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Yang Y, Li X, Lu J, Ge J, Chen M, Yao R, Tian M, Wang J, Liu F, Zuo C. Recent progress in the applications of presynaptic dopaminergic positron emission tomography imaging in parkinsonism. Neural Regen Res 2025; 20:93-106. [PMID: 38767479 PMCID: PMC11246150 DOI: 10.4103/1673-5374.391180] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/02/2023] [Accepted: 11/18/2023] [Indexed: 05/22/2024] Open
Abstract
Nowadays, presynaptic dopaminergic positron emission tomography, which assesses deficiencies in dopamine synthesis, storage, and transport, is widely utilized for early diagnosis and differential diagnosis of parkinsonism. This review provides a comprehensive summary of the latest developments in the application of presynaptic dopaminergic positron emission tomography imaging in disorders that manifest parkinsonism. We conducted a thorough literature search using reputable databases such as PubMed and Web of Science. Selection criteria involved identifying peer-reviewed articles published within the last 5 years, with emphasis on their relevance to clinical applications. The findings from these studies highlight that presynaptic dopaminergic positron emission tomography has demonstrated potential not only in diagnosing and differentiating various Parkinsonian conditions but also in assessing disease severity and predicting prognosis. Moreover, when employed in conjunction with other imaging modalities and advanced analytical methods, presynaptic dopaminergic positron emission tomography has been validated as a reliable in vivo biomarker. This validation extends to screening and exploring potential neuropathological mechanisms associated with dopaminergic depletion. In summary, the insights gained from interpreting these studies are crucial for enhancing the effectiveness of preclinical investigations and clinical trials, ultimately advancing toward the goals of neuroregeneration in parkinsonian disorders.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yujie Yang
- Key Laboratory of Arrhythmias, Ministry of Education, Department of Medical Genetics, Shanghai East Hospital, School of Medicine, Tongji University, Shanghai, China
- Department of Neurology, National Research Center for Aging and Medicine, National Center for Neurological Disorders, and State Key Laboratory of Medical Neurobiology, Huashan Hospital, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
| | - Xinyi Li
- Department of Neurology, National Research Center for Aging and Medicine, National Center for Neurological Disorders, and State Key Laboratory of Medical Neurobiology, Huashan Hospital, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
| | - Jiaying Lu
- Department of Nuclear Medicine & PET Center, National Center for Neurological Disorders, and National Clinical Research Center for Aging and Medicine, Huashan Hospital, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
| | - Jingjie Ge
- Department of Nuclear Medicine & PET Center, National Center for Neurological Disorders, and National Clinical Research Center for Aging and Medicine, Huashan Hospital, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
| | - Mingjia Chen
- Department of Neurology, National Research Center for Aging and Medicine, National Center for Neurological Disorders, and State Key Laboratory of Medical Neurobiology, Huashan Hospital, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
| | - Ruixin Yao
- Department of Neurology, National Research Center for Aging and Medicine, National Center for Neurological Disorders, and State Key Laboratory of Medical Neurobiology, Huashan Hospital, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
| | - Mei Tian
- Department of Nuclear Medicine & PET Center, National Center for Neurological Disorders, and National Clinical Research Center for Aging and Medicine, Huashan Hospital, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
- International Human Phenome Institutes (Shanghai), Shanghai, China
- Human Phenome Institute, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
| | - Jian Wang
- Department of Neurology, National Research Center for Aging and Medicine, National Center for Neurological Disorders, and State Key Laboratory of Medical Neurobiology, Huashan Hospital, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
| | - Fengtao Liu
- Department of Neurology, National Research Center for Aging and Medicine, National Center for Neurological Disorders, and State Key Laboratory of Medical Neurobiology, Huashan Hospital, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
| | - Chuantao Zuo
- Department of Nuclear Medicine & PET Center, National Center for Neurological Disorders, and National Clinical Research Center for Aging and Medicine, Huashan Hospital, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
- Human Phenome Institute, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
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Kouli A, Spindler LRB, Fryer TD, Hong YT, Malpetti M, Aigbirhio FI, White SR, Camacho M, O’Brien JT, Williams-Gray CH. Neuroinflammation is linked to dementia risk in Parkinson's disease. Brain 2024; 147:923-935. [PMID: 37757857 PMCID: PMC10907093 DOI: 10.1093/brain/awad322] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/20/2023] [Revised: 08/09/2023] [Accepted: 09/07/2023] [Indexed: 09/29/2023] Open
Abstract
The development of dementia is a devastating aspect of Parkinson's disease (PD), affecting nearly half of patients within 10 years post-diagnosis. For effective therapies to prevent and slow progression to PD dementia (PDD), the key mechanisms that determine why some people with PD develop early dementia, while others remain cognitively unaffected, need to be understood. Neuroinflammation and tau protein accumulation have been demonstrated in post-mortem PD brains, and in many other neurodegenerative disorders leading to dementia. However, whether these processes mediate dementia risk early on in the PD disease course is not established. To this end, we used PET neuroimaging with 11C-PK11195 to index neuroinflammation and 18F-AV-1451 for misfolded tau in early PD patients, stratified according to dementia risk in our 'Neuroinflammation and Tau Accumulation in Parkinson's Disease Dementia' (NET-PDD) study. The NET-PDD study longitudinally assesses newly-diagnosed PD patients in two subgroups at low and high dementia risk (stratified based on pentagon copying, semantic fluency, MAPT genotype), with comparison to age- and sex-matched controls. Non-displaceable binding potential (BPND) in 43 brain regions (Hammers' parcellation) was compared between groups (pairwise t-tests), and associations between BPND of the tracers tested (linear-mixed-effect models). We hypothesized that people with higher dementia risk have greater inflammation and/or tau accumulation in advance of significant cognitive decline. We found significantly elevated neuroinflammation (11C-PK11195 BPND) in multiple subcortical and restricted cortical regions in the high dementia risk group compared with controls, while in the low-risk group this was limited to two cortical areas. The high dementia risk group also showed significantly greater neuroinflammation than the low-risk group concentrated on subcortical and basal ganglia regions. Neuroinflammation in most of these regions was associated with worse cognitive performance (Addenbrooke's Cognitive Examination-III score). Overall neuroinflammation burden also correlated with serum levels of pro-inflammatory cytokines. In contrast, increases in 18F-AV-1451 (tau) BPND in PD versus controls were restricted to subcortical regions where off-target binding is typically seen, with no relationship to cognition found. Whole-brain 18F-AV-1451 burden correlated with serum phosphorylated tau181 levels. Although there was minimal regional tau accumulation in PD, regional neuroinflammation and tau burden correlated in PD participants, with the strongest association in the high dementia risk group, suggesting possible co-localization of these pathologies. In conclusion, our findings suggest that significant regional neuroinflammation in early PD might underpin higher risk for PDD development, indicating neuroinflammation as a putative early modifiable aetiopathological disease factor to prevent or slow dementia development using immunomodulatory strategies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Antonina Kouli
- Department of Clinical Neurosciences, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, CB2 0PY, UK
| | - Lennart R B Spindler
- Department of Clinical Neurosciences, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, CB2 0PY, UK
| | - Tim D Fryer
- Department of Clinical Neurosciences, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, CB2 0PY, UK
- Wolfson Brain Imaging Centre, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, CB2 0QQ, UK
| | - Young T Hong
- Department of Clinical Neurosciences, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, CB2 0PY, UK
- Wolfson Brain Imaging Centre, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, CB2 0QQ, UK
| | - Maura Malpetti
- Department of Clinical Neurosciences, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, CB2 0PY, UK
| | - Franklin I Aigbirhio
- Department of Clinical Neurosciences, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, CB2 0PY, UK
- Wolfson Brain Imaging Centre, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, CB2 0QQ, UK
| | - Simon R White
- Medical Research Council Biostatistics Unit, Cambridge Institute of Public Health, Cambridge, CB2 0SL, UK
| | - Marta Camacho
- Department of Clinical Neurosciences, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, CB2 0PY, UK
| | - John T O’Brien
- Department of Psychiatry, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, CB2 0SZ, UK
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Saleem A, Shah SIA, Mangar SA, Coello C, Wall MB, Rizzo G, Jones T, Price PM. Cognitive Dysfunction in Patients Treated with Androgen Deprivation Therapy: A Multimodality Functional Imaging Study to Evaluate Neuroinflammation. Prostate Cancer 2023; 2023:6641707. [PMID: 37885823 PMCID: PMC10599921 DOI: 10.1155/2023/6641707] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/24/2022] [Revised: 07/14/2023] [Accepted: 10/05/2023] [Indexed: 10/28/2023] Open
Abstract
Background Androgen deprivation therapy (ADT) for prostate cancer is implicated as a possible cause of cognitive impairment (CI). CI in dementia and Alzheimer's disease is associated with neuroinflammation. In this study, we investigated a potential role of neuroinflammation in ADT-related CI. Methods Patients with prostate cancer on ADT for ≥3 months were categorized as having ADT-emergent CI or normal cognition (NC) based on self-report at interview. Neuroinflammation was evaluated using positron emission tomography (PET) with the translocator protein (TSPO) radioligand [11C]-PBR28. [11C]-PBR28 uptake in various brain regions was quantified as standardized uptake value (SUVR, normalized to cerebellum) and related to blood oxygen level-dependent functional magnetic resonance imaging (BOLD-fMRI) choice-reaction time task (CRT) activation maps. Results Eleven patients underwent PET: four with reported CI (rCI), six with reported NC (rNC), and one status unrecorded. PET did not reveal any between-group differences in SUVR regionally or globally. There was no difference between groups on brain activation to the CRT. Regardless of the reported cognitive status, there was strong correlation between PET-TSPO signal and CRT activation in the hippocampus, amygdala, and medial cortex. Conclusions We found no difference in neuroinflammation measured by PET-TSPO between patients with rCI and rNC. However, we speculate that the strong correlation between TSPO uptake and BOLD-fMRI activation in brain regions involved in memory and known to have high androgen-receptor expression mediating plasticity (hippocampus and amygdala) might reflect inflammatory effects of ADT with compensatory upregulated/increased synaptic functions. Further studies of this imaging readout are warranted to investigate ADT-related CI.
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Affiliation(s)
- Azeem Saleem
- Invicro, Burlington Danes Building, Imperial College London, Hammersmith Hospital, Du Cane Road, London, UK
- Hull York Medical School, University of Hull, Cottingham Road, Hull HU6 7RX, UK
| | - Syed Imran Ali Shah
- Department of Surgery and Cancer, Imperial College, London, UK
- Department of Biochemistry, CMH Lahore Medical College & Institute of Dentistry, Lahore, Pakistan
| | | | - Christopher Coello
- Invicro, Burlington Danes Building, Imperial College London, Hammersmith Hospital, Du Cane Road, London, UK
| | - Matthew B. Wall
- Invicro, Burlington Danes Building, Imperial College London, Hammersmith Hospital, Du Cane Road, London, UK
| | - Gaia Rizzo
- Invicro, Burlington Danes Building, Imperial College London, Hammersmith Hospital, Du Cane Road, London, UK
- Division of Brain Sciences, Imperial College London, London, UK
| | - Terry Jones
- Department of Radiology, University of California Davis Medical Center, Davis, California, USA
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Nutma E, Fancy N, Weinert M, Tsartsalis S, Marzin MC, Muirhead RCJ, Falk I, Breur M, de Bruin J, Hollaus D, Pieterman R, Anink J, Story D, Chandran S, Tang J, Trolese MC, Saito T, Saido TC, Wiltshire KH, Beltran-Lobo P, Phillips A, Antel J, Healy L, Dorion MF, Galloway DA, Benoit RY, Amossé Q, Ceyzériat K, Badina AM, Kövari E, Bendotti C, Aronica E, Radulescu CI, Wong JH, Barron AM, Smith AM, Barnes SJ, Hampton DW, van der Valk P, Jacobson S, Howell OW, Baker D, Kipp M, Kaddatz H, Tournier BB, Millet P, Matthews PM, Moore CS, Amor S, Owen DR. Translocator protein is a marker of activated microglia in rodent models but not human neurodegenerative diseases. Nat Commun 2023; 14:5247. [PMID: 37640701 PMCID: PMC10462763 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-023-40937-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 17.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/06/2023] [Accepted: 08/16/2023] [Indexed: 08/31/2023] Open
Abstract
Microglial activation plays central roles in neuroinflammatory and neurodegenerative diseases. Positron emission tomography (PET) targeting 18 kDa Translocator Protein (TSPO) is widely used for localising inflammation in vivo, but its quantitative interpretation remains uncertain. We show that TSPO expression increases in activated microglia in mouse brain disease models but does not change in a non-human primate disease model or in common neurodegenerative and neuroinflammatory human diseases. We describe genetic divergence in the TSPO gene promoter, consistent with the hypothesis that the increase in TSPO expression in activated myeloid cells depends on the transcription factor AP1 and is unique to a subset of rodent species within the Muroidea superfamily. Finally, we identify LCP2 and TFEC as potential markers of microglial activation in humans. These data emphasise that TSPO expression in human myeloid cells is related to different phenomena than in mice, and that TSPO-PET signals in humans reflect the density of inflammatory cells rather than activation state.
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Affiliation(s)
- Erik Nutma
- Department of Pathology, Amsterdam UMC - Location VUmc, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
- Department of Neurobiology and Aging, Biomedical Primate Research Centre, Rijswijk, The Netherlands
| | - Nurun Fancy
- Department of Brain Sciences, Imperial College London, London, UK
- UK Dementia Research Institute at Imperial College London, London, UK
| | - Maria Weinert
- Department of Brain Sciences, Imperial College London, London, UK
| | - Stergios Tsartsalis
- Department of Brain Sciences, Imperial College London, London, UK
- UK Dementia Research Institute at Imperial College London, London, UK
- Department of Psychiatry, University of Geneva, Geneva, Switzerland
| | - Manuel C Marzin
- Department of Pathology, Amsterdam UMC - Location VUmc, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Robert C J Muirhead
- Department of Brain Sciences, Imperial College London, London, UK
- UK Dementia Research Institute at Imperial College London, London, UK
| | - Irene Falk
- Viral Immunology Section, NIH, Bethesda, MD, USA
- Flow and Imaging Cytometry Core Facility, NIH, Bethesda, MD, USA
| | - Marjolein Breur
- Department of Pathology, Amsterdam UMC - Location VUmc, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Joy de Bruin
- Department of Pathology, Amsterdam UMC - Location VUmc, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - David Hollaus
- Department of Pathology, Amsterdam UMC - Location VUmc, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Robin Pieterman
- Department of Pathology, Amsterdam UMC - Location VUmc, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Jasper Anink
- Department of (Neuro)Pathology, Amsterdam UMC, University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam Neuroscience, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - David Story
- UK Dementia Research Institute at Edinburgh, Edinburgh, UK
| | | | - Jiabin Tang
- Department of Brain Sciences, Imperial College London, London, UK
- UK Dementia Research Institute at Imperial College London, London, UK
| | - Maria C Trolese
- Department of Neuroscience, Mario Negri Institute for Pharmacological Research IRCCS, Milan, Italy
| | - Takashi Saito
- Laboratory for Proteolytic Neuroscience, RIKEN Brain Science Institute, Wako-shi, Saitama, Japan
| | - Takaomi C Saido
- Department of Neurocognitive Science, Institute of Brain Science, Nagoya City University, Nagoya, Japan
| | | | - Paula Beltran-Lobo
- Department of Basic and Clinical Neuroscience, Institute of Psychiatry, Psychology and Neuroscience, King's College London, London, UK
| | - Alexandra Phillips
- Department of Brain Sciences, Imperial College London, London, UK
- UK Dementia Research Institute at Imperial College London, London, UK
| | - Jack Antel
- Montreal Neurological Institute, McGill University, Montreal, Canada
| | - Luke Healy
- Montreal Neurological Institute, McGill University, Montreal, Canada
| | - Marie-France Dorion
- Division of Biomedical Sciences, Memorial University of Newfoundland, St. John's, Canada
| | - Dylan A Galloway
- Division of Biomedical Sciences, Memorial University of Newfoundland, St. John's, Canada
| | - Rochelle Y Benoit
- Division of Biomedical Sciences, Memorial University of Newfoundland, St. John's, Canada
| | - Quentin Amossé
- Department of Psychiatry, University of Geneva, Geneva, Switzerland
| | - Kelly Ceyzériat
- Department of Psychiatry, University of Geneva, Geneva, Switzerland
| | | | - Enikö Kövari
- Department of Psychiatry, University of Geneva, Geneva, Switzerland
| | - Caterina Bendotti
- Department of Neuroscience, Mario Negri Institute for Pharmacological Research IRCCS, Milan, Italy
| | - Eleonora Aronica
- Department of (Neuro)Pathology, Amsterdam UMC, University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam Neuroscience, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Carola I Radulescu
- Department of Brain Sciences, Imperial College London, London, UK
- UK Dementia Research Institute at Imperial College London, London, UK
| | - Jia Hui Wong
- Neurobiology of Aging and Disease Laboratory, Lee Kong Chian School of Medicine, Nanyang Technological University Singapore, Singapore, Singapore
| | - Anna M Barron
- Neurobiology of Aging and Disease Laboratory, Lee Kong Chian School of Medicine, Nanyang Technological University Singapore, Singapore, Singapore
| | - Amy M Smith
- UK Dementia Research Institute at Imperial College London, London, UK
- Centre for Brain Research and Department of Pharmacology and Clinical Pharmacology, University of Auckland, Auckland, New Zealand
| | - Samuel J Barnes
- Department of Brain Sciences, Imperial College London, London, UK
- UK Dementia Research Institute at Imperial College London, London, UK
| | | | - Paul van der Valk
- Department of Pathology, Amsterdam UMC - Location VUmc, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | | | - Owain W Howell
- Institute of Life Science (ILS), Swansea University Medical School, Swansea, UK
| | - David Baker
- Department of Neuroscience and Trauma, Blizard Institute, Queen Mary University of London, London, UK
| | - Markus Kipp
- Institute of Anatomy, Rostock University Medical Center, 18057, Rostock, Germany
| | - Hannes Kaddatz
- Institute of Anatomy, Rostock University Medical Center, 18057, Rostock, Germany
| | | | - Philippe Millet
- Department of Psychiatry, University of Geneva, Geneva, Switzerland
- Division of Adult Psychiatry, University Hospitals of Geneva, Geneva, Switzerland
| | - Paul M Matthews
- Department of Brain Sciences, Imperial College London, London, UK
- UK Dementia Research Institute at Imperial College London, London, UK
| | - Craig S Moore
- Division of Biomedical Sciences, Memorial University of Newfoundland, St. John's, Canada
| | - Sandra Amor
- Department of Pathology, Amsterdam UMC - Location VUmc, Amsterdam, The Netherlands.
- Department of Neuroscience and Trauma, Blizard Institute, Queen Mary University of London, London, UK.
- Institute of Anatomy, Rostock University Medical Center, 18057, Rostock, Germany.
| | - David R Owen
- Department of Brain Sciences, Imperial College London, London, UK.
- UK Dementia Research Institute at Imperial College London, London, UK.
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PET Imaging of Neuro-Inflammation with Tracers Targeting the Translocator Protein (TSPO), a Systematic Review: From Bench to Bedside. Diagnostics (Basel) 2023; 13:diagnostics13061029. [PMID: 36980337 PMCID: PMC10047854 DOI: 10.3390/diagnostics13061029] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/08/2023] [Revised: 03/03/2023] [Accepted: 03/07/2023] [Indexed: 03/11/2023] Open
Abstract
Parkinson’s disease is the second most common neurodegenerative disorder, affecting 2–3% of the population of patients >65 years. Although the standard diagnosis of PD is clinical, neuroimaging plays a key role in the evaluation of patients who present symptoms related to neurodegenerative disorders. MRI, DAT-SPECT, and PET with [18F]-FDG are routinely used in the diagnosis and focus on the investigation of morphological changes, nigrostriatal degeneration or shifts in glucose metabolism in patients with parkinsonian syndromes. The aim of this study is to review the current PET radiotracers targeting TSPO, a transmembrane protein that is overexpressed by microglia in another pathophysiological process associated with neurodegenerative disorders known as neuroinflammation. To the best of our knowledge, neuroinflammation is present not only in PD but in many other neurodegenerative disorders, including AD, DLB, and MSA, as well as atypical parkinsonian syndromes. Therefore, in this study, specific patterns of microglial activation in PD and the differences in distribution volumes of these radiotracers in patients with PD as compared to other neurodegenerative disorders are reviewed.
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Raval NR, Wetherill RR, Wiers CE, Dubroff JG, Hillmer AT. Positron Emission Tomography of Neuroimmune Responses in Humans: Insights and Intricacies. Semin Nucl Med 2023; 53:213-229. [PMID: 36270830 PMCID: PMC11261531 DOI: 10.1053/j.semnuclmed.2022.08.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/15/2022] [Accepted: 08/30/2022] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Abstract
The brain's immune system plays a critical role in responding to immune challenges and maintaining homeostasis. However, dysregulated neuroimmune function contributes to neurodegenerative disease and neuropsychiatric conditions. In vivo positron emission tomography (PET) imaging of the neuroimmune system has facilitated a greater understanding of its physiology and the pathology of some neuropsychiatric conditions. This review presents an in-depth look at PET findings from human neuroimmune function studies, highlighting their importance in current neuropsychiatric research. Although the majority of human PET studies feature radiotracers targeting the translocator protein 18 kDa (TSPO), this review also considers studies with other neuroimmune targets, including monoamine oxidase B, cyclooxygenase-1 and cyclooxygenase-2, nitric oxide synthase, and the purinergic P2X7 receptor. Promising new targets, such as colony-stimulating factor 1, Sphingosine-1-phosphate receptor 1, and the purinergic P2Y12 receptor, are also discussed. The significance of validating neuroimmune targets and understanding their function and expression is emphasized in this review to better identify and interpret PET results.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nakul R Raval
- Department of Radiology and Biomedical Imaging, Yale University, New Haven, CT; Yale PET Center, Yale University, New Haven, CT
| | - Reagan R Wetherill
- Department of Psychiatry, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA
| | - Corinde E Wiers
- Department of Psychiatry, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA; Department of Radiology, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA
| | - Jacob G Dubroff
- Department of Radiology, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA
| | - Ansel T Hillmer
- Department of Radiology and Biomedical Imaging, Yale University, New Haven, CT; Yale PET Center, Yale University, New Haven, CT; Department of Psychiatry, Yale University, New Haven, CT.
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Ni R. PET imaging in animal models of Parkinson's disease. Behav Brain Res 2023; 438:114174. [PMID: 36283568 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbr.2022.114174] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/29/2022] [Revised: 09/20/2022] [Accepted: 09/27/2022] [Indexed: 12/05/2022]
Abstract
Alpha-synucleinopathies, such as Parkinson's disease, dementia with Lewy bodies and multiple system atrophy, are characterized by aberrant accumulation of alpha-synuclein and synaptic dysfunction leading to motor and cognitive deficits. Animal models of alpha-synucleinopathy have greatly facilitated the mechanistic understanding of the disease and the development of therapeutics. Various transgenic, alpha-synuclein fibril-injected, and toxin-injected animal models of Parkinson's disease and multiple system atrophy that recapitulate the disease pathology have been developed and widely used. Recent advances in positron emission tomography have allowed the noninvasive visualization of molecular alterations, underpinning behavioral dysfunctions in the brains of animal models and the longitudinal monitoring of treatment effects. Imaging studies in these disease animal models have employed multi-tracer PET designs to reveal dopaminergic deficits together with other molecular alterations. This review focuses on the development of new positron emission tomography tracers and studies of alpha-synuclein, synaptic vesicle glycoprotein 2A neurotransmitter receptor deficits such as dopaminergic receptor, dopaminergic transporter, serotonergic receptor, vesicular monoamine transporter 2, hypometabolism, neuroinflammation, mitochondrial dysfunction and leucine rich repeat kinase 2 in animal models of Parkinson's disease. The outstanding challenges and emerging applications are outlined, such as investigating the gut-brain-axis by using positron emission tomography in animal models, and provide a future outlook.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ruiqing Ni
- Institute for Regenerative Medicine, University of Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland; Institute for Biomedical Engineering, University of Zurich & ETH Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland.
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8
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Doot RK, Young AJ, Nasrallah IM, Wetherill RR, Siderowf A, Mach RH, Dubroff JG. [ 18F]NOS PET Brain Imaging Suggests Elevated Neuroinflammation in Idiopathic Parkinson's Disease. Cells 2022; 11:3081. [PMID: 36231041 PMCID: PMC9563966 DOI: 10.3390/cells11193081] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/01/2022] [Revised: 09/23/2022] [Accepted: 09/27/2022] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Neuroinflammation is implicated as a key pathologic mechanism in many neurodegenerative diseases and is thought to be mediated in large part by microglia, native phagocytic immune cells of the CNS. Abnormal aggregation of the protein α-synuclein after phagocytosis by microglia is one possible neuropathophysiological mechanism driving Parkinson's disease (PD). We conducted a human pilot study to evaluate the feasibility of targeting the inducible isoform of nitric oxide synthase using the [18F]NOS radiotracer to measure neuroinflammation in idiopathic PD. Ten adults consisting of 6 PD patients and 4 healthy controls (HC) underwent one hour of dynamic [18F]NOS positron emission tomography (PET) brain imaging with arterial blood sampling. We observed increased [18F]NOS whole brain distribution volume (VT) in PD patients compared to age-matched healthy controls (p < 0.008) via a 1-tissue compartment (TC) model. The rate constant K1 for transport from blood into tissue did not differ between groups (p = 0.72). These findings suggest elevated oxidative stress, a surrogate marker of inflammation, is present in early-stage idiopathic PD and indicate that [18F]NOS PET imaging is a promising, non-invasive method to measure neuroinflammation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Robert K. Doot
- Division of Nuclear Medicine Imaging and Therapy, Department of Radiology in the Perelman, School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA
| | - Anthony J. Young
- Division of Nuclear Medicine Imaging and Therapy, Department of Radiology in the Perelman, School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA
| | - Ilya M. Nasrallah
- Division of Nuclear Medicine Imaging and Therapy, Department of Radiology in the Perelman, School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA
| | - Reagan R. Wetherill
- Department of Psychiatry, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA
| | - Andrew Siderowf
- Department of Neurology, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA
| | - Robert H. Mach
- Division of Nuclear Medicine Imaging and Therapy, Department of Radiology in the Perelman, School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA
| | - Jacob G. Dubroff
- Division of Nuclear Medicine Imaging and Therapy, Department of Radiology in the Perelman, School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA
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Liu SY, Qiao HW, Song TB, Liu XL, Yao YX, Zhao CS, Barret O, Xu SL, Cai YN, Tamagnan GD, Sossi V, Lu J, Chan P. Brain microglia activation and peripheral adaptive immunity in Parkinson's disease: a multimodal PET study. J Neuroinflammation 2022; 19:209. [PMID: 36038917 PMCID: PMC9422161 DOI: 10.1186/s12974-022-02574-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/15/2022] [Accepted: 08/22/2022] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Abnormal activation of immune system is an important pathogenesis of Parkinson’s disease, but the relationship between peripheral inflammation, central microglia activation and dopaminergic degeneration remains unclear. Objectives To evaluate the brain regional microglia activation and its relationship with clinical severity, dopaminergic presynaptic function, and peripheral inflammatory biomarkers related to adaptive immunity. Methods In this case–control study, we recruited 23 healthy participants and 24 participants with early-stage Parkinson’s disease. 18F-PBR06 PET/MR for microglia activation, 18F-FP-DTBZ for dopaminergic denervation, total account of T cells and subpopulations of T helper (Th1/Th2/Th17) cells, and the levels of serum inflammatory cytokines were assessed. Sanger sequencing was used to exclude the mix-affinity binders of 18F-PBR06-PET. Results Compared to healthy controls, patients with Parkinson’s disease had an increased 18F-PBR06-PET standardized uptake value ratio (SUVR) in the putamen, particularly in the ipsilateral side of the motor onset. 18F-PBR06-PET SUVR was positively associated with 18F-FP-DTBZ-PET SUVR in the brainstem and not associated with disease severity measured by Hoehn and Yahr stage, MDS-UPDRS III scores. Patients with Parkinson’s disease had elevated frequencies of Th1 cells and serum levels of IL10 and IL17A as compared to healthy controls. No significant association between peripheral inflammation markers and microglia activation in the brain of PD was observed. Conclusion Parkinson’s disease is associated with early putaminal microglial activation and peripheral phenotypic Th1 bias. Peripheral adaptive immunity might be involved in microglia activation in the process of neurodegeneration in PD indirectly, which may be a potential biomarker for the early detection and the target for immunomodulating therapy. Supplementary Information The online version contains supplementary material available at 10.1186/s12974-022-02574-z.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shu-Ying Liu
- Department of Neurology, Xuanwu Hospital, Capital Medical University, Changchun Street 45, Beijing, 100053, China. .,Chinese Institute for Brain Research (CIBR), Beijing, China. .,National Clinical Research Center for Geriatric Diseases, Beijing, China.
| | - Hong-Wen Qiao
- Department of Radiology and Nuclear Medicine, Xuanwu Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China.,National Clinical Research Center for Geriatric Diseases, Beijing, China
| | - Tian-Bin Song
- Department of Radiology and Nuclear Medicine, Xuanwu Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China
| | - Xiu-Lin Liu
- Department of Neurology, Xuanwu Hospital, Capital Medical University, Changchun Street 45, Beijing, 100053, China
| | - Yun-Xia Yao
- Department of Neurobiology, Xuanwu Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China
| | - Chun-Song Zhao
- Department of Neurobiology, Xuanwu Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China
| | - Olivier Barret
- Laboratoire des Maladies Neurodégénératives, Université Paris-Saclay, CEA, CNRS, MIRCen, Fontenay-Aux-Roses, France
| | - Sheng-Li Xu
- Department of Neurobiology, Xuanwu Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China
| | - Yan-Ning Cai
- Department of Neurobiology, Xuanwu Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China
| | - Gilles D Tamagnan
- National Clinical Research Center for Geriatric Diseases, Beijing, China.,Mental Health PET Radioligand Development (MHPRD) Program, Yale University, New Haven, USA
| | - Vesna Sossi
- Department of Physics and Astronomy, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC, Canada
| | - Jie Lu
- Department of Radiology and Nuclear Medicine, Xuanwu Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China
| | - Piu Chan
- Department of Neurology, Xuanwu Hospital, Capital Medical University, Changchun Street 45, Beijing, 100053, China. .,National Clinical Research Center for Geriatric Diseases, Beijing, China.
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10
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Prange S, Theis H, Banwinkler M, van Eimeren T. Molecular Imaging in Parkinsonian Disorders—What’s New and Hot? Brain Sci 2022; 12:brainsci12091146. [PMID: 36138882 PMCID: PMC9496752 DOI: 10.3390/brainsci12091146] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/25/2022] [Revised: 08/23/2022] [Accepted: 08/24/2022] [Indexed: 12/02/2022] Open
Abstract
Highlights Abstract Neurodegenerative parkinsonian disorders are characterized by a great diversity of clinical symptoms and underlying neuropathology, yet differential diagnosis during lifetime remains probabilistic. Molecular imaging is a powerful method to detect pathological changes in vivo on a cellular and molecular level with high specificity. Thereby, molecular imaging enables to investigate functional changes and pathological hallmarks in neurodegenerative disorders, thus allowing to better differentiate between different forms of degenerative parkinsonism, improve the accuracy of the clinical diagnosis and disentangle the pathophysiology of disease-related symptoms. The past decade led to significant progress in the field of molecular imaging, including the development of multiple new and promising radioactive tracers for single photon emission computed tomography (SPECT) and positron emission tomography (PET) as well as novel analytical methods. Here, we review the most recent advances in molecular imaging for the diagnosis, prognosis, and mechanistic understanding of parkinsonian disorders. First, advances in imaging of neurotransmission abnormalities, metabolism, synaptic density, inflammation, and pathological protein aggregation are reviewed, highlighting our renewed understanding regarding the multiplicity of neurodegenerative processes involved in parkinsonian disorders. Consequently, we review the role of molecular imaging in the context of disease-modifying interventions to follow neurodegeneration, ensure stratification, and target engagement in clinical trials.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stéphane Prange
- Multimodal Neuroimaging Group, Department of Nuclear Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, University Hospital of Cologne, University of Cologne, 50937 Cologne, Germany
- Institut des Sciences Cognitives Marc Jeannerod, CNRS, UMR 5229, Université de Lyon, 69675 Bron, France
- Correspondence: (S.P.); (T.v.E.); Tel.: +49-221-47882843 (T.v.E.)
| | - Hendrik Theis
- Multimodal Neuroimaging Group, Department of Nuclear Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, University Hospital of Cologne, University of Cologne, 50937 Cologne, Germany
- Department of Neurology, Faculty of Medicine, University Hospital of Cologne, University of Cologne, 50937 Cologne, Germany
| | - Magdalena Banwinkler
- Multimodal Neuroimaging Group, Department of Nuclear Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, University Hospital of Cologne, University of Cologne, 50937 Cologne, Germany
| | - Thilo van Eimeren
- Multimodal Neuroimaging Group, Department of Nuclear Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, University Hospital of Cologne, University of Cologne, 50937 Cologne, Germany
- Department of Neurology, Faculty of Medicine, University Hospital of Cologne, University of Cologne, 50937 Cologne, Germany
- Correspondence: (S.P.); (T.v.E.); Tel.: +49-221-47882843 (T.v.E.)
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11
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Rinne JO, Jucaite A, Cselényi Z, Farde L. Glia Imaging Shows Clinical Utility in Differentiating Parkinson's Disease from Multiple System Atrophy. Mov Disord 2022; 37:1776-1778. [PMID: 35666059 PMCID: PMC9541833 DOI: 10.1002/mds.29078] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/23/2022] [Revised: 05/07/2022] [Accepted: 05/10/2022] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Juha O Rinne
- Turku PET Centre, University of Turku and Turku University Hospital, Turku, Finland
| | - Aurelija Jucaite
- Department of Clinical Neuroscience, Centre for Psychiatry Research, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden.,PET Science Centre, Personalized Medicine and Biosamples, R&D, AstraZeneca, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Zsolt Cselényi
- Department of Clinical Neuroscience, Centre for Psychiatry Research, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden.,PET Science Centre, Personalized Medicine and Biosamples, R&D, AstraZeneca, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Lars Farde
- Department of Clinical Neuroscience, Centre for Psychiatry Research, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
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12
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Masdeu JC, Pascual B, Fujita M. Imaging Neuroinflammation in Neurodegenerative Disorders. J Nucl Med 2022; 63:45S-52S. [PMID: 35649654 DOI: 10.2967/jnumed.121.263200] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/15/2022] [Revised: 05/03/2022] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Neuroinflammation plays a major role in the etiopathology of neurodegenerative diseases, including Alzheimer and Parkinson diseases, frontotemporal lobar degeneration, and amyotrophic lateral sclerosis. In vivo monitoring of neuroinflammation using PET is critical to understand this process, and data are accumulating in this regard, thus a review is useful. From PubMed, we retrieved publications using any of the available PET tracers to image neuroinflammation in humans as well as selected articles dealing with experimental animal models or the chemistry of currently used or potential radiotracers. We reviewed 280 articles. The most common PET neuroinflammation target, translocator protein (TSPO), has limitations, lacking cellular specificity and the ability to separate neuroprotective from neurotoxic inflammation. However, TSPO PET is useful to define the amount and location of inflammation in the brain of people with neurodegenerative disorders. We describe the characteristics of TSPO and other potential PET neuroinflammation targets and PET tracers available or in development. Despite target and tracer limitations, in recent years there has been a sharp increase in the number of reports of neuroinflammation PET in humans. The most studied has been Alzheimer disease, in which neuroinflammation seems initially neuroprotective and neurotoxic later in the progression of the disease. We describe the findings in all the major neurodegenerative disorders. Neuroinflammation PET is an indispensable tool to understand the process of neurodegeneration, particularly in humans, as well as to validate target engagement in therapeutic clinical trials.
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Affiliation(s)
- Joseph C Masdeu
- Nantz National Alzheimer Center, Stanley H. Appel Department of Neurology, Houston Methodist Neurological Institute, Houston Methodist Research Institute, Weill Cornell Medicine, Houston, Texas; and
| | - Belen Pascual
- Nantz National Alzheimer Center, Stanley H. Appel Department of Neurology, Houston Methodist Neurological Institute, Houston Methodist Research Institute, Weill Cornell Medicine, Houston, Texas; and
| | - Masahiro Fujita
- Nantz National Alzheimer Center, Stanley H. Appel Department of Neurology, Houston Methodist Neurological Institute, Houston Methodist Research Institute, Weill Cornell Medicine, Houston, Texas; and.,PET Core, Houston Methodist Research Institute, Weill Cornell Medicine, Houston, Texas
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13
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Weiss F, Labrador-Garrido A, Dzamko N, Halliday G. Immune responses in the Parkrtdinson's disease brain. Neurobiol Dis 2022; 168:105700. [DOI: 10.1016/j.nbd.2022.105700] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/06/2022] [Revised: 03/14/2022] [Accepted: 03/15/2022] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
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14
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Leukotriene Signaling as a Target in α-Synucleinopathies. Biomolecules 2022; 12:biom12030346. [PMID: 35327537 PMCID: PMC8944962 DOI: 10.3390/biom12030346] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/15/2021] [Revised: 01/12/2022] [Accepted: 02/12/2022] [Indexed: 01/04/2023] Open
Abstract
Parkinson’s disease (PD) and dementia with Lewy bodies (DLB) are two common types of α-synucleinopathies and represent a high unmet medical need. Despite diverging clinical manifestations, both neurodegenerative diseases share several facets of their complex pathophysiology. Apart from α-synuclein aggregation, an impairment of mitochondrial functions, defective protein clearance systems and excessive inflammatory responses are consistently observed in the brains of PD as well as DLB patients. Leukotrienes are lipid mediators of inflammatory signaling traditionally known for their role in asthma. However, recent research advances highlight a possible contribution of leukotrienes, along with their rate-limiting synthesis enzyme 5-lipoxygenase, in the pathogenesis of central nervous system disorders. This review provides an overview of in vitro as well as in vivo studies, in summary suggesting that dysregulated leukotriene signaling is involved in the pathological processes underlying PD and DLB. In addition, we discuss how the leukotriene signaling pathway could serve as a future drug target for the therapy of PD and DLB.
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15
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α-Synuclein Overexpression Increases Dopamine D2/3 Receptor Binding and Immune Activation in a Model of Early Parkinson’s Disease. Biomedicines 2021; 9:biomedicines9121876. [PMID: 34944691 PMCID: PMC8698691 DOI: 10.3390/biomedicines9121876] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/11/2021] [Revised: 12/01/2021] [Accepted: 12/07/2021] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Progressive degeneration of dopaminergic neurons, immune activation, and α-synuclein pathology characterize Parkinson’s disease (PD). We previously reported that unilateral intranigral injection of recombinant adeno-associated viral (rAAV) vectors encoding wild-type human α-synuclein produced a rat model of early PD with dopamine terminal dysfunction. Here we tested the hypothesis that decreases in dopamine result in increased postsynaptic dopamine D2/D3 receptor expression, neuroinflammation, and reduced synaptic vesicle glycoprotein 2A (SV2A) density. Rats were injected with rAAV encoding α-synuclein or green fluorescent protein and subjected to non-pharmacological motor tests, before euthanization at 12 weeks post-injection. We performed: (1) in situ hybridization of nigral tyrosine hydroxylase mRNA, (2) HPLC of striatal dopamine content, and (3) autoradiography with [3H]raclopride, [3H]DTBZ, [3H]GBR12935, [3H]PK11195, and [3H]UCB-J to measure binding at D2/3 receptors, vesicular monoamine transporter 2, dopamine transporters, mitochondrial translocator protein, and SV2A, respectively. rAAV-α-synuclein induced motor asymmetry and reduced tyrosine hydroxylase mRNA and dopamine content in ipsilateral brain regions. This was paralleled by elevated ipsilateral postsynaptic dopamine D2/3 receptor expression and immune activation, with no changes to synaptic SV2A density. In conclusion, α-synuclein overexpression results in dopaminergic degeneration that induced compensatory increases in D2/3 binding and immune activation, recapitulating many of the pathological characteristics of PD.
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16
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NRM 2021 Abstract Booklet. J Cereb Blood Flow Metab 2021; 41:11-309. [PMID: 34905986 PMCID: PMC8851538 DOI: 10.1177/0271678x211061050] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
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17
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Chauveau F, Becker G, Boutin H. Have (R)-[ 11C]PK11195 challengers fulfilled the promise? A scoping review of clinical TSPO PET studies. Eur J Nucl Med Mol Imaging 2021; 49:201-220. [PMID: 34387719 PMCID: PMC8712292 DOI: 10.1007/s00259-021-05425-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/25/2021] [Accepted: 05/19/2021] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE The prototypical TSPO radiotracer (R)-[11C]PK11195 has been used in humans for more than thirty years to visualize neuroinflammation in several pathologies. Alternative radiotracers have been developed to improve signal-to-noise ratio and started to be tested clinically in 2008. Here we examined the scientific value of these "(R)-[11C]PK11195 challengers" in clinical research to determine if they could supersede (R)-[11C]PK11195. METHODS A systematic MEDLINE (PubMed) search was performed (up to end of year 2020) to extract publications reporting TSPO PET in patients with identified pathologies, excluding studies in healthy subjects and methodological studies. RESULTS Of the 288 publications selected, 152 used 13 challengers, and 142 used (R)-[11C]PK11195. Over the last 20 years, the number of (R)-[11C]PK11195 studies remained stable (6 ± 3 per year), but was surpassed by the total number of challenger studies for the last 6 years. In total, 3914 patients underwent a TSPO PET scan, and 47% (1851 patients) received (R)-[11C]PK11195. The 2 main challengers were [11C]PBR28 (24%-938 patients) and [18F]FEPPA (11%-429 patients). Only one-in-ten patients (11%-447) underwent 2 TSPO scans, among whom 40 (1%) were scanned with 2 different TSPO radiotracers. CONCLUSIONS Generally, challengers confirmed disease-specific initial (R)-[11C]PK11195 findings. However, while their better signal-to-noise ratio seems particularly useful in diseases with moderate and widespread neuroinflammation, most challengers present an allelic-dependent (Ala147Thr polymorphism) TSPO binding and genetic stratification is hindering their clinical implementation. As new challengers, insensitive to TSPO human polymorphism, are about to enter clinical evaluation, we propose this systematic review to be regularly updated (living review).
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Affiliation(s)
- Fabien Chauveau
- University of Lyon, Lyon Neuroscience Research Center (CRNL), CNRS UMR5292, INSERM U1028, University Lyon 1, Lyon, France.
| | - Guillaume Becker
- GIGA - CRC In Vivo Imaging, University Liege, Liege, Belgium
- University of Lyon, CarMeN Laboratory, INSERM U1060, University Lyon 1, Hospices Civils Lyon, Lyon, France
| | - Hervé Boutin
- Faculty of Biology Medicine and Health, Wolfson Molecular Imaging Centre, University of Manchester, Manchester, UK.
- Wolfson Molecular Imaging Centre, University of Manchester, Manchester, UK.
- Geoffrey Jefferson Brain Research Centre, Manchester Academic Health Science Centre, Northern Care Alliance & University of Manchester, Manchester, UK.
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18
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The Neuro-Protective Effects of the TSPO Ligands CB86 and CB204 on 6-OHDA-Induced PC12 Cell Death as an In Vitro Model for Parkinson’s Disease. BIOLOGY 2021; 10:biology10111183. [PMID: 34827176 PMCID: PMC8615274 DOI: 10.3390/biology10111183] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/02/2021] [Revised: 11/09/2021] [Accepted: 11/11/2021] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
Simple Summary Aims and objectives: For this study, we hypothesized that the two TSPO ligands CB86 and CB204 can inhibit cellular apoptosis and necrosis by in in vitro cellular PD model of undifferentiated PC12 cells exposed to 6-hydroxydopamine (6-OHDA, 80 µM). The two TSPO ligands CB86 and CB204 seem to suppress cell death of PC12 induced by 6-OHDA. The results may be relevant to the use of these two TSPO ligands as therapeutic options for neurodegenerative diseases like Parkinson disease (PD). Results: The two ligands normalized significantly (57% and 52%, respectively, from 44%; whereas the control was 68%) cell proliferation at different time points from 0–24 h. As compared to control, the red count was increased up to 57-fold whereas CB86 and CB204 inhibited to 2.7-fold and 3.2-fold, respectively. CB86 and CB204 inhibited also normalized the cell viability up to 1.8-fold after the exposure to 6-OHDA, as assessed by XTT assay. The two TSPO ligands also inhibited apoptosis significantly (1.3-fold for both) as assessed by apopxin green staining. Conclusion: It appears that CB86, CB204, and maybe other TSPO ligands are able to slow the progression of neurodegenerative diseases like PD. Abstract Parkinson’s disease (PD) is a progressive neurodegenerative disorder which is characterized by the degeneration of dopaminergic neurons in substantia nigra (SN). Oxidative stress or reactive oxygen species (ROS) generation was suggested to play a role in this specific type of neurodegeneration. Therapeutic options which can target and counteract ROS generation may be of benefit. TSPO ligands are known to counteract with neuro-inflammation, ROS generation, apoptosis, and necrosis. In the current study, we investigated an in vitro cellular PD model by the assessment of 6-hydroxydopamine (6-OHDA, 80 µM)-induced PC12 neurotoxicity. Simultaneously to the exposure of the cells to 6-OHDA, we added the TSPO ligands CB86 and CB204 (25 µM each) and assessed the impact on several markers of cell death. The two ligands normalized significantly (57% and 52% respectively, from 44%; whereas the control was 68%) cell proliferation at different time points from 0–24 h. Additionally, we evaluated the effect of these two TSPO ligands on necrosis using propidium iodide (PI) staining and found that the ligands inhibited significantly the 6-OHDA-induced necrosis. As compared to control, the red count was increased up to 57-fold whereas CB86 and CB204 inhibited to 2.7-fold and 3.2-fold respectively. Necrosis was also analyzed by LDH assay which showed significant effect. Both assays demonstrated similar potent anti-necrotic effect of the two TSPO ligands. Reactive oxygen species (ROS) generation induced by 6-OHDA was also inhibited by the two TSPO ligand up to 1.3 and 1.5-fold respectively, as compared to 6-OHDA group. CB86 and CB204 inhibited also normalized the cell viability up to 1.8-fold after the exposure to 6-OHDA, as assessed by XTT assay. The two TSPO ligands also inhibited apoptosis significantly (1.3-fold for both) as assessed by apopxin green staining. In summary, it appears that the two TSPO ligands CB86 and CB204 can suppress cell death of PC12 induced by 6-OHDA. The results may be relevant to the use of these two TSPO ligands as therapeutic option neurodegenerative diseases like PD.
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19
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Neuroinflammation in Parkinson's disease: a meta-analysis of PET imaging studies. J Neurol 2021; 269:2304-2314. [PMID: 34724571 DOI: 10.1007/s00415-021-10877-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/30/2021] [Revised: 10/24/2021] [Accepted: 10/25/2021] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
Abstract
Increasingly, evidence implicates an important role of neuroinflammation in neurodegeneration progression. Yet, brain imaging has not reached a consistent conclusion that neuroinflammation is involved in the pathogenesis of Parkinson's disease (PD). We aimed to review the evidence to quantitatively assess the existence and spatial distribution of neuroinflammation in the brain of PD patients. We systematically searched literature databases for case-control studies which used positron emission tomography to detect neuroinflammation represented by translocator protein (TSPO) levels in PD patients compared with healthy controls (HC). Standardized mean differences (SMD) were selected as effect sizes and random-effects models were used to combine effect sizes. Subgroup analyses for separate brain regions were conducted. Fifteen studies comprising 455 (HC = 198, PD = 238) participants and 19 brain regions were included. Compared to HC, PD patients had elevated TSPO levels in midbrain, putamen, anterior cingulate, posterior cingulate, thalamus, striatum, frontal, temporal, parietal, occipital, cortex, hippocampus, substantia nigra, pons, cerebellum, and caudate when using 1st-generation ligands. TSPO levels were elevated in the midbrain of PD patients when 2nd-generation ligands were used. We discussed the possible explanations of contrasting difference between these outcomes.
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20
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Svensson JE, Schain M, Knudsen GM, Ogden RT, Plavén-Sigray P. Early stopping in clinical PET studies: How to reduce expense and exposure. J Cereb Blood Flow Metab 2021; 41:2805-2819. [PMID: 34018825 PMCID: PMC8545054 DOI: 10.1177/0271678x211017796] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/01/2020] [Revised: 04/13/2021] [Accepted: 04/18/2021] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
Clinical positron emission tomography (PET) research is costly and entails exposing participants to radioactivity. Researchers should therefore aim to include just the number of subjects needed to fulfill the purpose of the study. In this tutorial we show how to apply sequential Bayes Factor testing in order to stop the recruitment of subjects in a clinical PET study as soon as enough data have been collected to make a conclusion. By using simulations, we demonstrate that it is possible to stop a study early, while keeping the number of erroneous conclusions low. We then apply sequential Bayes Factor testing to a real PET data set and show that it is possible to obtain support in favor of an effect while simultaneously reducing the sample size with 30%. Using this procedure allows researchers to reduce expense and radioactivity exposure for a range of effect sizes relevant for PET research.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jonas E Svensson
- Centre for Psychiatry Research, Department of Clinical Neuroscience, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
- Stockholm Health Care Services, Region Stockholm, Karolinska University Hospital, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Martin Schain
- Neurobiology Research Unit, Copenhagen University Hospital, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Gitte M Knudsen
- Neurobiology Research Unit, Copenhagen University Hospital, Copenhagen, Denmark
- Institute of Clinical Medicine, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - R Todd Ogden
- Department of Biostatistics, Mailman School of Public Health, Columbia University, New York, NY, USA
- Molecular Imaging and Neuropathology Area, New York State Psychiatric Institute, New York, NY, USA
| | - Pontus Plavén-Sigray
- Centre for Psychiatry Research, Department of Clinical Neuroscience, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
- Stockholm Health Care Services, Region Stockholm, Karolinska University Hospital, Stockholm, Sweden
- Neurobiology Research Unit, Copenhagen University Hospital, Copenhagen, Denmark
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21
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Jucaite A, Cselényi Z, Kreisl WC, Rabiner EA, Varrone A, Carson RE, Rinne JO, Savage A, Schou M, Johnström P, Svenningsson P, Rascol O, Meissner WG, Barone P, Seppi K, Kaufmann H, Wenning GK, Poewe W, Farde L. Glia Imaging Differentiates Multiple System Atrophy from Parkinson's Disease: A Positron Emission Tomography Study with [ 11 C]PBR28 and Machine Learning Analysis. Mov Disord 2021; 37:119-129. [PMID: 34609758 DOI: 10.1002/mds.28814] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/04/2021] [Revised: 09/06/2021] [Accepted: 09/10/2021] [Indexed: 11/07/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND The clinical diagnosis of multiple system atrophy (MSA) is challenged by overlapping features with Parkinson's disease (PD) and late-onset ataxias. Additional biomarkers are needed to confirm MSA and to advance the understanding of pathophysiology. Positron emission tomography (PET) imaging of the translocator protein (TSPO), expressed by glia cells, has shown elevations in MSA. OBJECTIVE In this multicenter PET study, we assess the performance of TSPO imaging as a diagnostic marker for MSA. METHODS We analyzed [11 C]PBR28 binding to TSPO using imaging data of 66 patients with MSA and 24 patients with PD. Group comparisons were based on regional analysis of parametric images. The diagnostic readout included visual reading of PET images against clinical diagnosis and machine learning analyses. Sensitivity, specificity, and receiver operating curves were used to discriminate MSA from PD and cerebellar from parkinsonian variant MSA. RESULTS We observed a conspicuous pattern of elevated regional [11 C]PBR28 binding to TSPO in MSA as compared with PD, with "hotspots" in the lentiform nucleus and cerebellar white matter. Visual reading discriminated MSA from PD with 100% specificity and 83% sensitivity. The machine learning approach improved sensitivity to 96%. We identified MSA subtype-specific TSPO binding patterns. CONCLUSIONS We found a pattern of significantly increased regional glial TSPO binding in patients with MSA. Intriguingly, our data are in line with severe neuroinflammation in MSA. Glia imaging may have potential to support clinical MSA diagnosis and patient stratification in clinical trials on novel drug therapies for an α-synucleinopathy that remains strikingly incurable. © 2021 The Authors. Movement Disorders published by Wiley Periodicals LLC on behalf of International Parkinson and Movement Disorder Society.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aurelija Jucaite
- PET Science Centre, Personalized Medicine and Biosamples, R&D, AstraZeneca, Stockholm, Sweden.,Department of Clinical Neuroscience, Centre for Psychiatry Research, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Zsolt Cselényi
- PET Science Centre, Personalized Medicine and Biosamples, R&D, AstraZeneca, Stockholm, Sweden.,Department of Clinical Neuroscience, Centre for Psychiatry Research, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - William C Kreisl
- Taub Institute, Department of Neurology, Columbia University Irving Medical Centre, New York, New York, USA
| | - Eugenii A Rabiner
- Invicro, London, UK.,Centre for Neuroimaging Sciences, Institute of Psychiatry, Psychology and Neuroscience, King's College London, London, UK
| | - Andrea Varrone
- Department of Clinical Neuroscience, Centre for Psychiatry Research, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
| | | | - Juha O Rinne
- Turku PET Centre, University of Turku and Turku University Hospital, Turku, Finland
| | | | - Magnus Schou
- PET Science Centre, Personalized Medicine and Biosamples, R&D, AstraZeneca, Stockholm, Sweden.,Department of Clinical Neuroscience, Centre for Psychiatry Research, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Peter Johnström
- PET Science Centre, Personalized Medicine and Biosamples, R&D, AstraZeneca, Stockholm, Sweden.,Department of Clinical Neuroscience, Centre for Psychiatry Research, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Per Svenningsson
- Section of Neurology, Department of Clinical Neuroscience, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Olivier Rascol
- French MSA Reference Centre, Clinical Investigation Centre CIC1436, Department of Neurosciences and Clinical Pharmacology, NeuroToul COEN Centre, UMR 1 214-ToNIC and University Hospital of Toulouse, INSERM and University of Toulouse 3, Toulouse, France
| | - Wassilios G Meissner
- CRMR AMS, Service de Neurologie-Maladies Neurodégénératives, CHU Bordeaux, Bordeaux, France.,University Bordeaux, CNRS, IMN, UMR 5293, Bordeaux, France.,Department of Medicine, University of Otago, Christchurch, New Zealand Brain Research Institute, Christchurch, New Zealand
| | - Paolo Barone
- Neurodegenerative Disease Centre, University of Salerno, Salerno, Italy
| | - Klaus Seppi
- Department of Neurology, Innsbruck Medical University, Innsbruck, Austria
| | - Horacio Kaufmann
- Department of Medicine, NYU Grossman School of Medicine, New York, New York, USA
| | - Gregor K Wenning
- Division of Clinical Neurobiology, Department of Neurology, Innsbruck Medical University, Innsbruck, Austria
| | - Werner Poewe
- Division of Clinical Neurobiology, Department of Neurology, Innsbruck Medical University, Innsbruck, Austria
| | - Lars Farde
- Department of Clinical Neuroscience, Centre for Psychiatry Research, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
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22
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Mitchell T, Lehéricy S, Chiu SY, Strafella AP, Stoessl AJ, Vaillancourt DE. Emerging Neuroimaging Biomarkers Across Disease Stage in Parkinson Disease: A Review. JAMA Neurol 2021; 78:1262-1272. [PMID: 34459865 PMCID: PMC9017381 DOI: 10.1001/jamaneurol.2021.1312] [Citation(s) in RCA: 74] [Impact Index Per Article: 24.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
Importance Imaging biomarkers in Parkinson disease (PD) are increasingly important for monitoring progression in clinical trials and also have the potential to improve clinical care and management. This Review addresses a critical need to make clear the temporal relevance for diagnostic and progression imaging biomarkers to be used by clinicians and researchers over the clinical course of PD. Magnetic resonance imaging (diffusion imaging, neuromelanin-sensitive imaging, iron-sensitive imaging, T1-weighted imaging), positron emission tomography/single-photon emission computed tomography dopaminergic, serotonergic, and cholinergic imaging as well as metabolic and cerebral blood flow network neuroimaging biomarkers in the preclinical, prodromal, early, and moderate to late stages are characterized. Observations If a clinical trial is being carried out in the preclinical and prodromal stages, potentially useful disease-state biomarkers include dopaminergic imaging of the striatum; metabolic imaging; free-water, neuromelanin-sensitive, and iron-sensitive imaging in the substantia nigra; and T1-weighted structural magnetic resonance imaging. Disease-state biomarkers that can distinguish atypical parkinsonisms are metabolic imaging, free-water imaging, and T1-weighted imaging; dopaminergic imaging and other molecular imaging track progression in prodromal patients, whereas other established progression biomarkers need to be evaluated in prodromal cohorts. Progression in early-stage PD can be monitored using dopaminergic imaging in the striatum, metabolic imaging, and free-water and neuromelanin-sensitive imaging in the posterior substantia nigra. Progression in patients with moderate to late-stage PD can be monitored using free-water imaging in the anterior substantia nigra, R2* of substantia nigra, and metabolic imaging. Cortical thickness and gyrification might also be useful markers or predictors of progression. Dopaminergic imaging and free-water imaging detect progression over 1 year, whereas other modalities detect progression over 18 months or longer. The reliability of progression biomarkers varies with disease stage, whereas disease-state biomarkers are relatively consistent in individuals with preclinical, prodromal, early, and moderate to late-stage PD. Conclusions and Relevance Imaging biomarkers for various stages of PD are readily available to be used as outcome measures in clinical trials and are potentially useful in multimodal combination with routine clinical assessment. This Review provides a critically important template for considering disease stage when implementing diagnostic and progression biomarkers in both clinical trials and clinical care settings.
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Affiliation(s)
- Trina Mitchell
- Laboratory for Rehabilitation Neuroscience, Department of Applied Physiology and Kinesiology, University of Florida, Gainesville
| | - Stéphane Lehéricy
- Paris Brain Institute, Centre de NeuroImagerie de Recherche, INSERM 1127, CNRS 7225, Sorbonne Université, Groupe Hospitalier Pitié-Salpêtrière, Paris, France
| | - Shannon Y Chiu
- Fixel Institute for Neurological Diseases, Department of Neurology, University of Florida, Gainesville
| | - Antonio P Strafella
- Division of Brain, Imaging and Behaviour-Systems Neuroscience, Krembil Research Institute, University Health Network, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
- Research Imaging Centre, Campbell Family Mental Health, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
- Morton and Gloria Shulman Movement Disorder Unit and E.J. Safra Parkinson Disease Program, Neurology Division, Department of Medicine, Toronto Western Hospital, University Health Network, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - A Jon Stoessl
- Pacific Parkinson's Research Centre and Parkinson's Foundation Centre of Excellence, Division of Neurology and Djavad Mowafaghian Centre for Brain Health, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada
| | - David E Vaillancourt
- Laboratory for Rehabilitation Neuroscience, Department of Applied Physiology and Kinesiology, University of Florida, Gainesville
- Fixel Institute for Neurological Diseases, Department of Neurology, University of Florida, Gainesville
- J. Crayton Pruitt Family Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of Florida, Gainesville
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23
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Bidesi NSR, Vang Andersen I, Windhorst AD, Shalgunov V, Herth MM. The role of neuroimaging in Parkinson's disease. J Neurochem 2021; 159:660-689. [PMID: 34532856 PMCID: PMC9291628 DOI: 10.1111/jnc.15516] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/12/2021] [Revised: 09/09/2021] [Accepted: 09/10/2021] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
Parkinson's disease (PD) is a neurodegenerative disorder that affects millions of people worldwide. Two hallmarks of PD are the accumulation of alpha-synuclein and the loss of dopaminergic neurons in the brain. There is no cure for PD, and all existing treatments focus on alleviating the symptoms. PD diagnosis is also based on the symptoms, such as abnormalities of movement, mood, and cognition observed in the patients. Molecular imaging methods such as magnetic resonance imaging (MRI), single-photon emission computed tomography (SPECT), and positron emission tomography (PET) can detect objective alterations in the neurochemical machinery of the brain and help diagnose and study neurodegenerative diseases. This review addresses the application of functional MRI, PET, and SPECT in PD patients. We provide an overview of the imaging targets, discuss the rationale behind target selection, the agents (tracers) with which the imaging can be performed, and the main findings regarding each target's state in PD. Molecular imaging has proven itself effective in supporting clinical diagnosis of PD and has helped reveal that PD is a heterogeneous disorder, which has important implications for the development of future therapies. However, the application of molecular imaging for early diagnosis of PD or for differentiation between PD and atypical parkinsonisms has remained challenging. The final section of the review is dedicated to new imaging targets with which one can detect the PD-related pathological changes upstream from dopaminergic degeneration. The foremost of those targets is alpha-synuclein. We discuss the progress of tracer development achieved so far and challenges on the path toward alpha-synuclein imaging in humans.
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Affiliation(s)
- Natasha S R Bidesi
- Department of Drug Design and Pharmacology, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Ida Vang Andersen
- Department of Drug Design and Pharmacology, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Albert D Windhorst
- Radiology and Nuclear Medicine, Amsterdam UMC, Vrije Universiteit Amsterdam, Amsterdam, Netherlands
| | - Vladimir Shalgunov
- Department of Drug Design and Pharmacology, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Matthias M Herth
- Department of Drug Design and Pharmacology, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark.,Department of Clinical Physiology, Nuclear Medicine and PET, Rigshospitalet, Copenhagen, Denmark
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24
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Abstract
The use of PET imaging agents in oncology, cardiovascular disease, and neurodegenerative disease shows the power of this technique in evaluating the molecular and biological characteristics of numerous diseases. These agents provide crucial information for designing therapeutic strategies for individual patients. Novel PET tracers are in continual development and many have potential use in clinical and research settings. This article discusses the potential applications of tracers in diagnostics, the biological characteristics of diseases, the ability to provide prognostic indicators, and using this information to guide treatment strategies including monitoring treatment efficacy in real time to improve outcomes and survival.
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25
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Potential Effects of Leukotriene Receptor Antagonist Montelukast in Treatment of Neuroinflammation in Parkinson's Disease. Int J Mol Sci 2021; 22:ijms22115606. [PMID: 34070609 PMCID: PMC8198163 DOI: 10.3390/ijms22115606] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/23/2021] [Revised: 05/16/2021] [Accepted: 05/21/2021] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Parkinson’s disease (PD) is a neurodegenerative disorder where misfolded alpha-synuclein-enriched aggregates called Lewy bodies are central in pathogenesis. No neuroprotective or disease-modifying treatments are currently available. Parkinson’s disease is considered a multifactorial disease and evidence from multiple patient studies and animal models has shown a significant immune component during the course of the disease, highlighting immunomodulation as a potential treatment strategy. The immune changes occur centrally, involving microglia and astrocytes but also peripherally with changes to the innate and adaptive immune system. Here, we review current understanding of different components of the PD immune response with a particular emphasis on the leukotriene pathway. We will also describe evidence of montelukast, a leukotriene receptor antagonist, as a possible anti-inflammatory treatment for PD.
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26
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Kimm MA, Klenk C, Alunni-Fabbroni M, Kästle S, Stechele M, Ricke J, Eisenblätter M, Wildgruber M. Tumor-Associated Macrophages-Implications for Molecular Oncology and Imaging. Biomedicines 2021; 9:biomedicines9040374. [PMID: 33918295 PMCID: PMC8066018 DOI: 10.3390/biomedicines9040374] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/03/2021] [Revised: 03/29/2021] [Accepted: 03/31/2021] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Tumor-associated macrophages (TAMs) represent the largest group of leukocytes within the tumor microenvironment (TME) of solid tumors and orchestrate the composition of anti- as well as pro-tumorigenic factors. This makes TAMs an excellent target for novel cancer therapies. The plasticity of TAMs resulting in varying membrane receptors and expression of intracellular proteins allow the specific characterization of different subsets of TAMs. Those markers similarly allow tracking of TAMs by different means of molecular imaging. This review aims to provides an overview of the origin of tumor-associated macrophages, their polarization in different subtypes, and how characteristic markers of the subtypes can be used as targets for molecular imaging and theranostic approaches.
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Affiliation(s)
- Melanie A. Kimm
- Department of Radiology, University Hospital, LMU Munich, 81377 Munich, Germany; (M.A.K.); (C.K.); (M.A.-F.); (S.K.); (M.S.); (J.R.)
| | - Christopher Klenk
- Department of Radiology, University Hospital, LMU Munich, 81377 Munich, Germany; (M.A.K.); (C.K.); (M.A.-F.); (S.K.); (M.S.); (J.R.)
| | - Marianna Alunni-Fabbroni
- Department of Radiology, University Hospital, LMU Munich, 81377 Munich, Germany; (M.A.K.); (C.K.); (M.A.-F.); (S.K.); (M.S.); (J.R.)
| | - Sophia Kästle
- Department of Radiology, University Hospital, LMU Munich, 81377 Munich, Germany; (M.A.K.); (C.K.); (M.A.-F.); (S.K.); (M.S.); (J.R.)
| | - Matthias Stechele
- Department of Radiology, University Hospital, LMU Munich, 81377 Munich, Germany; (M.A.K.); (C.K.); (M.A.-F.); (S.K.); (M.S.); (J.R.)
| | - Jens Ricke
- Department of Radiology, University Hospital, LMU Munich, 81377 Munich, Germany; (M.A.K.); (C.K.); (M.A.-F.); (S.K.); (M.S.); (J.R.)
| | - Michel Eisenblätter
- Department of Diagnostic and Interventional Radiology, Freiburg University Hospital, 79106 Freiburg, Germany;
| | - Moritz Wildgruber
- Department of Radiology, University Hospital, LMU Munich, 81377 Munich, Germany; (M.A.K.); (C.K.); (M.A.-F.); (S.K.); (M.S.); (J.R.)
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +49-0-89-4400-76640
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27
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Gundersen V. Parkinson's Disease: Can Targeting Inflammation Be an Effective Neuroprotective Strategy? Front Neurosci 2021; 14:580311. [PMID: 33716638 PMCID: PMC7946840 DOI: 10.3389/fnins.2020.580311] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/05/2020] [Accepted: 10/20/2020] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
The reason why dopamine neurons die in Parkinson’s disease remains largely unknown. Emerging evidence points to a role for brain inflammation in neurodegeneration. Essential questions are whether brain inflammation happens sufficiently early so that interfering with this process can be expected to slow down neuronal death and whether the contribution from inflammation is large enough so that anti-inflammatory agents can be expected to work. Here I discuss data from human PD studies indicating that brain inflammation is an early event in PD. I also discuss the role of T-lymphocytes and peripheral inflammation for neurodegeneration. I critically discuss the failure of clinical trials targeting inflammation in PD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vidar Gundersen
- Section for Movement Disorders, Department of Neurology, Oslo University Hospital, Oslo, Norway
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28
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Lavisse S, Goutal S, Wimberley C, Tonietto M, Bottlaender M, Gervais P, Kuhnast B, Peyronneau MA, Barret O, Lagarde J, Sarazin M, Hantraye P, Thiriez C, Remy P. Increased microglial activation in patients with Parkinson disease using [ 18F]-DPA714 TSPO PET imaging. Parkinsonism Relat Disord 2020; 82:29-36. [PMID: 33242662 DOI: 10.1016/j.parkreldis.2020.11.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 54] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/08/2020] [Revised: 09/18/2020] [Accepted: 11/11/2020] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Increasing evidence suggests that neuroinflammation is active in Parkinson disease (PD) and contributes to neurodegeneration. This process can be studied in vivo with PET and radioligands targeting TSPO, upregulated in activated microglia. Initial PET studies investigating microglial activation in PD with the [11C]-PK11195 have provided inconclusive results. Here we assess the presence and distribution of neuroinflammatory response in PD patients using [18F]-DPA714 and to correlate imaging biomarkers to dopamine transporter imaging and clinical status. METHODS PD patients (n = 24, Hoehn and Yahr I-III) and 28 healthy controls were scanned with [18F]-DPA714 and [11C]-PE2I and analyzed. They were all genotyped for TSPO polymorphism. Regional binding parameters were estimated (reference Logan graphical approach with supervised cluster analysis). Impact of TSPO genotype was analyzed using Wilcoxon signed-rank test. Differences between groups were investigated using a two-way ANOVA and Tukey post hoc tests. RESULTS PD patients showed significantly higher [18F]-DPA714 binding compared to healthy controls bilaterally in the midbrain (p < 0.001), the frontal cortex (p = 0.001), and the putamen contralateral to the more clinically affected hemibody (p = 0.038). Microglial activation in these regions did not correlate with the severity of motor symptoms, disease duration nor putaminal [11C]-PE2I uptake. However, there was a trend toward a correlation between cortical TSPO binding and disease duration (p = 0.015 uncorrected, p = 0.07 after Bonferroni correction). CONCLUSION [18F]-DPA714 binding confirmed that there is a specific topographic pattern of microglial activation in the nigro-striatal pathway and the frontal cortex of PD patients. TRIAL REGISTRATION Trial registration: INFLAPARK, NCT02319382. Registered 18 December 2014- Retrospectively registered, https://clinicaltrials.gov/ct2/show/NCT02319382.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sonia Lavisse
- Université Paris-Saclay, CEA, CNRS, MIRCen, Laboratoire des Maladies Neurodégénératives, 92265, Fontenay-aux-Roses, France.
| | - Sébastien Goutal
- Université Paris-Saclay, CEA, CNRS, MIRCen, Laboratoire des Maladies Neurodégénératives, 92265, Fontenay-aux-Roses, France.
| | - Catriona Wimberley
- Université Paris-Saclay, CEA, CNRS, Inserm, BioMaps, Service Hospitalier Frédéric Joliot, 4, Place du Général Leclerc, Orsay, 91401, France.
| | - Mattéo Tonietto
- Université Paris-Saclay, CEA, CNRS, Inserm, BioMaps, Service Hospitalier Frédéric Joliot, 4, Place du Général Leclerc, Orsay, 91401, France.
| | - Michel Bottlaender
- Université Paris-Saclay, CEA, CNRS, Inserm, BioMaps, Service Hospitalier Frédéric Joliot, 4, Place du Général Leclerc, Orsay, 91401, France; Université Paris-Saclay, UNIACT, Neurospin, CEA, 91191, Gif-sur-Yvette, France.
| | - Philippe Gervais
- Université Paris-Saclay, CEA, CNRS, Inserm, BioMaps, Service Hospitalier Frédéric Joliot, 4, Place du Général Leclerc, Orsay, 91401, France.
| | - Bertrand Kuhnast
- Université Paris-Saclay, CEA, CNRS, Inserm, BioMaps, Service Hospitalier Frédéric Joliot, 4, Place du Général Leclerc, Orsay, 91401, France.
| | - Marie-Anne Peyronneau
- Université Paris-Saclay, CEA, CNRS, Inserm, BioMaps, Service Hospitalier Frédéric Joliot, 4, Place du Général Leclerc, Orsay, 91401, France.
| | - Olivier Barret
- Université Paris-Saclay, CEA, CNRS, MIRCen, Laboratoire des Maladies Neurodégénératives, 92265, Fontenay-aux-Roses, France.
| | - Julien Lagarde
- Université Paris-Saclay, CEA, CNRS, Inserm, BioMaps, Service Hospitalier Frédéric Joliot, 4, Place du Général Leclerc, Orsay, 91401, France; Department of Neurology of Memory and Language, GHU Paris Psychiatrie & Neurosciences, Sainte-Anne Hospital, Paris, 75014, France; Université de Paris, F-75006, France.
| | - Marie Sarazin
- Université Paris-Saclay, CEA, CNRS, Inserm, BioMaps, Service Hospitalier Frédéric Joliot, 4, Place du Général Leclerc, Orsay, 91401, France; Department of Neurology of Memory and Language, GHU Paris Psychiatrie & Neurosciences, Sainte-Anne Hospital, Paris, 75014, France; Université de Paris, F-75006, France.
| | - Philippe Hantraye
- Université Paris-Saclay, CEA, CNRS, MIRCen, Laboratoire des Maladies Neurodégénératives, 92265, Fontenay-aux-Roses, France.
| | - Claire Thiriez
- Centre Expert Parkinson, Neurologie, CHU Henri Mondor, AP-HP, 51 Avenue du Maréchal de Lattre de Tassigny, Créteil, France.
| | - Philippe Remy
- Université Paris-Saclay, CEA, CNRS, MIRCen, Laboratoire des Maladies Neurodégénératives, 92265, Fontenay-aux-Roses, France; Centre Expert Parkinson, Neurologie, CHU Henri Mondor, AP-HP, 51 Avenue du Maréchal de Lattre de Tassigny, Créteil, France; IMRB, INSERM, Université Paris Est Créteil and NeurATRIS, France.
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29
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Kreisl WC, Kim MJ, Coughlin JM, Henter ID, Owen DR, Innis RB. PET imaging of neuroinflammation in neurological disorders. Lancet Neurol 2020; 19:940-950. [PMID: 33098803 PMCID: PMC7912433 DOI: 10.1016/s1474-4422(20)30346-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 109] [Impact Index Per Article: 27.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/24/2020] [Revised: 08/06/2020] [Accepted: 08/21/2020] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
A growing need exists for reliable in-vivo measurement of neuroinflammation to better characterise the inflammatory processes underlying various diseases and to inform the development of novel therapeutics that target deleterious glial activity. PET is well suited to quantify neuroinflammation and has the potential to discriminate components of the neuroimmune response. However, there are several obstacles to the reliable quantification of neuroinflammation by PET imaging. Despite these challenges, PET studies have consistently identified associations between neuroimmune responses and pathophysiology in brain disorders such as Alzheimer's disease. Tissue studies have also begun to clarify the meaning of changes in PET signal in some diseases. Furthermore, although PET imaging of neuroinflammation does not have an established clinical application, novel targets are under investigation and a small but growing number of studies have suggested that this imaging modality could have a role in drug development. Future studies are needed to further improve our knowledge of the cellular mechanisms that underlie changes in PET signal, how immune response contributes to neurological disease, and how it might be therapeutically modified.
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Affiliation(s)
- William C Kreisl
- Taub Institute for Research on Alzheimer's Disease and the Aging Brain, Columbia University, New York, NY, USA
| | - Min-Jeong Kim
- Molecular Imaging Branch, National Institute of Mental Health, Bethesda, MD, USA
| | - Jennifer M Coughlin
- Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, Johns Hopkins School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, USA
| | - Ioline D Henter
- Molecular Imaging Branch, National Institute of Mental Health, Bethesda, MD, USA
| | - David R Owen
- Department of Brain Sciences, Imperial College London, London, UK
| | - Robert B Innis
- Molecular Imaging Branch, National Institute of Mental Health, Bethesda, MD, USA.
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30
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PET Imaging for Oxidative Stress in Neurodegenerative Disorders Associated with Mitochondrial Dysfunction. Antioxidants (Basel) 2020; 9:antiox9090861. [PMID: 32937849 PMCID: PMC7554831 DOI: 10.3390/antiox9090861] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/28/2020] [Revised: 09/11/2020] [Accepted: 09/12/2020] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Oxidative stress based on mitochondrial dysfunction is assumed to be the principal molecular mechanism for the pathogenesis of many neurodegenerative disorders. However, the effects of oxidative stress on the neurodegeneration process in living patients remain to be elucidated. Molecular imaging with positron emission tomography (PET) can directly evaluate subtle biological changes, including the redox status. The present review focuses on recent advances in PET imaging for oxidative stress, in particular the use of the Cu-ATSM radioligand, in neurodegenerative disorders associated with mitochondrial dysfunction. Since reactive oxygen species are mostly generated by leakage of excess electrons from an over-reductive state due to mitochondrial respiratory chain impairment, PET with 62Cu-ATSM, the accumulation of which depends on an over-reductive state, is able to image oxidative stress. 62Cu-ATSM PET studies demonstrated enhanced oxidative stress in the disease-related brain regions of patients with mitochondrial disease, Parkinson’s disease, and amyotrophic lateral sclerosis. Furthermore, the magnitude of oxidative stress increased with disease severity, indicating that oxidative stress based on mitochondrial dysfunction contributes to promoting neurodegeneration in these diseases. Oxidative stress imaging has improved our insights into the pathological mechanisms of neurodegenerative disorders, and is a promising tool for monitoring further antioxidant therapies.
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31
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Laurell GL, Plavén-Sigray P, Jucaite A, Varrone A, Cosgrove KP, Svarer C, Knudsen GM, Ogden RT, Zanderigo F, Cervenka S, Hillmer AT, Schain M. Nondisplaceable Binding Is a Potential Confounding Factor in 11C-PBR28 Translocator Protein PET Studies. J Nucl Med 2020; 62:412-417. [PMID: 32680926 DOI: 10.2967/jnumed.120.243717] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/17/2020] [Accepted: 06/23/2020] [Indexed: 01/08/2023] Open
Abstract
The PET ligand 11C-PBR28 (N-((2-(methoxy-11C)-phenyl)methyl)-N-(6-phenoxy-3-pyridinyl)acetamide) binds to the 18-kDa translocator protein (TSPO), a biomarker of glia. In clinical studies of TSPO, the ligand total distribution volume, VT, is frequently the reported outcome measure. Since VT is the sum of the ligand-specific distribution volume (VS) and the nondisplaceable-binding distribution volume (VND), differences in VND across subjects and groups will have an impact on VT Methods: Here, we used a recently developed method for simultaneous estimation of VND (SIME) to disentangle contributions from VND and VS Data from 4 previously published 11C-PBR28 PET studies were included: before and after a lipopolysaccharide challenge (8 subjects), in alcohol use disorder (14 patients, 15 controls), in first-episode psychosis (16 patients, 16 controls), and in Parkinson disease (16 patients, 16 controls). In each dataset, regional VT estimates were obtained with a standard 2-tissue-compartment model, and brain-wide VND was estimated with SIME. VS was then calculated as VT - VND VND and VS were then compared across groups, within each dataset. Results: A lower VND was found for individuals with alcohol-use disorder (34%, P = 0.00084) and Parkinson disease (34%, P = 0.0032) than in their corresponding controls. We found no difference in VND between first-episode psychosis patients and their controls, and the administration of lipopolysaccharide did not change VND Conclusion: Our findings suggest that in TSPO PET studies, nondisplaceable binding can differ between patient groups and conditions and should therefore be considered.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gjertrud L Laurell
- Neurobiology Research Unit, Copenhagen University Hospital Rigshospitalet, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Pontus Plavén-Sigray
- Neurobiology Research Unit, Copenhagen University Hospital Rigshospitalet, Copenhagen, Denmark.,Centre for Psychiatry Research, Department of Clinical Neuroscience, Karolinska Institutet, and Stockholm Health Care Services, Region Stockholm, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Aurelija Jucaite
- Centre for Psychiatry Research, Department of Clinical Neuroscience, Karolinska Institutet, and Stockholm Health Care Services, Region Stockholm, Stockholm, Sweden.,PET Science Centre, Precision Medicine and Genomics, R&D, AstraZeneca, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Andrea Varrone
- Centre for Psychiatry Research, Department of Clinical Neuroscience, Karolinska Institutet, and Stockholm Health Care Services, Region Stockholm, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Kelly P Cosgrove
- PET Center, Department of Radiology and Biomedical Imaging, Yale University, New Haven, Connecticut.,Department of Psychiatry, Yale University, New Haven, Connecticut
| | - Claus Svarer
- Neurobiology Research Unit, Copenhagen University Hospital Rigshospitalet, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Gitte M Knudsen
- Neurobiology Research Unit, Copenhagen University Hospital Rigshospitalet, Copenhagen, Denmark.,Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | | | - R Todd Ogden
- Department of Biostatistics, Columbia University, New York, New York.,Molecular Imaging and Neuropathology Area, New York State Psychiatric Institute, New York, New York
| | - Francesca Zanderigo
- Department of Biostatistics, Columbia University, New York, New York.,Department of Psychiatry, Columbia University College of Physicians and Surgeons, New York, New York; and
| | - Simon Cervenka
- Centre for Psychiatry Research, Department of Clinical Neuroscience, Karolinska Institutet, and Stockholm Health Care Services, Region Stockholm, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Ansel T Hillmer
- PET Center, Department of Radiology and Biomedical Imaging, Yale University, New Haven, Connecticut.,Department of Psychiatry, Yale University, New Haven, Connecticut.,Department of Radiology and Biomedical Imaging, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, Connecticut
| | - Martin Schain
- Neurobiology Research Unit, Copenhagen University Hospital Rigshospitalet, Copenhagen, Denmark
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Belloli S, Morari M, Murtaj V, Valtorta S, Moresco RM, Gilardi MC. Translation Imaging in Parkinson's Disease: Focus on Neuroinflammation. Front Aging Neurosci 2020; 12:152. [PMID: 32581765 PMCID: PMC7289967 DOI: 10.3389/fnagi.2020.00152] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/18/2019] [Accepted: 05/06/2020] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Parkinson's disease (PD) is characterized by the loss of dopaminergic neurons in the substantia nigra pars compacta (SNpc) and the appearance of α-synuclein insoluble aggregates known as Lewy bodies. Neurodegeneration is accompanied by neuroinflammation mediated by cytokines and chemokines produced by the activated microglia. Several studies demonstrated that such an inflammatory process is an early event, and contributes to oxidative stress and mitochondrial dysfunctions. α-synuclein fibrillization and aggregation activate microglia and contribute to disease onset and progression. Mutations in different genes exacerbate the inflammatory phenotype in the monogenic compared to sporadic forms of PD. Positron Emission Tomography (PET) and Single Photon Emission Computed Tomography (SPECT) with selected radiopharmaceuticals allow in vivo imaging of molecular modifications in the brain of living subjects. Several publications showed a reduction of dopaminergic terminals and dopamine (DA) content in the basal ganglia, starting from the early stages of the disease. Moreover, non-dopaminergic neuronal pathways are also affected, as shown by in vivo studies with serotonergic and glutamatergic radiotracers. The role played by the immune system during illness progression could be investigated with PET ligands that target the microglia/macrophage Translocator protein (TSPO) receptor. These agents have been used in PD patients and rodent models, although often without attempting correlations with other molecular or functional parameters. For example, neurodegeneration and brain plasticity can be monitored using the metabolic marker 2-Deoxy-2-[18F]fluoroglucose ([18F]-FDG), while oxidative stress can be probed using the copper-labeled diacetyl-bis(N-methyl-thiosemicarbazone) ([Cu]-ATSM) radioligand, whose striatal-specific binding ratio in PD patients seems to correlate with a disease rating scale and motor scores. Also, structural and functional modifications during disease progression may be evaluated by Magnetic Resonance Imaging (MRI), using different parameters as iron content or cerebral volume. In this review article, we propose an overview of in vivo clinical and non-clinical imaging research on neuroinflammation as an emerging marker of early PD. We also discuss how multimodal-imaging approaches could provide more insights into the role of the inflammatory process and related events in PD development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sara Belloli
- Institute of Molecular Bioimaging and Physiology (IBFM), CNR, Milan, Italy.,Nuclear Medicine Department, San Raffaele Scientific Institute (IRCCS), Milan, Italy
| | - Michele Morari
- Section of Pharmacology, Department of Medical Sciences, National Institute for Neuroscience, University of Ferrara, Ferrara, Italy
| | - Valentina Murtaj
- Nuclear Medicine Department, San Raffaele Scientific Institute (IRCCS), Milan, Italy.,PhD Program in Neuroscience, School of Medicine and Surgery, University of Milano-Bicocca, Milan, Italy
| | - Silvia Valtorta
- Institute of Molecular Bioimaging and Physiology (IBFM), CNR, Milan, Italy.,Nuclear Medicine Department, San Raffaele Scientific Institute (IRCCS), Milan, Italy.,Medicine and Surgery Department, University of Milano-Bicocca, Milan, Italy
| | - Rosa Maria Moresco
- Institute of Molecular Bioimaging and Physiology (IBFM), CNR, Milan, Italy.,Nuclear Medicine Department, San Raffaele Scientific Institute (IRCCS), Milan, Italy.,Medicine and Surgery Department, University of Milano-Bicocca, Milan, Italy
| | - Maria Carla Gilardi
- Institute of Molecular Bioimaging and Physiology (IBFM), CNR, Milan, Italy.,Medicine and Surgery Department, University of Milano-Bicocca, Milan, Italy
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Tan EK, Chao YX, West A, Chan LL, Poewe W, Jankovic J. Parkinson disease and the immune system - associations, mechanisms and therapeutics. Nat Rev Neurol 2020; 16:303-318. [PMID: 32332985 DOI: 10.1038/s41582-020-0344-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 247] [Impact Index Per Article: 61.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 03/11/2020] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Multiple lines of evidence indicate that immune system dysfunction has a role in Parkinson disease (PD); this evidence includes clinical and genetic associations between autoimmune disease and PD, impaired cellular and humoral immune responses in PD, imaging evidence of inflammatory cell activation and evidence of immune dysregulation in experimental models of PD. However, the mechanisms that link the immune system with PD remain unclear, and the temporal relationships of innate and adaptive immune responses with neurodegeneration are unknown. Despite these challenges, our current knowledge provides opportunities to develop immune-targeted therapeutic strategies for testing in PD, and clinical studies of some approaches are under way. In this Review, we provide an overview of the clinical observations, preclinical experiments and clinical studies that provide evidence for involvement of the immune system in PD and that help to define the nature of this association. We consider autoimmune mechanisms, central and peripheral inflammatory mechanisms and immunogenetic factors. We also discuss the use of this knowledge to develop immune-based therapeutic approaches, including immunotherapy that targets α-synuclein and the targeting of immune mediators such as inflammasomes. We also consider future research and clinical trials necessary to maximize the potential of targeting the immune system.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eng-King Tan
- Department of Neurology, Singapore General Hospital, Singapore, Singapore.
- National Neuroscience Institute, Singapore, Singapore.
- Duke-NUS Medical School, Singapore, Singapore.
| | - Yin-Xia Chao
- Department of Neurology, Singapore General Hospital, Singapore, Singapore
- National Neuroscience Institute, Singapore, Singapore
- Duke-NUS Medical School, Singapore, Singapore
| | - Andrew West
- Duke Center for Neurodegeneration and Neurotherapeutics, Department of Pharmacology and Cancer Biology, Duke University, Durham, NC, USA
| | - Ling-Ling Chan
- Duke-NUS Medical School, Singapore, Singapore
- Department of Radiology, Singapore General Hospital, Singapore, Singapore
| | - Werner Poewe
- Department of Neurology, Medical University Innsbruck, Innsbruck, Austria
| | - Joseph Jankovic
- Parkinson's Disease Center and Movement Disorders Clinic, Department of Neurology, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX, USA
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Dimitrova-Shumkovska J, Krstanoski L, Veenman L. Diagnostic and Therapeutic Potential of TSPO Studies Regarding Neurodegenerative Diseases, Psychiatric Disorders, Alcohol Use Disorders, Traumatic Brain Injury, and Stroke: An Update. Cells 2020; 9:cells9040870. [PMID: 32252470 PMCID: PMC7226777 DOI: 10.3390/cells9040870] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/10/2020] [Revised: 03/29/2020] [Accepted: 03/30/2020] [Indexed: 02/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Neuroinflammation and cell death are among the common symptoms of many central nervous system diseases and injuries. Neuroinflammation and programmed cell death of the various cell types in the brain appear to be part of these disorders, and characteristic for each cell type, including neurons and glia cells. Concerning the effects of 18-kDa translocator protein (TSPO) on glial activation, as well as being associated with neuronal cell death, as a response mechanism to oxidative stress, the changes of its expression assayed with the aid of TSPO-specific positron emission tomography (PET) tracers' uptake could also offer evidence for following the pathogenesis of these disorders. This could potentially increase the number of diagnostic tests to accurately establish the stadium and development of the disease in question. Nonetheless, the differences in results regarding TSPO PET signals of first and second generations of tracers measured in patients with neurological disorders versus healthy controls indicate that we still have to understand more regarding TSPO characteristics. Expanding on investigations regarding the neuroprotective and healing effects of TSPO ligands could also contribute to a better understanding of the therapeutic potential of TSPO activity for brain damage due to brain injury and disease. Studies so far have directed attention to the effects on neurons and glia, and processes, such as death, inflammation, and regeneration. It is definitely worthwhile to drive such studies forward. From recent research it also appears that TSPO ligands, such as PK11195, Etifoxine, Emapunil, and 2-Cl-MGV-1, demonstrate the potential of targeting TSPO for treatments of brain diseases and disorders.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jasmina Dimitrova-Shumkovska
- Department of Experimental Biochemistry, Institute of Biology, Faculty of Natural Sciences and Mathematics, University Ss Cyril and Methodius, Arhimedova 3, P.O. Box 162, 1000 Skopje, Republic of North Macedonia;
- Correspondence: (J.D.-S.); (L.V.)
| | - Ljupcho Krstanoski
- Department of Experimental Biochemistry, Institute of Biology, Faculty of Natural Sciences and Mathematics, University Ss Cyril and Methodius, Arhimedova 3, P.O. Box 162, 1000 Skopje, Republic of North Macedonia;
| | - Leo Veenman
- Technion-Israel Institute of Technology, Faculty of Medicine, Rappaport Institute of Medical Research, 1 Efron Street, P.O. Box 9697, Haifa 31096, Israel
- Correspondence: (J.D.-S.); (L.V.)
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[18F]-DPA-714 PET as a specific in vivo marker of early microglial activation in a rat model of progressive dopaminergic degeneration. Eur J Nucl Med Mol Imaging 2020; 47:2602-2612. [DOI: 10.1007/s00259-020-04772-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/25/2019] [Accepted: 03/10/2020] [Indexed: 10/24/2022]
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Khatun A, Paterson RW, Schöll M. University College London/University of Gothenburg PhD course "Biomarkers in neurodegenerative diseases" 2019-course organisation. ALZHEIMERS RESEARCH & THERAPY 2020; 12:18. [PMID: 32019594 PMCID: PMC7001332 DOI: 10.1186/s13195-020-0583-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/24/2019] [Accepted: 01/13/2020] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
Abstract
Biomarkers are increasingly employed for effective research into neurodegenerative diseases. They have become essential for reaching an accurate clinical diagnosis, monitoring disease, and refining entry criteria for participation in clinical treatment trials, and will be key in measuring target engagement and treatment outcome in disease-modifying therapies. Emerging techniques and research combining different biomarker modalities continue to strengthen our understanding of the underlying pathology and the sequence of pathogenic events. Given recent advances, we are now at a pivotal stage in biomarker research. PhD students working in the field of neurodegenerative disease require a working knowledge of a range of biomarkers available and their limitations, to correctly interpret scientific literature and to design and conduct successful research studies themselves. Here, we outline the University College London/University of Gothenburg "Biomarkers in neurodegenerative diseases course", the first initiative of its kind aimed to bring together both experts and PhD students from all areas within the field of neurodegeneration, to provide comprehensive knowledge of biomarker research for the next generation of scientists.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ayesha Khatun
- Dementia Research Centre, Queen Square Institute of Neurology, University College London, London, UK
| | - Ross W Paterson
- Dementia Research Centre, Queen Square Institute of Neurology, University College London, London, UK
| | - Michael Schöll
- Dementia Research Centre, Queen Square Institute of Neurology, University College London, London, UK. .,Wallenberg Centre for Molecular and Translational Medicine and the Department of Psychiatry and Neurochemistry, University of Gothenburg, Gothenburg, Sweden. .,Department of Clinical Physiology, Sahlgrenska University Hospital, Gothenburg, Sweden.
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Kubota K, Ogawa M, Ji B, Watabe T, Zhang MR, Suzuki H, Sawada M, Nishi K, Kudo T. Basic Science of PET Imaging for Inflammatory Diseases. PET/CT FOR INFLAMMATORY DISEASES 2020. [PMCID: PMC7418531 DOI: 10.1007/978-981-15-0810-3_1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/31/2022]
Abstract
FDG-PET/CT has recently emerged as a useful tool for the evaluation of inflammatory diseases too, in addition to that of malignant diseases. The imaging is based on active glucose utilization by inflammatory tissue. Autoradiography studies have demonstrated high FDG uptake in macrophages, granulocytes, fibroblasts, and granulation tissue. Especially, activated macrophages are responsible for the elevated FDG uptake in some types of inflammation. According to one study, after activation by lipopolysaccharide of cultured macrophages, the [14C]2DG uptake by the cells doubled, reaching the level seen in glioblastoma cells. In activated macrophages, increase in the expression of total GLUT1 and redistributions from the intracellular compartments toward the cell surface have been reported. In one rheumatoid arthritis model, following stimulation by hypoxia or TNF-α, the highest elevation of the [3H]FDG uptake was observed in the fibroblasts, followed by that in macrophages and neutrophils. As the fundamental mechanism of elevated glucose uptake in both cancer cells and inflammatory cells, activation of glucose metabolism as an adaptive response to a hypoxic environment has been reported, with transcription factor HIF-1α playing a key role. Inflammatory cells and cancer cells seem to share the same molecular mechanism of elevated glucose metabolism, lending support to the notion of usefulness of FDGPET/CT for the evaluation of inflammatory diseases, besides cancer.
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Wu CY, Chen YY, Lin JJ, Li JP, Chen JK, Hsieh TC, Kao CH. Development of a novel radioligand for imaging 18-kD translocator protein (TSPO) in a rat model of Parkinson's disease. BMC Med Imaging 2019; 19:78. [PMID: 31533645 PMCID: PMC6751751 DOI: 10.1186/s12880-019-0375-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/25/2019] [Accepted: 08/18/2019] [Indexed: 01/24/2023] Open
Abstract
Purpose The inflammation reaction in the brain may stimulate damage repair or possibly lead to secondary brain injury. It is often associated with activated microglia, which would overexpress 18-kDa translocator protein (TSPO). In this study, we successfully developed a new TSPO radioligand, [18F]-2-(4-fluoro-2-(p-tolyloxy)phenyl)-1,2-dihydroisoquinolin-3(4H)-one ([18F]FTPQ), and evaluate its potential to noninvasively detect brain changes in a rat model of Parkinson’s disease (PD). Procedures The precursor (8) for [18F]FTPQ preparation was synthesized via six steps. Radiofluorination was carried out in the presence of a copper catalyst, and the crude product was purified by high-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) to give the desired [18F]FTPQ. The rat model of PD was established by the injection of 6-OHDA into the right hemisphere of male 8-week-old Sprague-Dawley rats. MicroPET/CT imaging and immunohistochemistry (IHC) were performed to characterize the biological properties of [18F]FTPQ. Results The overall chemical yield for the precursor (8) was around 14% after multi-step synthesis. The radiofluorination efficiency of [18F]FTPQ was 60 ± 5%. After HPLC purification, the radiochemical purity was higher than 98%. The overall radiochemical yield was approximately 19%. The microPET/CT images demonstrated apparent striatum accumulation in the brains of PD rats at the first 30 min after intravenous injection of [18F]FTPQ. Besides, longitudinal imaging found the uptake of [18F]FTPQ in the brain may reflect the severity of PD. The radioactivity accumulated in the ipsilateral hemisphere of PD rats at 1, 2, and 3 weeks after 6-OHDA administration was 1.84 ± 0.26, 3.43 ± 0.45, and 5.58 ± 0.72%ID/mL, respectively. IHC revealed that an accumulation of microglia/macrophages and astrocytes in the 6-OHDA-injected hemisphere. Conclusions In this study, we have successfully synthesized [18F]FTPQ with acceptable radiochemical yield and demonstrated the feasibility of [18F]FTPQ as a TSPO radioligand for the noninvasive monitoring the disease progression of PD. Electronic supplementary material The online version of this article (10.1186/s12880-019-0375-8) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chun-Yi Wu
- Department of Biomedical Imaging and Radiological Science, China Medical University, No.91, Hsueh-Shih Road, Taichung, Taiwan, 40402.,Master Program for Biomedical Engineering, China Medical University, No.91, Hsueh-Shih Road, Taichung, Taiwan, 40402
| | - Yang-Yi Chen
- Department of Biomedical Imaging and Radiological Sciences, National Yang-Ming University, No.155, Sec.2, Linong Street, Taipei, Taiwan, 11221
| | - Jia-Jia Lin
- Department of Biomedical Imaging and Radiological Science, China Medical University, No.91, Hsueh-Shih Road, Taichung, Taiwan, 40402
| | - Jui-Ping Li
- Institute of Biomedical Engineering and Nanomedicine, National Health Research Institutes, 35 Keyan Road, Zhunan, Miaoli County, Taiwan, 35053
| | - Jen-Kun Chen
- Institute of Biomedical Engineering and Nanomedicine, National Health Research Institutes, 35 Keyan Road, Zhunan, Miaoli County, Taiwan, 35053
| | - Te-Chun Hsieh
- Department of Biomedical Imaging and Radiological Science, China Medical University, No.91, Hsueh-Shih Road, Taichung, Taiwan, 40402. .,Graduate Institute of Biomedical Sciences and School of Medicine, College of Medicine, China Medical University, No.91, Hsueh-Shih Road, Taichung, Taiwan, 40402.
| | - Chia-Hung Kao
- Graduate Institute of Biomedical Sciences and School of Medicine, College of Medicine, China Medical University, No.91, Hsueh-Shih Road, Taichung, Taiwan, 40402. .,Department of Nuclear Medicine and PET Center, and Center of Augmented Intelligence in Healthcare, China Medical University Hospital, No. 2, Yude Road, North District, Taichung City, Taiwan, 40447. .,Department of Bioinformatics and Medical Engineering, Asia University, 500, Lioufeng Rd., Wufeng, Taichung, Taiwan, 41354.
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Nicastro N, Surendranathan A, Mak E, Rowe JB, O'Brien JT. 11 C-PK11195 PET imaging and white matter changes in Parkinson's disease dementia. Ann Clin Transl Neurol 2019; 6:2133-2136. [PMID: 31507085 PMCID: PMC6801158 DOI: 10.1002/acn3.50877] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/24/2019] [Revised: 08/02/2019] [Accepted: 08/08/2019] [Indexed: 01/16/2023] Open
Abstract
There is evidence of increased microglial activation in Parkinson’s disease (PD) as shown by in vivo PET ligand such as 11C‐PK11195. In addition, diffusion tensor imaging (DTI) imaging reveals widespread changes in PD, especially when the associated dementia develops. In the present case series, we studied five subjects with Parkinson’s disease dementia (PDD). Our findings suggest that while DTI metrics mirror cognitive severity, higher 11C‐PK11195 binding seems to be associated with a relative preservation of both white matter tracts and cognition. Longitudinal studies are warranted to tackle the complex relationship between microglial activation and structural abnormalities in neurodegenerative conditions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nicolas Nicastro
- Department of Psychiatry, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, United Kingdom.,Department of Clinical Neurosciences, Geneva University Hospitals, Geneva, Switzerland
| | | | - Elijah Mak
- Department of Psychiatry, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, United Kingdom
| | - James B Rowe
- Department of Clinical Neurosciences, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, United Kingdom
| | - John T O'Brien
- Department of Psychiatry, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, United Kingdom
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Crabbé M, Van der Perren A, Kounelis S, Lavreys T, Bormans G, Baekelandt V, Casteels C, Van Laere K. Temporal changes in neuroinflammation and brain glucose metabolism in a rat model of viral vector-induced α-synucleinopathy. Exp Neurol 2019; 320:112964. [PMID: 31136763 DOI: 10.1016/j.expneurol.2019.112964] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/14/2019] [Revised: 05/09/2019] [Accepted: 05/22/2019] [Indexed: 02/04/2023]
Abstract
Rat models based on viral vector-mediated overexpression of α-synuclein are regarded as highly valuable models that closely mimic cardinal features of human Parkinson's disease (PD) such as L-DOPA-dependent motor impairment, dopaminergic neurodegeneration and α-synuclein inclusions. To date, the downstream effects of dopaminergic cell loss on brain glucose metabolism, including the neuroinflammation component, have not been phenotyped in detail for this model. Cerebral glucose metabolism was monitored throughout different stages of the disease using in vivo 2-[18F]-fluoro-2-deoxy-d-glucose ([18F]FDG) positron emission tomography (PET) and was combined with in vitro [18F]DPA-714 autoradiography to assess concomitant inflammation. Rats were unilaterally injected with recombinant adeno-associated viral vector serotype 2/7 (rAAV2/7) encoding either A53T α-synuclein or eGFP. Brain [18F]FDG microPET was performed at baseline, 1, 2, 3, 4, 6, and 9 weeks post-surgery, in combination with behavioral tests. As a second experiment, [18F]DPA-714 autoradiography was executed across the same timeline. Voxel-based analysis of relative [18F]FDG uptake showed a dynamic pattern of PD-related metabolic changes throughout the disease progression (weeks 2-9). Glucose hypermetabolism covering a large bilateral area reaching from the insular, motor- and somatosensory cortex to the striatum was observed at week 2. At week 4, hypermetabolism presented in a cluster covering the ipsilateral nigra-thalamic region, whereas hypometabolism was noted in the ipsilateral striatum at week 6. Elevated [18F]FDG uptake was seen in a cluster extending across the contralateral striatum, motor- and somatosensory cortex at week 9. Increased [18F]FDG in the region of the substantia nigra was associated with increased [18F]DPA-714 binding, and correlated significantly with motor symptoms. These findings point to disease-associated metabolic and neuroinflammatory changes taking place in the primary area of dopaminergic neurodegeneration but also closely interconnected motor and somatosensory brain regions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Melissa Crabbé
- Nuclear Medicine and Molecular Imaging, Department of Imaging and Pathology, KU Leuven, University Hospitals Leuven, Leuven, Belgium; MoSAIC - Molecular Small Animal Imaging Centre, KU Leuven, Leuven, Belgium.
| | - Anke Van der Perren
- Laboratory for Neurobiology and Gene Therapy, Department of Neurosciences, KU Leuven, Leuven, Belgium; Leuven Viral Vector Core, KU Leuven, Leuven, Belgium
| | - Savannah Kounelis
- Nuclear Medicine and Molecular Imaging, Department of Imaging and Pathology, KU Leuven, University Hospitals Leuven, Leuven, Belgium; MoSAIC - Molecular Small Animal Imaging Centre, KU Leuven, Leuven, Belgium
| | - Thomas Lavreys
- Nuclear Medicine and Molecular Imaging, Department of Imaging and Pathology, KU Leuven, University Hospitals Leuven, Leuven, Belgium; MoSAIC - Molecular Small Animal Imaging Centre, KU Leuven, Leuven, Belgium
| | - Guy Bormans
- Radiopharmaceutical Research, Department of Pharmaceutical and Pharmacological Sciences, KU Leuven, Leuven, Belgium
| | - Veerle Baekelandt
- MoSAIC - Molecular Small Animal Imaging Centre, KU Leuven, Leuven, Belgium; Laboratory for Neurobiology and Gene Therapy, Department of Neurosciences, KU Leuven, Leuven, Belgium; Leuven Viral Vector Core, KU Leuven, Leuven, Belgium
| | - Cindy Casteels
- Nuclear Medicine and Molecular Imaging, Department of Imaging and Pathology, KU Leuven, University Hospitals Leuven, Leuven, Belgium; MoSAIC - Molecular Small Animal Imaging Centre, KU Leuven, Leuven, Belgium
| | - Koen Van Laere
- Nuclear Medicine and Molecular Imaging, Department of Imaging and Pathology, KU Leuven, University Hospitals Leuven, Leuven, Belgium; MoSAIC - Molecular Small Animal Imaging Centre, KU Leuven, Leuven, Belgium
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Fuzzati-Armentero MT, Cerri S, Blandini F. Peripheral-Central Neuroimmune Crosstalk in Parkinson's Disease: What Do Patients and Animal Models Tell Us? Front Neurol 2019; 10:232. [PMID: 30941089 PMCID: PMC6433876 DOI: 10.3389/fneur.2019.00232] [Citation(s) in RCA: 49] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/08/2018] [Accepted: 02/22/2019] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
The brain is no longer considered an immune privileged organ and neuroinflammation has long been associated with Parkinson's disease. Accumulating evidence demonstrates that innate and adaptive responses take place in the CNS. The extent to which peripheral immune alterations impacts on the CNS, or vice and versa, is, however, still a matter of debate. Gaining a better knowledge of the molecular and cellular immune dysfunctions present in these two compartments and clarifying their mutual interactions is a fundamental step in understanding and preventing Parkinson's disease (PD) pathogenesis. This review provides an overview of the current knowledge on inflammatory processes evidenced both in PD patients and in toxin-induced animal models of the disease. It discusses differences and similarities between human and animal studies in the context of neuroinflammation and immune responses and how they have guided therapeutic strategies to slow down disease progression. Future longitudinal studies are necessary and can help gain a better understanding on peripheral-central nervous system crosstalk to improve therapeutic strategies for PD.
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