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Elbanna K, Alsulami FS, Neyaz LA, Abulreesh HH. Poly (γ) glutamic acid: a unique microbial biopolymer with diverse commercial applicability. Front Microbiol 2024; 15:1348411. [PMID: 38414762 PMCID: PMC10897055 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2024.1348411] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/02/2023] [Accepted: 01/19/2024] [Indexed: 02/29/2024] Open
Abstract
Microbial biopolymers have emerged as promising solutions for environmental pollution-related human health issues. Poly-γ-glutamic acid (γ-PGA), a natural anionic polymeric compound, is composed of highly viscous homo-polyamide of D and L-glutamic acid units. The extracellular water solubility of PGA biopolymer facilitates its complete biodegradation and makes it safe for humans. The unique properties have enabled its applications in healthcare, pharmaceuticals, water treatment, foods, and other domains. It is applied as a thickener, taste-masking agent, stabilizer, texture modifier, moisturizer, bitterness-reducing agent, probiotics cryoprotectant, and protein crystallization agent in food industries. γ-PGA is employed as a biological adhesive, drug carrier, and non-viral vector for safe gene delivery in tissue engineering, pharmaceuticals, and medicine. It is also used as a moisturizer to improve the quality of hair care and skincare cosmetic products. In agriculture, it serves as an ideal stabilizer, environment-friendly fertilizer synergist, plant-growth promoter, metal biosorbent in soil washing, and animal feed additive to reduce body fat and enhance egg-shell strength.
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Affiliation(s)
- Khaled Elbanna
- Department of Biology, Faculty of Science, Umm Al-Qura University, Makkah, Saudi Arabia
- Research Laboratories Unit, Faculty of Science, Umm Al-Qura University, Makkah, Saudi Arabia
- Department of Agricultural Microbiology, Faculty of Agriculture, Fayoum University, Fayoum, Egypt
| | - Fatimah S Alsulami
- Department of Biology, Faculty of Science, Umm Al-Qura University, Makkah, Saudi Arabia
- Research Laboratories Unit, Faculty of Science, Umm Al-Qura University, Makkah, Saudi Arabia
| | - Leena A Neyaz
- Department of Biology, Faculty of Science, Umm Al-Qura University, Makkah, Saudi Arabia
- Research Laboratories Unit, Faculty of Science, Umm Al-Qura University, Makkah, Saudi Arabia
| | - Hussein H Abulreesh
- Department of Biology, Faculty of Science, Umm Al-Qura University, Makkah, Saudi Arabia
- Research Laboratories Unit, Faculty of Science, Umm Al-Qura University, Makkah, Saudi Arabia
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Xu G, Wang J, Shen J, Zhu Y, Liu W, Chen Y, Zha J, Zhang X, Zhang X, Shi J, Koffas MAG, Xu Z. Enhanced poly-γ-glutamic acid synthesis in Corynebacterium glutamicum by reconstituting PgsBCA complex and fermentation optimization. Metab Eng 2024; 81:238-248. [PMID: 38160746 DOI: 10.1016/j.ymben.2023.12.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/07/2023] [Revised: 12/14/2023] [Accepted: 12/18/2023] [Indexed: 01/03/2024]
Abstract
Previously, a novel Corynebacterium glutamicum strain for the de novo biosynthesis of tailored poly-γ-glutamic acid (γ-PGA) has been constructed by our group. The strain was based on the γ-PGA synthetase complex, PgsBCA, which is the only polyprotein complex responsible for γ-PGA synthesis in Bacillus spp. In the present study, PgsBCA was reconstituted and overexpressed in C. glutamicum to further enhance γ-PGA synthesis. First, we confirmed that all the components (PgsB, PgsC, and PgsA) of γ-PGA synthetase derived from B. licheniformis are necessary for γ-PGA synthesis, and γ-PGA was detected only when PgsB, PgsC, and PgsA were expressed in combination in C. glutamicum. Next, the expression level of each pgsB, pgsC, and pgsA was tuned in order to explore the effect of expression of each of the γ-PGA synthetase subunits on γ-PGA production. Results showed that increasing the transcription levels of pgsB or pgsC and maintaining a medium-level transcription level of pgsA led to 35.44% and 76.53% increase in γ-PGA yield (γ-PGA yield-to-biomass), respectively. Notably, the expression level of pgsC had the greatest influence (accounting for 68.24%) on γ-PGA synthesis, followed by pgsB. Next, genes encoding for PgsC from four different sources (Bacillus subtilis, Bacillus anthracis, Bacillus methylotrophicus, and Bacillus amyloliquefaciens) were tested in order to identify the influence of PgsC-encoding orthologues on γ-PGA production, but results showed that in all cases the synthesis of γ-PGA was significantly inhibited. Similarly, we also explored the influence of gene orthologues encoding for PgsB on γ-PGA production, and found that the titer increased to 17.14 ± 0.62 g/L from 8.24 ± 0.10 g/L when PgsB derived from B. methylotrophicus replaced PgsB alone in PgsBCA from B. licheniformis. The resulting strain was chosen for further optimization, and we achieved a γ-PGA titer of 38.26 g/L in a 5 L fermentor by optimizing dissolved oxygen level. Subsequently, by supplementing glucose, γ-PGA titer increased to 50.2 g/L at 48 h. To the best of our knowledge, this study achieved the highest titer for de novo production of γ-PGA from glucose, without addition of L-glutamic acid, resulting in a novel strategy for enhancing γ-PGA production.
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Affiliation(s)
- Guoqiang Xu
- The Key Laboratory of Industrial Biotechnology, Ministry of Education, Jiangnan University, Wuxi, 214122, China; National Engineering Research Center for Cereal Fermentation and Food Biomanufacturing, Jiangnan University, Wuxi, 214122, China; Jiangsu Provincial Engineering Research Center for Bioactive Product Processing Technology, Jiangnan University, Wuxi, 214122, China; Yixing Institute of Food and Biotechnology, Yixing, 214200, China
| | - Jiyue Wang
- The Key Laboratory of Industrial Biotechnology, Ministry of Education, Jiangnan University, Wuxi, 214122, China; National Engineering Research Center for Cereal Fermentation and Food Biomanufacturing, Jiangnan University, Wuxi, 214122, China; Jiangsu Provincial Engineering Research Center for Bioactive Product Processing Technology, Jiangnan University, Wuxi, 214122, China
| | - Jiancheng Shen
- The Key Laboratory of Industrial Biotechnology, Ministry of Education, Jiangnan University, Wuxi, 214122, China; National Engineering Research Center for Cereal Fermentation and Food Biomanufacturing, Jiangnan University, Wuxi, 214122, China; Jiangsu Provincial Engineering Research Center for Bioactive Product Processing Technology, Jiangnan University, Wuxi, 214122, China; Yixing Institute of Food and Biotechnology, Yixing, 214200, China
| | - Yaxin Zhu
- The Key Laboratory of Industrial Biotechnology, Ministry of Education, Jiangnan University, Wuxi, 214122, China; National Engineering Research Center for Cereal Fermentation and Food Biomanufacturing, Jiangnan University, Wuxi, 214122, China; Jiangsu Provincial Engineering Research Center for Bioactive Product Processing Technology, Jiangnan University, Wuxi, 214122, China
| | - Wanjing Liu
- The Key Laboratory of Industrial Biotechnology, Ministry of Education, Jiangnan University, Wuxi, 214122, China; National Engineering Research Center for Cereal Fermentation and Food Biomanufacturing, Jiangnan University, Wuxi, 214122, China; Jiangsu Provincial Engineering Research Center for Bioactive Product Processing Technology, Jiangnan University, Wuxi, 214122, China; Yixing Institute of Food and Biotechnology, Yixing, 214200, China
| | - Yuhang Chen
- The Key Laboratory of Industrial Biotechnology, Ministry of Education, Jiangnan University, Wuxi, 214122, China; National Engineering Research Center for Cereal Fermentation and Food Biomanufacturing, Jiangnan University, Wuxi, 214122, China; Jiangsu Provincial Engineering Research Center for Bioactive Product Processing Technology, Jiangnan University, Wuxi, 214122, China; Yixing Institute of Food and Biotechnology, Yixing, 214200, China
| | - Jian Zha
- School of Food and Biological Engineering, Shaanxi University of Science and Technology, Xi'an, Shaanxi, 710021, China
| | - Xiaomei Zhang
- Laboratory of Pharmaceutical Engineering, School of Life Science and Health Engineering, Jiangnan University, Wuxi, 214122, China; Yixing Institute of Food and Biotechnology, Yixing, 214200, China
| | - Xiaojuan Zhang
- The Key Laboratory of Industrial Biotechnology, Ministry of Education, Jiangnan University, Wuxi, 214122, China; National Engineering Research Center for Cereal Fermentation and Food Biomanufacturing, Jiangnan University, Wuxi, 214122, China; Jiangsu Provincial Engineering Research Center for Bioactive Product Processing Technology, Jiangnan University, Wuxi, 214122, China
| | - Jinsong Shi
- Laboratory of Pharmaceutical Engineering, School of Life Science and Health Engineering, Jiangnan University, Wuxi, 214122, China; Yixing Institute of Food and Biotechnology, Yixing, 214200, China
| | - Mattheos A G Koffas
- Center for Biotechnology and Interdisciplinary Studies and Department of Chemical and Biological Engineering, Rensselaer Polytechnic Institute, Troy, NY, 12180, USA.
| | - Zhenghong Xu
- The Key Laboratory of Industrial Biotechnology, Ministry of Education, Jiangnan University, Wuxi, 214122, China; National Engineering Research Center for Cereal Fermentation and Food Biomanufacturing, Jiangnan University, Wuxi, 214122, China; Jiangsu Provincial Engineering Research Center for Bioactive Product Processing Technology, Jiangnan University, Wuxi, 214122, China; Yixing Institute of Food and Biotechnology, Yixing, 214200, China.
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Liao WC, Wang CH, Sun TH, Su YC, Chen CH, Chang WT, Chen PL, Shiue YL. The Antimicrobial Effects of Colistin Encapsulated in Chelating Complex Micelles for the Treatment of Multi-Drug-Resistant Gram-Negative Bacteria: A Pharmacokinetic Study. Antibiotics (Basel) 2023; 12:antibiotics12050836. [PMID: 37237739 DOI: 10.3390/antibiotics12050836] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/16/2023] [Revised: 04/20/2023] [Accepted: 04/28/2023] [Indexed: 05/28/2023] Open
Abstract
Background: Infections caused by multi-drug-resistant Gram-negative bacteria (MDR-GNB) are an emerging problem globally. Colistin is the last-sort antibiotic for MDR-GNB, but its toxicity limits its clinical use. We aimed to test the efficacy of colistin-loaded micelles (CCM-CL) against drug-resistant Pseudomonas aeruginosa and compare their safety with that of free colistin in vitro and in vivo. Materials and methods: We incorporated colistin into chelating complex micelles (CCMs), thus producing colistin-loaded micelles (CCM-CL), and conducted both safety and efficacy surveys to elucidate their potential uses. Results: In a murine model, the safe dose of CCM-CL was 62.5%, which is much better than that achieved after the intravenous bolus injection of 'free' colistin. With a slow drug infusion, the safe dose of CCM-CL reached 16 mg/kg, which is double the free colistin, 8 mg/kg. The area under the curve (AUC) levels for CCM-CL were 4.09- and 4.95-fold higher than those for free colistin in terms of AUC0-t and AUC0-inf, respectively. The elimination half-lives of CCM-CL and free colistin groups were 12.46 and 102.23 min, respectively. In the neutropenic mice model with carbapenem-resistant Pseudomonas aeruginosa pneumonia, the 14-day survival rate of the mice treated with CCM-CL was 80%, which was significantly higher than the 30% in the free colistin group (p < 0.05). Conclusions: Our results showed that CCM-CL, an encapsulated form of colistin, is safe and effective, and thus may become a drug of choice against MDR-GNB.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wei-Chuan Liao
- Institute of Biomedical Sciences, College of Medicine, National Sun Yat-sen University, Kaohsiung 804201, Taiwan
- Original Biomedicals Co., Ltd., Tainan 744092, Taiwan
| | - Chau-Hui Wang
- Original Biomedicals Co., Ltd., Tainan 744092, Taiwan
| | - Tzu-Hui Sun
- Original Biomedicals Co., Ltd., Tainan 744092, Taiwan
- Department of Life Sciences, National Chung Hsing University, Taichung 402202, Taiwan
| | - Yu-Cheng Su
- Institute of Basic Medical Sciences, National Cheng Kung University, Tainan 701301, Taiwan
| | | | - Wen-Teng Chang
- Department of Pharmaceutical Science and Technology, Chung Hwa University of Medical Technology, Tainan 717302, Taiwan
| | - Po-Lin Chen
- Department of Internal Medicine, National Cheng Kung University Hospital, College of Medicine, National Cheng Kung University, Tainan 701301, Taiwan
- Center for Infection Control, National Cheng Kung University Hospital, Tainan 701301, Taiwan
- Diagnostic Microbiology and Antimicrobial Resistance Laboratory, National Cheng Kung University Hospital, Tainan 701301, Taiwan
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, College of Medicine, National Cheng Kung University, Tainan 701301, Taiwan
| | - Yow-Ling Shiue
- Institute of Biomedical Sciences, College of Medicine, National Sun Yat-sen University, Kaohsiung 804201, Taiwan
- Institute of Precision Medicine, College of Medicine, National Sun Yat-sen University, Kaohsiung 804201, Taiwan
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Bacillus species in food fermentations: an under-appreciated group of organisms for safe use in food fermentations. Curr Opin Food Sci 2023. [DOI: 10.1016/j.cofs.2023.101007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/12/2023]
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Nair P, Navale GR, Dharne MS. Poly-gamma-glutamic acid biopolymer: a sleeping giant with diverse applications and unique opportunities for commercialization. BIOMASS CONVERSION AND BIOREFINERY 2023; 13:4555-4573. [PMID: 33824848 PMCID: PMC8016157 DOI: 10.1007/s13399-021-01467-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 19.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/19/2021] [Revised: 03/19/2021] [Accepted: 03/23/2021] [Indexed: 05/06/2023]
Abstract
Poly-gamma-glutamic acid (γ-PGA) is a biodegradable, non-toxic, ecofriendly, and non-immunogenic biopolymer. Its phenomenal properties have gained immense attention in the field of regenerative medicine, the food industry, wastewater treatment, and even in 3D printing bio-ink. The γ-PGA has the potential to replace synthetic non-degradable counterparts, but the main obstacle is the high production cost and lower productivity. Extensive research has been carried out to reduce the production cost by using different waste; however, it is unable to match the commercialization needs. This review focuses on the biosynthetic mechanism of γ-PGA, its production using the synthetic medium as well as different wastes by L-glutamic acid-dependent and independent microbial strains. Furthermore, various metabolic engineering strategies and the recovery processes for γ-PGA and their possible applications are discussed. Finally, highlights on the challenges and unique approaches to reduce the production cost and to increase the productivity for commercialization of γ-PGA are also summarized.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pranav Nair
- Academy of Scientific and Innovative Research (AcSIR), Ghaziabad, India
- National Collection of Industrial Microorganisms (NCIM), CSIR-National Chemical Laboratory, Pune, 411008 India
| | - Govinda R. Navale
- Academy of Scientific and Innovative Research (AcSIR), Ghaziabad, India
- National Collection of Industrial Microorganisms (NCIM), CSIR-National Chemical Laboratory, Pune, 411008 India
| | - Mahesh S. Dharne
- Academy of Scientific and Innovative Research (AcSIR), Ghaziabad, India
- National Collection of Industrial Microorganisms (NCIM), CSIR-National Chemical Laboratory, Pune, 411008 India
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Parati M, Khalil I, Tchuenbou-Magaia F, Adamus G, Mendrek B, Hill R, Radecka I. Building a circular economy around poly(D/L-γ-glutamic acid)- a smart microbial biopolymer. Biotechnol Adv 2022; 61:108049. [DOI: 10.1016/j.biotechadv.2022.108049] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/18/2022] [Revised: 10/03/2022] [Accepted: 10/06/2022] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
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Ma H, Li P, Xiao N, Xia T. Poly-γ-glutamic acid promoted maize root development by affecting auxin signaling pathway and the abundance and diversity of rhizosphere microbial community. BMC PLANT BIOLOGY 2022; 22:521. [PMID: 36352394 PMCID: PMC9647955 DOI: 10.1186/s12870-022-03908-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/03/2022] [Accepted: 10/25/2022] [Indexed: 06/16/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND The root systems of higher plants play an important role in plant growth and development. In our present study, it was found that poly-γ-glutamic acid (γ-PGA), an environmentally friendly biomacromolecule, significantly improved root development in maize. RESULTS After treatment with γ-PGA for 7 days, the fresh weight of maize roots was significantly increased and the differences between γ-PGA treated group and control group were mainly caused by the number (higher by 71.87% compared to the control) and length of lateral roots. RNAseq and RT-PCR analyses showed that γ-PGA treatment upregulated the expression of genes related to the synthesis of auxins and auxin signal in maize roots. In addition, γ-PGA promoted the accumulation of plant growth-promoting bacteria, such as Azospirillum, Azohydromonas, Ramlibacter, and Sphingobium (Proteobacteria), Streptomyces (Actinobacteria), Parasegetibacter (Bacteroidetes), and Gemmatimonas (Gemmatimonadetes) in rhizosphere soil and the secretion of auxins. The results of this study deepened our understanding of the effects and mechanism of γ-PGA on maize root development, and as well as highlighted the possibility of using γ-PGA to improve crop growth and soil environment. CONCLUSIONS γ-PGA promotes early growth and development of maize roots by inducing the secretion and accumulation of auxin in roots and in rhizosphere soil, and increasing the abundance of plant growth promoting bacteria.
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Affiliation(s)
- Haizhen Ma
- State Key Laboratory of Biobased Material and Green Papermaking, Qilu University of Technology (Shandong Academy of Sciences), Jinan, Shandong, PR China
- School of Bioengineering, Qilu University of Technology (Shandong Academy of Sciences), Jinan, 250353, Shandong, PR China
| | - Panpan Li
- State Key Laboratory of Biobased Material and Green Papermaking, Qilu University of Technology (Shandong Academy of Sciences), Jinan, Shandong, PR China
- School of Bioengineering, Qilu University of Technology (Shandong Academy of Sciences), Jinan, 250353, Shandong, PR China
| | - Ning Xiao
- State Key Laboratory of Biobased Material and Green Papermaking, Qilu University of Technology (Shandong Academy of Sciences), Jinan, Shandong, PR China
- School of Bioengineering, Qilu University of Technology (Shandong Academy of Sciences), Jinan, 250353, Shandong, PR China
| | - Tao Xia
- State Key Laboratory of Biobased Material and Green Papermaking, Qilu University of Technology (Shandong Academy of Sciences), Jinan, Shandong, PR China.
- School of Bioengineering, Qilu University of Technology (Shandong Academy of Sciences), Jinan, 250353, Shandong, PR China.
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Microbial Poly-γ-Glutamic Acid (γ-PGA) as an Effective Tooth Enamel Protectant. Polymers (Basel) 2022; 14:polym14142937. [PMID: 35890712 PMCID: PMC9317725 DOI: 10.3390/polym14142937] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/03/2022] [Revised: 07/12/2022] [Accepted: 07/16/2022] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Poly-γ-glutamic acid (γ-PGA) is a bio-derived water-soluble, edible, non-immunogenic nylon-like polymer with the biochemical characteristics of a polypeptide. This Bacillus-derived material has great potential for a wide range of applications, from bioremediation to tunable drug delivery systems. In the context of oral care, γ-PGA holds great promise in enamel demineralisation prevention. The salivary protein statherin has previously been shown to protect tooth enamel from acid dissolution and act as a reservoir for free calcium ions within oral cavities. Its superb enamel-binding capacity is attributed to the L-glutamic acid residues of this 5380 Da protein. In this study, γ-PGA was successfully synthesised from Bacillus subtilis natto cultivated on supplemented algae media and standard commercial media. The polymers obtained were tested for their potential to inhibit demineralisation of hydroxyapatite (HAp) when exposed to caries simulating acidic conditions. Formulations presenting 0.1, 0.25, 0.5, 0.75, 1, 2, 3 and 4% (w/v) γ-PGA concentration were assessed to determine the optimal conditions. Our data suggests that both the concentration and the molar mass of the γ-PGA were significant in enamel protection (p = 0.028 and p < 0.01 respectively). Ion Selective Electrode, combined with Fourier Transform Infra-Red studies, were employed to quantify enamel protection capacity of γ-PGA. All concentrations tested showed an inhibitory effect on the dissolution rate of calcium ions from hydroxyapatite, with 1% (wt) and 2% (wt) concentrations being the most effective. The impact of the average molar mass (M) on enamel dissolution was also investigated by employing commercial 66 kDa, 166 kDa, 440 kDa and 520 kDa γ-PGA fractions. All γ-PGA solutions adhered to the surface of HAp with evidence that this remained after 60 min of continuous acidic challenge. Inductively Coupled Plasma analysis showed a significant abundance of calcium ions associated with γ-PGA, which suggests that this material could also act as a responsive calcium delivery system. We have concluded that all γ-PGA samples tested (commercial and algae derived) display enamel protection capacity regardless of their concentration or average molar mass. However, we believe that γ-PGA D/L ratios might affect the binding more than its molar mass.
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Li D, Hou L, Gao Y, Tian Z, Fan B, Wang F, Li S. Recent Advances in Microbial Synthesis of Poly-γ-Glutamic Acid: A Review. Foods 2022; 11:foods11050739. [PMID: 35267372 PMCID: PMC8909396 DOI: 10.3390/foods11050739] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/25/2022] [Revised: 02/12/2022] [Accepted: 02/26/2022] [Indexed: 02/01/2023] Open
Abstract
Poly-γ-glutamic acid (γ-PGA) is a natural, safe, non-immunogenic, biodegradable, and environmentally friendly glutamic biopolymer. γ-PGA has been regarded as a promising bio-based materials in the food field, medical field, even in environmental engineering field, and other industrial fields. Microbial synthesis is an economical and effective way to synthesize γ-PGA. Bacillus species are the most widely studied producing strains. γ-PGA biosynthesis involves metabolic pathway of racemization, polymerization, transfer, and catabolism. Although microbial synthesis of γ-PGA has already been used extensively, productivity and yield remain the major constraints for its industrial application. Metabolic regulation is an attempt to solve the above bottleneck problems and meet the demands of commercialization. Therefore, it is important to understand critical factors that influence γ-PGA microbial synthesis in depth. This review focuses on production strains, biosynthetic pathway, and metabolic regulation. Moreover, it systematically summarizes the functional properties, purification procedure, and industrial application of γ-PGA.
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Affiliation(s)
- Danfeng Li
- Institute of Food Science and Technology, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, No. 2 Yuan Ming Yuan West Road, Beijing 100193, China; (D.L.); (L.H.); (Y.G.); (Z.T.); (B.F.)
| | - Lizhen Hou
- Institute of Food Science and Technology, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, No. 2 Yuan Ming Yuan West Road, Beijing 100193, China; (D.L.); (L.H.); (Y.G.); (Z.T.); (B.F.)
| | - Yaxin Gao
- Institute of Food Science and Technology, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, No. 2 Yuan Ming Yuan West Road, Beijing 100193, China; (D.L.); (L.H.); (Y.G.); (Z.T.); (B.F.)
| | - Zhiliang Tian
- Institute of Food Science and Technology, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, No. 2 Yuan Ming Yuan West Road, Beijing 100193, China; (D.L.); (L.H.); (Y.G.); (Z.T.); (B.F.)
| | - Bei Fan
- Institute of Food Science and Technology, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, No. 2 Yuan Ming Yuan West Road, Beijing 100193, China; (D.L.); (L.H.); (Y.G.); (Z.T.); (B.F.)
- Key Laboratory of Agro-Products Quality and Safety Control in Storage and Transport Process, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing 100193, China
| | - Fengzhong Wang
- Key Laboratory of Agro-Products Quality and Safety Control in Storage and Transport Process, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing 100193, China
- Key Laboratory of Agro-Products Processing, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing 100193, China
- Correspondence: (F.W.); (S.L.); Tel.: +86-010-62815977 (F.W.); +86-010-62810295 (S.L.)
| | - Shuying Li
- Institute of Food Science and Technology, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, No. 2 Yuan Ming Yuan West Road, Beijing 100193, China; (D.L.); (L.H.); (Y.G.); (Z.T.); (B.F.)
- Correspondence: (F.W.); (S.L.); Tel.: +86-010-62815977 (F.W.); +86-010-62810295 (S.L.)
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Kim JH, Kim DH, Jo S, Cho MJ, Cho YR, Lee YJ, Byun S. Immunomodulatory functional foods and their molecular mechanisms. Exp Mol Med 2022; 54:1-11. [PMID: 35079119 PMCID: PMC8787967 DOI: 10.1038/s12276-022-00724-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 17.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/04/2021] [Revised: 08/04/2021] [Accepted: 09/29/2021] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
The immune system comprises a complex group of processes that provide defense against diverse pathogens. These defenses can be divided into innate and adaptive immunity, in which specific immune components converge to limit infections. In addition to genetic factors, aging, lifestyle, and environmental factors can influence immune function, potentially affecting the susceptibility of the host to disease-causing agents. Chemical compounds in certain foods have been shown to regulate signal transduction and cell phenotypes, ultimately impacting pathophysiology. Research has shown that the consumption of specific functional foods can stimulate the activity of immune cells, providing protection against cancer, viruses, and bacteria. Here, we review a number of functional foods reported to strengthen immunity, including ginseng, mushrooms, chlorella, and probiotics (Lactobacillus plantarum). We also discuss the molecular mechanisms involved in regulating the activity of various types of immune cells. Identifying immune-enhancing functional foods and understanding their mechanisms of action will support new approaches to maintain proper health and combat immunological diseases. Evidence is building to support the idea that specific ‘functional foods’ can stimulate the activity of cells and signaling systems of the immune system to provide protection against cancer, viruses and bacteria. Sanguine Byun and colleagues at Yonsei University in Seoul, South Korea, review research into a range of functional foods, foods thought to have health benefits beyond their nutritional value. These include ginseng, mushrooms, the green algae called Chlorella and the probiotic bacteria Lactobacillus plantarum. They also consider individual components of foods such as poly-gamma-glutamate, a natural polymer made by bacteria. A wide body of research is revealing diverse molecular mechanisms through which biochemicals in functional foods can modulate different aspects of the immune system. These include effects on both non-specific innate immunity and adaptive immunity, which targets specific invading pathogens and diseased cells.
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γ-PGA Fermentation by Bacillus subtilis PG-001 with Glucose Feedback Control pH-stat Strategy. Appl Biochem Biotechnol 2022; 194:1871-1880. [DOI: 10.1007/s12010-021-03755-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/03/2021] [Accepted: 11/08/2021] [Indexed: 11/02/2022]
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Ma H, Li P, Liu X, Li C, Zhang S, Wang X, Tao X. Poly-γ-glutamic acid enhanced the drought resistance of maize by improving photosynthesis and affecting the rhizosphere microbial community. BMC PLANT BIOLOGY 2022; 22:11. [PMID: 34979944 PMCID: PMC8722152 DOI: 10.1186/s12870-021-03392-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/25/2021] [Accepted: 12/09/2021] [Indexed: 05/08/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Compared with other abiotic stresses, drought stress causes serious crop yield reductions. Poly-γ-glutamic acid (γ-PGA), as an environmentally friendly biomacromolecule, plays an important role in plant growth and regulation. RESULTS In this project, the effect of exogenous application of γ-PGA on drought tolerance of maize (Zea mays. L) and its mechanism were studied. Drought dramatically inhibited the growth and development of maize, but the exogenous application of γ-PGA significantly increased the dry weight of maize, the contents of ABA, soluble sugar, proline, and chlorophyll, and the photosynthetic rate under severe drought stress. RNA-seq data showed that γ-PGA may enhance drought resistance in maize by affecting the expression of ABA biosynthesis, signal transduction, and photosynthesis-related genes and other stress-responsive genes, which was also confirmed by RT-PCR and promoter motif analysis. In addition, diversity and structure analysis of the rhizosphere soil bacterial community demonstrated that γ-PGA enriched plant growth promoting bacteria such as Actinobacteria, Chloroflexi, Firmicutes, Alphaproteobacteria and Deltaproteobacteria. Moreover, γ-PGA significantly improved root development, urease activity and the ABA contents of maize rhizospheric soil under drought stress. This study emphasized the possibility of using γ-PGA to improve crop drought resistance and the soil environment under drought conditions and revealed its preliminary mechanism. CONCLUSIONS Exogenous application of poly-γ-glutamic acid could significantly enhance the drought resistance of maize by improving photosynthesis, and root development and affecting the rhizosphere microbial community.
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Affiliation(s)
- Haizhen Ma
- State Key Laboratory of Biobased Material and Green Papermaking, Qilu University of Technology (Shandong Academy of Sciences), Jinan, 250353, Shandong, People's Republic of China
- School of Bioengineering, Qilu University of Technology (Shandong Academy of Sciences), Jinan, 250353, Shandong, People's Republic of China
| | - Panpan Li
- State Key Laboratory of Biobased Material and Green Papermaking, Qilu University of Technology (Shandong Academy of Sciences), Jinan, 250353, Shandong, People's Republic of China
- School of Bioengineering, Qilu University of Technology (Shandong Academy of Sciences), Jinan, 250353, Shandong, People's Republic of China
| | - Xingwang Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Biobased Material and Green Papermaking, Qilu University of Technology (Shandong Academy of Sciences), Jinan, 250353, Shandong, People's Republic of China
- School of Bioengineering, Qilu University of Technology (Shandong Academy of Sciences), Jinan, 250353, Shandong, People's Republic of China
| | - Can Li
- State Key Laboratory of Biobased Material and Green Papermaking, Qilu University of Technology (Shandong Academy of Sciences), Jinan, 250353, Shandong, People's Republic of China
- School of Bioengineering, Qilu University of Technology (Shandong Academy of Sciences), Jinan, 250353, Shandong, People's Republic of China
| | - Shengkui Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Biobased Material and Green Papermaking, Qilu University of Technology (Shandong Academy of Sciences), Jinan, 250353, Shandong, People's Republic of China
- School of Bioengineering, Qilu University of Technology (Shandong Academy of Sciences), Jinan, 250353, Shandong, People's Republic of China
| | - Xiaohan Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Biobased Material and Green Papermaking, Qilu University of Technology (Shandong Academy of Sciences), Jinan, 250353, Shandong, People's Republic of China
- School of Bioengineering, Qilu University of Technology (Shandong Academy of Sciences), Jinan, 250353, Shandong, People's Republic of China
| | - Xia Tao
- State Key Laboratory of Biobased Material and Green Papermaking, Qilu University of Technology (Shandong Academy of Sciences), Jinan, 250353, Shandong, People's Republic of China.
- School of Bioengineering, Qilu University of Technology (Shandong Academy of Sciences), Jinan, 250353, Shandong, People's Republic of China.
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13
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Wang L, Chen S, Yu B. Poly-γ-glutamic acid: Recent achievements, diverse applications and future perspectives. Trends Food Sci Technol 2022. [DOI: 10.1016/j.tifs.2021.11.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/19/2023]
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14
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Li M, Zhang Z, Li S, Tian Z, Ma X. Study on the mechanism of production of γ-PGA and nattokinase in Bacillus subtilis natto based on RNA-seq analysis. Microb Cell Fact 2021; 20:83. [PMID: 33836770 PMCID: PMC8034199 DOI: 10.1186/s12934-021-01570-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/02/2020] [Accepted: 03/25/2021] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
Poly-γ-glutamic acid (γ-PGA) and nattokinase (NK) are the main substances produced by Bacillus subtilis natto in solid-state fermentation and have wide application prospects. We found that our strains had higher activity of nattokinase when soybeans were used as substrate to increase the yield of γ-PGA. Commercial production of γ-PGA and nattokinase requires an understanding of the mechanism of co-production. Here, we obtained the maximum γ-PGA yield (358.5 g/kg, w/w) and highest activity of NK during fermentation and analyzed the transcriptome of Bacillus subtilis natto during co-production of γ-PGA and NK. By comparing changes in expression of genes encoding key enzymes and the metabolic pathways associated with the products in genetic engineering, the mechanism of co-production of γ-PGA and nattokinase can be summarized based on RNA-seq analysis. This study firstly provides new insights into the mechanism of co-production of γ-PGA and nattokinase by Bacillus subtilis natto and reveals potential molecular targets to promote the co-production of γ-PGA and nattokinase.
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Affiliation(s)
- Min Li
- School of Perfume and Aroma Technology, Shanghai Institute of Technology, Shanghai, 201418, China
| | - Zilong Zhang
- Shanghai International Travel Healthcare Center, Shanghai Customs District P. R, Shanghai, 200335, China
| | - Shenwei Li
- Shanghai International Travel Healthcare Center, Shanghai Customs District P. R, Shanghai, 200335, China
| | - Zhengan Tian
- Shanghai International Travel Healthcare Center, Shanghai Customs District P. R, Shanghai, 200335, China.
| | - Xia Ma
- School of Perfume and Aroma Technology, Shanghai Institute of Technology, Shanghai, 201418, China. .,State Key Laboratory of Dairy Biotechnology, Shanghai Engineering Research Center of Dairy Biotechnology, Dairy Research Institute, Bright Dairy and Food Co., Ltd, Shanghai, 200436, China.
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15
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Yu C, Zang Y, Wang L, Wang M, Liu D, Ding Y, Yue W, Nie G. A rapid and rapid method to quantify poly (γ-glutamic acid) content via copper ion complexation. Int J Biol Macromol 2021; 180:411-417. [PMID: 33745973 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijbiomac.2021.03.030] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/30/2020] [Revised: 02/09/2021] [Accepted: 03/05/2021] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
Abstract
Presently, there have been some limitations in most of methods to determine poly (γ-glutamic acid) (γ-PGA) content because of many impurities in test specimens. It is necessary to establish a rapid and accurate method to quantify γ-PGA content. In this work, γ-PGA and some impurities commonly seen in fermented broth like glucose, glutamic acid and proteins were used to complex with copper ions. The results show that only γ-PGA can make copper ion precipitated, which content linearly correlates with the precipitate amount. From the study on the validity of the method, it is found that the accuracy and precision are 95.82% and 99.29%, much higher than the ones of method UV and weighing. Therefore, the method via the complexation of copper ion will be popularized to determine γ-PGA content in crude biological samples.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chenrui Yu
- College of Biological and Food Engineering, Anhui Polytechnic University, 241000 Wuhu, China
| | - Yipeng Zang
- College of Biological and Food Engineering, Anhui Polytechnic University, 241000 Wuhu, China
| | - Li Wang
- College of Biological and Food Engineering, Anhui Polytechnic University, 241000 Wuhu, China
| | - Mengmeng Wang
- College of Biological and Food Engineering, Anhui Polytechnic University, 241000 Wuhu, China
| | - Dandan Liu
- College of Biological and Food Engineering, Anhui Polytechnic University, 241000 Wuhu, China
| | - Yalan Ding
- College of Biological and Food Engineering, Anhui Polytechnic University, 241000 Wuhu, China
| | - Wenjin Yue
- School of Chemical and Environmental Engineering, Anhui Polytechnic University, 241000 Wuhu, China.
| | - Guangjun Nie
- College of Biological and Food Engineering, Anhui Polytechnic University, 241000 Wuhu, China; Anhui Engineering Laboratory for Industrial Microbiology Molecular Breeding, Anhui Polytechnic University, 241000 Wuhu, China.
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16
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Choi HJ, Shin D, Shin M, Yun B, Kang M, Yang HJ, Jeong DY, Kim Y, Oh S. Comparative Genomic and Functional Evaluations of Bacillus subtilis Newly Isolated from Korean Traditional Fermented Foods. Foods 2020; 9:E1805. [PMID: 33291832 PMCID: PMC7762004 DOI: 10.3390/foods9121805] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/12/2020] [Revised: 11/20/2020] [Accepted: 11/28/2020] [Indexed: 01/28/2023] Open
Abstract
Many fermented foods are known to have beneficial effects on human and animal health, offering anti-aging and immunomodulatory benefits to host. Microorganisms contained in the fermented foods are known to provide metabolic products possibly improving host health. However, despite of a number of studies on the functional effects of the fermented foods, isolation and identification of the effective bacterial strains in the products are still in progress. The objective of this study was to isolate candidate functional strains in various Korean traditional fermented foods, including ganjang, gochujang, doenjang, and jeotgal, and evaluate their beneficial effects on the host, using Caenorhabditis elegans as a surrogate animal model. Among the 30 strains isolated, five Bacillus spp. were selected that increased the expression level of pmk-1, an innate immune gene of C. elegans. These strains extended the nematode lifespan and showed intestinal adhesion to the host. Based on the bioinformatic analyses of whole genome sequences and pangenomes, the five strains of Bacillus subtilis were genetically different from the strains found in East Asian countries and previously reported strains isolated from Korean fermented foods. Our findings suggest that the newly isolated B. subtilis strains can be a good candidate for probiotic with further in-depth investigation on health benefits and safety.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hye Jin Choi
- Department of Agricultural Biotechnology and Research Institute of Agriculture and Life Science, Seoul National University, Seoul 08826, Korea; (H.J.C.); (M.S.)
| | - Donghyun Shin
- Department of Agricultural Convergence Technology, Jeonbuk National University, Jeonju 54896, Korea;
| | - Minhye Shin
- Department of Agricultural Biotechnology and Research Institute of Agriculture and Life Science, Seoul National University, Seoul 08826, Korea; (H.J.C.); (M.S.)
| | - Bohyun Yun
- Department of Animal Science and Institute of Milk Genomics, Jeonbuk National University, Jeonju 54896, Korea;
| | - Minkyoung Kang
- Department of Functional Food and Biotechnology, Jeonju University, Jeonju 55069, Korea;
| | - Hee-Jong Yang
- Microbial Institute for Fermentation Industry, Sunchang, Jeonbuk 56048, Korea; (H.-J.Y.); (D.-Y.J.)
| | - Do-Youn Jeong
- Microbial Institute for Fermentation Industry, Sunchang, Jeonbuk 56048, Korea; (H.-J.Y.); (D.-Y.J.)
| | - Younghoon Kim
- Department of Agricultural Biotechnology and Research Institute of Agriculture and Life Science, Seoul National University, Seoul 08826, Korea; (H.J.C.); (M.S.)
| | - Sangnam Oh
- Department of Functional Food and Biotechnology, Jeonju University, Jeonju 55069, Korea;
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17
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Li L, Liu Y, Jiang L, Ding S, Chen G, Liang Z, Zeng W. Effects of cell physiological structure on the fermentation broth viscosity during poly-γ-glutamic acid production by Bacillus subtilis GXA-28. Appl Biochem Biotechnol 2020; 193:271-280. [PMID: 32935163 DOI: 10.1007/s12010-020-03418-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/27/2020] [Accepted: 09/11/2020] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
The high viscosity of fermentation broth limited the further improvement of PGA titer. Our previous studies indicated that adding KCl to the medium could decrease the fermentation broth viscosity and improve the PGA titer. In order to clarify the reason, effects of cell physiological structure on the fermentation broth viscosity were investigated. Results from cell morphology observation showed that the reduction of cell aggregation caused by the weakened cross-linking between PGA and cells might be an important reason for the decrease in the fermentation broth viscosity. Besides, when 201.2 mM KCl was added to the medium, the zeta potential of cell surface decreased from - 70.48 ± 3.35 mV to - 81 ± 2.46 mV. The cell membrane integrity was reduced and permeability was enhanced. Furthermore, the percentage of lauric acid C12:0 in cell membrane increased by 12.36%, but palmitic acid C16:0 and stearic acid C18:0 decreased by 6.83% and 5.64%, respectively, which improved the fluidity of cell membrane. The above changes in cell membrane further affect the cross-linking between PGA and cells, thereby playing an important role in reducing the fermentation broth viscosity. This study provided some novel information for understanding the decrease of PGA fermentation broth viscosity by KCl.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lingfu Li
- State Key Laboratory for Conservation and Utilization of Subtropical Agro-bioresources, Guangxi Microorganism and Enzyme Research Center of Engineering Technology, College of Life Science and Technology, Guangxi University, 100 Daxue Road, Nanning, 530004, Guangxi, China
| | - Yao Liu
- State Key Laboratory for Conservation and Utilization of Subtropical Agro-bioresources, Guangxi Microorganism and Enzyme Research Center of Engineering Technology, College of Life Science and Technology, Guangxi University, 100 Daxue Road, Nanning, 530004, Guangxi, China
| | - Li Jiang
- State Key Laboratory for Conservation and Utilization of Subtropical Agro-bioresources, Guangxi Microorganism and Enzyme Research Center of Engineering Technology, College of Life Science and Technology, Guangxi University, 100 Daxue Road, Nanning, 530004, Guangxi, China
| | - Su Ding
- State Key Laboratory for Conservation and Utilization of Subtropical Agro-bioresources, Guangxi Microorganism and Enzyme Research Center of Engineering Technology, College of Life Science and Technology, Guangxi University, 100 Daxue Road, Nanning, 530004, Guangxi, China
| | - Guiguang Chen
- State Key Laboratory for Conservation and Utilization of Subtropical Agro-bioresources, Guangxi Microorganism and Enzyme Research Center of Engineering Technology, College of Life Science and Technology, Guangxi University, 100 Daxue Road, Nanning, 530004, Guangxi, China
| | - Zhiqun Liang
- State Key Laboratory for Conservation and Utilization of Subtropical Agro-bioresources, Guangxi Microorganism and Enzyme Research Center of Engineering Technology, College of Life Science and Technology, Guangxi University, 100 Daxue Road, Nanning, 530004, Guangxi, China
| | - Wei Zeng
- State Key Laboratory for Conservation and Utilization of Subtropical Agro-bioresources, Guangxi Microorganism and Enzyme Research Center of Engineering Technology, College of Life Science and Technology, Guangxi University, 100 Daxue Road, Nanning, 530004, Guangxi, China.
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18
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Moghimiardekani A, Molina BG, Enshaei H, Del Valle LJ, Pérez-Madrigal MM, Estrany F, Alemán C. Semi-Interpenetrated Hydrogels-Microfibers Electroactive Assemblies for Release and Real-Time Monitoring of Drugs. Macromol Biosci 2020; 20:e2000074. [PMID: 32449596 DOI: 10.1002/mabi.202000074] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/10/2020] [Revised: 04/16/2020] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Abstract
Simultaneous drug release and monitoring using a single polymeric platform represents a significant advance in the utilization of biomaterials for therapeutic use. Tracking drug release by real-time electrochemical detection using the same platform is a simple way to guide the dosage of the drug, improve the desired therapeutic effect, and reduce the adverse side effects. The platform developed in this work takes advantage of the flexibility and loading capacity of hydrogels, the mechanical strength of microfibers, and the capacity of conducting polymers to detect the redox properties of drugs. The engineered platform is prepared by assembling two spin-coated layers of poly-γ-glutamic acid hydrogel, loaded with poly(3,4-ethylenedioxythiophene) (PEDOT) microparticles, and separated by a electrospun layer of poly-ε-caprolactone microfibers. Loaded PEDOT microparticles are used as reaction nuclei for the polymerization of poly(hydroxymethyl-3,4-ethylenedioxythiophene) (PHMeDOT), that semi-interpenetrate the whole three layered system while forming a dense network of electrical conduction paths. After demonstrating its properties, the platform is loaded with levofloxacin and its release monitored externally by UV-vis spectroscopy and in situ by using the PHMeDOT network. In situ real-time electrochemical monitoring of the drug release from the engineered platform holds great promise for the development of multi-functional devices for advanced biomedical applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ali Moghimiardekani
- Departament d'Enginyeria Química and Barcelona Research Center in Multiscale Science and Engineering, EEBE, Universitat Politècnica de Catalunya, C/Eduard Maristany 10-14, Barcelona, 08019, Spain
| | - Brenda G Molina
- Departament d'Enginyeria Química and Barcelona Research Center in Multiscale Science and Engineering, EEBE, Universitat Politècnica de Catalunya, C/Eduard Maristany 10-14, Barcelona, 08019, Spain
| | - Hamidreza Enshaei
- Departament d'Enginyeria Química and Barcelona Research Center in Multiscale Science and Engineering, EEBE, Universitat Politècnica de Catalunya, C/Eduard Maristany 10-14, Barcelona, 08019, Spain
| | - Luis J Del Valle
- Departament d'Enginyeria Química and Barcelona Research Center in Multiscale Science and Engineering, EEBE, Universitat Politècnica de Catalunya, C/Eduard Maristany 10-14, Barcelona, 08019, Spain
| | - Maria M Pérez-Madrigal
- Departament d'Enginyeria Química and Barcelona Research Center in Multiscale Science and Engineering, EEBE, Universitat Politècnica de Catalunya, C/Eduard Maristany 10-14, Barcelona, 08019, Spain.,Institute for Bioengineering of Catalonia (IBEC), The Barcelona Institute of Science and Technology, Baldiri Reixac 10-12, Barcelona, 08028, Spain
| | - Francesc Estrany
- Departament d'Enginyeria Química and Barcelona Research Center in Multiscale Science and Engineering, EEBE, Universitat Politècnica de Catalunya, C/Eduard Maristany 10-14, Barcelona, 08019, Spain
| | - Carlos Alemán
- Departament d'Enginyeria Química and Barcelona Research Center in Multiscale Science and Engineering, EEBE, Universitat Politècnica de Catalunya, C/Eduard Maristany 10-14, Barcelona, 08019, Spain.,Institute for Bioengineering of Catalonia (IBEC), The Barcelona Institute of Science and Technology, Baldiri Reixac 10-12, Barcelona, 08028, Spain
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19
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Xavier JR, Madhan Kumarr MM, Natarajan G, Ramana KV, Semwal AD. Optimized production of poly (γ‐glutamic acid) (γ‐PGA) using
Bacillus licheniformis
and its application as cryoprotectant for probiotics. Biotechnol Appl Biochem 2020; 67:892-902. [DOI: 10.1002/bab.1879] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/16/2019] [Accepted: 12/24/2019] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Janifer Raj Xavier
- Fruits and Vegetables Technology Division Defence Food Research Laboratory Defence Research and Development Organization Mysore India
| | | | - Gopalan Natarajan
- Food Biotechnology Division Defence Food Research Laboratory Defence Research and Development Organization Mysore India
| | - Karna Venkata Ramana
- Food Biotechnology Division Defence Food Research Laboratory Defence Research and Development Organization Mysore India
| | - Anil Dutt Semwal
- Defence Food Research Laboratory Defence Research and Development Organization Mysore India
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20
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Poly-γ-glutamic acid induces system tolerance to drought stress by promoting abscisic acid accumulation in Brassica napus L. Sci Rep 2020; 10:252. [PMID: 31937837 PMCID: PMC6959327 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-019-57190-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/24/2019] [Accepted: 12/22/2019] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
As a new plant biostimulant, poly-γ-glutamic acid (γ-PGA) may be an effective anti-drought agent that can efficiently alleviate the damage to plants under drought stress. In this study, the effects of γ-PGA on the physiological responses of oilseed rape (Brassica napus L.) seedlings under drought stress were investigated using hydroponics. Growth and development of the rape seedlings were significantly inhibited in a polyethylene glycol-simulated drought environment. However, 12 d after application of γ-PGA under drought stress, the fresh weight, chlorophyll content, and relative water content of rape seedlings all markedly increased. Moreover, proline content and antioxidant enzyme activity were all markedly enhanced, and the malondialdehyde content was significantly reduced in rape seedlings treated with γ-PGA. Furthermore, the content of the important anti-drought response hormone, abscisic acid (ABA), as well as the expression levels of the ABA metabolism regulation genes BnNCED3, BnZEP, and BnAAO4, significantly increased. These results indicate that γ-PGA may induce elements of a tolerance system to drought stress by promoting ABA accumulation in B. Napus.
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21
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Jelacic TM, Ribot WJ, Chua J, Boyer AE, Woolfitt AR, Barr JR, Friedlander AM. Human Innate Immune Cells Respond Differentially to Poly-γ-Glutamic Acid Polymers from Bacillus anthracis and Nonpathogenic Bacillus Species. THE JOURNAL OF IMMUNOLOGY 2020; 204:1263-1273. [PMID: 31932496 DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.1901066] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/03/2019] [Accepted: 12/17/2019] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
The poly-γ-glutamic acid (PGA) capsule produced by Bacillus anthracis is composed entirely of d-isomer glutamic acid, whereas nonpathogenic Bacillus species produce mixed d-, l-isomer PGAs. To determine if B. anthracis PGA confers a pathogenic advantage over other PGAs, we compared the responses of human innate immune cells to B. anthracis PGA and PGAs from nonpathogenic B. subtilis subsp. chungkookjang and B. licheniformis Monocytes and immature dendritic cells (iDCs) responded differentially to the PGAs, with B. anthracis PGA being least stimulatory and B. licheniformis PGA most stimulatory. All three elicited IL-8 and IL-6 from monocytes, but B. subtilis PGA also elicited IL-10 and TNF-α, whereas B. licheniformis PGA elicited all those plus IL-1β. Similarly, all three PGAs elicited IL-8 from iDCs, but B. subtilis PGA also elicited IL-6, and B. licheniformis PGA elicited those plus IL-12p70, IL-10, IL-1β, and TNF-α. Only B. licheniformis PGA induced dendritic cell maturation. TLR assays also yielded differential results. B. subtilis PGA and B. licheniformis PGA both elicited more TLR2 signal than B. anthracis PGA, but only responses to B. subtilis PGA were affected by a TLR6 neutralizing Ab. B. licheniformis PGA elicited more TLR4 signal than B. anthracis PGA, whereas B. subtilis PGA elicited none. B. anthracis PGA persisted longer in high m.w. form in monocyte and iDC cultures than the other PGAs. Reducing the m.w. of B. anthracis PGA reduced monocytes' cytokine responses. We conclude that B. anthracis PGA is recognized less effectively by innate immune cells than PGAs from nonpathogenic Bacillus species, resulting in failure to induce a robust host response, which may contribute to anthrax pathogenesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tanya M Jelacic
- United States Army Medical Research Institute of Infectious Diseases, Frederick, MD 21702;
| | - Wilson J Ribot
- United States Army Medical Research Institute of Infectious Diseases, Frederick, MD 21702
| | - Jennifer Chua
- United States Army Medical Research Institute of Infectious Diseases, Frederick, MD 21702
| | - Anne E Boyer
- National Center for Environmental Health, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, GA 30341; and
| | - Adrian R Woolfitt
- National Center for Environmental Health, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, GA 30341; and
| | - John R Barr
- National Center for Environmental Health, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, GA 30341; and
| | - Arthur M Friedlander
- United States Army Medical Research Institute of Infectious Diseases, Frederick, MD 21702; .,Department of Medicine, Uniformed University of Health Services, Bethesda, MD 20814
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22
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Liu CL, Dong HG, Xue K, Yang W, Liu P, Cai D, Liu X, Yang Y, Bai Z. Biosynthesis of poly-γ-glutamic acid in Escherichia coli by heterologous expression of pgsBCAE operon from Bacillus. J Appl Microbiol 2019; 128:1390-1399. [PMID: 31837088 DOI: 10.1111/jam.14552] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/14/2019] [Revised: 11/28/2019] [Accepted: 12/09/2019] [Indexed: 01/05/2023]
Abstract
AIMS Poly-γ-glutamic acid (γ-PGA) is an excellent water-soluble biosynthesis material. To confirm the rate-limiting steps of γ-PGA biosynthesis pathway, we introduced a heterologous Bacillus strain pathway and employed an enzyme-modulated dismemberment strategy in Escherichia coli. METHODS AND RESULTS In this study, we heterologously introduced the γ-PGA biosynthesis pathway of two laboratory-preserved strains-Bacillus amyloliquefaciens FZB42 and Bacillus subtilis 168 into E. coli, and compared their γ-PGA production levels. Next, by changing the plasmid copy numbers and supplying sodium glutamate, we explored the effects of gene expression levels and concentrations of the substrate l-glutamic acid on γ-PGA production. We finally employed a two-plasmid induction system using an enzyme-modulated dismemberment of pgsBCAE operon to confirm the rate-limiting genes of the γ-PGA biosynthesis pathway. CONCLUSION Through heterologously over-expressing the genes of the γ-PGA biosynthesis pathway and exploring gene expression levels, we produced 0·77 g l-1 γ-PGA in strain RSF-EBCAE(BS). We also confirmed that the rate-limiting genes of the γ-PGA biosynthesis pathway were pgsB and pgsC. SIGNIFICANCE AND IMPACT OF THE STUDY This work is beneficial to increase γ-PGA production and study the mechanism of γ-PGA biosynthesis enzymes.
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Affiliation(s)
- C-L Liu
- Key Laboratory of Carbohydrate Chemistry and Biotechnology, Ministry of Education, Jiangnan University, Wuxi, China.,National Engineering Laboratory for Cereal Fermentation Technology, Jiangnan University, Wuxi, China.,Jiangsu Provincial Research Center for Bioactive Product Processing Technology, Jiangnan University, Wuxi, China.,The Key Laboratory of Industrial Biotechnology, Ministry of Education, School of Biotechnology, Jiangnan University, Wuxi, China
| | - H-G Dong
- Key Laboratory of Carbohydrate Chemistry and Biotechnology, Ministry of Education, Jiangnan University, Wuxi, China.,National Engineering Laboratory for Cereal Fermentation Technology, Jiangnan University, Wuxi, China.,Jiangsu Provincial Research Center for Bioactive Product Processing Technology, Jiangnan University, Wuxi, China.,The Key Laboratory of Industrial Biotechnology, Ministry of Education, School of Biotechnology, Jiangnan University, Wuxi, China
| | - K Xue
- Key Laboratory of Carbohydrate Chemistry and Biotechnology, Ministry of Education, Jiangnan University, Wuxi, China.,National Engineering Laboratory for Cereal Fermentation Technology, Jiangnan University, Wuxi, China.,Jiangsu Provincial Research Center for Bioactive Product Processing Technology, Jiangnan University, Wuxi, China.,The Key Laboratory of Industrial Biotechnology, Ministry of Education, School of Biotechnology, Jiangnan University, Wuxi, China
| | - W Yang
- Key Laboratory of Carbohydrate Chemistry and Biotechnology, Ministry of Education, Jiangnan University, Wuxi, China.,National Engineering Laboratory for Cereal Fermentation Technology, Jiangnan University, Wuxi, China.,Jiangsu Provincial Research Center for Bioactive Product Processing Technology, Jiangnan University, Wuxi, China.,The Key Laboratory of Industrial Biotechnology, Ministry of Education, School of Biotechnology, Jiangnan University, Wuxi, China
| | - P Liu
- Key Laboratory of Carbohydrate Chemistry and Biotechnology, Ministry of Education, Jiangnan University, Wuxi, China.,National Engineering Laboratory for Cereal Fermentation Technology, Jiangnan University, Wuxi, China.,Jiangsu Provincial Research Center for Bioactive Product Processing Technology, Jiangnan University, Wuxi, China.,The Key Laboratory of Industrial Biotechnology, Ministry of Education, School of Biotechnology, Jiangnan University, Wuxi, China
| | - D Cai
- College of Life Science and Technology, Beijing University of Chemical Technology, Beijing, China
| | - X Liu
- Key Laboratory of Carbohydrate Chemistry and Biotechnology, Ministry of Education, Jiangnan University, Wuxi, China.,National Engineering Laboratory for Cereal Fermentation Technology, Jiangnan University, Wuxi, China.,Jiangsu Provincial Research Center for Bioactive Product Processing Technology, Jiangnan University, Wuxi, China.,The Key Laboratory of Industrial Biotechnology, Ministry of Education, School of Biotechnology, Jiangnan University, Wuxi, China
| | - Y Yang
- Key Laboratory of Carbohydrate Chemistry and Biotechnology, Ministry of Education, Jiangnan University, Wuxi, China.,National Engineering Laboratory for Cereal Fermentation Technology, Jiangnan University, Wuxi, China.,Jiangsu Provincial Research Center for Bioactive Product Processing Technology, Jiangnan University, Wuxi, China.,The Key Laboratory of Industrial Biotechnology, Ministry of Education, School of Biotechnology, Jiangnan University, Wuxi, China
| | - Z Bai
- Key Laboratory of Carbohydrate Chemistry and Biotechnology, Ministry of Education, Jiangnan University, Wuxi, China.,National Engineering Laboratory for Cereal Fermentation Technology, Jiangnan University, Wuxi, China.,Jiangsu Provincial Research Center for Bioactive Product Processing Technology, Jiangnan University, Wuxi, China.,The Key Laboratory of Industrial Biotechnology, Ministry of Education, School of Biotechnology, Jiangnan University, Wuxi, China
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23
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Improving poly-(γ-glutamic acid) production from a glutamic acid-independent strain from inulin substrate by consolidated bioprocessing. Bioprocess Biosyst Eng 2019; 42:1711-1720. [DOI: 10.1007/s00449-019-02167-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/03/2019] [Accepted: 06/30/2019] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
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24
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Coherent Aspects of Multifaceted Eco-friendly Biopolymer - Polyglutamic Acid from the Microbes. JOURNAL OF PURE AND APPLIED MICROBIOLOGY 2019. [DOI: 10.22207/jpam.13.2.10] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
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25
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Enhanced Low Molecular Weight Poly-γ-Glutamic Acid Production in Recombinant Bacillus subtilis 1A751 with Zinc Ion. Appl Biochem Biotechnol 2019; 189:411-423. [PMID: 31037584 DOI: 10.1007/s12010-019-03004-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/11/2018] [Accepted: 03/27/2019] [Indexed: 01/27/2023]
Abstract
Poly-γ-glutamic acid (γ-PGA) is a novel biodegradable polyamide material. Microbial fermentation is the only way to produce γ-PGA, but the molecular weight of γ-PGA varied depending on different strains and culture conditions used. The molecular weight of γ-PGA is a main factor affecting the utilization of γ-PGA. It is urgent to find an efficient way to prepare γ-PGA with specific molecular weight, especially low molecular weight. Bacillus subtilis ECUST is a glutamate-dependent strain that produces γ-PGA. In this study, a recombinant B. subtilis harboring the γ-PGA synthase gene cluster pgsBCAE of our preciously identified γ-PGA-producing B. subtilis ECUST was constructed. Assay of γ-PGA contents and properties showed that recombinant B. subtilis 1A751-pBNS2-pgsBCAE obtained the ability to synthesize γ-PGA with low molecular weight (about 10 kDa). The excessive addition of glutamate inhibited the γ-PGA synthesis, while the addition of Zn2+ could promote the synthesis of γ-PGA by increasing the transcription of pgsB but had no effect on the molecular weight of synthesized γ-PGA. Under optimized conditions, γ-PGA produced by recombinant B. subtilis 1A751-pBNS2-pgsBCAE increased from initial 0.54 g/L to 3.9 g/L, and the glutamate conversion rate reached 78%. Recombinant B. subtilis 1A751-pBNS2-pgsBCAE has the potential for efficient preparation of low molecular weight γ-PGA.
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26
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Qiu Y, Zhu Y, Zhang Y, Sha Y, Xu Z, Li S, Feng X, Xu H. Characterization of a Regulator pgsR on Endogenous Plasmid p2Sip and Its Complementation for Poly(γ-glutamic acid) Accumulation in Bacillus amyloliquefaciens. JOURNAL OF AGRICULTURAL AND FOOD CHEMISTRY 2019; 67:3711-3722. [PMID: 30866628 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jafc.9b00332] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Abstract
Bacillus amyloliquefaciens NX-2S154 is a promising poly(γ-glutamic acid) (γ-PGA) producing strain discovered in previous studies. However, the wild-type strain contains an unknown endogenous plasmid, p2Sip, which causes low transformation efficiency and instability of exogenous plasmids. In our study, p2Sip is 5622 bp with 41% G+C content and contains four putative open reading frames (ORFs), including genes repB, hsp, and mobB and γ-PGA-synthesis regulator, pgsR. Elimination of p2Sip from strain NX-2S154 delayed γ-PGA secretion and decreased production of γ-PGA by 18.1%. Integration of a pgsR expression element into the genomic BamHI locus using marker-free manipulation based on pheS* increased the γ-PGA titer by 8%. pgsR overexpression upregulated the expression of γ-PGA synthase pgsB, regulator degQ, and glutamic acid synthase gltA, thus increasing the γ-PGA production in B. amyloliquefaciens NB. Our results indicated that pgsR from p2Sip plays an important regulatory role in γ-PGA synthesis in B. amyloliquefaciens.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yibin Qiu
- State Key Laboratory of Materials-Oriented Chemical Engineering , Nanjing 211816 , China
- College of Food Science and Light Industry , Nanjing Tech University , Nanjing 211816 , China
| | - Yifan Zhu
- State Key Laboratory of Materials-Oriented Chemical Engineering , Nanjing 211816 , China
- College of Food Science and Light Industry , Nanjing Tech University , Nanjing 211816 , China
| | - Yatao Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Materials-Oriented Chemical Engineering , Nanjing 211816 , China
- College of Food Science and Light Industry , Nanjing Tech University , Nanjing 211816 , China
| | - Yuanyuan Sha
- State Key Laboratory of Materials-Oriented Chemical Engineering , Nanjing 211816 , China
- College of Food Science and Light Industry , Nanjing Tech University , Nanjing 211816 , China
| | - Zongqi Xu
- State Key Laboratory of Materials-Oriented Chemical Engineering , Nanjing 211816 , China
- College of Food Science and Light Industry , Nanjing Tech University , Nanjing 211816 , China
| | - Sha Li
- State Key Laboratory of Materials-Oriented Chemical Engineering , Nanjing 211816 , China
- College of Food Science and Light Industry , Nanjing Tech University , Nanjing 211816 , China
| | - Xiaohai Feng
- State Key Laboratory of Materials-Oriented Chemical Engineering , Nanjing 211816 , China
- College of Food Science and Light Industry , Nanjing Tech University , Nanjing 211816 , China
| | - Hong Xu
- State Key Laboratory of Materials-Oriented Chemical Engineering , Nanjing 211816 , China
- College of Food Science and Light Industry , Nanjing Tech University , Nanjing 211816 , China
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27
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Optimization of γ-polyglutamic acid synthesis using response surface methodology of a newly isolated glutamate dependent Bacillus velezensis Z3. Int Microbiol 2019; 21:143-152. [PMID: 30810954 DOI: 10.1007/s10123-018-0011-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/07/2018] [Revised: 05/22/2018] [Accepted: 05/28/2018] [Indexed: 10/14/2022]
Abstract
A new glutamate-dependent γ-polyglutamic acid (γ-PGA) producer Z3 isolated from soil samples in Daxinganling forest region of China was identified, and its optimal medium components were investigated using response surface methodology. Strain Z3 was identified as Bacillus velezensis by physiology and biochemistry and 16S rDNA sequence analysis. This is the first report of glutamate-dependent B. velezensis with the ability to synthesize γ-PGA. Then, the optimum γ-PGA yield (5.58 g/L) was achieved with glutamate 86 g/L, glucose 36 g/L, yeast extract powder 5.5 g/L, and NaH2PO4 7.5 g/L. Furthermore, activities of enzymes participating in glutamate synthesis were assessed, and the results showed that lower ketoglutaric dehydrogenase activity (KGDH) and higher glutamate dehydrogenase activity (GDH) resulted in higher γ-PGA yield. Identification of glutamate-dependent γ-PGA producer named B. velezensis Z3 enriches microbiological resources with γ-PGA-producing capacity. B. velezensis optimization of nutrients and analysis of enzymes activities will not only help to increase γ-PGA productivity but also to understand the γ-PGA synthesis mechanism in B. velezensis Z3.
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28
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Ratha P, Jhon DY. Factors increasing poly-γ-glutamic acid content of cheongguk-jang fermented by Bacillus subtilis 168. Food Sci Biotechnol 2018; 28:103-110. [PMID: 30815300 DOI: 10.1007/s10068-018-0424-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/16/2017] [Revised: 06/13/2018] [Accepted: 07/01/2018] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Cheongguk-jang is a Korean traditional food produced by natural fermentation of boiled soybean. In cheongguk-jang, bacilli are dominant bacteria and produce highly viscous poly-γ-glutamic acid (γ-PGA), which improves human health functions. The purpose of this experiment was to find maximum production condition for the γ-PGA content during fermentation of cheongguk-jang with Bacillus subtilis 168. The most viscous cheongguk-jang was produced when soybean was cooked at 121 °C for 60 min in the presence of 50%(w/w) added water, followed by fermentation at 40 °C for 2 days. Additional conditions for maximum production of γ-PGA were the addition of 0.1%(w/w) FeCl3·6H2O, 3.0%(w/w) lactose and 3.0%(w/w) yeast extract as nutrients of inorganic salts, carbon source and nitrogen source, respectively. The three conditions did not show cumulative effect on the γ-PGA production and the addition of iron salt induced the most γ-PGA (0.97 ± 0.05%(w/w)), which corresponded to 2.7 times of the content in control cheongguk-jang.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pov Ratha
- Department of Food and Nutrition, Chonnam National University, 77, Yongbong-ro, Buk-gu, Gwangju, 61186 Republic of Korea
| | - Deok-Young Jhon
- Department of Food and Nutrition, Chonnam National University, 77, Yongbong-ro, Buk-gu, Gwangju, 61186 Republic of Korea
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29
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Eymard-Vernain E, Coute Y, Adrait A, Rabilloud T, Sarret G, Lelong C. The poly-gamma-glutamate of Bacillus subtilis interacts specifically with silver nanoparticles. PLoS One 2018; 13:e0197501. [PMID: 29813090 PMCID: PMC5973573 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0197501] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/05/2017] [Accepted: 05/03/2018] [Indexed: 12/03/2022] Open
Abstract
For many years, silver nanoparticles, as with other antibacterial nanoparticles, have been extensively used in manufactured products. However, their fate in the environment is unclear and raises questions. We studied the fate of silver nanoparticles in the presence of bacteria under growth conditions that are similar to those found naturally in the environment (that is, bacteria in a stationary phase with low nutrient concentrations). We demonstrated that the viability and the metabolism of a gram-positive bacteria, Bacillus subtilis, exposed during the stationary phase is unaffected by 1 mg/L of silver nanoparticles. These results can be partly explained by a physical interaction of the poly-gamma-glutamate (PGA) secreted by Bacillus subtilis with the silver nanoparticles. The coating of the silver nanoparticles by the secreted PGA likely results in a loss of the bioavailability of nanoparticles and, consequently, a decrease of their biocidal effect.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elise Eymard-Vernain
- BIG, LCBM, ProMD, UMR CNRS-CEA-UGA, Grenoble, France
- ISTerre, CNRS-UGA, Grenoble, France
| | - Yohann Coute
- BIG, BGE, EDyP, INSERM-CEA-UGA, Grenoble, France
| | - Annie Adrait
- BIG, BGE, EDyP, INSERM-CEA-UGA, Grenoble, France
| | | | | | - Cécile Lelong
- BIG, LCBM, ProMD, UMR CNRS-CEA-UGA, Grenoble, France
- * E-mail:
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30
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Cao M, Feng J, Sirisansaneeyakul S, Song C, Chisti Y. Genetic and metabolic engineering for microbial production of poly-γ-glutamic acid. Biotechnol Adv 2018; 36:1424-1433. [PMID: 29852203 DOI: 10.1016/j.biotechadv.2018.05.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/03/2018] [Accepted: 05/27/2018] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
Poly-γ-glutamic acid (γ-PGA) is a natural biopolymer of glutamic acid. The repeating units of γ-PGA may be derived exclusively from d-glutamic acid, or l-glutamic acid, or both. The monomer units are linked by amide bonds between the α-amino group and the γ-carboxylic acid group. γ-PGA is biodegradable, edible and water-soluble. It has numerous existing and emerging applications in processing of foods, medicines and cosmetics. This review focuses on microbial production of γ-PGA via genetically and metabolically engineered recombinant bacteria. Strategies for improving production of γ-PGA include modification of its biosynthesis pathway, enhancing the production of its precursor (glutamic acid), and preventing loss of the precursor to competing byproducts. These and other strategies are discussed. Heterologous synthesis of γ-PGA in industrial bacterial hosts that do not naturally produce γ-PGA is discussed. Emerging trends and the challenges affecting the production of γ-PGA are reviewed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mingfeng Cao
- Department of Chemical and Biological Engineering, NSF Center for Biorenewable Chemicals (CBiRC), Iowa State University, Ames, IA 50011-1098, USA
| | - Jun Feng
- Department of Biosystems Engineering, Auburn University, Auburn, AL 36849, USA
| | - Sarote Sirisansaneeyakul
- Department of Biotechnology, Faculty of Agro-Industry, Kasetsart University, Chatuchak, Bangkok 10900, Thailand.
| | - Cunjiang Song
- Key Laboratory of Molecular Microbiology and Technology for Ministry of Education, Nankai University, Tianjin 300071, China
| | - Yusuf Chisti
- School of Engineering, Massey University, Private Bag 11 222, Palmerston North, New Zealand.
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31
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Fabregat G, Giménez A, Díaz A, Puiggalí J, Alemán C. Dual-Functionalization Device for Therapy through Dopamine Release and Monitoring. Macromol Biosci 2018; 18:e1800014. [DOI: 10.1002/mabi.201800014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/11/2018] [Revised: 02/28/2018] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Georgina Fabregat
- Departament d'Enginyeria Química (EEBE) and Barcelona Research Center for Multiscale Science and Engineering; Universitat Politècnica de Catalunya; C/ Eduard Maristany, 10-14, Ed. I2 08019 Barcelona Spain
| | - Alessia Giménez
- Departament d'Enginyeria Química (EEBE) and Barcelona Research Center for Multiscale Science and Engineering; Universitat Politècnica de Catalunya; C/ Eduard Maristany, 10-14, Ed. I2 08019 Barcelona Spain
| | - Angélica Díaz
- Departament d'Enginyeria Química (EEBE) and Barcelona Research Center for Multiscale Science and Engineering; Universitat Politècnica de Catalunya; C/ Eduard Maristany, 10-14, Ed. I2 08019 Barcelona Spain
| | - Jordi Puiggalí
- Departament d'Enginyeria Química (EEBE) and Barcelona Research Center for Multiscale Science and Engineering; Universitat Politècnica de Catalunya; C/ Eduard Maristany, 10-14, Ed. I2 08019 Barcelona Spain
| | - Carlos Alemán
- Departament d'Enginyeria Química (EEBE) and Barcelona Research Center for Multiscale Science and Engineering; Universitat Politècnica de Catalunya; C/ Eduard Maristany, 10-14, Ed. I2 08019 Barcelona Spain
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32
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Lee JM, Kim JH, Kim KW, Lee BJ, Kim DG, Kim YO, Lee JH, Kong IS. Physicochemical properties, production, and biological functionality of poly-γ-d-glutamic acid with constant molecular weight from halotolerant Bacillus sp. SJ-10. Int J Biol Macromol 2018; 108:598-607. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ijbiomac.2017.12.055] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/23/2017] [Revised: 07/25/2017] [Accepted: 12/08/2017] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
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33
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Ahn H, Kang SG, Yoon SI, Kim PH, Kim D, Lee GS. Poly-gamma-glutamic acid from Bacillus subtilis upregulates pro-inflammatory cytokines while inhibiting NLRP3, NLRC4 and AIM2 inflammasome activation. Cell Mol Immunol 2018; 15:111-119. [PMID: 27133472 PMCID: PMC5811673 DOI: 10.1038/cmi.2016.13] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/25/2015] [Revised: 01/22/2016] [Accepted: 02/02/2016] [Indexed: 12/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Poly-gamma-glutamic acid (γ-PGA) is a natural, edible and non-toxic polymer synthesized by Bacillus subtilis and is suggested as a safe biomaterial for the use in hydrogels and vaccine adjuvants. However, the effect of γ-PGA on inflammasome activation has not yet been studied in macrophages. Inflammasomes, which are intracellular multi-protein complexes, promote acute and chronic inflammation via interleukin-1β or interleukin-18 maturation, and they are known targets for metabolic syndromes and cancer. In this study, we observed that γ-PGA attenuated NLRP3, NLRC4 and AIM2 inflammasome activation, whereas it upregulated pro-inflammatory cytokine expression in human and murine macrophages. Although γ-PGA had conflicting effects on cytokine production and maturation, it clearly alleviated the severity of lipopolysaccharide-induced endotoxin shock in an animal model. Thus, we suggest γ-PGA as a candidate to control inflammasome-mediated disorders.
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Affiliation(s)
- Huijeong Ahn
- College of Veterinary Medicine and Institute of Veterinary Science, Kangwon National University, Chuncheon 24341, Gangwon, Republic of Korea
| | - Seung Goo Kang
- Department of Systems Immunology, College of Biomedical Science, Kangwon National University, Chuncheon 24341, Gangwon, Republic of Korea
| | - Sung-il Yoon
- Department of Systems Immunology, College of Biomedical Science, Kangwon National University, Chuncheon 24341, Gangwon, Republic of Korea
| | - Pyeung-Hyeun Kim
- Department of Molecular Bioscience, School of Biomedical Science, Kangwon National University, Chuncheon, Gangwon 24341, Republic of Korea
| | - Doo Kim
- College of Veterinary Medicine and Institute of Veterinary Science, Kangwon National University, Chuncheon 24341, Gangwon, Republic of Korea
| | - Geun-Shik Lee
- College of Veterinary Medicine and Institute of Veterinary Science, Kangwon National University, Chuncheon 24341, Gangwon, Republic of Korea
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34
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Poly-γ-glutamic Acid Synthesis, Gene Regulation, Phylogenetic Relationships, and Role in Fermentation. Int J Mol Sci 2017; 18:ijms18122644. [PMID: 29215550 PMCID: PMC5751247 DOI: 10.3390/ijms18122644] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/07/2017] [Revised: 12/01/2017] [Accepted: 12/04/2017] [Indexed: 02/03/2023] Open
Abstract
Poly-γ-glutamic acid (γ-PGA) is a biodegradable biopolymer produced by several bacteria, including Bacillus subtilis and other Bacillus species; it has good biocompatibility, is non-toxic, and has various potential biological applications in the food, pharmaceutical, cosmetic, and other industries. In this review, we have described the mechanisms of γ-PGA synthesis and gene regulation, its role in fermentation, and the phylogenetic relationships among various pgsBCAE, a biosynthesis gene cluster of γ-PGA, and pgdS, a degradation gene of γ-PGA. We also discuss potential applications of γ-PGA and highlight the established genetic recombinant bacterial strains that produce high levels of γ-PGA, which can be useful for large-scale γ-PGA production.
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35
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Selection of an Effective Indicator for Rapid Detection of Microorganisms Producing γ-Polyglutamic Acid and Its Biosynthesis Under Submerged Fermentation Conditions Using Bacillus methylotrophicus. Appl Biochem Biotechnol 2017; 185:270-288. [PMID: 29134509 DOI: 10.1007/s12010-017-2654-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/13/2017] [Accepted: 11/02/2017] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
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36
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Complete Genome Sequence of Bacillus subtilis Strain CGMCC 12426, an Efficient Poly-γ-Glutamate Producer. GENOME ANNOUNCEMENTS 2017; 5:5/43/e01163-17. [PMID: 29074658 PMCID: PMC5658496 DOI: 10.1128/genomea.01163-17] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
Bacillus subtilis CGMCC 12426 is an efficient producer of poly-γ-glutamate with regular stereochemistry. Here, the complete genome sequence of B. subtilis CGMCC 12426 is presented, which may facilitate the design of rational strategies for further strain improvements with industrial potential.
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37
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The physico-chemical alteration of lovastatin and enhanced antioxidant effect of Bacillus subtilis fermented-red yeast rice product. Food Chem 2017; 232:203-209. [DOI: 10.1016/j.foodchem.2017.04.023] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/05/2016] [Revised: 03/10/2017] [Accepted: 04/04/2017] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
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38
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Microbial production of poly-γ-glutamic acid. World J Microbiol Biotechnol 2017; 33:173. [DOI: 10.1007/s11274-017-2338-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/12/2017] [Accepted: 08/30/2017] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
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39
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Seo BJ, Lee JH, Kang IJ, Shabir N, Khatun A, Yang MS, Park C, Kim B, Kim WI. Effects of high molecular weight poly-γ-glutamic acid on PIGS with porcine preproductive and respiratory syndrome virus (PRRSV) infection. ACTA VET-BEOGRAD 2017. [DOI: 10.1515/acve-2017-0014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Abstract
Bacillus subtilis sups. chungkookjang produces a higher molecular mass poly-γ-glutamic acid (γ-PGA). Recently, previous studies have demonstrated immune stimulation and an antitumor effect of the high molecular mass γ-PGA using various mouse models although these effects have not been shown in other species of animals. Therefore, the current study was conducted to determine the effect of γ-PGA in pigs with and without PRRSV infection. PRRS-negative pigs were intramuscularly injected with 1, 3, or 5 ml of 20 mg/mll γ-PGA, and one group of pigs served as a non-treatment (NT) group. All groups treated with γ-PGA had significantly higher weight gains, and pigs treated with 5 ml of γ-PGA exhibited higher tumor necrosis factor (TNF)-α, interferon (IFN)-α and IFN-β expression levels compared with the NT group. According to the preliminary results, an animal challenge study was conducted with a highly virulent PRRSV strain, MN184, along with γ-PGA treatment at different time points. Pigs treated with γ-PGA had lower levels of viral loads in the sera and in lungs and gained significantly more weight (p<0.05) compared with the NT group after being challenged with MN184. Moreover, γ-PGA-treatment groups had higher levels of neutralizing antibodies and cytokines related to proinflammatory, humoral and cell-mediated responses than the control group after the PRRSV challenge. Therefore, it was concluded that γ-PGA induces higher levels of immune responses and increases resistance to PRRSV infection in pigs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Byoung-Joo Seo
- College of Veterinary Medicine , Chonbuk National University , Iksan 54596 , Korea (Republic of)
| | - Jee-Hoon Lee
- Corporate Research and Development Center , Dong Bang Co., Ltd , Suwon 16679 , Korea (Republic of)
| | - Ick-Jae Kang
- Corporate Research and Development Center , Dong Bang Co., Ltd , Suwon 16679 , Korea (Republic of)
| | - Nadeem Shabir
- College of Veterinary Medicine , Chonbuk National University , Iksan 54596 , Korea (Republic of)
| | - Amina Khatun
- College of Veterinary Medicine , Chonbuk National University , Iksan 54596 , Korea (Republic of)
| | - Myeon-Sik Yang
- College of Veterinary Medicine , Chonbuk National University , Iksan 54596 , Korea (Republic of)
| | - Chul Park
- College of Veterinary Medicine , Chonbuk National University , Iksan 54596 , Korea (Republic of)
| | - Bumseok Kim
- College of Veterinary Medicine , Chonbuk National University , Iksan 54596 , Korea (Republic of)
| | - Won-Il Kim
- College of Veterinary Medicine , Chonbuk National University , Iksan 54596 , Korea (Republic of)
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40
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Feng J, Shi Q, Zhou G, Wang L, Chen A, Xie X, Huang X, Hu W. Improved production of poly-γ-glutamic acid with low molecular weight under high ferric ion concentration stress in Bacillus licheniformis ATCC 9945a. Process Biochem 2017. [DOI: 10.1016/j.procbio.2017.02.017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
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41
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Kongklom N, Shi Z, Chisti Y, Sirisansaneeyakul S. Enhanced Production of Poly-γ-glutamic Acid by Bacillus licheniformis TISTR 1010 with Environmental Controls. Appl Biochem Biotechnol 2016; 182:990-999. [DOI: 10.1007/s12010-016-2376-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/03/2016] [Accepted: 12/13/2016] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
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Chettri R, Bhutia MO, Tamang JP. Poly-γ-Glutamic Acid (PGA)-Producing Bacillus Species Isolated from Kinema, Indian Fermented Soybean Food. Front Microbiol 2016; 7:971. [PMID: 27446012 PMCID: PMC4914496 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2016.00971] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/15/2016] [Accepted: 06/06/2016] [Indexed: 12/02/2022] Open
Abstract
Kinema, an ethnic fermented, non-salted and sticky soybean food is consumed in the eastern part of India. The stickiness is one of the best qualities of good kinema preferred by consumers, which is due to the production of poly-γ-glutamic acid (PGA). Average load of Bacillus in kinema was 107 cfu/g and of lactic acid bacteria was 103 cfu/g. Bacillus spp. were screened for PGA-production and isolates of lactic acid bacteria were also tested for degradation of PGA. Only Bacillus produced PGA, none of lactic acid bacteria produced PGA. PGA-producing Bacillus spp. were identified by phenotypic characterization and also by 16S rRNA gene sequencing as Bacillus subtilis, B. licheniformis and B. sonorensis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rajen Chettri
- Department of Microbiology, School of Life Sciences, Sikkim University, Gangtok India
| | - Meera O Bhutia
- Department of Microbiology, School of Life Sciences, Sikkim University, Gangtok India
| | - Jyoti P Tamang
- Department of Microbiology, School of Life Sciences, Sikkim University, Gangtok India
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Zeng W, Liang Z, Li Z, Bian Y, Li Z, Tang Z, Chen G. Regulation of poly-γ-glutamic acid production in Bacillus subtilis GXA-28 by potassium. J Taiwan Inst Chem Eng 2016. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jtice.2015.12.026] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/22/2022]
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Peng Y, Zhang T, Mu W, Miao M, Jiang B. Intracellular synthesis of glutamic acid in Bacillus methylotrophicus SK19.001, a glutamate-independent poly(γ-glutamic acid)-producing strain. JOURNAL OF THE SCIENCE OF FOOD AND AGRICULTURE 2016; 96:66-72. [PMID: 26112100 DOI: 10.1002/jsfa.7318] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/07/2015] [Revised: 06/21/2015] [Accepted: 06/22/2015] [Indexed: 05/08/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Bacillus methylotrophicus SK19.001 is a glutamate-independent strain that produces poly(γ-glutamic acid) (γ-PGA), a polymer of D- and L-glutamic acids that possesses applications in food, the environment, agriculture, etc. This study was undertaken to explore the synthetic pathway of intracellular L- and D-glutamic acid in SK19.001 by investigating the effects of tricarboxylic acid cycle intermediates and different amino acids as metabolic precursors on the production of γ-PGA and analyzing the activities of the enzymes involved in the synthesis of L- and D-glutamate. RESULTS Tricarboxylic acid cycle intermediates and amino acids could participate in the synthesis of γ-PGA via independent pathways in SK19.001. L-Aspartate aminotransferase, L-glutaminase and L-glutamate synthase were the enzymatic sources of L-glutamate. Glutamate racemase was responsible for the formation of D-glutamate for the synthesis of γ-PGA, and the synthetase had stereoselectivity for glutamate substrate. CONCLUSION The enzymatic sources of L-glutamate were investigated for the first time in the glutamate-independent γ-PGA-producing strain, and multiple enzymatic sources of L-glutamate were verified in SK19.001, which will benefit efforts to improve production of γ-PGA with metabolic engineering strategies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yingyun Peng
- State Key Laboratory of Food Science and Technology, Ministry of Education, Key Laboratory of Carbohydrate Chemistry & Biotechnology, Jiangnan University, Wuxi, Jiangsu, 214122, China
- School of Chemical and Biological Engineering, Yancheng Institute of Technology, Yancheng, Jiangsu 22400, China
| | - Tao Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Food Science and Technology, Ministry of Education, Key Laboratory of Carbohydrate Chemistry & Biotechnology, Jiangnan University, Wuxi, Jiangsu, 214122, China
| | - Wanmeng Mu
- State Key Laboratory of Food Science and Technology, Ministry of Education, Key Laboratory of Carbohydrate Chemistry & Biotechnology, Jiangnan University, Wuxi, Jiangsu, 214122, China
| | - Ming Miao
- State Key Laboratory of Food Science and Technology, Ministry of Education, Key Laboratory of Carbohydrate Chemistry & Biotechnology, Jiangnan University, Wuxi, Jiangsu, 214122, China
| | - Bo Jiang
- State Key Laboratory of Food Science and Technology, Ministry of Education, Key Laboratory of Carbohydrate Chemistry & Biotechnology, Jiangnan University, Wuxi, Jiangsu, 214122, China
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Luo Z, Guo Y, Liu J, Qiu H, Zhao M, Zou W, Li S. Microbial synthesis of poly-γ-glutamic acid: current progress, challenges, and future perspectives. BIOTECHNOLOGY FOR BIOFUELS 2016; 9:134. [PMID: 27366207 PMCID: PMC4928254 DOI: 10.1186/s13068-016-0537-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 142] [Impact Index Per Article: 17.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/14/2016] [Accepted: 05/31/2016] [Indexed: 05/22/2023]
Abstract
Poly-γ-glutamic acid (γ-PGA) is a naturally occurring biopolymer made from repeating units of l-glutamic acid, d-glutamic acid, or both. Since some bacteria are capable of vigorous γ-PGA biosynthesis from renewable biomass, γ-PGA is considered a promising bio-based chemical and is already widely used in the food, medical, and wastewater industries due to its biodegradable, non-toxic, and non-immunogenic properties. In this review, we consider the properties, biosynthetic pathway, production strategies, and applications of γ-PGA. Microbial biosynthesis of γ-PGA and the molecular mechanisms regulating production are covered in particular detail. Genetic engineering and optimization of the growth medium, process control, and downstream processing have proved to be effective strategies for lowering the cost of production, as well as manipulating the molecular mass and conformational/enantiomeric properties that facilitate screening of competitive γ-PGA producers. Finally, future prospects of microbial γ-PGA production are discussed in light of recent progress, challenges, and trends in this field.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhiting Luo
- />College of Light Industry and Food Engineering, Guangxi University, Nanning, 530004 China
| | - Yuan Guo
- />National Engineering Research Center for Non-Food Biorefinery, Guangxi Academy of Sciences, Nanning, 530004 China
| | - Jidong Liu
- />College of Light Industry and Food Engineering, Guangxi University, Nanning, 530004 China
| | - Hua Qiu
- />College of Light Industry and Food Engineering, Guangxi University, Nanning, 530004 China
| | - Mouming Zhao
- />College of Light Industry and Food Engineering, Guangxi University, Nanning, 530004 China
| | - Wei Zou
- />College of Bioengineering, Sichuan University of Science and Engineering, Zigong, 643000 Sichuan China
| | - Shubo Li
- />College of Light Industry and Food Engineering, Guangxi University, Nanning, 530004 China
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Ashiuchi M, Oike S, Hakuba H, Shibatani S, Oka N, Wakamatsu T. Rapid purification and plasticization of D-glutamate-containing poly-γ-glutamate from Japanese fermented soybean food natto. J Pharm Biomed Anal 2015; 116:90-3. [PMID: 25669727 DOI: 10.1016/j.jpba.2015.01.031] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/04/2014] [Revised: 01/09/2015] [Accepted: 01/16/2015] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
Poly-γ-glutamate (PGA) is a major component of mucilage derived from natto, a Japanese fermented food made from soybeans, and PGAs obtained under laboratory's conditions contain numerous d-glutamyl residues. Natto foods are thus promising as a source for nutritionally safe d-amino acids present in intact and digested polymers, although there is little information on the stereochemistry of PGA isolated directly from natto. Here, we describe the development of a new process for rapid purification of PGA using alum and determined the D-glutamate content of natto PGA by chiral high-performance liquid chromatographic analysis. Further, using hexadecylpyridinium cation (HDP(+)), which is a compound of toothpaste, we chemically transformed natto PGA into a new thermoplastic material, called DL-PGAIC. (1)H nuclear magnetic resonance and calorimetric measurements indicate that DL-PGAIC is a stoichiometric complex of natto PGA and HDP(+) with glass transition points of -16.8 °C and -3.1 °C. Then, DL-PGAIC began decomposing at 210°C, suggesting thermal stability suitable for use as a supramolecular soft plastic.
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Affiliation(s)
- Makoto Ashiuchi
- Agricultural Science, Graduate School of Integrated Arts and Sciences, Kochi University, Nankoku, Kochi 783-8502, Japan; Department of Agriculture, Kochi University, Nankoku, Kochi 783-8502, Japan.
| | - Shota Oike
- Agricultural Science, Graduate School of Integrated Arts and Sciences, Kochi University, Nankoku, Kochi 783-8502, Japan
| | | | | | - Nogiho Oka
- Department of Agriculture, Kochi University, Nankoku, Kochi 783-8502, Japan
| | - Taisuke Wakamatsu
- Agricultural Science, Graduate School of Integrated Arts and Sciences, Kochi University, Nankoku, Kochi 783-8502, Japan; Department of Agriculture, Kochi University, Nankoku, Kochi 783-8502, Japan
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Kongklom N, Luo H, Shi Z, Pechyen C, Chisti Y, Sirisansaneeyakul S. Production of poly-γ-glutamic acid by glutamic acid-independent Bacillus licheniformis TISTR 1010 using different feeding strategies. Biochem Eng J 2015. [DOI: 10.1016/j.bej.2015.04.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
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48
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Ren Y, Huang B, Meng Y, Wei L, Zhang C. Metabolic and phylogenetic analyses based on nitrogen in a new poly-γ-glutamic acid-producing strain of Bacillus subtilis. Biotechnol Lett 2015; 37:1221-6. [DOI: 10.1007/s10529-015-1776-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/13/2014] [Accepted: 01/22/2015] [Indexed: 10/24/2022]
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Wu WJ, Lee HY, Lee GH, Chae HJ, Ahn BY. The antiosteoporotic effects of Cheonggukjang containing vitamin k2 (menaquinone-7) in ovariectomized rats. J Med Food 2014; 17:1298-305. [PMID: 25259841 DOI: 10.1089/jmf.2013.3095] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022] Open
Abstract
The effect of dietary vitamin K2 (menaquinone-7, MK-7) and cheonggukjang (CGJ) on the prevention of ovariectomy (OVX)-induced bone loss was studied in rats. Female Sprague-Dawley rats were divided into eight groups: sham-operated; OVX control; OVX treated with MK-7 at doses of 2, 4, and 8 μg/day; and OVX treated with CGJ at doses of 0.063, 0.125, and 0.250 g/day referenced to MK-7 levels at 2, 4, and 8 μg/day, respectively. After 8 weeks of treatment, the preventive effects of MK-7 and CGJ were evaluated by measuring body weights, serum levels of bone turnover markers, bone mineral content (BMC), bone mineral density (BMD), trabecular microarchitectural properties, and bone histological characteristics. Our results showed that rats treated with a high dose of MK-7 (8 μg/day) exhibited a minor inhibitory effect on OVX-induced bone loss, as indicated by a significant increase in trabecular number, as well as BMC and BMD (P<.01). Moreover, the preventive effects of MK-7 were augmented by administration of CGJ at the same MK-7 dose. In addition, the preventive effects of CGJ were shown to be dose dependent, with the highest dose (0.250 g/day) significantly (P<.01) increasing BMC and BMD by 31.8% and 47.6%, respectively. In summary, these results suggest that administration of CGJ containing abundant levels of MK-7 may be a promising approach for the treatment and prevention of osteoporosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wei-Jie Wu
- 1 Department of Food Science & Biotechnology, Chonbuk National University , Iksan, Korea
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50
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Ogunleye A, Bhat A, Irorere VU, Hill D, Williams C, Radecka I. Poly-γ-glutamic acid: production, properties and applications. MICROBIOLOGY-SGM 2014; 161:1-17. [PMID: 25288645 DOI: 10.1099/mic.0.081448-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 205] [Impact Index Per Article: 20.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
Poly-γ-glutamic acid (γ-PGA) is a naturally occurring biopolymer made up of repeating units of l-glutamic acid, d-glutamic acid or both. γ-PGA can exhibit different properties (conformational states, enantiomeric properties and molecular mass). Owing to its biodegradable, non-toxic and non-immunogenic properties, it has been used successfully in the food, medical and wastewater industries. Amongst other novel applications, it has the potential to be used for protein crystallization, as a soft tissue adhesive and a non-viral vector for safe gene delivery. This review focuses on the production, properties and applications of γ-PGA. Each application of γ-PGA utilizes specific properties attributed to various forms of γ-PGA. As a result of its growing applications, more strains of bacteria need to be investigated for γ-PGA production to obtain high yields of γ-PGA with different properties. Many medical applications (especially drug delivery) have exploited α-PGA. As γ-PGA is essentially different from α-PGA (i.e. it does not involve a chemical modification step and is not susceptible to proteases), it could be better utilized for such medical applications. Optimization of γ-PGA with respect to cost of production, molecular mass and conformational/enantiomeric properties is a major step in making its application practical. Analyses of γ-PGA production and knowledge of the enzymes and genes involved in γ-PGA production will not only help increase productivity whilst reducing the cost of production, but also help to understand the mechanism by which γ-PGA is effective in numerous applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Adetoro Ogunleye
- Faculty of Science and Engineering, University of Wolverhampton, Wulfruna Street, Wolverhampton WV1 1LY, UK
| | - Aditya Bhat
- Aber Instruments, Science Park, Aberystwyth SY23 3AH, UK
| | - Victor U Irorere
- Faculty of Science and Engineering, University of Wolverhampton, Wulfruna Street, Wolverhampton WV1 1LY, UK
| | - David Hill
- Faculty of Science and Engineering, University of Wolverhampton, Wulfruna Street, Wolverhampton WV1 1LY, UK
| | - Craig Williams
- Faculty of Science and Engineering, University of Wolverhampton, Wulfruna Street, Wolverhampton WV1 1LY, UK
| | - Iza Radecka
- Faculty of Science and Engineering, University of Wolverhampton, Wulfruna Street, Wolverhampton WV1 1LY, UK
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