1
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Temmink RJM, Robroek BJM, van Dijk G, Koks AHW, Käärmelahti SA, Barthelmes A, Wassen MJ, Ziegler R, Steele MN, Giesen W, Joosten H, Fritz C, Lamers LPM, Smolders AJP. Wetscapes: Restoring and maintaining peatland landscapes for sustainable futures. AMBIO 2023; 52:1519-1528. [PMID: 37222914 PMCID: PMC10406990 DOI: 10.1007/s13280-023-01875-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/01/2023] [Revised: 04/21/2023] [Accepted: 04/24/2023] [Indexed: 05/25/2023]
Abstract
Peatlands are among the world's most carbon-dense ecosystems and hotspots of carbon storage. Although peatland drainage causes strong carbon emissions, land subsidence, fires and biodiversity loss, drainage-based agriculture and forestry on peatland is still expanding on a global scale. To maintain and restore their vital carbon sequestration and storage function and to reach the goals of the Paris Agreement, rewetting and restoration of all drained and degraded peatlands is urgently required. However, socio-economic conditions and hydrological constraints hitherto prevent rewetting and restoration on large scale, which calls for rethinking landscape use. We here argue that creating integrated wetscapes (wet peatland landscapes), including nature preserve cores, buffer zones and paludiculture areas (for wet productive land use), will enable sustainable and complementary land-use functions on the landscape level. As such, transforming landscapes into wetscapes presents an inevitable, novel, ecologically and socio-economically sound alternative for drainage-based peatland use.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ralph J. M. Temmink
- Environmental Sciences, Copernicus Institute of Sustainable Development, Utrecht University, Princetonlaan 8a, 3584 CB Utrecht, The Netherlands
- Aquatic Ecology and Environmental Biology, Radboud Institute for Biological and Environmental Sciences, Radboud University, Heyendaalseweg 135, 6525 AJ Nijmegen, The Netherlands
| | - Bjorn J. M. Robroek
- Aquatic Ecology and Environmental Biology, Radboud Institute for Biological and Environmental Sciences, Radboud University, Heyendaalseweg 135, 6525 AJ Nijmegen, The Netherlands
- School of Biological Science, University of Southampton, Southampton, SO17 1BJ UK
| | - Gijs van Dijk
- Aquatic Ecology and Environmental Biology, Radboud Institute for Biological and Environmental Sciences, Radboud University, Heyendaalseweg 135, 6525 AJ Nijmegen, The Netherlands
- B-WARE Research Centre, Toernooiveld 1, 6525 ED Nijmegen, The Netherlands
| | - Adam H. W. Koks
- Aquatic Ecology and Environmental Biology, Radboud Institute for Biological and Environmental Sciences, Radboud University, Heyendaalseweg 135, 6525 AJ Nijmegen, The Netherlands
- B-WARE Research Centre, Toernooiveld 1, 6525 ED Nijmegen, The Netherlands
| | - Sannimari A. Käärmelahti
- Aquatic Ecology and Environmental Biology, Radboud Institute for Biological and Environmental Sciences, Radboud University, Heyendaalseweg 135, 6525 AJ Nijmegen, The Netherlands
| | - Alexandra Barthelmes
- Institute of Botany and Landscape Ecology, University of Greifswald, Partner in the Greifswald Mire Centre, Soldmannstr. 15, 17487 Greifswald, Germany
| | - Martin J. Wassen
- Environmental Sciences, Copernicus Institute of Sustainable Development, Utrecht University, Princetonlaan 8a, 3584 CB Utrecht, The Netherlands
| | - Rafael Ziegler
- Department of Management, HEC Montréal, Édifice Côte-Sainte-Catherine 3000, Chemin de La Côte-Sainte-Catherine, Montreal, Canada
| | - Magdalena N. Steele
- School of Biological Science, University of Southampton, Southampton, SO17 1BJ UK
| | - Wim Giesen
- Associate with Naturalis Biodiversity Center, Darwinweg 2, 2333 CR Leiden, The Netherlands
| | - Hans Joosten
- Institute of Botany and Landscape Ecology, University of Greifswald, Partner in the Greifswald Mire Centre, Soldmannstr. 15, 17487 Greifswald, Germany
| | - Christian Fritz
- Aquatic Ecology and Environmental Biology, Radboud Institute for Biological and Environmental Sciences, Radboud University, Heyendaalseweg 135, 6525 AJ Nijmegen, The Netherlands
| | - Leon P. M. Lamers
- Aquatic Ecology and Environmental Biology, Radboud Institute for Biological and Environmental Sciences, Radboud University, Heyendaalseweg 135, 6525 AJ Nijmegen, The Netherlands
- B-WARE Research Centre, Toernooiveld 1, 6525 ED Nijmegen, The Netherlands
| | - Alfons J. P. Smolders
- Aquatic Ecology and Environmental Biology, Radboud Institute for Biological and Environmental Sciences, Radboud University, Heyendaalseweg 135, 6525 AJ Nijmegen, The Netherlands
- B-WARE Research Centre, Toernooiveld 1, 6525 ED Nijmegen, The Netherlands
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2
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Antonijević D, Hoffmann M, Prochnow A, Krabbe K, Weituschat M, Couwenberg J, Ehlert S, Zak D, Augustin J. The unexpected long period of elevated CH 4 emissions from an inundated fen meadow ended only with the occurrence of cattail (Typha latifolia). GLOBAL CHANGE BIOLOGY 2023; 29:3678-3691. [PMID: 37029755 DOI: 10.1111/gcb.16713] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/06/2022] [Accepted: 03/17/2023] [Indexed: 06/06/2023]
Abstract
Drainage and agricultural use transform natural peatlands from a net carbon (C) sink to a net C source. Rewetting of peatlands, despite of high methane (CH4 ) emissions, holds the potential to mitigate climate change by greatly reducing CO2 emissions. However, the time span for this transition is unknown because most studies are limited to a few years. Especially, nonpermanent open water areas often created after rewetting, are highly productive. Here, we present 14 consecutive years of CH4 flux measurements following rewetting of a formerly long-term drained peatland in the Peene valley. Measurements were made at two rewetted sites (non-inundated vs. inundated) using manual chambers. During the study period, significant differences in measured CH4 emissions occurred. In general, these differences overlapped with stages of ecosystem transition from a cultivated grassland to a polytrophic lake dominated by emergent helophytes, but could also be additionally explained by other variables. This transition started with a rapid vegetation shift from dying cultivated grasses to open water floating and submerged hydrophytes and significantly increased CH4 emissions. Since 2008, helophytes have gradually spread from the shoreline into the open water area, especially in drier years. This process was periodically delayed by exceptional inundation and eventually resulted in the inundated site being covered by emergent helophytes. While the period between 2009 and 2015 showed exceptionally high CH4 emissions, these decreased significantly after cattail and other emergent helophytes became dominant at the inundated site. Therefore, CH4 emissions declined only after 10 years of transition following rewetting, potentially reaching a new steady state. Overall, this study highlights the importance of an integrative approach to understand the shallow lakes CH4 biogeochemistry, encompassing the entire area with its mosaic of different vegetation forms. This should be ideally done through a study design including proper measurement site allocation as well as long-term measurements.
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Affiliation(s)
- Danica Antonijević
- Research Area 1: Landscape Functioning, Leibniz Centre for Agricultural Landscape Research (ZALF) e.V., Müncheberg, Germany
| | - Mathias Hoffmann
- Research Area 1: Landscape Functioning, Leibniz Centre for Agricultural Landscape Research (ZALF) e.V., Müncheberg, Germany
| | - Annette Prochnow
- Leibniz-Institute for Agricultural Engineering Potsdam-Bornim, Potsdam, Germany
- Albrecht Daniel Thaer Institute for Agricultural and Horticultural Sciences, Humboldt Universität zu Berlin, Berlin, Germany
| | - Karoline Krabbe
- Institute of Botany and Landscape Ecology, Greifswald University, Partner in the Greifswald Mire Centre, Greifswald, Germany
| | - Mirjam Weituschat
- Institute of Botany and Landscape Ecology, Greifswald University, Partner in the Greifswald Mire Centre, Greifswald, Germany
| | - John Couwenberg
- Institute of Botany and Landscape Ecology, Greifswald University, Partner in the Greifswald Mire Centre, Greifswald, Germany
| | - Sigrid Ehlert
- Research Area 2: Land Use and Governance, Leibniz Centre for Agricultural Landscape Research (ZALF) e.V., Müncheberg, Germany
| | - Dominik Zak
- Department of Ecoscience, Aarhus University, Silkeborg, Denmark
- Department of Ecohydrology and Biogeochemistry, Leibniz-Institute of Freshwater Ecology and Inland Fisheries, Berlin, Germany
| | - Jürgen Augustin
- Research Area 1: Landscape Functioning, Leibniz Centre for Agricultural Landscape Research (ZALF) e.V., Müncheberg, Germany
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3
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Suárez E, Hribljan JA, Chimbolema S, Harvey K, Triana V, Zurita JE, Jaramillo R, Doskocil LG. Vegetation structure and aboveground biomass of Páramo peatlands along a high-elevation gradient in the northern Ecuadorian Andes. FRONTIERS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2023; 14:1102340. [PMID: 37223780 PMCID: PMC10200889 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2023.1102340] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/18/2022] [Accepted: 04/18/2023] [Indexed: 05/25/2023]
Abstract
The high-elevation peatlands of the páramos of the northern Andes constitute a diverse environment that harbors large numbers of species and several types of plant communities along altitudinal, latitudinal, and environmental gradients. However, little is known about the structure and functioning of these ecosystems, including peatland vegetation types and their relative contribution to the production and accumulation of peat soils. In this paper we characterized the structure of peatland plant communities of the humid páramos of northern Ecuador by describing the distribution of plant growth-forms and their aboveground biomass patterns. Along an elevation gradient of 640 m we sampled vegetation in 16 peatlands and aboveground biomass in four peatlands. Three distinct peatland vegetation types were identified: High elevation Cushion peatlands, dominated by Plantago rigida and Distichia muscoides, Sedge and rush peatlands dominated by Carex spp. and Juncus spp., and Herbaceous and shrubby peatlands, with a more heterogenous and structurally complex vegetation. In terms of aboveground biomass, we found an 8-fold reduction in the higher peatlands compared to the lower sites, suggesting that the steep elevational gradients characteristic of Andean environments might be crucial in structuring the physiognomy and composition of peatland vegetation, either through its effects on temperature and other environmental factors, or through its effects on the age and development of soils. Additional studies are needed to evaluate the potential effects of temperature, hydrology, micro-topography, geological setting, and land-use, which are likely to influence vegetation patters in these peatlands.
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Affiliation(s)
- Esteban Suárez
- Colegio de Ciencias Biológicas y Ambientales, Universidad San Francisco de Quito, Quito, Ecuador
- Instituto Biósfera, Universidad San Francisco de Quito, Quito, Ecuador
| | - John A. Hribljan
- Department of Biology, University of Nebraska Omaha, Omaha, NE, United States
| | - Segundo Chimbolema
- Colegio de Ciencias Biológicas y Ambientales, Universidad San Francisco de Quito, Quito, Ecuador
- Instituto Biósfera, Universidad San Francisco de Quito, Quito, Ecuador
| | - Katie Harvey
- Colegio de Ciencias Biológicas y Ambientales, Universidad San Francisco de Quito, Quito, Ecuador
| | - Victoria Triana
- Colegio de Ciencias Biológicas y Ambientales, Universidad San Francisco de Quito, Quito, Ecuador
| | - Juan E. Zurita
- Colegio de Ciencias Biológicas y Ambientales, Universidad San Francisco de Quito, Quito, Ecuador
| | - Ricardo Jaramillo
- Colegio de Ciencias Biológicas y Ambientales, Universidad San Francisco de Quito, Quito, Ecuador
- Instituto Biósfera, Universidad San Francisco de Quito, Quito, Ecuador
| | - Lenka G. Doskocil
- Colegio de Ciencias Biológicas y Ambientales, Universidad San Francisco de Quito, Quito, Ecuador
- Instituto Biósfera, Universidad San Francisco de Quito, Quito, Ecuador
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4
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Anderson KJ, Kominoski JS, Nocentini A, Hoffman S. Dissolved organic matter in peat and marl marshes varies with nutrient enrichment and restored hydrology. Restor Ecol 2023. [DOI: 10.1111/rec.13905] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 04/05/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Kenneth J. Anderson
- Institute of Environment & Department of Biological Sciences Florida International University, Miami, FL 33199 U.S.A
| | - John S. Kominoski
- Institute of Environment & Department of Biological Sciences Florida International University, Miami, FL 33199 U.S.A
| | - Andrea Nocentini
- Institute of Environment & Department of Biological Sciences Florida International University, Miami, FL 33199 U.S.A
- South Florida Natural Resource Center, National Park Service, Homestead, FL 33034 U.S.A
| | - Sophia Hoffman
- Institute of Environment & Department of Biological Sciences Florida International University, Miami, FL 33199 U.S.A
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5
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Wang H, Jurasinski G, Täumer J, Kuß AW, Groß V, Köhn D, Günther A, Urich T. Linking Transcriptional Dynamics of Peat Microbiomes to Methane Fluxes during a Summer Drought in Two Rewetted Fens. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE & TECHNOLOGY 2023; 57:5089-5101. [PMID: 36926875 DOI: 10.1021/acs.est.2c07461] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/18/2023]
Abstract
Rewetted peatlands are reestablished hot spots for CH4 emissions, which are subject to increased drought events in the course of climate change. However, the dynamics of soil methane-cycling microbiomes in rewetted peatlands during summer drought are still poorly characterized. Using a quantitative metatranscriptomic approach, we investigated the changes in the transcript abundances of methanogen and methanotroph rRNA, as well as mcrA and pmoA mRNA before, during, and after the 2018 summer drought in a coastal and a percolation fen in northern Germany. Drought changed the community structure of methane-cycling microbiomes and decreased the CH4 fluxes as well as the rRNA and mRNA transcript abundances of methanogens and methanotrophs, but they showed no recovery or increase after the drought ended. The rRNA transcript abundance of methanogens was not correlated with CH4 fluxes in both fens. In the percolation fen, however, the mcrA transcript abundance showed a positive and significant correlation with CH4 fluxes. Importantly, when integrating pmoA abundance, a stronger correlation was observed between CH4 fluxes and mcrA/pmoA, suggesting that relationships between methanogens and methanotrophs are the key determinant of CH4 turnover. Our study provides a comprehensive understanding of the methane-cycling microbiome feedbacks to drought events in rewetted peatlands.
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Affiliation(s)
- Haitao Wang
- Institute of Microbiology, University of Greifswald, 17489 Greifswald, Germany
| | - Gerald Jurasinski
- Landscape Ecology, University of Rostock, 18059 Rostock, Germany
- Interdisciplinary Faculty, University of Rostock, 18059 Rostock, Germany
- Peatland Science, University of Greifswald, 17489 Greifswald, Germany
| | - Jana Täumer
- Institute of Microbiology, University of Greifswald, 17489 Greifswald, Germany
| | - Andreas W Kuß
- Human Molecular Genetics Group, Department of Functional Genomics, University Medicine Greifswald, 17489 Greifswald, Germany
| | - Verena Groß
- Institute of Microbiology, University of Greifswald, 17489 Greifswald, Germany
| | - Daniel Köhn
- Landscape Ecology, University of Rostock, 18059 Rostock, Germany
| | - Anke Günther
- Landscape Ecology, University of Rostock, 18059 Rostock, Germany
| | - Tim Urich
- Institute of Microbiology, University of Greifswald, 17489 Greifswald, Germany
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6
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Nordström E, Eckstein RL, Lind L. Edge effects on decomposition in
Sphagnum
bogs: Implications for carbon storage. Ecosphere 2022. [DOI: 10.1002/ecs2.4234] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Emil Nordström
- Department of Environmental and Life Sciences Karlstad University Karlstad Sweden
| | - Rolf Lutz Eckstein
- Department of Environmental and Life Sciences Karlstad University Karlstad Sweden
| | - Lovisa Lind
- Department of Environmental and Life Sciences Karlstad University Karlstad Sweden
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7
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Haldan K, Köhn N, Hornig A, Wichmann S, Kreyling J. Typha for paludiculture-Suitable water table and nutrient conditions for potential biomass utilization explored in mesocosm gradient experiments. Ecol Evol 2022; 12:e9191. [PMID: 36035268 PMCID: PMC9399453 DOI: 10.1002/ece3.9191] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/11/2022] [Revised: 07/15/2022] [Accepted: 07/21/2022] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Drainage has turned 650,000 km2 of peatlands worldwide into greenhouse gas sources. To counteract climate change, large‐scale rewetting is necessary while agricultural use of rewetted areas, termed paludiculture, is still possible. However, more information is required on the performance of suitable species, such as cattail, in the range of environmental conditions after rewetting. We investigated productivity and biomass quality (morphological traits and tissue chemical composition) of Typha angustifolia and Typha latifolia along gradients of water table depth (−45 to +40 cm) and nutrient addition (3.6–400 kg N ha−1 a−1) in a six‐month mesocosm experiment with an emphasis on their high‐value utilization, e.g., as building material, paper, or biodegradable packaging. Over a wide range of investigated conditions, T. latifolia was more productive than T. angustifolia. Productivity was remarkably tolerant of low nutrient addition, suggesting that long‐term productive paludiculture is possible. Low water tables were beneficial for T. latifolia productivity and high water tables for T. angustifolia biomass quality. Rewetting will likely create a mosaic of different water table depths. Our findings that the yield of T. angustifolia and tissue chemical composition of T. latifolia were largely unaffected by water table depth are therefore promising. Depending on intended utilization, optimal cultivation conditions and preferable species differ. Considering yield or diameter, e.g., for building materials, T. latifolia is generally preferable over T. angustifolia. A low N, P, K content, high Si content and high C/N‐ratio can be beneficial for processing into disposable tableware, charcoal, or building material. For these utilizations, T. angustifolia is preferable at high water tables, and both species should be cultivated at a low nutrient supply. When cellulose and lignin contents are relevant, e.g., for paper and biodegradable packaging, T. angustifolia is preferable at high water tables and both species should be cultivated at nutrient additions of about 20 kg N ha−1 a−1.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kerstin Haldan
- Institute of Botany and Landscape Ecology University of Greifswald, partner in the Greifswald Mire Centre Greifswald Germany
| | - Nora Köhn
- Institute of Botany and Landscape Ecology University of Greifswald, partner in the Greifswald Mire Centre Greifswald Germany
| | - Anja Hornig
- Institute of Botany and Landscape Ecology University of Greifswald, partner in the Greifswald Mire Centre Greifswald Germany
| | - Sabine Wichmann
- Institute of Botany and Landscape Ecology University of Greifswald, partner in the Greifswald Mire Centre Greifswald Germany
| | - Jürgen Kreyling
- Institute of Botany and Landscape Ecology University of Greifswald, partner in the Greifswald Mire Centre Greifswald Germany
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8
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Roesel LK, Zak DH. Treating acid mine drainage with decomposed organic soil: Implications for peatland rewetting. JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL MANAGEMENT 2022; 311:114808. [PMID: 35245841 DOI: 10.1016/j.jenvman.2022.114808] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/07/2022] [Revised: 02/16/2022] [Accepted: 02/23/2022] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
Acidification and salinisation of groundwater and surface water bodies are worldwide problems in post-mining landscapes due to acid mine drainage (AMD). In this study, we hypothesised that highly decomposed peat offers a suitable substrate for mitigating AMD pollution of water bodies and that hydraulic load affects the removal efficiency of iron and sulphate. A lysimeter experiment was conducted mimicking peatland rewetting to quantify iron and sulphate removal and pH changes at different loading rates. The low initial pH of 4 rose to 6 and electrical conductivity declined by up to 47%. The initially high concentrations of iron (>250 mg/L) and sulphate (>770 mg/L) declined by, on average, 87 and 78%, respectively. The removal efficiency of sulphate was negatively correlated with either the hydraulic or the sulphate load, respectively, i. e. the lower the hydraulic load, the higher the removal efficiency of sulphate. However, the removal of iron was not explained by the load. The results imply that desulphurication and thus subsequent precipitation of iron sulphides was the main removal process and that peatland rewetting is an effective measure to mitigate AMD pollution of freshwater systems. For the heavily AMD-polluted studied section of the River Spree, we estimated by combining experimental with field data that a sulphate load reduction of the river by about 20% (36,827 tons/yr) will occur if all peatlands in the sub-catchment (6067 ha; 6.7% of the total area) are rewetted. Future investigations must show if the pollutant removal is declining over time in decomposed peat layers due to acidification and/or lack of bioavailable carbon and how the rewetting of peatland with AMD will affect the restoration of their ecosystem functioning in the long term.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lydia K Roesel
- Humboldt University of Berlin, Germany; FIB - Research Institute for Post-Mining Landscapes, Finsterwalde, Germany.
| | - Dominik H Zak
- Department of Ecoscience, Aarhus University, Denmark; Department of Ecohydrology and Biogeochemistry, Leibniz-Institute of Freshwater Ecology and Inland Fisheries, Germany.
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9
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Rewetting does not return drained fen peatlands to their old selves. Nat Commun 2021; 12:5693. [PMID: 34611156 PMCID: PMC8492760 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-021-25619-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/04/2021] [Accepted: 08/13/2021] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Peatlands have been drained for land use for a long time and on a large scale, turning them from carbon and nutrient sinks into respective sources, diminishing water regulation capacity, causing surface height loss and destroying biodiversity. Over the last decades, drained peatlands have been rewetted for biodiversity restoration and, as it strongly decreases greenhouse gas emissions, also for climate protection. We quantify restoration success by comparing 320 rewetted fen peatland sites to 243 near-natural peatland sites of similar origin across temperate Europe, all set into perspective by 10k additional European fen vegetation plots. Results imply that rewetting of drained fen peatlands induces the establishment of tall, graminoid wetland plants (helophytisation) and long-lasting differences to pre-drainage biodiversity (vegetation), ecosystem functioning (geochemistry, hydrology), and land cover characteristics (spectral temporal metrics). The Paris Agreement entails the rewetting of 500,000 km2 of drained peatlands worldwide until 2050-2070. A better understanding of the resulting locally novel ecosystems is required to improve planning and implementation of peatland rewetting and subsequent management. Whether rewetting leads to effective restoration of drained peatlands is unclear. Here the authors analyse a large number of near-natural and rewetted fen peatland sites in Europe, finding persistent differences in plant community composition and ecosystem functioning, and higher variance in the restored sites.
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10
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Wang H, Weil M, Dumack K, Zak D, Münch D, Günther A, Jurasinski G, Blume-Werry G, Kreyling J, Urich T. Eukaryotic rather than prokaryotic microbiomes change over seasons in rewetted fen peatlands. FEMS Microbiol Ecol 2021; 97:6356952. [PMID: 34427631 DOI: 10.1093/femsec/fiab121] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/16/2021] [Accepted: 08/20/2021] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
In the last decades, rewetting of drained peatlands is on the rise worldwide, to restore their significant carbon sink function. Despite the increasing understanding of peat microbiomes, little is known about the seasonal dynamics and network interactions of the microbial communities in these ecosystems, especially in rewetted fens (groundwater-fed peatlands). Here, we investigated the seasonal dynamics in both prokaryotic and eukaryotic microbiomes in three common fen types in Northern Germany. The eukaryotic microbiomes, including fungi, protists and microbial metazoa, showed significant changes in their community structures across the seasons in contrast to largely unaffected prokaryotic microbiomes. Furthermore, our results proved that the dynamics in eukaryotic microbiomes in the rewetted sites differed between fen types, specifically in terms of saprotrophs, arbuscular mycorrhiza and grazers of bacteria. The co-occurrence networks also exhibited strong seasonal dynamics that differed between rewetted and drained sites, and the correlations involving protists and prokaryotes were the major contributors to these dynamics. Our study provides the insight that microbial eukaryotes mainly define the seasonal dynamics of microbiomes in rewetted fen peatlands. Accordingly, future research should unravel the importance of eukaryotes for biogeochemical processes, especially the under-characterized protists and metazoa, in these poorly understood ecosystems.
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Affiliation(s)
- Haitao Wang
- Institute of Microbiology, University of Greifswald, Felix-Hausdorff-Str. 8, 17487 Greifswald, Germany
| | - Micha Weil
- Institute of Microbiology, University of Greifswald, Felix-Hausdorff-Str. 8, 17487 Greifswald, Germany
| | - Kenneth Dumack
- Cologne Biocenter, University of Cologne, Zülpicher Strasse 47b, 50674 Cologne, Germany
| | - Dominik Zak
- Department of Bioscience, Aarhus University, Vejlsøvej 25, 8600 Silkeborg, Denmark.,Department of Chemical Analytics and Biogeochemistry, Leibniz-Institute of Freshwater Ecology and Inland Fisheries, Müggelseedamm 301, 12587 Berlin, Germany
| | - Diana Münch
- Institute of Microbiology, University of Greifswald, Felix-Hausdorff-Str. 8, 17487 Greifswald, Germany
| | - Anke Günther
- Faculty of Agriculture and Environmental Sciences, University of Rostock, Justus-von-Liebig-Weg 6, 18059 Rostock, Germany
| | - Gerald Jurasinski
- Faculty of Agriculture and Environmental Sciences, University of Rostock, Justus-von-Liebig-Weg 6, 18059 Rostock, Germany
| | - Gesche Blume-Werry
- Experimental Plant Ecology, University of Greifswald, Soldmannstr. 15, 17487 Greifswald, Germany
| | - Jürgen Kreyling
- Experimental Plant Ecology, University of Greifswald, Soldmannstr. 15, 17487 Greifswald, Germany
| | - Tim Urich
- Institute of Microbiology, University of Greifswald, Felix-Hausdorff-Str. 8, 17487 Greifswald, Germany
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11
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Hinzke T, Li G, Tanneberger F, Seeber E, Aggenbach C, Lange J, Kozub Ł, Knorr K, Kreyling J, Kotowski W. Potentially peat‐forming biomass of fen sedges increases with increasing nutrient levels. Funct Ecol 2021. [DOI: 10.1111/1365-2435.13803] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Tjorven Hinzke
- Department of Experimental Plant Ecology Institute of Botany and Landscape Ecology University of GreifswaldPartner in the Greifswald Mire Centre Greifswald Germany
| | - Guixiang Li
- Department of Ecology and Environmental Conservation Institute of Environmental Biology Faculty of Biology University of Warsaw Warsaw Poland
| | - Franziska Tanneberger
- Department of Experimental Plant Ecology Institute of Botany and Landscape Ecology University of GreifswaldPartner in the Greifswald Mire Centre Greifswald Germany
| | - Elke Seeber
- Department of Experimental Plant Ecology Institute of Botany and Landscape Ecology University of GreifswaldPartner in the Greifswald Mire Centre Greifswald Germany
| | - Camiel Aggenbach
- Ecosystem Management Research Group Department of Biology University of Antwerp Antwerp Belgium
- KWR Water Research Institute Nieuwegein The Netherlands
| | - Jelena Lange
- Department of Experimental Plant Ecology Institute of Botany and Landscape Ecology University of GreifswaldPartner in the Greifswald Mire Centre Greifswald Germany
- Department of Physical Geography and Geoecology, Faculty of Science Charles University Prague Czech Republic
| | - Łukasz Kozub
- Department of Ecology and Environmental Conservation Institute of Environmental Biology Faculty of Biology University of Warsaw Warsaw Poland
| | - Klaus‐Holger Knorr
- Ecohydrology & Biogeochemistry Group Institute of Landscape Ecology University of Münster Münster Germany
| | - Juergen Kreyling
- Department of Experimental Plant Ecology Institute of Botany and Landscape Ecology University of GreifswaldPartner in the Greifswald Mire Centre Greifswald Germany
| | - Wiktor Kotowski
- Department of Ecology and Environmental Conservation Institute of Environmental Biology Faculty of Biology University of Warsaw Warsaw Poland
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12
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Martens M, Karlsson NPE, Ehde PM, Mattsson M, Weisner SEB. The greenhouse gas emission effects of rewetting drained peatlands and growing wetland plants for biogas fuel production. JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL MANAGEMENT 2021; 277:111391. [PMID: 33049611 DOI: 10.1016/j.jenvman.2020.111391] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/18/2020] [Revised: 09/07/2020] [Accepted: 09/17/2020] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
Efforts to mitigate greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions are receiving increased attention among governmental and commercial actors. In recent years, the interest in paludiculture, i.e. the use of rewetted peatlands, has grown because of its potential to reduce GHG emissions by stopping soil decomposition. Moreover, cultivating wetland plants on rewetted peatlands for bioenergy production that replaces fossil fuels in the transport sector, can contribute to additional GHG emission reductions. In this study, an analysis of literature data was conducted to obtain data on GHG emissions (CO2 and CH4) and biomass production from rewetted peatlands cultivated with two different wetland plant species: Phragmites australis (Pa) and Typha latifolia (Tl). In addition, a biogas experiment was carried out to investigate the biomethane yield of Pa and Tl biomass, and the reduction of global warming potential (GWP) by using biomethane as vehicle fuel. The results show that peatland rewetting can be an important measure to mitigate the GWP as it reduces GHG emissions from the soil, particularly on a 100-year timescale but also to some extent on a 20-year timescale. More specifically, rewetting of 1 km2 of peatland can result in a GWP reduction corresponding to the emissions from ±2600 average sized petrol cars annually. Growing Pa on rewetted peatlands reduces soil GHG emissions more than growing Tl, but Pa and Tl produced similar amounts of biomass and biomethane per land area. Our study concludes that Pa, because of a more pronounced GWP reduction, is the most suitable wetland plant to cultivate after peatland rewetting.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mireille Martens
- Water Technology Group, HZ University of Applied Sciences, Vlissingen, the Netherlands
| | - Niklas P E Karlsson
- Rydberg Laboratory of Applied Sciences, School of Business, Innovation and Sustainability, Halmstad University, Halmstad, Sweden.
| | - Per Magnus Ehde
- Rydberg Laboratory of Applied Sciences, School of Business, Innovation and Sustainability, Halmstad University, Halmstad, Sweden
| | - Marie Mattsson
- Rydberg Laboratory of Applied Sciences, School of Business, Innovation and Sustainability, Halmstad University, Halmstad, Sweden
| | - Stefan E B Weisner
- Rydberg Laboratory of Applied Sciences, School of Business, Innovation and Sustainability, Halmstad University, Halmstad, Sweden
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13
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Koebsch F, Gottschalk P, Beyer F, Wille C, Jurasinski G, Sachs T. The impact of occasional drought periods on vegetation spread and greenhouse gas exchange in rewetted fens. Philos Trans R Soc Lond B Biol Sci 2020; 375:20190685. [PMID: 32892736 PMCID: PMC7485093 DOI: 10.1098/rstb.2019.0685] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Peatland rewetting aims at stopping the emissions of carbon dioxide (CO2) and establishing net carbon sinks. However, in times of global warming, restoration projects must increasingly deal with extreme events such as drought periods. Here, we evaluate the effect of the European summer drought 2018 on vegetation development and the exchange of methane (CH4) and CO2 in two rewetted minerotrophic fens (Hütelmoor—Hte and Zarnekow—Zrk) including potential carry-over effects in the post-drought year. Drought was a major stress factor for the established vegetation but also promoted the rapid spread of new vegetation, which will likely gain a lasting foothold in Zrk. Accordingly, drought increased not only respiratory CO2 losses but also photosynthetic CO2 uptake. Altogether, the drought reduced the net CO2 sink in Hte, while it stopped the persistent net CO2 emissions of Zrk. In addition, the drought reduced CH4 emissions in both fens, though this became most apparent in the post-drought year and suggests a lasting shift towards non-methanogenic organic matter decomposition. Occasional droughts can be beneficial for the restoration of the peatland carbon sink function if the newly grown vegetation increases CO2 sequestration in the long term. Nonetheless, care must be taken to prevent extensive peat decay. This article is part of the theme issue ‘Impacts of the 2018 severe drought and heatwave in Europe: from site to continental scale'.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Pia Gottschalk
- GFZ German Research Centre for Geosciences, Potsdam, Germany
| | - Florian Beyer
- Geodesy and Geoinformatic, University of Rostock, Rostock, Germany
| | - Christian Wille
- GFZ German Research Centre for Geosciences, Potsdam, Germany
| | | | - Torsten Sachs
- GFZ German Research Centre for Geosciences, Potsdam, Germany
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14
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Walton CR, Zak D, Audet J, Petersen RJ, Lange J, Oehmke C, Wichtmann W, Kreyling J, Grygoruk M, Jabłońska E, Kotowski W, Wiśniewska MM, Ziegler R, Hoffmann CC. Wetland buffer zones for nitrogen and phosphorus retention: Impacts of soil type, hydrology and vegetation. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2020; 727:138709. [PMID: 32334232 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2020.138709] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/31/2019] [Revised: 04/09/2020] [Accepted: 04/13/2020] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
Wetland buffer zones (WBZs) are riparian areas that form a transition between terrestrial and aquatic environments and are well-known to remove agricultural water pollutants such as nitrogen (N) and phosphorus (P). This review attempts to merge and compare data on the nutrient load, nutrient loss and nutrient removal and/or retention from multiple studies of various WBZs termed as riparian mineral soil wetlands, groundwater-charged peatlands (i.e. fens) and floodplains. Two different soil types ('organic' and 'mineral'), four different main water sources ('groundwater', 'precipitation', 'surface runoff/drain discharge', and 'river inundation') and three different vegetation classes ('arboraceous', 'herbaceous' and 'aerenchymous') were considered separately for data analysis. The studied WBZs are situated within the temperate and continental climatic regions that are commonly found in northern-central Europe, northern USA and Canada. Surprisingly, only weak differences for the nutrient removal/retention capability were found if the three WBZ types were directly compared. The results of our study reveal that for example the nitrate retention efficiency of organic soils (53 ± 28%; mean ± sd) is only slightly higher than that of mineral soils (50 ± 32%). Variance in load had a stronger influence than soil type on the N retention in WBZs. However, organic soils in fens tend to be sources of dissolved organic N and soluble reactive P, particularly when the fens have become degraded due to drainage and past agricultural usage. The detailed consideration of water sources indicated that average nitrate removal efficiencies were highest for ground water (76 ± 25%) and lowest for river water (35 ± 24%). No significant pattern for P retention emerged; however, the highest absolute removal appeared if the P source was river water. The harvesting of vegetation will minimise potential P loss from rewetted WBZs and plant biomass yield may promote circular economy value chains and provide compensation to land owners for restored land now unsuitable for conventional farming.
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Affiliation(s)
- Craig R Walton
- Chemical Analytics and Biogeochemistry, Leibniz-Institute of Freshwater Ecology and Inland Fisheries Berlin (IGB), Berlin, Germany
| | - Dominik Zak
- Chemical Analytics and Biogeochemistry, Leibniz-Institute of Freshwater Ecology and Inland Fisheries Berlin (IGB), Berlin, Germany; Department of Bioscience, Aarhus University, 8600 Silkeborg, Denmark.
| | - Joachim Audet
- Department of Bioscience, Aarhus University, 8600 Silkeborg, Denmark
| | | | - Jelena Lange
- Institute of Botany and Landscape Ecology, University of Greifswald, 17487 Greifswald, Germany
| | - Claudia Oehmke
- Institute of Botany and Landscape Ecology, University of Greifswald, 17487 Greifswald, Germany
| | - Wendelin Wichtmann
- Institute of Botany and Landscape Ecology, University of Greifswald, 17487 Greifswald, Germany
| | - Jürgen Kreyling
- Institute of Botany and Landscape Ecology, University of Greifswald, 17487 Greifswald, Germany
| | - Mateusz Grygoruk
- Warsaw University of Life Sciences-SGGW, Institute of Environmental Engineering, Department of Hydrology, Meteorology and Water Management, 02-787 Warsaw, Poland
| | - Ewa Jabłońska
- Faculty of Biology, Biological and Chemical Research Centre, University of Warsaw, 02-089 Warsaw, Poland
| | - Wiktor Kotowski
- Faculty of Biology, Biological and Chemical Research Centre, University of Warsaw, 02-089 Warsaw, Poland
| | - Marta M Wiśniewska
- Faculty of Biology, Biological and Chemical Research Centre, University of Warsaw, 02-089 Warsaw, Poland
| | - Rafael Ziegler
- Getidos, University of Greifswald, 17487 Greifswald, Germany
| | - Carl C Hoffmann
- Department of Bioscience, Aarhus University, 8600 Silkeborg, Denmark
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15
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Phosphorus Speciation in Long-Term Drained and Rewetted Peatlands of Northern Germany. SOIL SYSTEMS 2020. [DOI: 10.3390/soilsystems4010011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Previous studies, conducted at the inception of rewetting degraded peatlands, reported that rewetting increased phosphorus (P) mobilization but long-term effects of rewetting on the soil P status are unknown. The objectives of this study were to (i) characterize P in the surface and subsurface horizons of long-term drained and rewetted percolation mires, forest, and coastal peatlands and (ii) examine the influence of drainage and rewetting on P speciation and distributions using wet-chemical and advanced spectroscopic analyses. The total P was significantly (p < 0.05) different at the surface horizons. The total concentration of P ranged from 1022 to 2320 mg kg−1 in the surface horizons and decreased by a factor of two to five to the deepest horizons. Results of the chemical, solution 31P nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR), and P K-edge X-ray absorption near-edge structure (XANES) indicated that the major proportions of total P were organic P (Po). In the same peatland types, the relative proportions of Po and stable P fractions were lower in the drained than in the rewetted peatland. The results indicate that long-term rewetting not only locks P in organic matter but also transforms labile P to stable P fractions at the surface horizons of the different peatland types.
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16
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Zak D, Goldhammer T, Cabezas A, Gelbrecht J, Gurke R, Wagner C, Reuter H, Augustin J, Klimkowska A, McInnes R. Top soil removal reduces water pollution from phosphorus and dissolved organic matter and lowers methane emissions from rewetted peatlands. J Appl Ecol 2017. [DOI: 10.1111/1365-2664.12931] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Dominik Zak
- Chemical Analytics and Biogeochemistry; Leibniz-Institute of Freshwater Ecology and Inland Fisheries Berlin (IGB); Berlin Germany
- Department of Bioscience; Aarhus University; Silkeborg Denmark
- Institute of Landscape Ecology and Site Evaluation; University of Rostock; Rostock Germany
| | - Tobias Goldhammer
- Chemical Analytics and Biogeochemistry; Leibniz-Institute of Freshwater Ecology and Inland Fisheries Berlin (IGB); Berlin Germany
| | - Alavaro Cabezas
- Chemical Analytics and Biogeochemistry; Leibniz-Institute of Freshwater Ecology and Inland Fisheries Berlin (IGB); Berlin Germany
| | - Jörg Gelbrecht
- Chemical Analytics and Biogeochemistry; Leibniz-Institute of Freshwater Ecology and Inland Fisheries Berlin (IGB); Berlin Germany
| | - Robert Gurke
- Chemical Analytics and Biogeochemistry; Leibniz-Institute of Freshwater Ecology and Inland Fisheries Berlin (IGB); Berlin Germany
| | - Carola Wagner
- Chemical Analytics and Biogeochemistry; Leibniz-Institute of Freshwater Ecology and Inland Fisheries Berlin (IGB); Berlin Germany
| | - Hendrik Reuter
- Chemical Analytics and Biogeochemistry; Leibniz-Institute of Freshwater Ecology and Inland Fisheries Berlin (IGB); Berlin Germany
| | - Jürgen Augustin
- Leibniz Centre for Agricultural Landscape Research (ZALF); Müncheberg Germany
| | - Agata Klimkowska
- Eco-Recover Ecosystem Restoration Advice; Arnhem The Netherlands
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17
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Görn S, Fischer K. Measuring the efficiency of fen restoration on carabid beetles and vascular plants: a case study from north-eastern Germany. Restor Ecol 2015. [DOI: 10.1111/rec.12203] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/01/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Sebastian Görn
- Zoological Institute and Museum; Greifswald University; Greifswald Germany
| | - Klaus Fischer
- Zoological Institute and Museum; Greifswald University; Greifswald Germany
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