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Nagayama Y, Goto M, Sakabe D, Emoto T, Shigematsu S, Oda S, Tanoue S, Kidoh M, Nakaura T, Funama Y, Uchimura R, Takada S, Hayashi H, Hatemura M, Hirai T. Radiation Dose Reduction for 80-kVp Pediatric CT Using Deep Learning-Based Reconstruction: A Clinical and Phantom Study. AJR Am J Roentgenol 2022; 219:315-324. [PMID: 35195431 DOI: 10.2214/ajr.21.27255] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND. Deep learning-based reconstruction (DLR) may facilitate CT radiation dose reduction, but a paucity of literature has compared lower-dose DLR images with standard-dose iterative reconstruction (IR) images or explored application of DLR to low-tube-voltage scanning in children. OBJECTIVE. The purpose of this study was to assess whether DLR can be used to reduce radiation dose while maintaining diagnostic image quality in comparison with hybrid IR (HIR) and model-based IR (MBIR) for low-tube-voltage pediatric CT. METHODS. This retrospective study included children 6 years old or younger who underwent contrast-enhanced 80-kVp CT with a standard-dose or lower-dose protocol. Standard images were reconstructed with HIR, and lower-dose images were reconstructed with HIR, MBIR, and DLR. Size-specific dose estimate (SSDE) was calculated for both protocols. Image noise, signal-to-noise ratio (SNR), and contrast-to-noise ratio (CNR) were quantified. Two radiologists independently evaluated noise magnitude, noise texture, streak artifact, edge sharpness, and overall quality. Interreader agreement was assessed, and mean values were calculated. To evaluate task-based object detection performance, a phantom was imaged with 80-kVp CT at six doses (SSDE, 0.6-5.3 mGy). Detectability index (d') was calculated from the noise power spectrum and task-based transfer function. Reconstruction methods were compared. RESULTS. Sixty-five children (mean age, 25.0 ± 25.2 months) who underwent CT with standard- (n = 31) or lower-dose (n = 34) protocol were included. SSDE was 54% lower for the lower-dose than for the standard-dose group (1.9 ± 0.4 vs 4.1 ± 0.8 mGy). Lower-dose DLR and MBIR yielded lower image noise and higher SNR and CNR than standard-dose HIR (p < .05). Interobserver agreement on subjective features ranged from a kappa coefficient of 0.68 to 0.78. The readers subjectively scored noise texture, edge sharpness, and overall quality lower for lower-dose MBIR than for standard-dose HIR (p < .001), though higher for lower-dose DLR than for standard-dose HIR (p < .001). In the phantom, DLR provided higher d' than HIR and MBIR at each dose. Object detectability was greater for 2.0-mGy DLR than for 4.0-mGy HIR for low-contrast (3.67 vs 3.57) and high-contrast (1.20 vs 1.04) objects. CONCLUSION. Compared with IR algorithms, DLR results in substantial dose reduction with preserved or even improved image quality for low-tube-voltage pediatric CT. CLINICAL IMPACT. Use of DLR at 80 kVp allows greater dose reduction for pediatric CT than do current IR techniques.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yasunori Nagayama
- Department of Diagnostic Radiology, Graduate School of Medical Sciences, Kumamoto University, 1-1-1, Honjo, Chuo-ku, Kumamoto 860-8556, Japan
| | - Makoto Goto
- Department of Central Radiology, Kumamoto University Hospital, Kumamoto, Japan
| | - Daisuke Sakabe
- Department of Central Radiology, Kumamoto University Hospital, Kumamoto, Japan
| | - Takafumi Emoto
- Department of Central Radiology, Kumamoto University Hospital, Kumamoto, Japan
| | - Shinsuke Shigematsu
- Department of Central Radiology, Kumamoto University Hospital, Kumamoto, Japan
| | - Seitaro Oda
- Department of Diagnostic Radiology, Graduate School of Medical Sciences, Kumamoto University, 1-1-1, Honjo, Chuo-ku, Kumamoto 860-8556, Japan
| | - Shota Tanoue
- Department of Diagnostic Radiology, Graduate School of Medical Sciences, Kumamoto University, 1-1-1, Honjo, Chuo-ku, Kumamoto 860-8556, Japan
| | - Masafumi Kidoh
- Department of Diagnostic Radiology, Graduate School of Medical Sciences, Kumamoto University, 1-1-1, Honjo, Chuo-ku, Kumamoto 860-8556, Japan
| | - Takeshi Nakaura
- Department of Diagnostic Radiology, Graduate School of Medical Sciences, Kumamoto University, 1-1-1, Honjo, Chuo-ku, Kumamoto 860-8556, Japan
| | - Yoshinori Funama
- Department of Medical Radiation Sciences, Faculty of Life Sciences, Kumamoto University, Kumamoto, Japan
| | - Ryutaro Uchimura
- Department of Diagnostic Radiology, Graduate School of Medical Sciences, Kumamoto University, 1-1-1, Honjo, Chuo-ku, Kumamoto 860-8556, Japan
| | - Sentaro Takada
- Department of Diagnostic Radiology, Graduate School of Medical Sciences, Kumamoto University, 1-1-1, Honjo, Chuo-ku, Kumamoto 860-8556, Japan
| | - Hidetaka Hayashi
- Department of Diagnostic Radiology, Graduate School of Medical Sciences, Kumamoto University, 1-1-1, Honjo, Chuo-ku, Kumamoto 860-8556, Japan
| | - Masahiro Hatemura
- Department of Central Radiology, Kumamoto University Hospital, Kumamoto, Japan
| | - Toshinori Hirai
- Department of Diagnostic Radiology, Graduate School of Medical Sciences, Kumamoto University, 1-1-1, Honjo, Chuo-ku, Kumamoto 860-8556, Japan
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Ng CKC. Artificial Intelligence for Radiation Dose Optimization in Pediatric Radiology: A Systematic Review. CHILDREN 2022; 9:children9071044. [PMID: 35884028 PMCID: PMC9320231 DOI: 10.3390/children9071044] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/29/2022] [Revised: 07/11/2022] [Accepted: 07/11/2022] [Indexed: 01/19/2023]
Abstract
Radiation dose optimization is particularly important in pediatric radiology, as children are more susceptible to potential harmful effects of ionizing radiation. However, only one narrative review about artificial intelligence (AI) for dose optimization in pediatric computed tomography (CT) has been published yet. The purpose of this systematic review is to answer the question “What are the AI techniques and architectures introduced in pediatric radiology for dose optimization, their specific application areas, and performances?” Literature search with use of electronic databases was conducted on 3 June 2022. Sixteen articles that met selection criteria were included. The included studies showed deep convolutional neural network (CNN) was the most common AI technique and architecture used for dose optimization in pediatric radiology. All but three included studies evaluated AI performance in dose optimization of abdomen, chest, head, neck, and pelvis CT; CT angiography; and dual-energy CT through deep learning image reconstruction. Most studies demonstrated that AI could reduce radiation dose by 36–70% without losing diagnostic information. Despite the dominance of commercially available AI models based on deep CNN with promising outcomes, homegrown models could provide comparable performances. Future exploration of AI value for dose optimization in pediatric radiology is necessary due to small sample sizes and narrow scopes (only three modalities, CT, positron emission tomography/magnetic resonance imaging and mobile radiography, and not all examination types covered) of existing studies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Curtise K. C. Ng
- Curtin Medical School, Curtin University, GPO Box U1987, Perth, WA 6845, Australia; or ; Tel.: +61-8-9266-7314; Fax: +61-8-9266-2377
- Curtin Health Innovation Research Institute (CHIRI), Faculty of Health Sciences, Curtin University, GPO Box U1987, Perth, WA 6845, Australia
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Vinnikov V, Belyakov O. Clinical Applications of Biological Dosimetry in Patients Exposed to Low Dose Radiation Due to Radiological, Imaging or Nuclear Medicine Procedures. Semin Nucl Med 2021; 52:114-139. [PMID: 34879905 DOI: 10.1053/j.semnuclmed.2021.11.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
Abstract
Radiation dosimetric biomarkers have found applications beyond radiation protection area and now are actively introduced into clinical practice. Cytogenetic assays appeared to be a valuable tool for individualized quantifying radiation effects in patients, with high capability for assessing genotoxicity of various medical exposure modalities and providing meaningful radiation dose estimates for prognoses of radiation-related cancer risk. This review summarized current data on the use of biological dosimetry methods in patients undergoing various medical irradiations to low doses. The highlighted topics include basic aspects of biological dosimetry and its limitations in the range of low radiation doses, and main patterns of in vivo induction of radiation biomarkers in clinical exposure scenarios, occurring in X-ray diagnostics, computed tomography, interventional radiology, low dose radiotherapy, and nuclear medicine (internally administered 131I and other radiopharmaceuticals). Additionally, several specific issues, examined by biodosimetry techniques, are analysed, such as contrast media effect, radiation response in pediatric patients, impact of magnetic resonance imaging, evaluation of radioprotectors, detection of patients' abnormal intrinsic radiosensitivity and dose estimation in persons involved in medical radiation incidents. A prognosis of possible directions for further improvements in this area includes the automation of cytogenetic analysis, introduction of molecular biodosimeters and development of multiparametric biodosimetry platforms. A potential approach to the advanced biodosimetry of internal exposure and/or low dose external irradiation is suggested; this can be a multiparametric platform based on the combination of the γ-H2AX foci, dicentric, and translocation assays, each applied in the optimum postexposure time range, with the amalgamation of the dose estimates. The study revealed the necessity of further research, which might clarify medical radiation safety concerns for patients via using stringent biodosimetry methodology.
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Affiliation(s)
- Volodymyr Vinnikov
- International Atomic Energy Agency (IAEA), Vienna, Austria; Grigoriev Institute for Medical Radiology and Oncology (GIMRO), Kharkiv, Ukraine.
| | - Oleg Belyakov
- International Atomic Energy Agency (IAEA), Vienna, Austria
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Nagayama Y, Sakabe D, Goto M, Emoto T, Oda S, Nakaura T, Kidoh M, Uetani H, Funama Y, Hirai T. Deep Learning-based Reconstruction for Lower-Dose Pediatric CT: Technical Principles, Image Characteristics, and Clinical Implementations. Radiographics 2021; 41:1936-1953. [PMID: 34597178 DOI: 10.1148/rg.2021210105] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Optimizing the CT acquisition parameters to obtain diagnostic image quality at the lowest possible radiation dose is crucial in the radiosensitive pediatric population. The image quality of low-dose CT can be severely degraded by increased image noise with filtered back projection (FBP) reconstruction. Iterative reconstruction (IR) techniques partially resolve the trade-off relationship between noise and radiation dose but still suffer from degraded noise texture and low-contrast detectability at considerably low-dose settings. Furthermore, sophisticated model-based IR usually requires a long reconstruction time, which restricts its clinical usability. With recent advances in artificial intelligence technology, deep learning-based reconstruction (DLR) has been introduced to overcome the limitations of the FBP and IR approaches and is currently available clinically. DLR incorporates convolutional neural networks-which comprise multiple layers of mathematical equations-into the image reconstruction process to reduce image noise, improve spatial resolution, and preserve preferable noise texture in the CT images. For DLR development, numerous network parameters are iteratively optimized through an extensive learning process to discriminate true attenuation from noise by using low-dose training and high-dose teaching image data. After rigorous validations of network generalizability, the DLR engine can be used to generate high-quality images from low-dose projection data in a short reconstruction time in a clinical environment. Application of the DLR technique allows substantial dose reduction in pediatric CT performed for various clinical indications while preserving the diagnostic image quality. The authors present an overview of the basic concept, technical principles, and image characteristics of DLR and its clinical feasibility for low-dose pediatric CT. ©RSNA, 2021.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yasunori Nagayama
- From the Department of Diagnostic Radiology, Graduate School of Medical Sciences (Y.N., S.O., T.N., M.K., H.U., T.H.), and Department of Medical Radiation Sciences, Faculty of Life Sciences (Y.F.), Kumamoto University, 1-1-1 Honjo, Chuo-ku, Kumamoto 860-8556, Japan; and Department of Central Radiology, Kumamoto University Hospital, Chuo-ku, Kumamoto, Japan (D.S., M.G., T.E.)
| | - Daisuke Sakabe
- From the Department of Diagnostic Radiology, Graduate School of Medical Sciences (Y.N., S.O., T.N., M.K., H.U., T.H.), and Department of Medical Radiation Sciences, Faculty of Life Sciences (Y.F.), Kumamoto University, 1-1-1 Honjo, Chuo-ku, Kumamoto 860-8556, Japan; and Department of Central Radiology, Kumamoto University Hospital, Chuo-ku, Kumamoto, Japan (D.S., M.G., T.E.)
| | - Makoto Goto
- From the Department of Diagnostic Radiology, Graduate School of Medical Sciences (Y.N., S.O., T.N., M.K., H.U., T.H.), and Department of Medical Radiation Sciences, Faculty of Life Sciences (Y.F.), Kumamoto University, 1-1-1 Honjo, Chuo-ku, Kumamoto 860-8556, Japan; and Department of Central Radiology, Kumamoto University Hospital, Chuo-ku, Kumamoto, Japan (D.S., M.G., T.E.)
| | - Takafumi Emoto
- From the Department of Diagnostic Radiology, Graduate School of Medical Sciences (Y.N., S.O., T.N., M.K., H.U., T.H.), and Department of Medical Radiation Sciences, Faculty of Life Sciences (Y.F.), Kumamoto University, 1-1-1 Honjo, Chuo-ku, Kumamoto 860-8556, Japan; and Department of Central Radiology, Kumamoto University Hospital, Chuo-ku, Kumamoto, Japan (D.S., M.G., T.E.)
| | - Seitaro Oda
- From the Department of Diagnostic Radiology, Graduate School of Medical Sciences (Y.N., S.O., T.N., M.K., H.U., T.H.), and Department of Medical Radiation Sciences, Faculty of Life Sciences (Y.F.), Kumamoto University, 1-1-1 Honjo, Chuo-ku, Kumamoto 860-8556, Japan; and Department of Central Radiology, Kumamoto University Hospital, Chuo-ku, Kumamoto, Japan (D.S., M.G., T.E.)
| | - Takeshi Nakaura
- From the Department of Diagnostic Radiology, Graduate School of Medical Sciences (Y.N., S.O., T.N., M.K., H.U., T.H.), and Department of Medical Radiation Sciences, Faculty of Life Sciences (Y.F.), Kumamoto University, 1-1-1 Honjo, Chuo-ku, Kumamoto 860-8556, Japan; and Department of Central Radiology, Kumamoto University Hospital, Chuo-ku, Kumamoto, Japan (D.S., M.G., T.E.)
| | - Masafumi Kidoh
- From the Department of Diagnostic Radiology, Graduate School of Medical Sciences (Y.N., S.O., T.N., M.K., H.U., T.H.), and Department of Medical Radiation Sciences, Faculty of Life Sciences (Y.F.), Kumamoto University, 1-1-1 Honjo, Chuo-ku, Kumamoto 860-8556, Japan; and Department of Central Radiology, Kumamoto University Hospital, Chuo-ku, Kumamoto, Japan (D.S., M.G., T.E.)
| | - Hiroyuki Uetani
- From the Department of Diagnostic Radiology, Graduate School of Medical Sciences (Y.N., S.O., T.N., M.K., H.U., T.H.), and Department of Medical Radiation Sciences, Faculty of Life Sciences (Y.F.), Kumamoto University, 1-1-1 Honjo, Chuo-ku, Kumamoto 860-8556, Japan; and Department of Central Radiology, Kumamoto University Hospital, Chuo-ku, Kumamoto, Japan (D.S., M.G., T.E.)
| | - Yoshinori Funama
- From the Department of Diagnostic Radiology, Graduate School of Medical Sciences (Y.N., S.O., T.N., M.K., H.U., T.H.), and Department of Medical Radiation Sciences, Faculty of Life Sciences (Y.F.), Kumamoto University, 1-1-1 Honjo, Chuo-ku, Kumamoto 860-8556, Japan; and Department of Central Radiology, Kumamoto University Hospital, Chuo-ku, Kumamoto, Japan (D.S., M.G., T.E.)
| | - Toshinori Hirai
- From the Department of Diagnostic Radiology, Graduate School of Medical Sciences (Y.N., S.O., T.N., M.K., H.U., T.H.), and Department of Medical Radiation Sciences, Faculty of Life Sciences (Y.F.), Kumamoto University, 1-1-1 Honjo, Chuo-ku, Kumamoto 860-8556, Japan; and Department of Central Radiology, Kumamoto University Hospital, Chuo-ku, Kumamoto, Japan (D.S., M.G., T.E.)
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Visweswaran S, Raavi V, Abdul Syed Basheerudeen S, Kanagaraj K, Prasad A, Selvan Gnana Sekaran T, Pattan S, Shanmugam P, Ozimuthu A, Joseph S, Perumal V. Comparative analysis of physical doses and biomarker changes in subjects underwent Computed Tomography, Positron Emission Tomography-Computed Tomography, and interventional procedures. MUTATION RESEARCH. GENETIC TOXICOLOGY AND ENVIRONMENTAL MUTAGENESIS 2021; 870-871:503404. [PMID: 34583824 DOI: 10.1016/j.mrgentox.2021.503404] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/26/2021] [Revised: 08/30/2021] [Accepted: 09/11/2021] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
Abstract
Even though the medical uses of ionizing radiation are well-acknowledged globally as vital tools for the improvement of human health, they also symbolize the major man-made sources of radiation exposure to the population. Estimation of absorbed dose and biological changes after radiation-based imaging might help to better understand the effects of low dose radiation. Because of this, we measured the Entrance Surface Dose (ESD) at different anatomical locations using Lithium tetraborate doped with manganese (Li2B4O7: Mn), recorded Dose Length Product (DLP) and Dose Area Product (DAP), analyzed Chromosomal Aberration (CA), Micronucleus (MN), gamma-H2AX (γ-H2AX), and p53ser15 proteins in the blood lymphocytes of patients (n = 267) underwent Computed Tomography (CT), Positron Emission Tomography-CT (PET/CT), and interventional procedures and healthy volunteers (n = 19). The DLP and effective doses obtained from PET/CT procedures were significantly higher (p < 0.05) when compared to CT. Fluoroscopic time and DAP were significantly higher (p < 0.05) in therapeutic compared to diagnostic interventional procedures. All the anatomical locations registered a significant amount of ESD, the ESD obtained from CT and interventional procedures were significantly (p < 0.05) higher when compared to PET/CT. Fluoroscopic time did not correlate with the ESD (eye, head, thyroid, and shoulder; R2 = 0.03). CA frequency after PET/CT was significantly higher (p < 0.001) when compared to CT and interventional procedures. MN frequency was significantly higher in 24-hs (p < 0.001) post-interventional procedure compared to 2-hs. The mean ± SD of mean fluorescence intensity of γ-H2AX and p53ser15 obtained from all subjects underwent PET/CT and interventional procedures did not show a significant difference (p > 0.05) between pre- and post-procedure. However, the relative fluorescence intensity of γ-H2AX and p53ser15 was >1 in 58.5 % and 65.8 % of subjects respectively. Large inter-individual variation and lack of correlation between physical dose and biomarkers suggest the need for robust dosimetry with a large sample size to understand the health effects of low dose radiation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shangamithra Visweswaran
- Department of Human Genetics, Sri Ramachandra Institute of Higher Education and Research (Deemed to be University), Porur, Chennai, Tamil Nadu, 600 116, India
| | - Venkateswarlu Raavi
- Department of Cell Biology and Molecular Genetics, Sri Devaraj Urs Academy of Higher Education and Research (Deemed to be University), Tamaka, Kolar, Karnataka, 563 103, India
| | - Safa Abdul Syed Basheerudeen
- Department of Human Genetics, Sri Ramachandra Institute of Higher Education and Research (Deemed to be University), Porur, Chennai, Tamil Nadu, 600 116, India
| | - Karthik Kanagaraj
- Department of Human Genetics, Sri Ramachandra Institute of Higher Education and Research (Deemed to be University), Porur, Chennai, Tamil Nadu, 600 116, India
| | - Akshaya Prasad
- Department of Human Genetics, Sri Ramachandra Institute of Higher Education and Research (Deemed to be University), Porur, Chennai, Tamil Nadu, 600 116, India
| | - Tamizh Selvan Gnana Sekaran
- Central Research Lab, K.S. Hegde Medical Academy, NITTE (Deemed to be University), Mangalore, Karnataka, 575 018, India
| | - Sudha Pattan
- Department of Radiology & Imaging Sciences, Sri Ramachandra Institute of Higher Education and Research (Deemed to be University), Porur, Chennai, Tamil Nadu, 600 116, India
| | - Panneerselvam Shanmugam
- Department of Radiology & Imaging Sciences, Sri Ramachandra Institute of Higher Education and Research (Deemed to be University), Porur, Chennai, Tamil Nadu, 600 116, India
| | - Annalakshmi Ozimuthu
- Safety, Quality & Resource Management Group, Health Safety and Environment Group, Homi Bhabha National Institute, Indira Gandhi Center for Atomic Research, Kalpakkam, Tamil Nadu, 603 102, India
| | - Santhosh Joseph
- Department of Neuro-Radiology, Sri Ramachandra Institute of Higher Education and Research (Deemed to be University), Porur, Chennai, Tamil Nadu, 600 116, India
| | - Venkatachalam Perumal
- Department of Human Genetics, Sri Ramachandra Institute of Higher Education and Research (Deemed to be University), Porur, Chennai, Tamil Nadu, 600 116, India.
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10
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Belmans N, Oenning AC, Salmon B, Baselet B, Tabury K, Lucas S, Lambrichts I, Moreels M, Jacobs R, Baatout S. Radiobiological risks following dentomaxillofacial imaging: should we be concerned? Dentomaxillofac Radiol 2021; 50:20210153. [PMID: 33989056 PMCID: PMC8404518 DOI: 10.1259/dmfr.20210153] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/02/2021] [Accepted: 04/22/2021] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVES This review aimed to present studies that prospectively investigated biological effects in patients following diagnostic dentomaxillofacial radiology (DMFR). METHODS Literature was systematically searched to retrieve all studies assessing radiobiological effects of using X-ray imaging in the dentomaxillofacial area, with reference to radiobiological outcomes for other imaging modalities and fields. RESULTS There is a lot of variability in the reported radiobiological assessment methods and radiation dose measures, making comparisons of radiobiological studies challenging. Most radiological DMFR studies are focusing on genotoxicity and cytotoxicity, data for 2D dentomaxillofacial radiographs, albeit with some methodological weakness biasing the results. For CBCT, available evidence is limited and few studies include comparative data on both adults and children. CONCLUSIONS In the future, one will have to strive towards patient-specific measures by considering age, gender and other individual radiation sensitivity-related factors. Ultimately, future radioprotection strategies should build further on the concept of personalized medicine, with patient-specific optimization of the imaging protocol, based on radiobiological variables.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Anne Caroline Oenning
- Division of Oral Radiology, Faculdade São Leopoldo Mandic, Instituto de Pesquisas São, Leopoldo Mandic, Campinas, Sao Paulo, Brazil
| | | | - Bjorn Baselet
- Belgian Nuclear Research Centre (SCK CEN), Radiobiology Unit, Boeretang 200, Mol, Belgium
| | | | - Stéphane Lucas
- Laboratory of Analysis by Nuclear Reaction (LARN/PMR), Namur Research Institute for Life Sciences, University of Namur, Namur, Belgium
| | - Ivo Lambrichts
- Morphology Group, Biomedical Research Institute, Hasselt University, Agoralaan Building C, Diepenbeek, Belgium
| | - Marjan Moreels
- Belgian Nuclear Research Centre (SCK CEN), Radiobiology Unit, Boeretang 200, Mol, Belgium
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11
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Habibi M, Karyofyllis PK, Nikolakopoulou A, Papagiannis P, Karaiskos P, Georgakilas AG, Hatzi VI, Malakos I, Kollaros N, Mastorakou I, Voudris V, Terzoudi GI. The Use of Genotoxicity Endpoints as Biomarkers of Low Dose Radiation Exposure in Interventional Cardiology. Front Public Health 2021; 9:701878. [PMID: 34368064 PMCID: PMC8342993 DOI: 10.3389/fpubh.2021.701878] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/28/2021] [Accepted: 06/25/2021] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
Abstract
The effect of the reportedly low ionizing radiation doses, such as those very often delivered to patients in interventional cardiology, remains ambiguous. As interventional cardiac procedures may have a significant impact on total collective effective dose, there are radiation protection concerns for patients and physicians regarding potential late health effects. Given that very low doses (<100 mSv) are expected to be delivered during these procedures, the purpose of this study was to assess the potency and suitability of current genotoxicity biomarkers to detect and quantitate biological effects essential for risk estimation in interventional cardiology. Specifically, the biomarkers γ-H2AX foci, dicentric chromosomes, and micronuclei, which underpin radiation-induced DNA damage, were studied in blood lymphocytes of 25 adult patients before and after interventional cardiac procedures. Even though the mean values of all patients as a group for all three endpoints tested show increased yields relative to baseline following medical exposure, our results demonstrate that only the γ-H2AX biomarker enables detection of statistically significant differences at the individual level (p < 0.001) for almost all patients (91%). Furthermore, 24 h after exposure, residual γ-H2AX foci were still detectable in irradiated lymphocytes. Their decline was found to vary significantly among the individuals and the repair kinetics of γ-H2AX foci was found to range from 25 to 95.6% of their maximum values obtained.
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Affiliation(s)
- Martha Habibi
- Laboratory of Health Physics, Radiobiology & Cytogenetics, Institute of Nuclear & Radiological Sciences & Technology, Energy & Safety (INRASTES), National Centre for Scientific Research "Demokritos", Athens, Greece.,Medical Physics Laboratory, Medical School, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, Athens, Greece
| | | | - Aggeliki Nikolakopoulou
- Laboratory of Health Physics, Radiobiology & Cytogenetics, Institute of Nuclear & Radiological Sciences & Technology, Energy & Safety (INRASTES), National Centre for Scientific Research "Demokritos", Athens, Greece.,Medical Physics Laboratory, Medical School, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, Athens, Greece
| | - Panagiotis Papagiannis
- Medical Physics Laboratory, Medical School, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, Athens, Greece
| | - Pantelis Karaiskos
- Medical Physics Laboratory, Medical School, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, Athens, Greece
| | - Alexandros G Georgakilas
- DNA Damage Laboratory, Department of Physics, School of Applied Mathematical and Physical Sciences, National Technical University of Athens (NTUA), Athens, Greece
| | - Vasiliki I Hatzi
- Laboratory of Health Physics, Radiobiology & Cytogenetics, Institute of Nuclear & Radiological Sciences & Technology, Energy & Safety (INRASTES), National Centre for Scientific Research "Demokritos", Athens, Greece
| | - Ioannis Malakos
- Division of Interventional Cardiology, Onassis Cardiac Surgery Center, Athens, Greece
| | | | - Irene Mastorakou
- Imaging Department, Onassis Cardiac Surgery Center, Athens, Greece
| | - Vassilis Voudris
- Division of Interventional Cardiology, Onassis Cardiac Surgery Center, Athens, Greece
| | - Georgia I Terzoudi
- Laboratory of Health Physics, Radiobiology & Cytogenetics, Institute of Nuclear & Radiological Sciences & Technology, Energy & Safety (INRASTES), National Centre for Scientific Research "Demokritos", Athens, Greece
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12
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Kaatsch HL, Becker BV, Schüle S, Ostheim P, Nestler K, Jakobi J, Schäfer B, Hantke T, Brockmann MA, Abend M, Waldeck S, Port M, Scherthan H, Ullmann R. Gene expression changes and DNA damage after ex vivo exposure of peripheral blood cells to various CT photon spectra. Sci Rep 2021; 11:12060. [PMID: 34103547 PMCID: PMC8187728 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-021-91023-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/27/2020] [Accepted: 05/13/2021] [Indexed: 11/09/2022] Open
Abstract
Dual-energy CT provides enhanced diagnostic power with similar or even reduced radiation dose as compared to single-energy CT. Its principle is based on the distinct physical properties of low and high energetic photons, which, however, may also affect the biological effectiveness and hence the extent of CT-induced cellular damage. Therefore, a comparative analysis of biological effectiveness of dual- and single-energy CT scans with focus on early gene regulation and frequency of radiation-induced DNA double strand breaks (DSBs) was performed. Blood samples from three healthy individuals were irradiated ex vivo with single-energy (80 kV and 150 kV) and dual-energy tube voltages (80 kV/Sn150kV) employing a modern dual source CT scanner resulting in Volume Computed Tomography Dose Index (CTDIvol) of 15.79-18.26 mGy and dose length product (DLP) of 606.7-613.8 mGy*cm. Non-irradiated samples served as a control. Differential gene expression in peripheral blood mononuclear cells was analyzed 6 h after irradiation using whole transcriptome sequencing. DSB frequency was studied by 53BP1 + γH2AX co-immunostaining and microscopic evaluation of their focal accumulation at DSBs. Neither the analysis of gene expression nor DSB frequency provided any evidence for significantly increased biological effectiveness of dual-energy CT in comparison to samples irradiated with particular single-energy CT spectra. Relative to control, irradiated samples were characterized by a significantly higher rate of DSBs (p < 0.001) and the shared upregulation of five genes, AEN, BAX, DDB2, FDXR and EDA2R, which have already been suggested as radiation-induced biomarkers in previous studies. Despite steadily decreasing doses, CT diagnostics remain a genotoxic stressor with impact on gene regulation and DNA integrity. However, no evidence was found that varying X-ray spectra of CT impact the extent of cellular damage.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hanns Leonhard Kaatsch
- Bundeswehr Institute of Radiobiology Affiliated to Ulm University, Neuherbergstrasse 11, 80937, Munich, Germany
| | - Benjamin Valentin Becker
- Department of Radiology, Bundeswehr Central Hospital Koblenz, Rübenacher Straße 170, 56072, Koblenz, Germany.
| | - Simone Schüle
- Bundeswehr Institute of Radiobiology Affiliated to Ulm University, Neuherbergstrasse 11, 80937, Munich, Germany
| | - Patrick Ostheim
- Bundeswehr Institute of Radiobiology Affiliated to Ulm University, Neuherbergstrasse 11, 80937, Munich, Germany
| | - Kai Nestler
- Department of Radiology, Bundeswehr Central Hospital Koblenz, Rübenacher Straße 170, 56072, Koblenz, Germany
| | - Julia Jakobi
- Bundeswehr Institute of Radiobiology Affiliated to Ulm University, Neuherbergstrasse 11, 80937, Munich, Germany
| | - Barbara Schäfer
- Bundeswehr Institute of Radiobiology Affiliated to Ulm University, Neuherbergstrasse 11, 80937, Munich, Germany
| | - Thomas Hantke
- Bundeswehr Institute of Radiobiology Affiliated to Ulm University, Neuherbergstrasse 11, 80937, Munich, Germany
| | - Marc A Brockmann
- Department of Neuroradiology, University Medical Center Mainz, Langenbeckstrasse 1, 55101, Mainz, Germany
| | - Michael Abend
- Bundeswehr Institute of Radiobiology Affiliated to Ulm University, Neuherbergstrasse 11, 80937, Munich, Germany
| | - Stephan Waldeck
- Department of Radiology, Bundeswehr Central Hospital Koblenz, Rübenacher Straße 170, 56072, Koblenz, Germany
| | - Matthias Port
- Bundeswehr Institute of Radiobiology Affiliated to Ulm University, Neuherbergstrasse 11, 80937, Munich, Germany
| | - Harry Scherthan
- Bundeswehr Institute of Radiobiology Affiliated to Ulm University, Neuherbergstrasse 11, 80937, Munich, Germany
| | - Reinhard Ullmann
- Bundeswehr Institute of Radiobiology Affiliated to Ulm University, Neuherbergstrasse 11, 80937, Munich, Germany.
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13
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Belmans N, Gilles L, Vermeesen R, Virag P, Hedesiu M, Salmon B, Baatout S, Lucas S, Lambrichts I, Jacobs R, Moreels M. Quantification of DNA Double Strand Breaks and Oxidation Response in Children and Adults Undergoing Dental CBCT Scan. Sci Rep 2020; 10:2113. [PMID: 32034200 PMCID: PMC7005754 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-020-58746-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/22/2019] [Accepted: 01/03/2020] [Indexed: 01/22/2023] Open
Abstract
Assessing the possible biological effects of exposure to low doses of ionizing radiation (IR) is one of the prime challenges in radiation protection, especially in medical imaging. Today, radiobiological data on cone beam CT (CBCT) related biological effects are scarce. In children and adults, the induction of DNA double strand breaks (DSBs) in buccal mucosa cells and 8-oxo-7,8-dihydro-2'-deoxyguanosine (8-oxo-dG) and antioxidant capacity in saliva samples after CBCT examination were examined. No DNA DSBs induction was observed in children nor adults. In children only, an increase in 8-oxo-dG levels was observed 30 minutes after CBCT. At the same time an increase in antioxidant capacity was observed in children, whereas a decrease was observed in adults. Our data indicate that children and adults react differently to IR doses associated with CBCT. Fully understanding these differences could lead to an optimal use of CBCT in different age categories as well as improved radiation protection guidelines.
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Affiliation(s)
- Niels Belmans
- Morphology Group, Biomedical Research Institute, Hasselt University, Agoralaan Building C, Diepenbeek, Belgium
- Belgian Nuclear Research Centre, Radiobiology Unit, SCK•CEN, Mol, Belgium
| | - Liese Gilles
- Morphology Group, Biomedical Research Institute, Hasselt University, Agoralaan Building C, Diepenbeek, Belgium
| | - Randy Vermeesen
- Belgian Nuclear Research Centre, Radiobiology Unit, SCK•CEN, Mol, Belgium
| | - Piroska Virag
- Institute of Oncology "Prof. dr. Ion Chiricuta", Cluj-Napoca, Romania
| | - Mihaela Hedesiu
- 'Iuliu Hatieganu' University of Medicine and Pharmacy, Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Radiology, Cluj-Napoca, Romania
| | - Benjamin Salmon
- Paris Descartes University - Sorbonne Paris Cité, EA 2496 - Orofacial Pathologies, Imaging and Biotherapies Lab and Dental Medicine Department, Bretonneau Hospital, HUPNVS, AP-HP, Paris, France
| | - Sarah Baatout
- Belgian Nuclear Research Centre, Radiobiology Unit, SCK•CEN, Mol, Belgium
| | - Stéphane Lucas
- Namur Research Institute for Life Sciences, University of Namur, Namur, Belgium
| | - Ivo Lambrichts
- Morphology Group, Biomedical Research Institute, Hasselt University, Agoralaan Building C, Diepenbeek, Belgium
| | - Reinhilde Jacobs
- Katholieke Universiteit Leuven, Department of Imaging and Pathology, OMFS-IMPATH Research group, and University Hospitals, Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery, Dentomaxillofacial Imaging Center, Kapucijnenvoer 7, Leuven, Belgium
- Karolinska Institutet, Department Dental Medicine, Huddinge, Sweden
| | - Marjan Moreels
- Belgian Nuclear Research Centre, Radiobiology Unit, SCK•CEN, Mol, Belgium.
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14
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Jánošíková L, Juričeková M, Horváthová M, Nikodemová D, Klepanec A, Šalát D. RISK EVALUATION IN THE LOW-DOSE RANGE CT FOR RADIATION-EXPOSED CHILDREN, BASED ON DNA DAMAGE. RADIATION PROTECTION DOSIMETRY 2019; 186:163-167. [PMID: 31665516 PMCID: PMC7108815 DOI: 10.1093/rpd/ncz195] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/13/2019] [Accepted: 09/04/2019] [Indexed: 05/19/2023]
Abstract
One of the most common usages of radiation in current medical diagnosis is computed tomography (CT) using X-rays. The potential health risk of CT scans has been discussed in various studies to determine whether low-dose radiation from CT could enhance the chromosome aberration yields in pediatric patients and increase their risk of carcinogenesis. For this reason, it is of great interest to study the effects of low-dose radiation. The induction of DNA damage by a CT scan examination has been demonstrated in several reports by the γ-H2AX assay, the micronuclei assay and dicentrics measurements. However, the results of most studies showed limitations. On the other hand, epidemiological studies give contradictory results for post-natal radiation exposure in the low-dose range, so it is still difficult to draw conclusions about the effects of CT examinations and risk of carcinogenesis. This article provides an overview of previously published data and summarizes the current state of knowledge.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lenka Jánošíková
- Institute of Physiotherapy, Balneology and Medical Rehabilitation, University of Ss. Cyril and Methodius in Trnava, Trnava, Slovakia
- Corresponding author:
| | - Martina Juričeková
- Faculty of Health Care and Social Work, University of Trnava in Trnava, Trnava, Slovakia
| | - Martina Horváthová
- Faculty of Health Care and Social Work, University of Trnava in Trnava, Trnava, Slovakia
| | | | - Andrej Klepanec
- Institute of Physiotherapy, Balneology and Medical Rehabilitation, University of Ss. Cyril and Methodius in Trnava, Trnava, Slovakia
| | - Dušan Šalát
- Institute of Physiotherapy, Balneology and Medical Rehabilitation, University of Ss. Cyril and Methodius in Trnava, Trnava, Slovakia
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15
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Matsubara Y, Higaki T, Tani C, Kamioka S, Harada K, Aoyama H, Nakamura Y, Akita T, Awai K. Demonstration of Human Fetal Bone Morphology with MR Imaging: A Preliminary Study. Magn Reson Med Sci 2019; 19:310-317. [PMID: 31611543 PMCID: PMC7809137 DOI: 10.2463/mrms.mp.2019-0105] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Purpose: CT is a useful modality for the evaluation of fetal skeletal dysplasia but radiation exposure is unavoidable. The purpose of this study is to compare the usefulness of MRI and CT for evaluating the fetal skeletal shape. Methods: This study was approved by our Institutional Review Board. Fetal specimens (n = 14) were scanned on a 3T MRI scanner using our newly-developed sequence. It is based on T2*-weighted imaging (TR, 12 ms; TE for opposed-phase imaging, 6.1 ms, for in-phase imaging, 7.3 ms; flip angle, 40°). The specimens were also scanned on a 320 detector-row CT scanner. Four radiologists visually graded and compared the visibility of the bone shape of eight regions on MRI- and CT-scans using a 5-point grading system. Results: The diagnostic ability of MRI with respect to the 5th metacarpals, femur, fibula, and pelvis was superior to CT (all, P < 0.050); there was no significant difference in the evaluation results of observers with respect to the cervical and lumbar spine, and the 5th metatarsal (0.058 ≤ P ≤ 1.000). However, the diagnostic ability of MRI was significantly inferior to CT for the assessment of the bone shape of the thoracic spine (observers A and C: P = 0.002, observers B and D: P = 0.001). Conclusion: The MRI method we developed represents a potential alternative to CT imaging for the evaluation of the fetal bone structure.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yoshiko Matsubara
- Department of Diagnostic Radiology, Graduate School of Biomedical and Health Sciences, Hiroshima University
| | - Toru Higaki
- Department of Diagnostic Radiology, Graduate School of Biomedical and Health Sciences, Hiroshima University
| | - Chihiro Tani
- Department of Diagnostic Radiology, Hiroshima City Hospital
| | - Shogo Kamioka
- Department of Diagnostic Radiology, Hiroshima University Hospital
| | | | - Hirohiko Aoyama
- Department of Medical Science and Technology, Faculty of Health Sciences, Hiroshima International University
| | - Yuko Nakamura
- Department of Diagnostic Radiology, Graduate School of Biomedical and Health Sciences, Hiroshima University
| | - Tomoyuki Akita
- Department of Epidemiology, Infectious Disease Control and Prevention, Graduate School of Biomedical and Health Sciences, Hiroshima University
| | - Kazuo Awai
- Department of Diagnostic Radiology, Graduate School of Biomedical and Health Sciences, Hiroshima University
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16
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Sacks B, Meyerson G. Linear No-threshold (LNT) vs. Hormesis: Paradigms, Assumptions, and Mathematical Conventions that Bias the Conclusions in Favor of LNT and Against hormesis. HEALTH PHYSICS 2019; 116:807-816. [PMID: 30768437 DOI: 10.1097/hp.0000000000001033] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Abstract
The linear no-threshold assumption misunderstands the complex multiphasic biological response to ionizing radiation, focusing solely on the initial physical radiogenic damage. This misunderstanding is enabled (masked and amplified) by a number of mathematical approaches that bias results in favor of linear no-threshold and away from alternatives, like hormesis, that take biological response into account. Here we explore a number of these mathematical approaches in some detail, including the use of frequentist rather than Bayesian statistical rules and methods. We argue that a Bayesian approach cuts through an epidemiological stalemate, in part because it enables a better understanding of the concept of plausibility, which in turn properly rests on empirical evidence of actual physical and biological mechanisms. Misuse of the concept of plausibility has sometimes been used to justify the mathematically simple and convenient linearity-without-a-threshold assumption, in particular with the everywhere-positive slope that is central to linear no-threshold and its variants. Linear no-threshold's dominance in the area of dose regulation further rests on a misapplication of the precautionary principle, which only holds when a putative caution has positive effects that outweigh the negative unintended consequences. In this case the negative consequences far outweigh the presumed hazards.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bill Sacks
- US Food and Drug Administration, Center for Devices and Radiological Health (retired), Diagnostic Radiologist (retired)
| | - Gregory Meyerson
- North Carolina Agricultural and Technical State University, Department of English
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17
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Shimura N, Kojima S. The Lowest Radiation Dose Having Molecular Changes in the Living Body. Dose Response 2018; 16:1559325818777326. [PMID: 29977175 PMCID: PMC6024299 DOI: 10.1177/1559325818777326] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/21/2017] [Revised: 03/22/2018] [Accepted: 04/10/2018] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
We herein attempted to identify the lowest radiation dose causing molecular changes in the living body. We investigated the effects of radiation in human cells, animals, and humans. DNA double-strand breaks (DSBs) formed in cells at γ- or X-ray irradiation doses between 1 mGy and 0.5 Gy; however, the extent of DSB formation differed depending on the cell species. The formation of micronuclei (MNs) and nucleoplasmic bridges (NPBs) was noted at radiation doses between 0.1 and 0.2 Gy. Stress-responsive genes were upregulated by lower radiation doses than those that induced DNA DSBs or MN and NPBs. These γ- or X-ray radiation doses ranged between approximately 10 and 50 mGy. In animals, chromosomal aberrations were detected between 50 mGy and 0.1 Gy of low linear energy transfer radiation, 0.1 Gy of metal ion beams, and 9 mGy of fast neutrons. In humans, DNA damage has been observed in children who underwent computed tomography scans with an estimated blood radiation dose as low as 0.15 mGy shortly after examination. The frequencies of chromosomal translocations were lower in residents of high background areas than in those of control areas. In humans, systemic adaptive responses may have been prominently expressed at these radiation doses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Noriko Shimura
- Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Ohu University, Tomita-machi, Koriyama, Fukushima, Japan
| | - Shuji Kojima
- Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Department of Radiation Biosciences, Tokyo University of Science (TUS), Chiba, Japan
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18
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Khan K, Tewari S, Awasthi NP, Mishra SP, Agarwal GR, Rastogi M, Husain N. Flow cytometric detection of gamma-H2AX to evaluate DNA damage by low dose diagnostic irradiation. Med Hypotheses 2018; 115:22-28. [DOI: 10.1016/j.mehy.2018.03.016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/22/2018] [Revised: 03/14/2018] [Accepted: 03/25/2018] [Indexed: 01/25/2023]
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19
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Jermusek F, Benedict C, Dreischmeier E, Brand M, Uder M, Jeffery JJ, Ranallo FN, Fahl WE. Significant Suppression of CT Radiation-Induced DNA Damage in Normal Human Cells by the PrC-210 Radioprotector. Radiat Res 2018; 190:133-141. [PMID: 29781766 DOI: 10.1667/rr14928.1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
While computed tomography (CT) is now commonly used and considered to be clinically valuable, significant DNA double-strand breaks (γ-H2AX foci) in white blood cells from adult and pediatric CT patients have been frequently reported. In this study to determine whether γ-H2AX foci and X-ray-induced naked DNA damage are suppressed by administration of the PrC-210 radioprotector, human blood samples were irradiated in a CT scanner at 50-150 mGy with or without PrC-210, and γ-H2AX foci were scored. X-ray-induced naked DNA damage was also studied, and the DNA protective efficacy of PrC-210 was compared against 12 other common "antioxidants." PrC-210 reduced CT radiation-induced γ-H2AX foci in white blood cells to near background ( P < 0.0001) at radiation doses of 50-150 mGy. PrC-210 was most effective among the 13 "antioxidants" in reducing naked DNA X-ray damage, and its addition at 30 s before an •OH pulse reduced to background the •OH insult that otherwise induced >95% DNA damage. A systemic PrC-210 dose known to confer 100% survival in irradiated mice had no discernible effect on micro-CT image signal-to-noise ratio and CT image integrity. PrC-210 suppressed DNA damage to background or near background in each of these assay systems, thus supporting its development as a radioprotector for humans in multiple radiation exposure settings.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | - Michael Brand
- d Department of Radiology, University of Erlangen-Nürnberg, Erlangen, Germany
| | - Michael Uder
- d Department of Radiology, University of Erlangen-Nürnberg, Erlangen, Germany
| | | | - Frank N Ranallo
- c Department of Medical Physics, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, Wisconsin
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20
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Shi L, Tashiro S. Estimation of the effects of medical diagnostic radiation exposure based on DNA damage. JOURNAL OF RADIATION RESEARCH 2018; 59:ii121-ii129. [PMID: 29518207 PMCID: PMC5941141 DOI: 10.1093/jrr/rry006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/26/2017] [Revised: 01/12/2018] [Indexed: 05/29/2023]
Abstract
X-rays are widely applied in the medical field for the diagnosis and treatment of diseases. Among the uses of X-rays in diagnosis, computed tomography (CT) has been established as one of the most informative diagnostic radiology examinations. Moreover, recent advances in CT scan technology have made this examination much easier and more informative and increased its application, especially in Japan. However, the radiation dose of CT scans is higher than that of simple X-ray examinations. Therefore, the health risk of a CT scan has been discussed in various studies, but is still controversial. Consequently, the biological and cytogenetic effects of CT scans are being analyzed. Here, we summarize the recent findings concerning the biological and cytogenetic effects of ionizing radiation from a CT scan, by focusing on DNA damage and chromosome aberrations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lin Shi
- Department of Cellular Biology, Research Institute for Radiation Biology Medicine, Hiroshima University, Kasumi 1-2-3, Minamiku, Hiroshima 734-8553, Japan
| | - Satoshi Tashiro
- Department of Cellular Biology, Research Institute for Radiation Biology Medicine, Hiroshima University, Kasumi 1-2-3, Minamiku, Hiroshima 734-8553, Japan
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21
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Viktorisson A, Mathew ST, Hammarsten O, Johansson P. A control for the day-to-day normalization of the flow cytometry γ-H2AX assay for clinical routine. CYTOMETRY PART B-CLINICAL CYTOMETRY 2018; 94:946-949. [PMID: 29415368 DOI: 10.1002/cyto.b.21627] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/30/2017] [Revised: 01/15/2018] [Accepted: 02/05/2018] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND The phosphorylation of histone H2AX (γ-H2AX) at the DNA double-strand break (DSB) site is frequently used for quantifying DSBs and may be useful as a biomarker for clinical applications. We have previously reported a flow cytometry-based quantification of γ-H2AX for clinical routine. One major challenge, however, is the lack of a control sample for normalization of the day-to-day variation of the flow cytometry γ-H2AX assay. METHODS Here, we report development of a mix-control sample containing peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMC) from 10 control individuals, for normalization of day-to-day variation of the flow cytometry-γ-H2AX assay. RESULTS We showed that control individuals sampled on different days show an average day-to-day variation (CV) of 34%, which was reduced to 12% after normalization to the control sample. The normalization allowed detection of radiosensitivity of lymphoblastoid cell lines from ataxia telangiectasia patients, sampled over three days. CONCLUSION The mix-control sample, consisting of 10 control individuals' PBMC, can be used as a control sample to normalize for day-to-day variation of the γ-H2AX assay. The use of this sample will facilitate integration of the γ-H2AX assay into clinical routine. © 2018 International Clinical Cytometry Society.
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Affiliation(s)
- Adam Viktorisson
- Department of Clinical Chemistry and Transfusion Medicine, Sahlgrenska Academy at the University of Gothenburg, Gothenburg, Sweden
| | - Sherin T Mathew
- Department of Clinical Chemistry and Transfusion Medicine, Sahlgrenska Academy at the University of Gothenburg, Gothenburg, Sweden
| | - Ola Hammarsten
- Department of Clinical Chemistry and Transfusion Medicine, Sahlgrenska Academy at the University of Gothenburg, Gothenburg, Sweden.,Department of Clinical Chemistry, Sahlgrenska University Hospital, Gothenburg, Sweden
| | - Pegah Johansson
- Department of Clinical Chemistry and Transfusion Medicine, Sahlgrenska Academy at the University of Gothenburg, Gothenburg, Sweden.,Department of Clinical Chemistry, Sahlgrenska University Hospital, Gothenburg, Sweden
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22
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Pustovalova M, Astrelina ТA, Grekhova A, Vorobyeva N, Tsvetkova A, Blokhina T, Nikitina V, Suchkova Y, Usupzhanova D, Brunchukov V, Kobzeva I, Karaseva Т, Ozerov IV, Samoylov A, Bushmanov A, Leonov S, Izumchenko E, Zhavoronkov A, Klokov D, Osipov AN. Residual γH2AX foci induced by low dose x-ray radiation in bone marrow mesenchymal stem cells do not cause accelerated senescence in the progeny of irradiated cells. Aging (Albany NY) 2018; 9:2397-2410. [PMID: 29165316 PMCID: PMC5723693 DOI: 10.18632/aging.101327] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/18/2017] [Accepted: 11/11/2017] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
Abstract
Mechanisms underlying the effects of low-dose ionizing radiation (IR) exposure (10-100 mGy) remain unknown. Here we present a comparative study of early (less than 24h) and delayed (up to 11 post-irradiation passages) radiation effects caused by low (80 mGy) vs intermediate (1000 mGy) dose X-ray exposure in cultured human bone marrow mesenchymal stem cells (MSCs). We show that γН2АХ foci induced by an intermediate dose returned back to the control value by 24 h post-irradiation. In contrast, low-dose irradiation resulted in residual γН2АХ foci still present at 24 h. Notably, these low dose induced residual γН2АХ foci were not co-localized with рАТМ foci and were observed predominantly in the proliferating Кi67 positive (Кi67+) cells. The number of γН2АХ foci and the fraction of nonproliferating (Кi67-) and senescent (SA-β-gal+) cells measured at passage 11 were increased in cultures exposed to an intermediate dose compared to unirradiated controls. These delayed effects were not seen in the progeny of cells that were irradiated with low-dose X-rays, although such exposure resulted in residual γН2АХ foci in directly irradiated cells. Taken together, our results support the hypothesis that the low-dose IR induced residual γH2AХ foci do not play a role in delayed irradiation consequences, associated with cellular senescence in cultured MSCs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Margarita Pustovalova
- State Research Center - Burnasyan Federal Medical Biophysical Center of Federal Medical Biological Agency, Moscow 123098, Russia.,Semenov Institute of Chemical Physics, Russian Academy of Sciences, Moscow 119991, Russia
| | - Тatiana A Astrelina
- State Research Center - Burnasyan Federal Medical Biophysical Center of Federal Medical Biological Agency, Moscow 123098, Russia
| | - Anna Grekhova
- State Research Center - Burnasyan Federal Medical Biophysical Center of Federal Medical Biological Agency, Moscow 123098, Russia.,Semenov Institute of Chemical Physics, Russian Academy of Sciences, Moscow 119991, Russia.,Emanuel Institute for Biochemical Physics, Russian Academy of Sciences, Moscow 119991, Russia
| | - Natalia Vorobyeva
- State Research Center - Burnasyan Federal Medical Biophysical Center of Federal Medical Biological Agency, Moscow 123098, Russia.,Semenov Institute of Chemical Physics, Russian Academy of Sciences, Moscow 119991, Russia
| | - Anastasia Tsvetkova
- State Research Center - Burnasyan Federal Medical Biophysical Center of Federal Medical Biological Agency, Moscow 123098, Russia.,Moscow Institute of Physics and Technology, Dolgoprudny, Moscow Region 141700, Russia
| | - Taisia Blokhina
- State Research Center - Burnasyan Federal Medical Biophysical Center of Federal Medical Biological Agency, Moscow 123098, Russia.,Semenov Institute of Chemical Physics, Russian Academy of Sciences, Moscow 119991, Russia
| | - Victoria Nikitina
- State Research Center - Burnasyan Federal Medical Biophysical Center of Federal Medical Biological Agency, Moscow 123098, Russia
| | - Yulia Suchkova
- State Research Center - Burnasyan Federal Medical Biophysical Center of Federal Medical Biological Agency, Moscow 123098, Russia
| | - Daria Usupzhanova
- State Research Center - Burnasyan Federal Medical Biophysical Center of Federal Medical Biological Agency, Moscow 123098, Russia
| | - Vitalyi Brunchukov
- State Research Center - Burnasyan Federal Medical Biophysical Center of Federal Medical Biological Agency, Moscow 123098, Russia
| | - Irina Kobzeva
- State Research Center - Burnasyan Federal Medical Biophysical Center of Federal Medical Biological Agency, Moscow 123098, Russia
| | - Тatiana Karaseva
- State Research Center - Burnasyan Federal Medical Biophysical Center of Federal Medical Biological Agency, Moscow 123098, Russia
| | - Ivan V Ozerov
- State Research Center - Burnasyan Federal Medical Biophysical Center of Federal Medical Biological Agency, Moscow 123098, Russia.,Insilico Medicine, Inc, ETC, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, MD 21218, USA
| | - Aleksandr Samoylov
- State Research Center - Burnasyan Federal Medical Biophysical Center of Federal Medical Biological Agency, Moscow 123098, Russia
| | - Andrey Bushmanov
- State Research Center - Burnasyan Federal Medical Biophysical Center of Federal Medical Biological Agency, Moscow 123098, Russia
| | - Sergey Leonov
- Moscow Institute of Physics and Technology, Dolgoprudny, Moscow Region 141700, Russia.,Institute of Cell Biophysics, Russian Academy of Sciences, Pushchino, Moscow Region, 142290, Russia
| | - Evgeny Izumchenko
- Department of Otolaryngology-Head and Neck Cancer Research, Johns Hopkins University, School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD 21218, USA
| | - Alex Zhavoronkov
- Insilico Medicine, Inc, ETC, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, MD 21218, USA
| | - Dmitry Klokov
- Canadian Nuclear Laboratories, Chalk River, Ontario K0J1P0, Canada.,University of Ottawa, Ottawa, Ontario K1N6N5, Canada
| | - Andreyan N Osipov
- State Research Center - Burnasyan Federal Medical Biophysical Center of Federal Medical Biological Agency, Moscow 123098, Russia.,Semenov Institute of Chemical Physics, Russian Academy of Sciences, Moscow 119991, Russia.,Moscow Institute of Physics and Technology, Dolgoprudny, Moscow Region 141700, Russia.,Insilico Medicine, Inc, ETC, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, MD 21218, USA
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23
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Gould R, McFadden SL, Sands AJ, McCrossan BA, Horn S, Prise KM, Doyle P, Hughes CM. Removal of scatter radiation in paediatric cardiac catheterisation: a randomised controlled clinical trial. JOURNAL OF RADIOLOGICAL PROTECTION : OFFICIAL JOURNAL OF THE SOCIETY FOR RADIOLOGICAL PROTECTION 2017; 37:742-760. [PMID: 28721947 DOI: 10.1088/1361-6498/aa80a4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/07/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE This study sought to determine if DNA integrity was compromised by ionising radiation from paediatric cardiac catheterisations and if dose optimisation techniques allowed DNA integrity to be maintained. MATERIALS AND METHODS Children were imaged using either: (i) an anti-scatter grid (current departmental protocol), (ii) no anti-scatter grid or, (iii) no anti-scatter grid and a 15 cm air-gap between the child and the x-ray detector. Dose area product and image quality were assessed, lifetime attributable cancer risk estimates were calculated and DNA double-strand breakages quantified using the γH2AX assay. RESULTS Consent was obtained from 70 parents/guardians/children. Image quality was sufficient for each procedure performed. Removal of the anti-scatter grid resulted in dose reductions of 20% (no anti-scatter grid) and 30% (15 cm air-gap), DNA double-strand break reductions of 30% (no anti-scatter grid) and 20% (15 cm air-gap) and a reduction of radiation-induced cancer mortality risk of up to 45%. CONCLUSION Radiation doses received during paediatric cardiac catheterisation procedures resulted in a significant increase in DNA damage while maintaining acceptable image quality and diagnostic efficacy. It is feasible to remove the anti-scatter grid resulting in a reduction in DNA damage to the patient. The γH2AX assay may be used for assessment of dose optimisation strategies in children.
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Affiliation(s)
- Richard Gould
- Institute of Nursing and Health Research, Ulster University, Jordanstown Campus, Shore Road, Newtownabbey, United Kingdom
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24
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Zhang YR, Li YY, Wang JY, Wang HW, Wang HN, Kang XM, Xu WQ. Synthesis and Characterization of a Rosmarinic Acid Derivative that Targets Mitochondria and Protects against Radiation-Induced Damage In Vitro. Radiat Res 2017; 188:264-275. [PMID: 28657498 DOI: 10.1667/rr14590.1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/16/2023]
Abstract
Mitochondrial dysfunction plays an important role in gamma-radiation-induced mediating oxidative stress. Scavenging radiation-induced reactive oxygen species (ROS) can help mitochondria to maintain their physiological function. Rosmarinic acid is a polyphenol antioxidant that can scavenge radiation-induced ROS, but the structure prevents it from accumulating in mitochondria. In this study, we designed and synthesized a novel rosmarinic acid derivative (Mito-RA) that could use the mitochondrial membrane potential to enter the organelle and scavenge ROS. The DCFH-DA assay revealed that Mito-RA was more effective than rosmarinic acid at scavenging ROS. DNA double-strand breaks, chromosomal aberration, micronucleus and comet assays demonstrated the ability of Mito-RA to protect against radiation-induced oxidative stress in vitro. These findings demonstrate the potential of Mito-RA as an antioxidant, which can penetrate mitochondria, scavenge ROS and protect cells against radiation-induced oxidative damage.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yu-Rui Zhang
- a Tianjin Key Laboratory of Molecular Nuclear Medicine, Institute of Radiation Medicine, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Tianjin, 300192, China
| | - Yuan-Yuan Li
- a Tianjin Key Laboratory of Molecular Nuclear Medicine, Institute of Radiation Medicine, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Tianjin, 300192, China
| | - Jun-Ying Wang
- b Department of Physics, School of Sciences and Tianjin Collaborative Innovation Center of Chemical Science and Engineering, Tianjin University, Tianjin 300350, China
| | - Hua-Wei Wang
- a Tianjin Key Laboratory of Molecular Nuclear Medicine, Institute of Radiation Medicine, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Tianjin, 300192, China
| | - Hua-Nan Wang
- a Tianjin Key Laboratory of Molecular Nuclear Medicine, Institute of Radiation Medicine, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Tianjin, 300192, China
| | - Xiao-Meng Kang
- a Tianjin Key Laboratory of Molecular Nuclear Medicine, Institute of Radiation Medicine, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Tianjin, 300192, China
| | - Wen-Qing Xu
- a Tianjin Key Laboratory of Molecular Nuclear Medicine, Institute of Radiation Medicine, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Tianjin, 300192, China
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25
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Duncan JR, Lieber MR, Adachi N, Wahl RL. DNA Repair After Exposure to Ionizing Radiation Is Not Error-Free. J Nucl Med 2017; 59:348. [DOI: 10.2967/jnumed.117.197673] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
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26
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Khattab M, Walker DM, Albertini RJ, Nicklas JA, Lundblad LK, Vacek PM, Walker VE. Frequencies of micronucleated reticulocytes, a dosimeter of DNA double-strand breaks, in infants receiving computed tomography or cardiac catheterization. MUTATION RESEARCH-GENETIC TOXICOLOGY AND ENVIRONMENTAL MUTAGENESIS 2017; 820:8-18. [DOI: 10.1016/j.mrgentox.2017.05.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/07/2017] [Revised: 05/10/2017] [Accepted: 05/12/2017] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
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27
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Sacks B, Siegel JA. Preserving the Anti-Scientific Linear No-Threshold Myth: Authority, Agnosticism, Transparency, and the Standard of Care. Dose Response 2017; 15:1559325817717839. [PMID: 28814947 PMCID: PMC5548321 DOI: 10.1177/1559325817717839] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/31/2017] [Accepted: 06/06/2017] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
Abstract
The linear no-threshold (LNT) assumption is over 70 years old and holds that all ionizing radiation exposure leaves cumulative effects, all of which are harmful regardless of how low the dose or dose rate is. The claimed harm centers on the risk of future radiogenic cancer. This has been shown countless times to be fallacious, and hundreds of scientific studies—both experimental and observational/epidemiological—demonstrate that at low enough doses and dose rates, ionizing radiation stimulates an evolved adaptive response and therefore is beneficial to health, lowering rather than raising the risk of cancer. Yet the myth of uncorrected lifetime cumulative risk still pervades the field of radiation science and underlies the policies of virtually all regulatory agencies around the world. This article explores some of the motivations behind, and methods used to assure, the extreme durability of the LNT myth in the face of the preponderance of contrary evidence and the manifest harms of radiophobia. These include subservience to the voice of authority, tactics such as claiming agnosticism on behalf of the entire field, transparent references to contrary evidence while dismissing the findings without refutation, and seeking shelter behind the legally protective medical standard of care.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bill Sacks
- PostFDA's Center for Devices and Radiological Health, Green Valley, AZ, USA
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28
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Siegel JA, Sacks B, Pennington CW, Welsh JS. Dose Optimization to Minimize Radiation Risk for Children Undergoing CT and Nuclear Medicine Imaging Is Misguided and Detrimental. J Nucl Med 2017; 58:865-868. [PMID: 28490467 DOI: 10.2967/jnumed.117.195263] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/24/2017] [Accepted: 04/24/2017] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
A debate exists within the medical community on whether the linear no-threshold model of ionizing radiation exposure accurately predicts the subsequent incidence of radiogenic cancer. In this article, we evaluate evidence refuting the linear no-threshold model and corollary efforts to reduce radiation exposure from CT and nuclear medicine imaging in accord with the as-low-as-reasonably-achievable principle, particularly for children. Further, we review studies demonstrating that children are not, in fact, more radiosensitive than adults in the radiologic imaging dose range, rendering dose reduction for children unjustifiable and counterproductive. Efforts to minimize nonexistent risks are futile and a major source of persistent radiophobia. Radiophobia is detrimental to patients and parents, induces stress, and leads to suboptimal image quality and avoidance of imaging, thus increasing misdiagnoses and consequent harm while offering no compensating benefits.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Bill Sacks
- U.S. Food and Drug Administration (retired), Green Valley, Arizona
| | | | - James S Welsh
- Department of Radiation Oncology, Stritch School of Medicine, Loyola University, Maywood, Illinois
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29
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Hall J, Jeggo PA, West C, Gomolka M, Quintens R, Badie C, Laurent O, Aerts A, Anastasov N, Azimzadeh O, Azizova T, Baatout S, Baselet B, Benotmane MA, Blanchardon E, Guéguen Y, Haghdoost S, Harms-Ringhdahl M, Hess J, Kreuzer M, Laurier D, Macaeva E, Manning G, Pernot E, Ravanat JL, Sabatier L, Tack K, Tapio S, Zitzelsberger H, Cardis E. Ionizing radiation biomarkers in epidemiological studies - An update. MUTATION RESEARCH. REVIEWS IN MUTATION RESEARCH 2017; 771:59-84. [PMID: 28342453 DOI: 10.1016/j.mrrev.2017.01.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 102] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/08/2016] [Accepted: 01/09/2017] [Indexed: 01/13/2023]
Abstract
Recent epidemiology studies highlighted the detrimental health effects of exposure to low dose and low dose rate ionizing radiation (IR): nuclear industry workers studies have shown increased leukaemia and solid tumour risks following cumulative doses of <100mSv and dose rates of <10mGy per year; paediatric patients studies have reported increased leukaemia and brain tumours risks after doses of 30-60mGy from computed tomography scans. Questions arise, however, about the impact of even lower doses and dose rates where classical epidemiological studies have limited power but where subsets within the large cohorts are expected to have an increased risk. Further progress requires integration of biomarkers or bioassays of individual exposure, effects and susceptibility to IR. The European DoReMi (Low Dose Research towards Multidisciplinary Integration) consortium previously reviewed biomarkers for potential use in IR epidemiological studies. Given the increased mechanistic understanding of responses to low dose radiation the current review provides an update covering technical advances and recent studies. A key issue identified is deciding which biomarkers to progress. A roadmap is provided for biomarker development from discovery to implementation and used to summarise the current status of proposed biomarkers for epidemiological studies. Most potential biomarkers remain at the discovery stage and for some there is sufficient evidence that further development is not warranted. One biomarker identified in the final stages of development and as a priority for further research is radiation specific mRNA transcript profiles.
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Affiliation(s)
- Janet Hall
- Centre de Recherche en Cancérologie de Lyon, INSERM 1052, CNRS 5286, Univ Lyon, Université Claude Bernard, Lyon 1, Lyon, F-69424, France.
| | - Penny A Jeggo
- Genome Damage and Stability Centre, School of Life Sciences, University of Sussex, Falmer, Brighton, BN1 9RQ, United Kingdom
| | - Catharine West
- Translational Radiobiology Group, Institute of Cancer Sciences, The University of Manchester, Manchester Academic Health Science Centre, Christie Hospital, Manchester, M20 4BX, United Kingdom
| | - Maria Gomolka
- Federal Office for Radiation Protection, Department of Radiation Protection and Health, D-85764 Neuherberg, Germany
| | - Roel Quintens
- Radiobiology Unit, Belgian Nuclear Research Centre, SCK·CEN, B-2400 Mol, Belgium
| | - Christophe Badie
- Cancer Mechanisms and Biomarkers group, Radiation Effects Department, Centre for Radiation, Chemical and Environmental Hazards, Public Health England, Chilton, Didcot, United Kingdom
| | - Olivier Laurent
- Institut de Radioprotection et de Sûreté Nucléaire, F-92260 Fontenay-aux-Roses, France
| | - An Aerts
- Radiobiology Unit, Belgian Nuclear Research Centre, SCK·CEN, B-2400 Mol, Belgium
| | - Nataša Anastasov
- Helmholtz Zentrum München, German Research Center for Environmental Health GmbH, Institute of Radiation Biology, D-85764 Neuherberg, Germany
| | - Omid Azimzadeh
- Helmholtz Zentrum München, German Research Center for Environmental Health GmbH, Institute of Radiation Biology, D-85764 Neuherberg, Germany
| | - Tamara Azizova
- Southern Urals Biophysics Institute, Clinical Department, Ozyorsk, Russia
| | - Sarah Baatout
- Radiobiology Unit, Belgian Nuclear Research Centre, SCK·CEN, B-2400 Mol, Belgium; Cell Systems and Imaging Research Group, Department of Molecular Biotechnology, Ghent University, B-9000 Ghent, Belgium
| | - Bjorn Baselet
- Radiobiology Unit, Belgian Nuclear Research Centre, SCK·CEN, B-2400 Mol, Belgium; Pole of Pharmacology, Institut de Recherche Expérimentale et Clinique, Université catholique de Louvain, B-1200 Brussels, Belgium
| | - Mohammed A Benotmane
- Radiobiology Unit, Belgian Nuclear Research Centre, SCK·CEN, B-2400 Mol, Belgium
| | - Eric Blanchardon
- Institut de Radioprotection et de Sûreté Nucléaire, F-92260 Fontenay-aux-Roses, France
| | - Yann Guéguen
- Institut de Radioprotection et de Sûreté Nucléaire, F-92260 Fontenay-aux-Roses, France
| | - Siamak Haghdoost
- Centre for Radiation Protection Research, Department of Molecular Biosciences, The Wenner-Gren Institute, Stockholm University, SE 106 91 Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Mats Harms-Ringhdahl
- Centre for Radiation Protection Research, Department of Molecular Biosciences, The Wenner-Gren Institute, Stockholm University, SE 106 91 Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Julia Hess
- Helmholtz Zentrum München, German Research Center for Environmental Health GmbH, Institute of Radiation Biology, D-85764 Neuherberg, Germany
| | - Michaela Kreuzer
- Federal Office for Radiation Protection, Department of Radiation Protection and Health, D-85764 Neuherberg, Germany
| | - Dominique Laurier
- Institut de Radioprotection et de Sûreté Nucléaire, F-92260 Fontenay-aux-Roses, France
| | - Ellina Macaeva
- Radiobiology Unit, Belgian Nuclear Research Centre, SCK·CEN, B-2400 Mol, Belgium; Cell Systems and Imaging Research Group, Department of Molecular Biotechnology, Ghent University, B-9000 Ghent, Belgium
| | - Grainne Manning
- Cancer Mechanisms and Biomarkers group, Radiation Effects Department, Centre for Radiation, Chemical and Environmental Hazards, Public Health England, Chilton, Didcot, United Kingdom
| | - Eileen Pernot
- INSERM U897, Université de Bordeaux, F-33076 Bordeaux cedex, France
| | - Jean-Luc Ravanat
- Laboratoire des Lésions des Acides Nucléiques, Univ. Grenoble Alpes, INAC-SCIB, F-38000 Grenoble, France; Commissariat à l'Énergie Atomique, INAC-SyMMES, F-38000 Grenoble, France
| | - Laure Sabatier
- Commissariat à l'Énergie Atomique, BP6, F-92265 Fontenay-aux-Roses, France
| | - Karine Tack
- Institut de Radioprotection et de Sûreté Nucléaire, F-92260 Fontenay-aux-Roses, France
| | - Soile Tapio
- Helmholtz Zentrum München, German Research Center for Environmental Health GmbH, Institute of Radiation Biology, D-85764 Neuherberg, Germany
| | - Horst Zitzelsberger
- Helmholtz Zentrum München, German Research Center for Environmental Health GmbH, Institute of Radiation Biology, D-85764 Neuherberg, Germany
| | - Elisabeth Cardis
- Barcelona Institute of Global Health (ISGlobal), Centre for Research in Environmental Epidemiology, Radiation Programme, Barcelona Biomedical Research Park, 08003 Barcelona, Spain; Universitat Pompeu Fabra (UPF) (MTD formerly), Barcelona, Spain; CIBER Epidemiología y Salud Pública (CIBERESP), Madrid, Spain.
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31
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DNA damage in lymphocytes induced by cardiac CT and comparison with physical exposure parameters. Eur Radiol 2016; 27:1660-1666. [PMID: 27510626 DOI: 10.1007/s00330-016-4519-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/16/2016] [Revised: 07/13/2016] [Accepted: 07/19/2016] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES To investigate whether physical exposure parameters such as the dose index (CTDI), dose length product (DLP), and size-specific dose estimate (SSDE) are predictive of DNA damage. METHODS In vitro, we scanned a phantom containing blood samples from five volunteers at CTDI 50, 100, and 150 mGy. One sample was not scanned. We also scanned samples in three different-size phantoms at CTDI 100 mGy. In vivo, we enrolled 45 patients and obtained blood samples before and after cardiac CT. The γ-H2AX foci were counted. RESULTS In vitro, in the control and at CTDI 50, 100, and 150 mGy, the number of γ-H2AX was 0.94 ± 0.24 (standard error, SE), 1.28 ± 0.30, 1.91 ± 0.47, and 2.16 ± 0.20. At SSDE 180, 156, and 135 mGy, it was 2.41 ± 0.20, 1.91 ± 0.47, and 1.42 ± 0.20 foci/cell. The γ-H2AX foci were positively correlated with the radiation dose and negatively correlated with the body size. In vivo, the γ-H2AX foci were significantly increased after CT (from 1.21 ± 0.19 to 1.92 ± 0.22 foci/cell) and correlated with CTDI, DLP, and SSDE. CONCLUSIONS DNA damage was induced by cardiac CT. There was a correlation between the physical exposure parameters and γ-H2AX. KEY POINTS • DNA damage was induced by radiation exposure from cardiac CT. • The γ-H2AX foci number was correlated with the CT radiation dose. • Physical exposure parameters reflect the DNA damage by CT radiation exposure.
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Jain V, Kumar PRV, Koya PKM, Jaikrishan G, Das B. Lack of increased DNA double-strand breaks in peripheral blood mononuclear cells of individuals from high level natural radiation areas of Kerala coast in India. Mutat Res 2016; 788:50-7. [PMID: 27063255 DOI: 10.1016/j.mrfmmm.2016.03.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/19/2015] [Revised: 02/14/2016] [Accepted: 03/24/2016] [Indexed: 05/19/2023]
Abstract
The high level natural radiation area (HLNRA) of Kerala is a 55km long and 0.5km wide strip in south west coast of India. The level of background radiation in this area varies from <1.0mGy/year to 45.0mGy/year. It offers unique opportunity to study the effect of chronic low dose/low dose-rate radiation directly on human population. Spontaneous level of DNA double strand breaks (DSBs) was quantified in peripheral blood mononuclear cells of 91 random individuals from HLNRA (N=61, mean age: 36.1±7.43years) and normal level natural radiation area (NLNRA) (N=30, mean age: 35.5±6.35years) using gamma-H2AX as a marker. The mean annual dose received by NLNRA and HLNRA individuals was 1.28±0.086mGy/year and 8.28±4.96mGy/year, respectively. The spontaneous frequency of DSBs in terms of gamma-H2AX foci among NLNRA and HLNRA individuals were 0.095±0.009 and 0.084±0.004 per cell (P=0.22). The individuals from HLNRA were further classified as low dose group (LDG, 1.51-5.0mGy/year, mean dose: 2.63±0.76mGy/year) and high dose group (HDG, >5.0mGy/year, mean dose: 11.04±3.57mGy/year). The spontaneous frequency of gamma-H2AX foci per cell in NLNRA, LDG and HDG was observed to be 0.095±0.009, 0.096±0.008 and 0.078±0.004 respectively. Individuals belonging to HDG of HLNRA showed marginally lower frequency of DSBs as compared to NLNRA and LDG of HLNRA. This could be suggestive of either lower induction or better repair of DSBs in individuals from HDG of HLNRA. The present study indicated that 5.0mGy/year could be a possible threshold dose for DSB induction at chronic low-dose radiation exposure in vivo. However, further studies on DNA damage induction and repair kinetics are required to draw firm conclusions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vinay Jain
- Low Level Radiation Research Section, Radiation Biology and Health Sciences Division, Bio-Science Group, Bhabha Atomic Research Centre, Trombay, Mumbai 400 085, India; Homi Bhabha National Institute, Anushakti Nagar, Mumbai 400 094, India
| | - P R Vivek Kumar
- Low Level Radiation Research Section, Radiation Biology and Health Sciences Division, Bio-Science Group, Bhabha Atomic Research Centre, Trombay, Mumbai 400 085, India
| | - P K M Koya
- Low Level Radiation Research Section, Radiation Biology and Health Sciences Division, Bio-Science Group, Bhabha Atomic Research Centre, Trombay, Mumbai 400 085, India
| | - G Jaikrishan
- Low Level Radiation Research Section, Radiation Biology and Health Sciences Division, Bio-Science Group, Bhabha Atomic Research Centre, Trombay, Mumbai 400 085, India
| | - Birajalaxmi Das
- Low Level Radiation Research Section, Radiation Biology and Health Sciences Division, Bio-Science Group, Bhabha Atomic Research Centre, Trombay, Mumbai 400 085, India.
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Johansson P, Fasth A, Ek T, Hammarsten O. Validation of a flow cytometry-based detection of γ-H2AX, to measure DNA damage for clinical applications. CYTOMETRY PART B-CLINICAL CYTOMETRY 2016; 92:534-540. [PMID: 27060560 DOI: 10.1002/cyto.b.21374] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/04/2015] [Revised: 03/16/2016] [Accepted: 04/01/2016] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND The nucleosomal histone protein H2AX is specifically phosphorylated (γ-H2AX) adjacent to DNA double-strand breaks (DSBs) and is used for quantifying DSBs. Many chemotherapies and ionizing radiation (IR) used in cancer treatment result in DSBs. Therefore, γ-H2AX has a significant potential as a biomarker in evaluating patient sensitivity and responsiveness to IR and chemotherapy. METHODS Here, we report a flow cytometry-based quantification of γ-H2AX (FCM-γ-H2AX assay) customized for clinical practice. RESULTS We validated that our method is able to detect DNA damage in peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMCs) treated with DSB inducing agents. The method also detected the DNA repair deficiency in PBMCs treated with DNA repair inhibitors, as well as the deficiency in DNA repair signaling in PBMCs from two ataxia telangiectasia patients. CONCLUSIONS The FCM-γ-H2AX assay has sufficient analytical sensitivity and precision to measure levels of DNA damage and DNA repair for clinical purposes. © 2016 International Clinical Cytometry Society.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pegah Johansson
- Department of Clinical Chemistry and Transfusion Medicine, Institute of Biomedicine, Sahlgrenska Academy at the University of Gothenburg, Gothenburg, Sweden
| | - Anders Fasth
- Department of Pediatrics, Institute of Clinical Sciences, Sahlgrenska Academy at the University of Gothenburg, Gothenburg, Sweden
| | - Torben Ek
- Department of Pediatrics, Hospital of Halland, Halmstad, Sweden
| | - Ola Hammarsten
- Department of Clinical Chemistry and Transfusion Medicine, Institute of Biomedicine, Sahlgrenska Academy at the University of Gothenburg, Gothenburg, Sweden
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Franck C, Vandevoorde C, Goethals I, Smeets P, Achten E, Verstraete K, Thierens H, Bacher K. The role of Size-Specific Dose Estimate (SSDE) in patient-specific organ dose and cancer risk estimation in paediatric chest and abdominopelvic CT examinations. Eur Radiol 2015; 26:2646-55. [PMID: 26670320 DOI: 10.1007/s00330-015-4091-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/04/2015] [Revised: 10/21/2015] [Accepted: 10/27/2015] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
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Vandevoorde C, Gomolka M, Roessler U, Samaga D, Lindholm C, Fernet M, Hall J, Pernot E, El-Saghire H, Baatout S, Kesminiene A, Thierens H. EPI-CT: in vitro assessment of the applicability of the γ-H2AX-foci assay as cellular biomarker for exposure in a multicentre study of children in diagnostic radiology. Int J Radiat Biol 2015; 91:653-63. [PMID: 25968559 DOI: 10.3109/09553002.2015.1047987] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE To conduct a feasibility study on the application of the γ-H2AX foci assay as an exposure biomarker in a prospective multicentre paediatric radiology setting. MATERIALS AND METHODS A set of in vitro experiments was performed to evaluate technical hurdles related to biological sample collection in a paediatric radiology setting (small blood sample volume), processing and storing of blood samples (effect of storing blood at 4°C), the reliability of foci scoring for low-doses (merge γ-H2AX/53BP1 scoring), as well as the impact of contrast agent administration as potential confounding factor. Given the exploratory nature of this study and the ethical constraints related to paediatric blood sampling, blood samples from adult volunteers were used for these experiments. In order to test the feasibility of pooling the γ-H2AX data when different centres are involved in an international multicentre study, two intercomparison studies in the low-dose range (10-500 mGy) were performed. RESULTS Determination of the number of X-ray induced γ-H2AX foci is feasible with one 2 ml blood sample pre- and post-computed tomography (CT) scan. Lymphocyte isolation and fixation on slides is necessary within 5 h of blood sampling to guarantee reliable results. The possible enhancement effect of contrast medium on the induction of DNA DSB in a patient study can be ruled out if radiation doses and the contrast agent concentration are within diagnostic ranges. The intercomparison studies using in vitro irradiated blood samples showed that the participating laboratories, executing successfully the γ-H2AX foci assay in lymphocytes, were able to rank blind samples in order of lowest to highest radiation dose based on mean foci/cell counts. The dose response of all intercomparison data shows that a dose point of 10 mGy could be distinguished from the sham-irradiated control (p = 0.006). CONCLUSIONS The results demonstrate that it is feasible to apply the γ-H2AX foci assay as a cellular biomarker of exposure in a multicentre prospective study in paediatric CT imaging after validating it in an in vivo international pilot study on paediatric patients.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Maria Gomolka
- b Federal Office for Radiation Protection , BfS , Germany
| | - Ute Roessler
- b Federal Office for Radiation Protection , BfS , Germany
| | - Daniel Samaga
- b Federal Office for Radiation Protection , BfS , Germany
| | | | | | - Janet Hall
- e Centre de Recherche en Cancérologie de Lyon - UMR Inserm 1052 - CNRS 5286 , France
| | - Eileen Pernot
- f Centre for Research in Environmental Epidemiology , CREAL , Spain
- g Universitat Pompeu Fabra (UPF) , Barcelona , Spain
- h CIBER Epidemiología y salud P ublica (CIBERESP) , Barcelona , Spain
| | | | - Sarah Baatout
- i Radiobiology Unit, Belgian Nuclear Research Centre, SCK-CEN , Belgium
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Turner HC, Shuryak I, Taveras M, Bertucci A, Perrier JR, Chen C, Elliston CD, Johnson GW, Smilenov LB, Amundson SA, Brenner DJ. Effect of dose rate on residual γ-H2AX levels and frequency of micronuclei in X-irradiated mouse lymphocytes. Radiat Res 2015; 183:315-24. [PMID: 25738897 DOI: 10.1667/rr13860.1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Abstract
The biological risks associated with low-dose-rate (LDR) radiation exposures are not yet well defined. To assess the risk related to DNA damage, we compared the yields of two established biodosimetry end points, γ-H2AX and micronuclei (MNi), in peripheral mouse blood lymphocytes after prolonged in vivo exposure to LDR X rays (0.31 cGy/min) vs. acute high-dose-rate (HDR) exposure (1.03 Gy/min). C57BL/6 mice were total-body irradiated with 320 kVP X rays with doses of 0, 1.1, 2.2 and 4.45 Gy. Residual levels of total γ-H2AX fluorescence in lymphocytes isolated 24 h after the start of irradiation were assessed using indirect immunofluorescence methods. The terminal deoxynucleotidyl transferase dUTP nick end labeling (TUNEL) assay was used to determine apoptotic cell frequency in lymphocytes sampled at 24 h. Curve fitting analysis suggested that the dose response for γ-H2AX yields after acute exposures could be described by a linear dependence. In contrast, a linear-quadratic dose-response shape was more appropriate for LDR exposure (perhaps reflecting differences in repair time after different LDR doses). Dose-rate sparing effects (P < 0.05) were observed at doses ≤2.2 Gy, such that the acute dose γ-H2AX and TUNEL-positive cell yields were significantly larger than the equivalent LDR yields. At the 4.45 Gy dose there was no difference in γ-H2AX expression between the two dose rates, whereas there was a two- to threefold increase in apoptosis in the LDR samples compared to the equivalent 4.45 Gy acute dose. Micronuclei yields were measured at 24 h and 7 days using the in vitro cytokinesis-blocked micronucleus (CBMN) assay. The results showed that MNi yields increased up to 2.2 Gy with no further increase at 4.45 Gy and with no detectable dose-rate effect across the dose range 24 h or 7 days post exposure. In conclusion, the γ-H2AX biomarker showed higher sensitivity to measure dose-rate effects after low-dose LDR X rays compared to MNi formation; however, confounding factors such as variable repair times post exposure, increased cell killing and cell cycle block likely contributed to the yields of MNi with accumulating doses of ionizing radiation.
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Affiliation(s)
- H C Turner
- Center for Radiological Research, Columbia University Medical Center, New York, New York 10032
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Halm BM, Franke AA, Lai JF, Li X, Custer LJ, Pagano I, Cooney RV, Turner HC, Brenner DJ. Pilot study for the establishment of biomarkers for radiation damage after computed tomography in children. HAWAI'I JOURNAL OF MEDICINE & PUBLIC HEALTH : A JOURNAL OF ASIA PACIFIC MEDICINE & PUBLIC HEALTH 2015; 74:112-119. [PMID: 25821654 PMCID: PMC4363933] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/04/2023]
Abstract
Computed tomography (CT) is an imaging modality that exposes patients to ionizing radiation (IR). We review and report findings from our pilot study evaluating whether blood markers are altered in 17 children undergoing medically indicated CT scans. Blood was drawn before ('pre-CT') and 1 hour after ('post-CT' CT scans. Plasma carotenoids, tocopherols, Q10, ascorbic acid (AA) and uric acid (UA) were analyzed by RP-HPLC with diode-array and electrochemical detection. Dehydroascorbic acid (DHAA) was calculated by subtraction from total AA. Total antioxidant capacity (TAC) was measured using the ORAC assay. Cytokines were quantified using a multiplex immunoassay. γ-H2AX foci were visualized using immunofluorescence. Mean pre- and post-CT changes were compared using t-tests; P-levels < .05 indicated significance. All major plasma lipid soluble antioxidant levels were lower post- vs pre-CT (P < .05) possibly from the scavenging of free radicals formed by CT-induced IR. Average AA levels increased (134%) while DHAA levels were decreased (29%) post-CT, probably due to intracellular recycling of AA from DHAA. TAC levels in lipophilic and hydrophilic extracts were unchanged, suggesting that other antioxidants may have assisted in free radical quenching, which would corroborate their lower concentrations post-CT. Cytokine levels were unchanged and dose-dependent increases in γ-H2AX foci, a measure of double strand DNA breaks, were observed (P = .046, n = 3 children). Our results suggest that CT-derived IR can influence the antioxidant system and may elicit detrimental responses on the cellular level of young children. When possible and if appropriate non-IR based techniques such as ultrasound or magnetic resonance imaging should be used.
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Affiliation(s)
- Brunhild M Halm
- Columbia University College of Physicians and Surgeons, New York, NY (BMH)
| | - Adrian A Franke
- Columbia University College of Physicians and Surgeons, New York, NY (BMH)
| | - Jennifer F Lai
- Columbia University College of Physicians and Surgeons, New York, NY (BMH)
| | - Xingnan Li
- Columbia University College of Physicians and Surgeons, New York, NY (BMH)
| | - Laurie J Custer
- Columbia University College of Physicians and Surgeons, New York, NY (BMH)
| | - Ian Pagano
- Columbia University College of Physicians and Surgeons, New York, NY (BMH)
| | - Robert V Cooney
- Columbia University College of Physicians and Surgeons, New York, NY (BMH)
| | - Helen C Turner
- Columbia University College of Physicians and Surgeons, New York, NY (BMH)
| | - David J Brenner
- Columbia University College of Physicians and Surgeons, New York, NY (BMH)
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Franke AA, Lai JF, Morrison CM, Pagano I, Li X, Halm BM, Soon R, Custer LJ. Coenzyme Q10, carotenoid, tocopherol, and retinol levels in cord plasma from multiethnic subjects in Hawaii. Free Radic Res 2013; 47:757-68. [PMID: 23829202 DOI: 10.3109/10715762.2013.822495] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022]
Abstract
Coenzyme Q10 (Q10), carotenoids, tocopherols, and retinol are the major circulating lipid-phase micronutrients (LPM) known to help mitigate oxidative damage and prevent chronic diseases. However, the functions of these compounds in newborns are little understood. This is due, in part, to the paucity of studies reporting their concentrations in this population. We measured Q10, carotenoids, tocopherols, and retinol in cord plasma from 100 multiethnic subjects living in Hawaii using HPLC with diode array and electrochemical detection. Appropriate internal standards were used including, for the first time, custom designed oxidized (UN10) and reduced (UL10) Q10 analogues. These compounds reflected the oxidation of UL10 to UN10 that occurred during sample processing and analysis and thus permitted accurate adjustments of natively circulating Q10 levels. All LPM measured were much lower in cord than in peripheral plasma. Cord plasma levels of total carotenoids, tocopherols, and retinol were approximately 10-fold, 3- to 5-fold and 1.5- to 3-fold lower than those in children or women. Cord plasma levels of total Q10 (TQ10; median, 113 ng/mL) were approximately 2-fold or 7- to 9-fold lower than peripheral plasma levels of neonates or children and adults, respectively. In contrast, the UN10/TQ10 ratio was substantially higher in cord (24%) than in peripheral plasma of children (3-4%) or adults (9%). Among the 5 ethnic groups in our cohort, no differences were observed in the levels of UN10, UL10, or TQ10. However, significant differences in many of the LPM were observed between ethnicities. More research is needed to explain these phenomena.
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Affiliation(s)
- A A Franke
- Department of Cancer Biology, University of Hawaii Cancer Center, Honolulu, HI 96813, USA.
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