1
|
Tseng YH, Lin HP, Lin SY, Chen BM, Vo TNN, Yang SH, Lin YC, Prijovic Z, Czosseck A, Leu YL, Roffler SR. Engineering stable and non-immunogenic immunoenzymes for cancer therapy via in situ generated prodrugs. J Control Release 2024; 369:179-198. [PMID: 38368947 DOI: 10.1016/j.jconrel.2024.02.026] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/06/2023] [Revised: 02/15/2024] [Accepted: 02/15/2024] [Indexed: 02/20/2024]
Abstract
Engineering human enzymes for therapeutic applications is attractive but introducing new amino acids may adversely affect enzyme stability and immunogenicity. Here we used a mammalian membrane-tethered screening system (ECSTASY) to evolve human lysosomal beta-glucuronidase (hBG) to hydrolyze a glucuronide metabolite (SN-38G) of the anticancer drug irinotecan (CPT-11). Three human beta-glucuronidase variants (hBG3, hBG10 and hBG19) with 3, 10 and 19 amino acid substitutions were identified that display up to 40-fold enhanced enzymatic activity, higher stability than E. coli beta-glucuronidase in human serum, and similar pharmacokinetics in mice as wild-type hBG. The hBG variants were two to three orders of magnitude less immunogenic than E. coli beta-glucuronidase in hBG transgenic mice. Intravenous administration of an immunoenzyme (hcc49-hBG10) targeting a sialyl-Tn tumor-associated antigen to mice bearing human colon xenografts significantly enhanced the anticancer activity of CPT-11 as measured by tumor suppression and mouse survival. Our results suggest that genetically-modified human enzymes represent a good alternative to microbially-derived enzymes for therapeutic applications.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Yi-Han Tseng
- Institute of Biomedical Sciences, Academia Sinica, Taipei 11529, Taiwan
| | - Hsuan-Pei Lin
- Institute of Biomedical Sciences, Academia Sinica, Taipei 11529, Taiwan
| | - Sung-Yao Lin
- Institute of Biomedical Sciences, Academia Sinica, Taipei 11529, Taiwan
| | - Bing-Mae Chen
- Institute of Biomedical Sciences, Academia Sinica, Taipei 11529, Taiwan
| | | | - Shih-Hung Yang
- Institute of Biomedical Sciences, Academia Sinica, Taipei 11529, Taiwan
| | - Yi-Chen Lin
- Institute of Biomedical Sciences, Academia Sinica, Taipei 11529, Taiwan
| | - Zeljko Prijovic
- Vinča Institute of Nuclear Sciences - National Institute of the Republic of Serbia, University of Belgrade, Belgrade 11001, Serbia
| | - Andreas Czosseck
- Institute of Biomedical Sciences, Academia Sinica, Taipei 11529, Taiwan
| | - Yu-Lin Leu
- Department of Pharmacy, Chia Nan University of Pharmacy and Science, Tainan 71710, Taiwan
| | - Steve R Roffler
- Institute of Biomedical Sciences, Academia Sinica, Taipei 11529, Taiwan; Graduate Institute of Medicine, College of Medicine, Kaohsiung Medical University, Kaohsiung 80708, Taiwan.
| |
Collapse
|
2
|
Lin YC, Chen BM, Tran TTM, Chang TC, Al-Qaisi TS, Roffler SR. Accelerated clearance by antibodies against methoxy PEG depends on pegylation architecture. J Control Release 2023; 354:354-367. [PMID: 36641121 DOI: 10.1016/j.jconrel.2023.01.021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/22/2022] [Revised: 01/07/2023] [Accepted: 01/08/2023] [Indexed: 01/16/2023]
Abstract
Methoxy polyethylene glycol (mPEG) is attached to many proteins, peptides, nucleic acids and nanomedicines to improve their biocompatibility. Antibodies that bind PEG are present in many individuals and can be generated upon administration of pegylated therapeutics. Anti-PEG antibodies that bind to the PEG "backbone" can accelerate drug clearance and detrimentally affect drug activity and safety, but no studies have examined how anti-methoxy PEG (mPEG) antibodies, which selectively bind the terminus of mPEG, affect pegylated drugs. Here, we investigated how defined IgG and IgM monoclonal antibodies specific to the PEG backbone (anti-PEG) or terminal methoxy group (anti-mPEG) affect pegylated liposomes or proteins with a single PEG chain, a single branched PEG chain, or multiple PEG chains. Large immune complexes can be formed between all pegylated compounds and anti-PEG antibodies but only pegylated liposomes formed large immune complexes with anti-mPEG antibodies. Both anti-PEG IgG and IgM antibodies accelerated the clearance of all pegylated compounds but anti-mPEG antibodies did not accelerate clearance of proteins with a single or branched PEG molecule. Pegylated liposomes were primarily taken up by Kupffer cells in the liver, but both anti-PEG and anti-mPEG antibodies directed uptake of a heavily pegylated protein to liver sinusoidal endothelial cells. Our results demonstrate that in contrast to anti-PEG antibodies, immune complex formation and drug clearance induced by anti-mPEG antibodies depends on pegylation architecture; compounds with a single or branched PEG molecule are unaffected by anti-mPEG antibodies but are increasingly affected as the number of PEG chain in a structure increases.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Yi-Chen Lin
- Graduate Institute of Life Sciences, National Defense Medical Center, Taipei, Taiwan; Institute of Biomedical Sciences, Academia Sinica, Taipei 11529, Taiwan
| | - Bing-Mae Chen
- Institute of Biomedical Sciences, Academia Sinica, Taipei 11529, Taiwan
| | - Trieu Thi My Tran
- Institute of Biomedical Sciences, Academia Sinica, Taipei 11529, Taiwan
| | - Tien-Ching Chang
- Institute of Biomedical Sciences, Academia Sinica, Taipei 11529, Taiwan
| | - Talal Salem Al-Qaisi
- Department of Medical Laboratory Sciences, Pharmacological and Diagnostic Research Centre, Faculty of Allied Medical Sciences, Al-Ahliyya Amman University, Amman 19328, Jordan
| | - Steve R Roffler
- Graduate Institute of Life Sciences, National Defense Medical Center, Taipei, Taiwan; Institute of Biomedical Sciences, Academia Sinica, Taipei 11529, Taiwan; Graduate Institute of Medicine, College of Medicine, Kaohsiung Medical University, Kaohsiung 80708, Taiwan.
| |
Collapse
|
3
|
šure V, Etrych T, Ulbrich K, Hirano T, Kondo T, Todoroki T, Jelínková M, Říhová B. Synthesis and Properties of Poly[N-(2-Hydroxypropyl) Methacrylamide] Conjugates of Superoxide Dismutase. J BIOACT COMPAT POL 2016. [DOI: 10.1106/088391102024442] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/14/2022]
Abstract
The synthesis of N-(2-hydroxypropyl)methacrylamide (HPMA) copolymers and semi-telechelic polymers (PHPMA) conjugates superoxide dismutase (SOD) is described. The polymer was conjugated with SOD by means ofnondegradable or degradable oligopeptide spacers randomly distributed along the polymer backbone. A second type ofconjugation, to a semi-telechelic polymer, poly(HPMA), (PHPMA) containing reactive chain end groups, with the SOD amino groups formed star structures. Physicochemical properties of the conjugates, such as temperature stability and stability to oxidation with hydrogen peroxide, were studied and compared to native SOD; an increase in temperature stability by the conjugates and an increase in stability towards oxidation with hydrogen peroxide was observed. The in vivo biological evaluation of PHPMA–SOD conjugates showed a significant decrease in immunogenicity compared to free SOD. A preliminary in vivo study of ischemic/reperfusion injury, revealed significantly more pronounced protective effects by PHPMA–SOD conjugates in comparison with the free SOD.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
| | - Tomáš Etrych
- Institute of Macromolecular Chemistry, Academy of Sciences of the Czech Republic, Heyrovský Sq. 2, 162 06 Prague 6, Czech Republic
| | - Karel Ulbrich
- Institute of Macromolecular Chemistry, Academy of Sciences of the Czech Republic, Heyrovský Sq. 2, 162 06 Prague 6, Czech Republic
| | - Takashi Hirano
- Institute of Molecular and Cell Biology, National Institute of Advanced Industrial Science and Technology, Tsukuba-Higashi 1-1-1 305-8566 Japan
| | | | - Takeshi Todoroki
- Institute of Clinical Medicine, University of Tsukuba, 305-8575 Tsukuba, Japan
| | | | - Blanka Říhová
- Institute of Microbiology, Academy of Sciences of the Czech Republic, Vídeňská 1083, 14220 Prague 4, Czech Republic
| |
Collapse
|
4
|
Prijovich ZM, Burnouf PA, Chou HC, Huang PT, Chen KC, Cheng TL, Leu YL, Roffler SR. Synthesis and Antitumor Properties of BQC-Glucuronide, a Camptothecin Prodrug for Selective Tumor Activation. Mol Pharm 2016; 13:1242-50. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.molpharmaceut.5b00771] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Affiliation(s)
| | - Pierre-Alain Burnouf
- Institute
of Biomedical Sciences, Academia Sinica, Taipei 11529, Taiwan
- Taiwan
International Graduate Program in Molecular Medicine, National Yang-Ming University and Academia Sinica, Taipei, Taiwan
| | | | - Ping-Ting Huang
- Institute
of Biomedical Sciences, Academia Sinica, Taipei 11529, Taiwan
| | - Kai-Chuan Chen
- Institute
of Biomedical Sciences, Academia Sinica, Taipei 11529, Taiwan
| | - Tian-Lu Cheng
- Faculty
of Biomedical Science and Environmental Biology, Kaohsiung Medical University, Kaohsiung 80708, Taiwan
| | - Yu-Lin Leu
- Chia Nan University, Tainan 71710, Taiwan
| | - Steve R. Roffler
- Institute
of Biomedical Sciences, Academia Sinica, Taipei 11529, Taiwan
| |
Collapse
|
5
|
Chinen AB, Guan CM, Ferrer JR, Barnaby SN, Merkel TJ, Mirkin CA. Nanoparticle Probes for the Detection of Cancer Biomarkers, Cells, and Tissues by Fluorescence. Chem Rev 2015; 115:10530-74. [PMID: 26313138 DOI: 10.1021/acs.chemrev.5b00321] [Citation(s) in RCA: 610] [Impact Index Per Article: 67.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Alyssa B Chinen
- Department of Chemistry, ‡Department of Chemical Engineering, §Department of Interdepartmental Biological Sciences, and ∥International Institute for Nanotechnology, Northwestern University , 2145 Sheridan Road, Evanston, Illinois 60208, United States
| | - Chenxia M Guan
- Department of Chemistry, ‡Department of Chemical Engineering, §Department of Interdepartmental Biological Sciences, and ∥International Institute for Nanotechnology, Northwestern University , 2145 Sheridan Road, Evanston, Illinois 60208, United States
| | - Jennifer R Ferrer
- Department of Chemistry, ‡Department of Chemical Engineering, §Department of Interdepartmental Biological Sciences, and ∥International Institute for Nanotechnology, Northwestern University , 2145 Sheridan Road, Evanston, Illinois 60208, United States
| | - Stacey N Barnaby
- Department of Chemistry, ‡Department of Chemical Engineering, §Department of Interdepartmental Biological Sciences, and ∥International Institute for Nanotechnology, Northwestern University , 2145 Sheridan Road, Evanston, Illinois 60208, United States
| | - Timothy J Merkel
- Department of Chemistry, ‡Department of Chemical Engineering, §Department of Interdepartmental Biological Sciences, and ∥International Institute for Nanotechnology, Northwestern University , 2145 Sheridan Road, Evanston, Illinois 60208, United States
| | - Chad A Mirkin
- Department of Chemistry, ‡Department of Chemical Engineering, §Department of Interdepartmental Biological Sciences, and ∥International Institute for Nanotechnology, Northwestern University , 2145 Sheridan Road, Evanston, Illinois 60208, United States
| |
Collapse
|
6
|
Discovery of specific inhibitors for intestinal E. coli β-glucuronidase through in silico virtual screening. ScientificWorldJournal 2015; 2015:740815. [PMID: 25839056 PMCID: PMC4370192 DOI: 10.1155/2015/740815] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/15/2014] [Accepted: 08/27/2014] [Indexed: 12/27/2022] Open
Abstract
Glucuronidation is a major metabolism process of detoxification for carcinogens, 4-(methylnitrosamino)-1-(3-pyridy)-1-butanone (NNK) and 1,2-dimethylhydrazine (DMH), of reactive oxygen species (ROS). However, intestinal E. coli
β-glucuronidase (eβG) has been considered pivotal to colorectal carcinogenesis. Specific inhibition of eβG may prevent reactivating the glucuronide-carcinogen and protect the intestine from ROS-mediated carcinogenesis. In order to develop specific eβG inhibitors, we found that 59 candidate compounds obtained from the initial virtual screening had high inhibition specificity against eβG but not human βG. In particular, we found that compounds 7145 and 4041 with naphthalenylidene-benzenesulfonamide (NYBS) are highly effective and selective to inhibit eβG activity. Compound 4041 (IC50 = 2.8 μM) shows a higher inhibiting ability than compound 7145 (IC50 = 31.6 μM) against eβG. Furthermore, the molecular docking analysis indicates that compound 4041 has two hydrophobic contacts to residues L361 and I363 in the bacterial loop, but 7145 has one contact to L361. Only compound 4041 can bind to key residue (E413) at active site of eβG via hydrogen-bonding interactions. These novel NYBS-based eβG specific inhibitors may provide as novel candidate compounds, which specifically inhibit eβG to reduce eβG-based carcinogenesis and intestinal injury.
Collapse
|
7
|
Hsieh YT, Chen KC, Cheng CM, Cheng TL, Tao MH, Roffler SR. Impediments to enhancement of CPT-11 anticancer activity by E. coli directed beta-glucuronidase therapy. PLoS One 2015; 10:e0118028. [PMID: 25688562 PMCID: PMC4331512 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0118028] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/18/2014] [Accepted: 01/05/2015] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
CPT-11 is a camptothecin analog used for the clinical treatment of colorectal adenocarcinoma. CPT-11 is converted into the therapeutic anti-cancer agent SN-38 by liver enzymes and can be further metabolized to a non-toxic glucuronide SN-38G, resulting in low SN-38 but high SN-38G concentrations in the circulation. We previously demonstrated that adenoviral expression of membrane-anchored beta-glucuronidase could promote conversion of SN-38G to SN-38 in tumors and increase the anticancer activity of CPT-11. Here, we identified impediments to effective tumor therapy with E. coli that were engineered to constitutively express highly active E. coli beta-glucuronidase intracellularly to enhance the anticancer activity of CPT-11. The engineered bacteria, E. coli (lux/βG), could hydrolyze SN-38G to SN-38, increased the sensitivity of cultured tumor cells to SN-38G by about 100 fold and selectively accumulated in tumors. However, E. coli (lux/βG) did not more effectively increase CPT-11 anticancer activity in human tumor xenografts as compared to non-engineered E. coli. SN-38G conversion to SN-38 by E. coli (lux/βG) appeared to be limited by slow uptake into bacteria as well as by segregation of E. coli in necrotic regions of tumors that may be relatively inaccessible to systemically-administered drug molecules. Studies using a fluorescent glucuronide probe showed that significantly greater glucuronide hydrolysis could be achieved in mice pretreated with E. coli (lux/βG) by direct intratumoral injection of the glucuronide probe or by intratumoral lysis of bacteria to release intracellular beta-glucuronidase. Our study suggests that the distribution of beta-glucuronidase, and possibly other therapeutic proteins, in the tumor microenvironment might be an important barrier for effective bacterial-based tumor therapy. Expression of secreted therapeutic proteins or induction of therapeutic protein release from bacteria might therefore be a promising strategy to enhance anti-tumor activity.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Yuan-Ting Hsieh
- Institute of Microbiology and Immunology, National Yang-Ming University, Taipei, Taiwan
- Institute of Biomedical Sciences, Academia Sinica, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Kai-Chuan Chen
- Institute of Biomedical Sciences, Academia Sinica, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Chiu-Min Cheng
- Department of Aquaculture, National Kaohsiung Marine University, Kaohsiung, Taiwan
| | - Tian-Lu Cheng
- Department of Biomedical Science and Environmental Biology, Kaohsiung Medical University, Kaohsiung, Taiwan
| | - Mi-Hua Tao
- Institute of Biomedical Sciences, Academia Sinica, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Steve R. Roffler
- Institute of Biomedical Sciences, Academia Sinica, Taipei, Taiwan
- * E-mail:
| |
Collapse
|
8
|
Yi X, Yuan D, Farr SA, Banks WA, Poon CD, Kabanov AV. Pluronic modified leptin with increased systemic circulation, brain uptake and efficacy for treatment of obesity. J Control Release 2014; 191:34-46. [PMID: 24881856 DOI: 10.1016/j.jconrel.2014.05.044] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/25/2014] [Revised: 05/12/2014] [Accepted: 05/21/2014] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
Modification of hydrophilic proteins with amphiphilic block copolymers capable of crossing cell membranes is a new strategy to improve protein delivery to the brain. Leptin, a candidate for the treatment of epidemic obesity, has failed in part because of impairment in its transport across the blood-brain barrier (BBB) that develops with obesity. We posit that modification of leptin with poly(ethylene oxide)-b-poly(propylene oxide)-b-poly(ethylene oxide), Pluronic P85 (P85) might permit this protein to penetrate the BBB independently of its transporter, thereby overcoming peripheral leptin resistance. Here we report that peripherally administered leptin-P85 conjugates exhibit biological activity by reducing food intake in mouse models of obesity (ob/ob, and diet-induced obese mouse). We further generated two new leptin-P85 conjugates: one, Lep(ss)-P85(L), containing one P85 chain and another, Lep(ss)-P85(H), containing multiple P85 chains. We report data on their purification, analytical characterization, peripheral and brain pharmacokinetics (PK). Lep(ss)-P85(L) crosses the BBB using the leptin transporter, and exhibits improved peripheral PK along with increased accumulation in the brain compared to unmodified leptin. Lep(ss)-P85(H) also has improved peripheral PK but in a striking difference to the first conjugate penetrates the BBB independently of the leptin transporter via a non-saturable mechanism. The results demonstrate that leptin analogs can be developed through chemical modification of the native leptin with P85 to overcome leptin resistance at the level of the BBB, thus improving the potential for the treatment of obesity.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Xiang Yi
- Center for Nanotechnology in Drug Delivery and Division of Molecular Pharmaceutics, Eshelman School of Pharmacy, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC 27599, USA.
| | - Dongfen Yuan
- Center for Nanotechnology in Drug Delivery and Division of Molecular Pharmaceutics, Eshelman School of Pharmacy, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC 27599, USA
| | - Susan A Farr
- Research and Development, VA Medical Center and Division of Geriatrics, St. Louis University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MI, USA
| | - William A Banks
- Geriatric Research, Education, and Clinical Center, Veterans Affairs Puget Sound Health Care System, Seattle, WA 98108, USA; Division of Gerontology and Geriatric Medicine, Department of Medicine, University of Washington School of Medicine, Seattle, WA 98108, USA
| | - Chi-Duen Poon
- Research Computer Center, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC 27599, USA
| | - Alexander V Kabanov
- Center for Nanotechnology in Drug Delivery and Division of Molecular Pharmaceutics, Eshelman School of Pharmacy, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC 27599, USA; Faculty of Chemistry, M.V. Lomonosov Moscow State University, 119899 Moscow, Russia.
| |
Collapse
|
9
|
Asano S, Gavrilyuk J, Burton DR, Barbas CF. Preparation and activities of macromolecule conjugates of the CCR5 antagonist Maraviroc. ACS Med Chem Lett 2014; 5:133-137. [PMID: 24563723 DOI: 10.1021/ml400370w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/13/2023] Open
Abstract
CCR5 antagonists are among the most advanced approaches in HIV therapy and may also be relevant to treatment of graft-versus-host disease and Staphylococcus aureus infection. To expand the potential of the only approved CCR5 antagonist, Maraviroc, we studied derivatives that would enable functional linkage of Maraviroc to long-lived carriers. Through targeted synthesis, we discovered an effective linkage site on Maraviroc and demonstrate the potential of these derivatives to prepare potent chemically programmed antibodies and PEGylated derivatives. The resulting compounds effectively neutralized a variety of HIV-1 isolates. Both chemically programmed antibody and PEGylation approaches extend the neutralization activity of serum circulating Maraviroc. Derivation of a successful conjugation strategy for Maraviroc should further enable its use in chemically programmed vaccines, novel bispecific antibodies, and topical microbicides.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Shigehiro Asano
- Departments
of Chemistry and Cell and Molecular Biology, The Skaggs Institute
for Chemical Biology, The Scripps Research Institute, 10550 North
Torrey Pines Road, La Jolla, California 92037, United States
| | - Julia Gavrilyuk
- Departments
of Chemistry and Cell and Molecular Biology, The Skaggs Institute
for Chemical Biology, The Scripps Research Institute, 10550 North
Torrey Pines Road, La Jolla, California 92037, United States
| | - Dennis R. Burton
- Department
of Immunology and Microbial Science, The Scripps Research Institute, 10550 North Torrey Pines Road, La Jolla, California 92037, United States
| | - Carlos F. Barbas
- Departments
of Chemistry and Cell and Molecular Biology, The Skaggs Institute
for Chemical Biology, The Scripps Research Institute, 10550 North
Torrey Pines Road, La Jolla, California 92037, United States
| |
Collapse
|
10
|
Chen KC, Schmuck K, Tietze LF, Roffler SR. Selective cancer therapy by extracellular activation of a highly potent glycosidic duocarmycin analogue. Mol Pharm 2013; 10:1773-82. [PMID: 23448264 DOI: 10.1021/mp300581u] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
Conventional cancer chemotherapy is limited by systemic toxicity and poor selectivity. Tumor-selective activation of glucuronide prodrugs by beta-glucuronidase in the tumor microenvironment in a monotherapeutic approach is one promising way to increase cancer selectivity. Here we examined the cellular requirement for enzymatic activation as well as the in vivo toxicity and antitumor activity of a glucuronide prodrug of a potent duocarmycin analogue that is active at low picomolar concentrations. Prodrug activation by intracellular and extracellular beta-glucuronidase was investigated by measuring prodrug 2 cytotoxicity against human cancer cell lines that displayed different endogenous levels of beta-glucuronidase, as well as against beta-glucuronidase-deficient fibroblasts and newly established beta-glucuronidase knockdown cancer lines. In all cases, glucuronide prodrug 2 was 1000-5000 times less cytotoxic than the parent duocarmycin analogue regardless of intracellular levels of beta-glucuronidase. By contrast, cancer cells that displayed tethered beta-glucuronidase on their plasma membrane were 80-fold more sensitive to glucuronide prodrug 2, demonstrating that prodrug activation depended primarily on extracellular rather than intracellular beta-glucuronidase activity. Glucuronide prodrug 2 (2.5 mg/kg) displayed greater antitumor activity and less systemic toxicity in vivo than the clinically used drug carboplatin (50 mg/kg) to mice bearing human lung cancer xenografts. Intratumoral injection of an adenoviral vector expressing membrane-tethered beta-glucuronidase dramatically enhanced the in vivo antitumor activity of prodrug 2. Our data provide evidence that increasing extracellular beta-glucuronidase activity in the tumor microenvironment can boost the therapeutic index of a highly potent glucuronide prodrug.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Kai-Chuan Chen
- Institute of Biomedical Sciences, Academia Sinica, Taipei, Taiwan
| | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
11
|
Cheng TL, Chuang KH, Chen BM, Roffler SR. Analytical Measurement of PEGylated Molecules. Bioconjug Chem 2012; 23:881-99. [DOI: 10.1021/bc200478w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 92] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Tian-Lu Cheng
- Department of Biomedical Science
and Environmental Biology, Kaohsiung Medical University, Kaohsiung, Taiwan
| | - Kuo-Hsiang Chuang
- Department of Biomedical Science
and Environmental Biology, Kaohsiung Medical University, Kaohsiung, Taiwan
| | - Bing-Mae Chen
- Institute
of Biomedical Sciences, Academia Sinica, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Steve R. Roffler
- Institute
of Biomedical Sciences, Academia Sinica, Taipei, Taiwan
| |
Collapse
|
12
|
Li BQ, Dong X, Fang SH, Gao JY, Yang GQ, Zhao H. Systemic toxicity and toxicokinetics of a high dose of polyethylene glycol 400 in dogs following intravenous injection. Drug Chem Toxicol 2011; 34:208-12. [PMID: 21314471 DOI: 10.3109/01480545.2010.500292] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022]
Abstract
Polyethylene glycol 400 (PEG-400) has been used in injections. However, limited data are available concerning the toxicity of a high dose of PEG-400 following intravenous (i.v.) injection. The aim of the present study was to estimate the systemic toxicity and toxicokinetics of a high dose of PEG-400 in dogs following i.v. injection. Twenty-four dogs were divided into four groups: a control group receiving normal saline and three test groups receiving 4.23, 6.34, and 8.45 g/kg of PEG-400, respectively, by i.v. injection once a day for 30 days. The repeated-dose toxicity of PEG-400 was assessed. Toxicokinetic parameters of PEG-400 in dogs were estimated on days 1 and 30. Dry mouth and dry nasal mucus membrane were observed in dogs treated with 6.34 and 8.45 g/kg of PEG-400. Cloudy swelling of kidney cell and increased glomerular volume were observed in dogs treated with 8.45 g/kg of PEG-400 when the animals were sacrificed 24 hours after the last injection. No significant histological changes were found 21 days later. Repeated dosing did not affect the toxicokinetic profile of PEG-400 in dogs. This study has shown that the toxicity of a high dose of PEG-400 following repeated intravenous injections is low, and alterations produced are reversible.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Bao-qiu Li
- Department of Pharmacology, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Shandong University, China.
| | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
13
|
Chen KC, Wu SY, Leu YL, Prijovich ZM, Chen BM, Wang HE, Cheng TL, Roffler SR. A Humanized Immunoenzyme with Enhanced Activity for Glucuronide Prodrug Activation in the Tumor Microenvironment. Bioconjug Chem 2011; 22:938-48. [DOI: 10.1021/bc1005784] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Kai-Chuan Chen
- Institute of Microbiology and Immunology, National Yang-Ming University, Taipei, Taiwan
- Institute of Biomedical Sciences, Academia Sinica, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Shih-Yen Wu
- Department of Biomedical Imaging and Radiological Sciences, National Yang-Ming University, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Yu-Lin Leu
- Chia-Nan College of Pharmacy and Sciences, Tainan Hsien, Taiwan
| | | | - Bing-Mae Chen
- Institute of Biomedical Sciences, Academia Sinica, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Hsin-Ell Wang
- Department of Biomedical Imaging and Radiological Sciences, National Yang-Ming University, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Tian-Lu Cheng
- School of Biomedical Science and Environmental Biology, Kaohsiung Medical University, Kaohsiung, Taiwan
| | - Steve R. Roffler
- Institute of Biomedical Sciences, Academia Sinica, Taipei, Taiwan
| |
Collapse
|
14
|
Cheng W, Lim LY. Design, synthesis, characterization and in-vivo activity of a novel salmon calcitonin conjugate containing a novel PEG-lipid moiety. J Pharm Pharmacol 2010; 62:296-304. [DOI: 10.1211/jpp.62.03.0002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/31/2022]
Abstract
Abstract
Objectives
The aim of the study was to explore (1) the synthesis of a novel poly(ethylene glycol) modified lipid (PEG-lipid, PL) containing a chemically active tri-block linker, ε-maleimido lysine (Mal), and its conjugation with salmon calcitonin (sCT), and (2) the biophysical properties and activity of the resulting conjugate, Mal-PL-sCT, relative to the control, 2PEG-Mal-sCT, which comprises sCT conjugated with α-palmitoyl-N-ε-maleimido-l-lysine at cysteine 1 and cysteine 7, and PEG moieties at lysine 11 and lysine 18 via a conventional stepwise method.
Methods
The PEG-lipid was obtained by condensing palmitic acid derivative of ε-maleimido lysine with methoxy poly(ethylene glycol) amine. Under reductive conditions, the PEG-lipid readily reacted with sCT to yield the resultant compound, Mal-PL-sCT.
Key findings
Dynamic light scattering analyses suggested that Mal-PL-sCT and 2PEG-Mal-sCT exhibited robust helical structures with a high tendency to aggregate in water. Both compounds were more stable against intestinal degradation than sCT, although Mal-PL-sCT was less stable than 2PEG-Mal-sCT. However, 2PEG-Mal-sCT did not possess hypocalcaemic activity while Mal-PL-sCT retained the hypocalcaemic activity of sCT when it was subcutaneously injected in the rat model. Multiple functional groups may be conjugated to a peptide via a tri-block linker without the risk of obliterating the intrinsic bioactivity of the peptide.
Conclusions
The resultant novel PEG-lipid has a potential role to optimize protein and peptide delivery.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Weiqiang Cheng
- Department of Pharmacy, National University of Singapore, 18 Science Drive 4, 117543, Singapore
| | - Lee-Yong Lim
- Pharmacy, School of Biomedical, Biomolecular and Chemical Sciences, University of Western Australia, 35 Stirling Highway, Crawley, Western Australia, 6009, Australia
| |
Collapse
|
15
|
Chuang KH, Tzou SC, Cheng TC, Kao CH, Tseng WL, Shiea J, Liao KW, Wang YM, Chang YC, Huang BJ, Wu CJ, Chu PY, Roffler SR, Cheng TL. Measurement of Poly(ethylene glycol) by Cell-Based Anti-poly(ethylene glycol) ELISA. Anal Chem 2010; 82:2355-62. [DOI: 10.1021/ac902548m] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Kuo-Hsiang Chuang
- Graduate Institute of Medicine and Departments of Biomedical Science and Environmental Biology and Biomedical Laboratory Science, Kaohsiung Medical University, Kaohsiung, Taiwan, Department of Chemistry, National Sun Yat-Sen University, Taiwan, National Sun Yat-Sen University−Kaohsiung Medical University Joint Research Center, Kaohsiung, Taiwan, Department of Biological Science and Technology, National Chiao Tung University, Hsin-Chu, Taiwan, Department of Food Science, National Taiwan Ocean University,
| | - Shey-Cherng Tzou
- Graduate Institute of Medicine and Departments of Biomedical Science and Environmental Biology and Biomedical Laboratory Science, Kaohsiung Medical University, Kaohsiung, Taiwan, Department of Chemistry, National Sun Yat-Sen University, Taiwan, National Sun Yat-Sen University−Kaohsiung Medical University Joint Research Center, Kaohsiung, Taiwan, Department of Biological Science and Technology, National Chiao Tung University, Hsin-Chu, Taiwan, Department of Food Science, National Taiwan Ocean University,
| | - Ta-Chun Cheng
- Graduate Institute of Medicine and Departments of Biomedical Science and Environmental Biology and Biomedical Laboratory Science, Kaohsiung Medical University, Kaohsiung, Taiwan, Department of Chemistry, National Sun Yat-Sen University, Taiwan, National Sun Yat-Sen University−Kaohsiung Medical University Joint Research Center, Kaohsiung, Taiwan, Department of Biological Science and Technology, National Chiao Tung University, Hsin-Chu, Taiwan, Department of Food Science, National Taiwan Ocean University,
| | - Chien-Han Kao
- Graduate Institute of Medicine and Departments of Biomedical Science and Environmental Biology and Biomedical Laboratory Science, Kaohsiung Medical University, Kaohsiung, Taiwan, Department of Chemistry, National Sun Yat-Sen University, Taiwan, National Sun Yat-Sen University−Kaohsiung Medical University Joint Research Center, Kaohsiung, Taiwan, Department of Biological Science and Technology, National Chiao Tung University, Hsin-Chu, Taiwan, Department of Food Science, National Taiwan Ocean University,
| | - Wei-Lung Tseng
- Graduate Institute of Medicine and Departments of Biomedical Science and Environmental Biology and Biomedical Laboratory Science, Kaohsiung Medical University, Kaohsiung, Taiwan, Department of Chemistry, National Sun Yat-Sen University, Taiwan, National Sun Yat-Sen University−Kaohsiung Medical University Joint Research Center, Kaohsiung, Taiwan, Department of Biological Science and Technology, National Chiao Tung University, Hsin-Chu, Taiwan, Department of Food Science, National Taiwan Ocean University,
| | - Jentaie Shiea
- Graduate Institute of Medicine and Departments of Biomedical Science and Environmental Biology and Biomedical Laboratory Science, Kaohsiung Medical University, Kaohsiung, Taiwan, Department of Chemistry, National Sun Yat-Sen University, Taiwan, National Sun Yat-Sen University−Kaohsiung Medical University Joint Research Center, Kaohsiung, Taiwan, Department of Biological Science and Technology, National Chiao Tung University, Hsin-Chu, Taiwan, Department of Food Science, National Taiwan Ocean University,
| | - Kuang-Wen Liao
- Graduate Institute of Medicine and Departments of Biomedical Science and Environmental Biology and Biomedical Laboratory Science, Kaohsiung Medical University, Kaohsiung, Taiwan, Department of Chemistry, National Sun Yat-Sen University, Taiwan, National Sun Yat-Sen University−Kaohsiung Medical University Joint Research Center, Kaohsiung, Taiwan, Department of Biological Science and Technology, National Chiao Tung University, Hsin-Chu, Taiwan, Department of Food Science, National Taiwan Ocean University,
| | - Yun-Ming Wang
- Graduate Institute of Medicine and Departments of Biomedical Science and Environmental Biology and Biomedical Laboratory Science, Kaohsiung Medical University, Kaohsiung, Taiwan, Department of Chemistry, National Sun Yat-Sen University, Taiwan, National Sun Yat-Sen University−Kaohsiung Medical University Joint Research Center, Kaohsiung, Taiwan, Department of Biological Science and Technology, National Chiao Tung University, Hsin-Chu, Taiwan, Department of Food Science, National Taiwan Ocean University,
| | - Ya-Chen Chang
- Graduate Institute of Medicine and Departments of Biomedical Science and Environmental Biology and Biomedical Laboratory Science, Kaohsiung Medical University, Kaohsiung, Taiwan, Department of Chemistry, National Sun Yat-Sen University, Taiwan, National Sun Yat-Sen University−Kaohsiung Medical University Joint Research Center, Kaohsiung, Taiwan, Department of Biological Science and Technology, National Chiao Tung University, Hsin-Chu, Taiwan, Department of Food Science, National Taiwan Ocean University,
| | - Bo-Jyun Huang
- Graduate Institute of Medicine and Departments of Biomedical Science and Environmental Biology and Biomedical Laboratory Science, Kaohsiung Medical University, Kaohsiung, Taiwan, Department of Chemistry, National Sun Yat-Sen University, Taiwan, National Sun Yat-Sen University−Kaohsiung Medical University Joint Research Center, Kaohsiung, Taiwan, Department of Biological Science and Technology, National Chiao Tung University, Hsin-Chu, Taiwan, Department of Food Science, National Taiwan Ocean University,
| | - Chang-Jer Wu
- Graduate Institute of Medicine and Departments of Biomedical Science and Environmental Biology and Biomedical Laboratory Science, Kaohsiung Medical University, Kaohsiung, Taiwan, Department of Chemistry, National Sun Yat-Sen University, Taiwan, National Sun Yat-Sen University−Kaohsiung Medical University Joint Research Center, Kaohsiung, Taiwan, Department of Biological Science and Technology, National Chiao Tung University, Hsin-Chu, Taiwan, Department of Food Science, National Taiwan Ocean University,
| | - Pei-Yu Chu
- Graduate Institute of Medicine and Departments of Biomedical Science and Environmental Biology and Biomedical Laboratory Science, Kaohsiung Medical University, Kaohsiung, Taiwan, Department of Chemistry, National Sun Yat-Sen University, Taiwan, National Sun Yat-Sen University−Kaohsiung Medical University Joint Research Center, Kaohsiung, Taiwan, Department of Biological Science and Technology, National Chiao Tung University, Hsin-Chu, Taiwan, Department of Food Science, National Taiwan Ocean University,
| | - Steve R. Roffler
- Graduate Institute of Medicine and Departments of Biomedical Science and Environmental Biology and Biomedical Laboratory Science, Kaohsiung Medical University, Kaohsiung, Taiwan, Department of Chemistry, National Sun Yat-Sen University, Taiwan, National Sun Yat-Sen University−Kaohsiung Medical University Joint Research Center, Kaohsiung, Taiwan, Department of Biological Science and Technology, National Chiao Tung University, Hsin-Chu, Taiwan, Department of Food Science, National Taiwan Ocean University,
| | - Tian-Lu Cheng
- Graduate Institute of Medicine and Departments of Biomedical Science and Environmental Biology and Biomedical Laboratory Science, Kaohsiung Medical University, Kaohsiung, Taiwan, Department of Chemistry, National Sun Yat-Sen University, Taiwan, National Sun Yat-Sen University−Kaohsiung Medical University Joint Research Center, Kaohsiung, Taiwan, Department of Biological Science and Technology, National Chiao Tung University, Hsin-Chu, Taiwan, Department of Food Science, National Taiwan Ocean University,
| |
Collapse
|
16
|
Prijovich ZM, Chen KC, Roffler SR. Local enzymatic hydrolysis of an endogenously generated metabolite can enhance CPT-11 anticancer efficacy. Mol Cancer Ther 2009; 8:940-6. [DOI: 10.1158/1535-7163.mct-08-0812] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
|
17
|
|
18
|
Tanaka F, Fuller R, Asawapornmongkol L, Warsinke A, Gobuty S, Barbas CF. Development of a small peptide tag for covalent labeling of proteins. Bioconjug Chem 2007; 18:1318-24. [PMID: 17602682 PMCID: PMC2518172 DOI: 10.1021/bc070080x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
A 21-mer peptide that can be used to covalently introduce synthetic molecules into proteins has been developed. Phage-displayed peptide libraries were subjected to reaction-based selection with 1,3-diketones. The peptide was further evolved by addition of a randomized region and reselection for improved binding. The resulting 21-mer peptide had a reactive amino group that formed an enaminone with 1,3-diketone and was used as a tag for labeling of maltose binding protein. Using this peptide tag and 1,3-diketone derivatives, a variety of molecules such as reporter probes and functionalities may be covalently introduced into proteins of interest.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Fujie Tanaka
- To whom correspond should be addressed. E-mail: , ; fax: 858-784-2559; phone: 858-784-2559 (ft), 858-784-9098 (cfb)
| | | | | | | | | | - Carlos F. Barbas
- To whom correspond should be addressed. E-mail: , ; fax: 858-784-2559; phone: 858-784-2559 (ft), 858-784-9098 (cfb)
| |
Collapse
|
19
|
Su YC, Chuang KH, Wang YM, Cheng CM, Lin SR, Wang JY, Hwang JJ, Chen BM, Chen KC, Roffler S, Cheng TL. Gene expression imaging by enzymatic catalysis of a fluorescent probe via membrane-anchored beta-glucuronidase. Gene Ther 2007; 14:565-74. [PMID: 17235292 DOI: 10.1038/sj.gt.3302896] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Abstract
Development of nonimmunogenic and specific reporter genes to monitor gene expression in vivo is important for the optimization of gene therapy protocols. We developed a membrane-anchored form of mouse beta-glucuronidase (mbetaG) as a reporter gene to hydrolyze a nonfluorescent glucuronide probe (fluorescein di-beta-D-glucuronide, (FDGlcU) to a highly fluorescent reporter to assess the location and persistence of gene expression. A functional beta-glucuronidase (betaG) was stably expressed on the surface of murine CT26 colon adenocarcinoma cells where it selectively hydrolyzed the cell-impermeable FDGlcU probe. FDGlcU was also preferentially converted to fluorescent probe by (betaG) on CT26 tumors. The fluorescent intensity in betaG-expressing CT26 tumors was 240 times greater than the intensity in control tumors. Selective imaging of gene expression was also observed after intratumoral injection of adenoviral betaG vector into carcinoma xenografts. Importantly, mbetaG did not induce an antibody response after hydrodynamic plasmid immunization of Balb/c mice, indicating that the reporter gene product displayed low immunogenicity. A membrane-anchored form of human betaG also allowed in vivo imaging, demonstrating that human betaG can be employed for imaging. This imaging system therefore, displays good selectivity with low immunogenicity and may help assess the location, magnitude and duration of gene expression in living animals and humans.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Y-C Su
- Faculty of Biomedical Science and Environmental Biology, Kaohsiung Medical University, Kaohsiung, Taiwan
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
20
|
Abstract
Antibody-directed enzyme prodrug therapy was conceived as a means of restricting the action of cytotoxic drugs to tumor sites. Since antigenic targets were a central component of the approach, colonic cancer, with its virtually universal expression of carcinoembryonic antigen at the cellular level, presented an obvious starting point. The principle of antibody-directed enzyme prodrug therapy is to use an antibody directed at a tumor-associated antigen to vector an enzyme to tumor sites. The enzyme should be retained at tumor sites after it has cleared from blood and normal tissues. A nontoxic prodrug, a substrate for the enzyme, is then given and, by cleaving an inactivating component from the prodrug, a potent cytotoxic agent is generated. One of the potential advantages of such a system is that a small cytotoxic agent, generated within a tumor site, is much more diffusible than a large antibody molecule. Moreover, failure to express the target antigen by cancer cells does not protect them from the bystander action of the cytotoxic agent. This review will primarily consider the studies of the London group since this is the only group that has so far reported clinical trials and it is only through clinical trials that the requirements of a successful antibody-directed enzyme prodrug therapy system can be identified.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Kenneth D Bagshawe
- Imperial College London, Department of Medical Oncology, Charing Cross Campus, Fulham Palace Road, London W6 8RF, UK.
| |
Collapse
|
21
|
Prijovich ZM, Leu YL, Roffler SR. Effect of pH and human serum albumin on the cytotoxicity of a glucuronide prodrug of 9-aminocamptothecin. Cancer Chemother Pharmacol 2006; 60:7-17. [PMID: 16983566 DOI: 10.1007/s00280-006-0340-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/26/2006] [Accepted: 08/28/2006] [Indexed: 01/04/2023]
Abstract
PURPOSE 9-aminocamptothecin glucuronide (9ACG) is a prodrug of 9-aminocamptothecin (9AC) that displays potent antitumor activity against human tumor xenografts in nude mice. Camptothecins exist in a pH dependent equilibrium between active lactone and inactive carboxy forms that can be altered by binding to human serum albumin (HSA). Here we investigated the influence of pH and HSA on the lactone-carboxy equilibrium, HSA binding, and cytotoxicity of 9ACG. METHODS Microfiltration and HPLC were used to measure the influence of pH on lactone to carboxy conversion and HSA binding of 9ACG as compared to other camptothecins. In vitro cytotoxicity of drugs was determined against EJ human bladder carcinoma cells and CL1-5 human lung cancer cells. RESULTS The rate of lactone to carboxy conversion was similar for 9ACG and 9AC. Decreasing the pH from 7.6 to 6.0 increased the equilibrium levels of the lactone forms of the drugs from 20 to almost 95% of total drug. HSA moderately diminished the amount of free 9ACG lactone but did not change the ratio of 9ACG lactone to 9ACG carboxy. Consistent with the effect of pH on lactone levels, lowering the pH of EJ human bladder carcinoma cells from 7.6 to 6.8 decreased the IC(50) of 9ACG from 480 to 98 nM and 9AC from 33 to 12 nM. Activation of 9ACG by human beta-glucuronidase anchored on the surface of EJ cells further decreased its IC(50) value to 26 nM. Although HSA significantly decreased the cytotoxicity of 9AC and 9ACG, activation of 9ACG at cancer cells with an antibody-beta-glucuronidase immunoconjugate produced greater cytotoxicity than 9AC. CONCLUSIONS Acidification and targeted delivery of beta-glucuronidase can enhance 9ACG cytotoxicity even in the presence of HSA.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Zeljko M Prijovich
- Institute of Biomedical Sciences, Academia Sinica, Academia Road, Section 2, No. 128, 11529, Taipei, Taiwan
| | | | | |
Collapse
|
22
|
Chen KC, Cheng TL, Leu YL, Prijovich ZM, Chuang CH, Chen BM, Roffler SR. Membrane-localized activation of glucuronide prodrugs by β-glucuronidase enzymes. Cancer Gene Ther 2006; 14:187-200. [PMID: 16977328 DOI: 10.1038/sj.cgt.7700999] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
Gene-mediated enzyme prodrug therapy (GDEPT) seeks to increase the therapeutic index of anti-neoplastic agents by promoting selective activation of relatively nontoxic drug derivatives at sites of specific enzyme expression. Glucuronide prodrugs are attractive for GDEPT due to their low toxicity, bystander effect in the interstitial tumor space and the large range of possible glucuronide drug targets. In this study, we expressed human, murine and Esherichia coli beta-glucuronidase on tumor cells and examined their in vitro and in vivo efficacy for the activation of glucuronide prodrugs of 9-aminocamptothecin and p-hydroxy aniline mustard. We show that (1) fusion of beta-glucuronidase to the Ig-like C(2)-type and Ig-hinge-like domains of the B7-1 antigen followed by the B7-1 transmembrane domain anchored high levels of active murine and human beta-glucuronidase on cells, (2) strong bystander killing of tumor cells was achieved in vitro by murine beta-glucuronidase activation of prodrug, (3) potent in vivo anti-tumor activity was achieved by prodrug treatment of tumors that expressed murine beta-glucuronidase and (4) the p-hydroxy aniline prodrug was more effective in vivo than the 9-aminocamptothecin prodrug. Our results demonstrate that surface expression of murine beta-glucuronidase for activation of a glucuronide prodrug of p-hydroxy aniline mustard may be useful for more selective therapy of cancer.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- K-C Chen
- Division of Cancer Research, Institute of Biomedical Sciences, Academia Sinica, Section 2 Academia Road No. 128, Taipei 11529, Taiwan
| | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
23
|
Bagshawe KD, Sharma SK, Begent RHJ. Antibody-directed enzyme prodrug therapy (ADEPT) for cancer. Expert Opin Biol Ther 2005; 4:1777-89. [PMID: 15500406 DOI: 10.1517/14712598.4.11.1777] [Citation(s) in RCA: 64] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/05/2022]
Abstract
Antibody-directed enzyme prodrug therapy (ADEPT) aims to restrict the cytotoxic action to tumour sites. The obstacles to achieve this were recognised at the outset, but time and experience have given these better definition. The development of fusion proteins has provided the means of making consistent antibody-enzyme constructs on an adequate scale, and glycosylation has provided the means to control the clearance of enzyme from non-tumour sites. Human enzymes have yet to be tested in a clinical setting, and there are pointers indicating that the immunological response to foreign enzymes can be overcome. The relatively small number of purpose-designed prodrugs tested so far leaves this an area ripe for further development. The ongoing iterative process between preclinical and clinical studies is critical to achieving the objective.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Kenneth D Bagshawe
- Department of Oncology, Royal Free & University College Medical School, University College London, UK
| | | | | |
Collapse
|
24
|
Ton GN, Fine JP, Kwon GS. Methoxypoly(ethylene glycol)-conjugated carboxypeptidase A for solid tumor targeting. J Control Release 2005; 104:129-39. [PMID: 15866340 DOI: 10.1016/j.jconrel.2005.01.016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/11/2004] [Revised: 01/24/2005] [Accepted: 01/24/2005] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
In vivo efficacy of novel anticancer agents has been hindered by the inability to deliver effective concentrations of drugs to tumors. The use of macromolecules such as antibodies and polymers for enzyme delivery to tumors has revealed that catalyzing the conversion of a nontoxic prodrug into its cytotoxic form can generate an effective level of cytotoxic agents at tumor sites. This study primarily focuses on the synthesis and characterization of methoxypoly(ethylene glycol)-modified carboxypeptidase A (CPA) for solid tumor targeting. The molecular weight of CPA has been successfully altered from 35 to 40-50 kDa via attachment of a defined number of mPEG moieties. Relatively pure mPEG-CPA conjugates containing one, two, and three mPEG chains were obtained at preparative scale quantities through controlled PEGylation followed by fractionation that involved size-exclusion chromatography. An enhancement in kinetic properties including k(cat) and k(cat)/K(m) towards hippuryl-L-phenylalanine (hipp-L-phe) was observed in mPEG-CPA conjugates. An increase in the V(m) appeared to be responsible for this enhancement. The attachment of mPEG to CPA substantially improved the stability of the enzyme with respect to the specific peptidase activity toward the model substrate. This finding is particularly important in the development of a novel CPA/methotrexate-alpha-peptide system in solid tumor chemotherapy.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Giangthy N Ton
- Department of Radiology, University of Wisconsin-Madison, K4/644 Clinical Science Center, 600 Highland Avenue, Madison, WI 53792-3252, USA
| | | | | |
Collapse
|
25
|
Cheng TL, Liao KW, Tzou SC, Cheng CM, Chen BM, Roffler SR. Hapten-directed targeting to single-chain antibody receptors. Cancer Gene Ther 2004; 11:380-8. [PMID: 15044963 DOI: 10.1038/sj.cgt.7700712] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/15/2023]
Abstract
Artificial recombinant receptors may be useful for selectively targeting imaging and therapeutic agents to sites of gene expression. To evaluate this approach, we developed transgenes to express highly on cells a single-chain antibody (scFv) against the hapten 4-ethoxymethylene-2-phenyl-2-oxazoline-5-one (phOx). A phOx enzyme conjugate was created by covalently attaching phOx molecules to polyethylene glycol (PEG)-modified beta-glucuronidase. Cells expressing phOx scFv but not control scFv receptors were selectively killed after exposure to ss-glucuronidase derivatized with phOx and PEG (phOx-beta G-PEG) and a glucuronide prodrug (p-hydroxy aniline mustard beta-D-glucuronide, HAMG) of p-hydroxyaniline mustard. Targeted activation of HAMG produced bystander killing of receptor-negative cells in mixed populations containing as few as 10% phOx-receptor-positive cells. Functional phOx scFv receptors were stably expressed on B16-F1 melanoma tumors in vivo. Treatment of mice bearing established phOx-receptor-positive tumors with phOx-beta G-PEG and HAMG significantly (P< or =.0005) suppressed tumor growth as compared with treatment with beta G-PEG and HAMG or prodrug alone. phOx was unstable in the serum, suggesting alternative haptens may be more suitable for in vivo applications. Our results show that therapeutic agents can be targeted to artificial hapten receptors in vitro and in vivo. The expression of artificial receptors on target cells may allow preferential delivery of therapeutic or imaging molecules to sites of transgene expression.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Tian-Lu Cheng
- School of Biomedical Science and Environmental Biology, and MedicoGenomic Research Center, Kaohsiung Medical University, Kaohsiung, Taiwan
| | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
26
|
Biela BH, Khawli LA, Hu P, Epstein AL. Chimeric TNT-3/human beta-glucuronidase fusion proteins for antibody-directed enzyme prodrug therapy (ADEPT). Cancer Biother Radiopharm 2003; 18:339-53. [PMID: 12954121 DOI: 10.1089/108497803322285099] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022] Open
Abstract
ADEPT (antibody-directed enzyme prodrug therapy) is a novel therapeutic approach that targets an enzyme into tumors to convert a relatively nontoxic prodrug into an active cytotoxic agent. This method has a number of advantages, including the reduction of systemic toxicity, but to date it has not realized its full potential. A critical component of ADEPT is the choice of the monoclonal antibody (MAb) to target the enzyme into the tumor mass. Prior studies have utilized MAbs directed against tumor cell surface antigens which are oftentimes labile and heterogeneous in nature and do not provide an ideal site for the enzyme. As an alternative approach, we now describe the use of Tumor Necrosis Therapy (TNT) MAbs to deliver the enzyme to necrotic regions of tumors in order to enhance the effectiveness of ADEPT. Biodistribution and autoradiographic studies performed using TNT MAbs have shown that localization of these antibodies occurs in degenerating cells and necrotic regions of tumors and that binding is retained within the tumor mass for extended periods of time. Since necrotic regions are often located in the center of tumors, are universal in nature, and constitute between 30 and 80% of the tumor mass, TNT MAbs may be ideal targeting agents for ADEPT. To test this hypothesis, fusion proteins consisting of single chain Fv (scFv), Fab, or F(ab')2 fragments of chTNT-3 and the human beta-glucuronidase (betaG) enzyme were constructed for ADEPT. Each of these reagents was tested to assess specificity and avidity of antigen binding as compared to the parental antibody. In addition, studies were performed to demonstrate enzymatic function of the fusion proteins and retention of catalytic activity in circulating blood, specific tissues, and tumor after in vivo administration. Pharmacokinetic and biodistribution studies of radiolabeled fusion proteins were conducted over time to evaluate the characteristics of the fusion proteins. Finally, one of the constructs (chTNT-3 Fab/betaG) was used in a pilot treatment study with a glucuronide prodrug of doxorubicin to demonstrate the anti-tumor activity of ADEPT using the chemoresistant MAD109 murine lung carcinoma tumor model transplanted into BALB/c mice. The results of these experiments show that all three constructs retained their antigen binding capability and demonstrated active enzymatic function against substrate in vitro. Moreover, after in vivo administration, the betaG enzyme was shown to localize to tumor and remain active for up to 9 days demonstrating a key characteristic of TNT targeting. Pharmacokinetic and biodistribution studies confirmed specific localization of the fusion proteins and rapid clearance from blood and normal tissues over time. Finally, therapeutic studies using only two doses of fusion protein followed by prodrug administration demonstrated active cytotoxicity against established tumors without systemic toxicity. These preliminary studies show that the use of TNT MAbs to target the enzyme to the tumor may be a significant advance in ADEPT and that further studies are warranted to test this novel therapeutic approach in the treatment of solid tumors.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Barbara H Biela
- Department of Pathology, University of Southern California, Keck School of Medicine, Los Angeles, California 90033, USA
| | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
27
|
Chen BM, Cheng TL, Tzou SC, Roffler SR. Potentiation of antitumor immunity by antibody-directed enzyme prodrug therapy. Int J Cancer 2001; 94:850-8. [PMID: 11745488 DOI: 10.1002/ijc.1550] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Abstract
Antibody-directed enzyme prodrug therapy (ADEPT) has displayed antitumor activity in animal models and clinical trials. We examined whether antitumor immunity is generated during ADEPT by employing an immunoenzyme composed of the monoclonal antibody (MAb) RH1 conjugated to beta-glucuronidase to target rat AS-30D hepatocellular carcinoma tumors. A glucuronide prodrug of p-hydroxyaniline mustard was used to treat malignant ascites after immunoenzyme localization at the cancer cells. ADEPT cured more than 96% of Sprague-Dawley rats bearing advanced malignant ascites, and all cured rats were protected from a lethal challenge of AS-30D cells. Immunization with radiation-killed AS-30D cells or AS-30D cells coated with immunoenzyme did not provide tumor protection. Likewise, ex vivo treatment of tumor cells by ADEPT before injection into rats did not protect against a tumor challenge. AS-30D and N1-S1 hepatocellular carcinoma cells but not unrelated syngeneic tumor cells were lysed by peritoneal exudate cells isolated from ADEPT-cured rats. Depletion of CD8(+) but not CD4(+) T cells or natural killer (NK) cells reduced the cytolytic activity of peritoneal lymphocytes. ADEPT did not cure tumor-bearing rats depleted of CD4(+) and CD8(+) T cells even though it was curative when given 7 days after tumor transplantation in rats with an intact immune system, indicating that ADEPT can synergize with host immunity to increase therapeutic efficacy. These results have important implications for the clinical application of ADEPT.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- B M Chen
- Institute of Biomedical Sciences, Academia Sinica, Taipei, Taiwan
| | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
28
|
Chen BM, Chen JY, Kao M, Lin JB, Yu MH, Roffler SR. Elevated topoisomerase I activity in cervical cancer as a target for chemoradiation therapy. Gynecol Oncol 2000; 79:272-80. [PMID: 11063656 DOI: 10.1006/gyno.2000.5947] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE The aim of this study was to determine whether the activity of topoisomerase I (topo I), the target of the anti-neoplastic drug camptothecin (CPT), is elevated in cervical cancer and whether CPT can radiosensitize cervical tumors. METHODS The topo I activity of 11 normal cervix and 30 cervical carcinoma tumors was assayed by measuring the relaxation of supercoiled DNA. Subconfluent or postconfluent CaSki human cervical carcinoma cells were exposed to CPT (1-5000 ng/ml) and immediately X-irradiated (0-800 cGy). Cell survival was determined by clonogenic assay. RESULTS Mean topo I activity in cervical cancer (3.0 +/- 0.06 h(-1)) was significantly greater than in normal cervix tissue (0.29 +/- 0.06 h(-1)). Stage 3 and 4 cervical carcinoma specimens displayed a trend of greater topo I activity (5.88 +/- 3.7 h(-1)) than stage 1 and 2 tumors (2.57 +/- 0.47 h(-1)). No correlation between topo I protein levels and catalytic activity was found. Combined treatment of subconfluent CaSki cells with CPT and ionizing radiation resulted in additive killing of cells. Combined treatment of postconfluent CaSki cells with low doses of radiation (200 and 400 cGy) and 1 or 10 ng/ml CPT for 2 or 48 h produced significant cytotoxicity compared to CPT or radiation alone, which were ineffective at these doses. CONCLUSIONS Topo I activity is elevated in cervical cancer compared to normal cervix. The radiosensitivity of noncycling cells within cervical tumors may be increased by simultaneous treatment with low doses of CPT or other topo I inhibitors.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- B M Chen
- Department of Gynecology and Obstetrics, Institute of Biomedical Sciences, Taipei, Taiwan
| | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
29
|
Ríhová B, Jelínková M, Strohalm J, Subr V, Plocová D, Hovorka O, Novák M, Plundrová D, Germano Y, Ulbrich K. Polymeric drugs based on conjugates of synthetic and natural macromolecules. II. Anti-cancer activity of antibody or (Fab')(2)-targeted conjugates and combined therapy with immunomodulators. J Control Release 2000; 64:241-61. [PMID: 10640661 DOI: 10.1016/s0168-3659(99)00140-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
We provide data on in vivo targeting of the Thy 1.2 (CDw90) cell surface receptor expressed on neoplastic T cells, mouse EL4 T cell lymphoma. The targeting antibody and the anticancer drug, doxorubicin (DOX) were conjugated to a water-soluble copolymer based on N-(2-hydroxypropyl)methacrylamide (HPMA) acting as a carrier responsible for controlled intracellular release of the conjugated drug. The in vivo therapeutic efficacy of HPMA copolymer-bound DOX targeted with anti-EL4 antibody, polyclonal anti-thymocyte globulin (ATG), monoclonal anti-Thy 1.2 antibody or its F(ab')(2) fragment was compared with the efficacy of DOX conjugated to HPMA copolymer containing nonspecific IgG or bovine serum albumin (BSA). Anti-EL4 antibody-targeted conjugate caused a significant retardation of tumor growth and an extension of the life span of treated mice. The effect was comparable with that of HPMA copolymer-bound DOX targeted with ATG, anti-Thy 1.2 antibody or its F(ab')(2) fragment. However, considerable antitumor effect was seen also in conjugates targeted instead of specific antibodies with syngeneic nonspecific IgG or BSA. Patients with advanced cancer are often immunocompromised due to dysfunction of their immune system induced by cancer and cytotoxic drugs. A significant decrease of unwanted side-effects of targeted drugs against a number of vital organs was already documented. In this study we have compared immunotoxic effects of free DOX with those of its antibody-targeted form on NK cells and cytolytic T lymphocytes (CTLs) isolated from C57BL/10 mice bearing EL4 T cell lymphoma. In the same model we have tested the combination therapy with immunomodulators (beta-glucan or AM-2) injected together with targeted daunomycin. We have observed a significant protective effect of targeted DOX against NK cells and CTLs. Moreover, the data revealed that combination therapy considerably enhances antitumor efficacy of the targeted anticancer drug.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- B Ríhová
- Institute of Microbiology, Academy of Sciences of the Czech Republic, Vídenská 1083, 142 20, Prague, Czech Republic
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
30
|
Lu JY, Lowe DA, Kennedy MD, Low PS. Folate-targeted enzyme prodrug cancer therapy utilizing penicillin-V amidase and a doxorubicin prodrug. J Drug Target 1999; 7:43-53. [PMID: 10614814 DOI: 10.3109/10611869909085491] [Citation(s) in RCA: 49] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022]
Abstract
In antibody-targeted enzyme prodrug therapy, a monoclonal antibody (mAb) covalently linked to an enzyme is commonly exploited to concentrate the enzyme on the tumor cell surface prior to administration of a relatively nontoxic prodrug. The tumor-localized enzyme then converts the prodrug into a cytotoxic agent, which in turn diffuses into the tumor causing localized cell death. In this paper, we have substituted folic acid for the mAb as a mean of delivering an attached enzyme, penicillin-V amidase (PVA), to folate receptor (FR)-positive tumor cells. The enzyme PVA is capable of converting a doxorubicin-N-p-hydroxyphenoxyacetamide prodrug (DPO) into its potent parent drug, doxorubicin. For PVA targeting, each PVA molecule was covalently labeled with three molecules of folic acid via the formation of amide bonds. In vitro binding assays showed that folate-PVA-125I conjugates bind specifically to KB cells (FR-positive tumor cells) but not to A549 cells (FR-negative tumor cells). Moreover, in a series of in vitro cytotoxicity tests, folate-PVA conjugates were found to kill folate receptor positive but not receptor negative cells, and when bound to FR-positive cells, folate-PVA conjugates rendered the DPO prodrug as toxic as free doxorubicin (IC50, approximately 0.6 microM). Finally, preliminary in vivo plasma clearance studies in normal mice revealed that i.v. administered folate-PVA-125I and PVA-125I are both cleared from the blood within a 24 h time period, removing concern that nonspecifically trapped folate-PVA might activate prodrug in nontargeted tissues. In view of the fact that only a small number of folate-PVA molecules are required to mediate killing of target cells in vitro, these data argue that folate-targeted enzyme prodrug therapy should be considered for tumor eradication in vivo.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- J Y Lu
- Department of Chemistry, Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN 47907-1393, USA
| | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
31
|
Chou WC, Liao KW, Lo YC, Jiang SY, Yeh MY, Roffler SR. Expression of chimeric monomer and dimer proteins on the plasma membrane of mammalian cells. Biotechnol Bioeng 1999; 65:160-9. [PMID: 10458736 DOI: 10.1002/(sici)1097-0290(19991020)65:2<160::aid-bit5>3.0.co;2-u] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
Abstract
Targeting of proteins to the plasma membrane of cells may be useful for vaccine development, tissue engineering, genetic research, bioseparations, and disease treatment. The ability of different transmembrane domains (TM) to direct a reporter protein (human alpha-feto protein, AFP) to the surface of mammalian cells was examined. High surface expression was achieved with chimeric proteins composed of AFP and the TM and cytosolic tail of murine B7-1 (AFP-B7) as well as with AFP containing a GPI-anchor from decay-accelerating factor (AFP-DAF). Lower surface expression of AFP was observed when the TM of human platelet-derived growth factor receptor or the human asialoglycoprotein receptor H1 subunit were employed. Introduction of the hinge-CH2-CH3 region of human IgG (gamma1 domain) between AFP and TM allowed efficient formation of disulfide-linked dimers. Surface expression of AFP-gamma1-B7 dimers was impaired compared to AFP-B7 whereas AFP-gamma1-DAF dimers were efficiently targeted to the surface. Accumulation of chimeric proteins on the cell surface did not correlate with the level of protein expression. This study demonstrates that high levels of monomeric and dimeric proteins can be targeted to the cell membrane of mammalian cells by proper selection of TM.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- W C Chou
- Graduate Institute of Life Sciences, National Defense Medical Center, Taipei, Taiwan
| | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
32
|
Leu YL, Roffler SR, Chern JW. Design and synthesis of water-soluble glucuronide derivatives of camptothecin for cancer prodrug monotherapy and antibody-directed enzyme prodrug therapy (ADEPT). J Med Chem 1999; 42:3623-8. [PMID: 10479293 DOI: 10.1021/jm990124q] [Citation(s) in RCA: 62] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
Glucuronide prodrugs of 9-aminocamptothecin were synthesized. Prodrug 4, in which 9-aminocamptothecin was connected to glucuronic acid by an aromatic spacer via a carbamate linkage, was stable in both aqueous solution and human plasma. Prodrug 4 and its potassium salt 12 were 20-80-fold less toxic than 9-aminocamptothecin to human tumor cell lines. The simultaneous addition of beta-glucuronidase and 4 or 12 to tumor cells resulted in a cytotoxic effect equal to that of 9-aminocamptothecin alone. Prodrugs 4 and 12 were over 80 and 4000 times more soluble than 9-aminocamptothecin in aqueous solutions at pH 4.0, respectively. Compounds 4 and 12 may be useful for prodrug monotherapy of tumors that accumulate extracellular lysosomal beta-glucuronidase as well as for antibody-directed enzyme prodrug therapy (ADEPT) of cancer.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Y L Leu
- Institute of Life Sciences, National Defense Medical Center, Taipei, Taiwan
| | | | | |
Collapse
|
33
|
Dubowchik GM, Walker MA. Receptor-mediated and enzyme-dependent targeting of cytotoxic anticancer drugs. Pharmacol Ther 1999; 83:67-123. [PMID: 10511457 DOI: 10.1016/s0163-7258(99)00018-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 227] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/23/2023]
Abstract
This review is a survey of various approaches to targeting cytotoxic anticancer drugs to tumors primarily through biomolecules expressed by cancer cells or associated vasculature and stroma. These include monoclonal antibody immunoconjugates; enzyme prodrug therapies, such as antibody-directed enzyme prodrug therapy, gene-directed enzyme prodrug therapy, and bacterial-directed enzyme prodrug therapy; and metabolism-based therapies that seek to exploit increased tumor expression of, e.g., proteases, low-density lipoprotein receptors, hormones, and adhesion molecules. Following a discussion of factors that positively and negatively affect drug delivery to solid tumors, we concentrate on a mechanistic understanding of selective drug release or generation at the tumor site.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- G M Dubowchik
- Bristol-Myers Squibb Pharmaceutical Research Institute, Wallingford, CT 06492-7660, USA.
| | | |
Collapse
|
34
|
Cheng TL, Chou WC, Chen BM, Chern JW, Roffler SR. Characterization of an antineoplastic glucuronide prodrug. Biochem Pharmacol 1999; 58:325-8. [PMID: 10423174 DOI: 10.1016/s0006-2952(99)00072-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
Abstract
The specificity of tumor therapy may be improved by preferentially activating antineoplastic prodrugs at tumor cells pretargeted with antibody-enzyme conjugates. In this study, the conditions required for the efficient activation of p-hydroxyaniline mustard glucuronide (BHAMG) to p-hydroxyaniline mustard (pHAM) were investigated. pHAM induced cross-links in linearized double-stranded DNA at about 180-fold lower concentrations than BHAMG, indicating that the nucleophilicity of pHAM was decreased by the presence of a glucuronide group. The partition coefficient of BHAMG was about 1890 times lower than pHAM in an octanol-water two-phase system, suggesting that the reduced toxicity of BHAMG was due to both hindered diffusion across the lipid bilayer of cells and decreased reaction with nuclear DNA. BHAMG was significantly less toxic to BHK cells that expressed cytosolic Escherichia coli-derived beta-glucuronidase (betaG) compared with cells that were engineered to secrete betaG, demonstrating that extracellular localization of betaG was required for optimal activation of BHAMG. The extended retention of mAb RH1 on the surface of AS-30D cells was also consistent with extracellular activation of BHAMG. Taken together, our results indicate that the low toxicity of BHAMG was due to hindered cellular uptake and low alkylating activity. BHAMG must be enzymatically activated outside of tumor cells for maximum cytotoxicity, and non-internalizing antibodies are preferred for human tumor therapy by targeted antibody-enzyme activation of BHAMG.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- T L Cheng
- Graduate Institute of Life Sciences, National Defense Medical School, Academia Sinica, Taipei, Taiwan
| | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
35
|
Cheng TL, Wei SL, Chen BM, Chern JW, Wu MF, Liu PW, Roffler SR. Bystander killing of tumour cells by antibody-targeted enzymatic activation of a glucuronide prodrug. Br J Cancer 1999; 79:1378-85. [PMID: 10188879 PMCID: PMC2362709 DOI: 10.1038/sj.bjc.6690221] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022] Open
Abstract
RHI-betaG-PEG, formed by linking poly(ethylene glycol)-modified beta-glucuronidase to Mab RH1, was employed to examine bystander killing of antigen-negative N1S1 rat hepatoma cells by activation of a glucuronide prodrug (BHAMG) of p-hydroxyaniline mustard (pHAM) at antigen-positive AS-30D rat hepatoma cells. Sequential treatment of cells with 10 microg ml(-1) RH1-betaG-PEG and 20 microM BHAMG was not toxic to N1S1 cells but killed 99% of AS-30D cells. Over 98% of N1S1 cells, however, were killed in mixed populations containing as few as 2% AS-30D cells after identical treatment, demonstrating an in vitro bystander effect. Subcutaneous injection of AS-30D and N1S1 cells in BALB/c nu/nu mice produced solid tumours containing both cells. Uptake of radiolabelled RH1-betaG-PEG in solid AS-30D and mixed AS-30D/N1S1 tumours was 11.6 and 9.3 times greater than a control antibody conjugate 120 h after i.v. injection. Intravenous treatment with RH1-betaG-PEG and BHAMG cured seven of seven nude mice bearing solid s.c. AS-30D tumours and significantly delayed, compared with control conjugate and prodrug treatment, the growth of mixed N1S1/AS-30D tumours with one cure, showing that targeted activation of BHAMG kills bystander tumour cells in vivo.
Collapse
MESH Headings
- Aniline Mustard/analogs & derivatives
- Aniline Mustard/metabolism
- Aniline Mustard/therapeutic use
- Animals
- Antibodies, Monoclonal/metabolism
- Antibodies, Monoclonal/therapeutic use
- Antineoplastic Agents, Alkylating/metabolism
- Antineoplastic Agents, Alkylating/therapeutic use
- Diffusion
- Drug Screening Assays, Antitumor
- Glucuronidase/metabolism
- Glucuronidase/therapeutic use
- Immunohistochemistry
- Immunotoxins/metabolism
- Immunotoxins/therapeutic use
- Liver Neoplasms, Experimental/metabolism
- Liver Neoplasms, Experimental/therapy
- Mice
- Mice, Inbred BALB C
- Mice, Nude
- Polyethylene Glycols/metabolism
- Polyethylene Glycols/therapeutic use
- Prodrugs/metabolism
- Prodrugs/therapeutic use
- Rats
- Rats, Sprague-Dawley
- Time Factors
- Tumor Cells, Cultured
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- T L Cheng
- Institute of Biomedical Sciences, Academia Sinica, Taipei, Taiwan
| | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
36
|
Chen BM, Chan LY, Wang SM, Wu MF, Chern JW, Roffler SR. Cure of malignant ascites and generation of protective immunity by monoclonal antibody-targeted activation of a glucuronide prodrug in rats. Int J Cancer 1997; 73:392-402. [PMID: 9359487 DOI: 10.1002/(sici)1097-0215(19971104)73:3<392::aid-ijc14>3.0.co;2-f] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/05/2023]
Abstract
We examined the in vivo efficacy of targeting beta-glucuronidase (betaG) to activate a glucuronide prodrug (BHAMG) of p-hydroxyaniline mustard (pHAM) at hepatoma ascites in Sprague-Dawley rats. Injection i.p. of 500 microg RH1-betaG, a conjugate formed between recombinant betaG and monoclonal antibody RH1 with specificity for an antigen expressed on AS-30D rat hepatoma cells, into rats bearing AS-30D ascites resulted in the accumulation of 54 microg conjugate per 10(9) tumor cells after 2 hr. Ascites fluid and serum contained 0.53 and 0 microg/ml, respectively, RH1-betaG 2 hr after injection of the conjugate. Conjugate binding to AS-30D cells was heterogeneous and non-saturated, as determined by flow cytometry. BHAMG was less toxic than pHAM to SD rats based on measures of animal mortality, weight loss and hematological toxicity. Treatment of rats bearing established hepatoma ascites with 500 microg RH1-betaG followed 2 hr later with a single i.p. injection of 30 mg/kg BHAMG or 3 i.p. injections of 10 mg/kg BHAMG 2, 3 and 4 hr later resulted in the cure of 6/8 and 8/8 animals, respectively. Treatment with BHAMG or pHAM alone did not produce cures, whereas treatment with a control antibody-betaG conjugate and BHAMG produced significantly greater hematological toxicity compared to treatment with RH1-betaG and BHAMG. All cured rats were completely protected from rechallenge with 2 x 10(7) AS-30D cells, indicating that successful treatment of animals induced protective immunity.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- B M Chen
- Institute of Biomedical Sciences, Academia Sinica, Taipei, Taiwan
| | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|