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Jurasinski G, Barthelmes A, Byrne KA, Chojnicki BH, Christiansen JR, Decleer K, Fritz C, Günther AB, Huth V, Joosten H, Juszczak R, Juutinen S, Kasimir Å, Klemedtsson L, Koebsch F, Kotowski W, Kull A, Lamentowicz M, Lindgren A, Lindsay R, Linkevičienė R, Lohila A, Mander Ü, Manton M, Minkkinen K, Peters J, Renou-Wilson F, Sendžikaitė J, Šimanauskienė R, Taminskas J, Tanneberger F, Tegetmeyer C, van Diggelen R, Vasander H, Wilson D, Zableckis N, Zak DH, Couwenberg J. Active afforestation of drained peatlands is not a viable option under the EU Nature Restoration Law. Ambio 2024; 53:970-983. [PMID: 38696060 PMCID: PMC11101405 DOI: 10.1007/s13280-024-02016-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/15/2023] [Revised: 01/31/2024] [Accepted: 03/25/2024] [Indexed: 05/18/2024]
Abstract
The EU Nature Restoration Law (NRL) is critical for the restoration of degraded ecosystems and active afforestation of degraded peatlands has been suggested as a restoration measure under the NRL. Here, we discuss the current state of scientific evidence on the climate mitigation effects of peatlands under forestry. Afforestation of drained peatlands without restoring their hydrology does not fully restore ecosystem functions. Evidence on long-term climate benefits is lacking and it is unclear whether CO2 sequestration of forest on drained peatland can offset the carbon loss from the peat over the long-term. While afforestation may offer short-term gains in certain cases, it compromises the sustainability of peatland carbon storage. Thus, active afforestation of drained peatlands is not a viable option for climate mitigation under the EU Nature Restoration Law and might even impede future rewetting/restoration efforts. Instead, restoring hydrological conditions through rewetting is crucial for effective peatland restoration.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gerald Jurasinski
- Institute of Botany and Landscape Ecology, University of Greifswald, Partner in the Greifswald Mire Centre, Greifswald, Germany.
- Laboratory of Flora and Geobotany, Institute of Botany, Nature Research Centre, Vilnius, Lithuania.
| | - Alexandra Barthelmes
- Institute of Botany and Landscape Ecology, University of Greifswald, Partner in the Greifswald Mire Centre, Greifswald, Germany
| | - Kenneth A Byrne
- Department of Biological Sciences, Faculty of Science and Engineering, University of Limerick, Limerick, Ireland
| | - Bogdan H Chojnicki
- Laboratory of Bioclimatology, Poznan University of Life Sciences, Poznan, Poland
| | - Jesper Riis Christiansen
- Department of Geoscience and Natural Resource Management, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Kris Decleer
- Research Institute for Nature and Forest, Brussels, Belgium
| | - Christian Fritz
- Department of Aquatic Biology and Environmental Sciences, RIBES, Radboud University Nijmegen, Nijmegen, The Netherlands
| | - Anke Beate Günther
- Faculty of Agricultural and Environmental Sciences, University of Rostock, Rostock, Germany
| | - Vytas Huth
- Faculty of Agricultural and Environmental Sciences, University of Rostock, Rostock, Germany
| | - Hans Joosten
- Institute of Botany and Landscape Ecology, University of Greifswald, Partner in the Greifswald Mire Centre, Greifswald, Germany
| | - Radosław Juszczak
- Laboratory of Bioclimatology, Poznan University of Life Sciences, Poznan, Poland
| | - Sari Juutinen
- Faculty of Biological and Environmental Sciences, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland
| | - Åsa Kasimir
- Department of Earth Sciences, University of Gothenburg, Gothenburg, Sweden
| | - Leif Klemedtsson
- Department of Earth Sciences, University of Gothenburg, Gothenburg, Sweden
| | - Franziska Koebsch
- Faculty of Forest Sciences and Forest Ecology, University of Göttingen, Göttingen, Germany
| | - Wiktor Kotowski
- Department of Plant Ecology and Environmental Conservation, University If Warsaw, Warsaw, Poland
| | - Ain Kull
- Institute of Ecology and Earth Sciences, University of Tartu, Tartu, Estonia
| | - Mariusz Lamentowicz
- Climate Change Ecology Research Unit, Adam Mickiewicz University, Poznań, Poland
| | - Amelie Lindgren
- Department of Earth Sciences, University of Gothenburg, Gothenburg, Sweden
| | - Richard Lindsay
- Sustainability Research Institute, University of East London, London, UK
| | - Rita Linkevičienė
- Laboratory of Climate and Water Research, Nature Research Centre, Vilnius, Lithuania
| | - Annalea Lohila
- Institute for Atmospheric and Earth System Research, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland
| | - Ülo Mander
- Institute of Ecology and Earth Sciences, University of Tartu, Tartu, Estonia
| | - Michael Manton
- Bioeconomy Research Institute, Vytautas Magnus University, Akademija, Lithuania
| | - Kari Minkkinen
- Department of Forest Sciences, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland
| | - Jan Peters
- Michael Succow Foundation, Partner in the Greifswald Mire Centre, Greifswald, Germany
| | - Florence Renou-Wilson
- School of Biology and Environmental Science, University College Dublin, Dublin, Ireland
| | - Jūratė Sendžikaitė
- Foundation for Peatland Restoration and Conservation, Vilnius, Lithuania
- Institute of Geosciences, Faculty of Chemistry and Geosciences, Vilnius University, Vilnius, Lithuania
| | - Rasa Šimanauskienė
- Laboratory of Climate and Water Research, Nature Research Centre, Vilnius, Lithuania
- Foundation for Peatland Restoration and Conservation, Vilnius, Lithuania
| | - Julius Taminskas
- Laboratory of Climate and Water Research, Nature Research Centre, Vilnius, Lithuania
| | - Franziska Tanneberger
- Institute of Botany and Landscape Ecology, University of Greifswald, Partner in the Greifswald Mire Centre, Greifswald, Germany
| | - Cosima Tegetmeyer
- Institute of Botany and Landscape Ecology, University of Greifswald, Partner in the Greifswald Mire Centre, Greifswald, Germany
| | - Rudy van Diggelen
- Geobiology Research Group, Department of Biology, University of Antwerp, Antwerpen, Belgium
| | - Harri Vasander
- Department of Forest Sciences, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland
| | | | - Nerijus Zableckis
- Foundation for Peatland Restoration and Conservation, Vilnius, Lithuania
| | - Dominik H Zak
- Institute of Ecoscience, Aarhus University, Aarhus, Denmark
- Leibniz-Institute of Freshwater Ecology and Inland Fisheries Berlin, Berlin, Germany
| | - John Couwenberg
- Institute of Botany and Landscape Ecology, University of Greifswald, Partner in the Greifswald Mire Centre, Greifswald, Germany
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Günther A, Barthelmes A, Huth V, Joosten H, Jurasinski G, Koebsch F, Couwenberg J. Author Correction: Prompt rewetting of drained peatlands reduces climate warming despite methane emissions. Nat Commun 2024; 15:3180. [PMID: 38609384 PMCID: PMC11014925 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-024-47604-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 04/14/2024] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Anke Günther
- University of Rostock, Faculty of Agricultural and Environmental Studies, Landscape Ecology, Rostock, Germany.
| | - Alexandra Barthelmes
- University of Greifswald, Faculty of Mathematics and Natural Sciences, Peatland Studies and Paleoecology, Greifswald, Germany
- Greifswald Mire Centre (GMC), Greifswald, Germany
| | - Vytas Huth
- University of Rostock, Faculty of Agricultural and Environmental Studies, Landscape Ecology, Rostock, Germany
| | - Hans Joosten
- University of Greifswald, Faculty of Mathematics and Natural Sciences, Peatland Studies and Paleoecology, Greifswald, Germany
- Greifswald Mire Centre (GMC), Greifswald, Germany
| | - Gerald Jurasinski
- University of Rostock, Faculty of Agricultural and Environmental Studies, Landscape Ecology, Rostock, Germany
| | - Franziska Koebsch
- University of Rostock, Faculty of Agricultural and Environmental Studies, Landscape Ecology, Rostock, Germany
| | - John Couwenberg
- University of Greifswald, Faculty of Mathematics and Natural Sciences, Peatland Studies and Paleoecology, Greifswald, Germany
- Greifswald Mire Centre (GMC), Greifswald, Germany
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3
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Knox SH, Bansal S, McNicol G, Schafer K, Sturtevant C, Ueyama M, Valach AC, Baldocchi D, Delwiche K, Desai AR, Euskirchen E, Liu J, Lohila A, Malhotra A, Melling L, Riley W, Runkle BRK, Turner J, Vargas R, Zhu Q, Alto T, Fluet-Chouinard E, Goeckede M, Melton JR, Sonnentag O, Vesala T, Ward E, Zhang Z, Feron S, Ouyang Z, Alekseychik P, Aurela M, Bohrer G, Campbell DI, Chen J, Chu H, Dalmagro HJ, Goodrich JP, Gottschalk P, Hirano T, Iwata H, Jurasinski G, Kang M, Koebsch F, Mammarella I, Nilsson MB, Ono K, Peichl M, Peltola O, Ryu Y, Sachs T, Sakabe A, Sparks JP, Tuittila ES, Vourlitis GL, Wong GX, Windham-Myers L, Poulter B, Jackson RB. Identifying dominant environmental predictors of freshwater wetland methane fluxes across diurnal to seasonal time scales. Glob Chang Biol 2021; 27:3582-3604. [PMID: 33914985 DOI: 10.1111/gcb.15661] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/19/2020] [Accepted: 12/24/2020] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
While wetlands are the largest natural source of methane (CH4 ) to the atmosphere, they represent a large source of uncertainty in the global CH4 budget due to the complex biogeochemical controls on CH4 dynamics. Here we present, to our knowledge, the first multi-site synthesis of how predictors of CH4 fluxes (FCH4) in freshwater wetlands vary across wetland types at diel, multiday (synoptic), and seasonal time scales. We used several statistical approaches (correlation analysis, generalized additive modeling, mutual information, and random forests) in a wavelet-based multi-resolution framework to assess the importance of environmental predictors, nonlinearities and lags on FCH4 across 23 eddy covariance sites. Seasonally, soil and air temperature were dominant predictors of FCH4 at sites with smaller seasonal variation in water table depth (WTD). In contrast, WTD was the dominant predictor for wetlands with smaller variations in temperature (e.g., seasonal tropical/subtropical wetlands). Changes in seasonal FCH4 lagged fluctuations in WTD by ~17 ± 11 days, and lagged air and soil temperature by median values of 8 ± 16 and 5 ± 15 days, respectively. Temperature and WTD were also dominant predictors at the multiday scale. Atmospheric pressure (PA) was another important multiday scale predictor for peat-dominated sites, with drops in PA coinciding with synchronous releases of CH4 . At the diel scale, synchronous relationships with latent heat flux and vapor pressure deficit suggest that physical processes controlling evaporation and boundary layer mixing exert similar controls on CH4 volatilization, and suggest the influence of pressurized ventilation in aerenchymatous vegetation. In addition, 1- to 4-h lagged relationships with ecosystem photosynthesis indicate recent carbon substrates, such as root exudates, may also control FCH4. By addressing issues of scale, asynchrony, and nonlinearity, this work improves understanding of the predictors and timing of wetland FCH4 that can inform future studies and models, and help constrain wetland CH4 emissions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sara H Knox
- Department of Geography, The University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC, Canada
| | - Sheel Bansal
- Northern Prairie Wildlife Research Center, U.S. Geological Survey, Jamestown, ND, USA
| | - Gavin McNicol
- Department of Earth System Science, Stanford University, Stanford, CA, USA
| | - Karina Schafer
- Department of Earth and Environmental Science, Rutgers University Newark, New Brunswick, NJ, USA
| | - Cove Sturtevant
- National Ecological Observatory Network, Battelle, Boulder, CO, USA
| | - Masahito Ueyama
- Graduate School of Life and Environmental Sciences, Osaka Prefecture University, Sakai, Japan
| | - Alex C Valach
- Department of Environmental Science, Policy and Management, University of California, Berkeley, CA, USA
| | - Dennis Baldocchi
- Department of Environmental Science, Policy and Management, University of California, Berkeley, CA, USA
| | - Kyle Delwiche
- Department of Earth System Science, Stanford University, Stanford, CA, USA
| | - Ankur R Desai
- Department of Atmospheric and Oceanic Sciences, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, WI, USA
| | - Eugenie Euskirchen
- Institute of Arctic Biology, University of Alaska Fairbanks, Fairbanks, AK, USA
| | - Jinxun Liu
- Western Geographic Science Center, U.S. Geological Survey, Moffett Field, CA, USA
| | - Annalea Lohila
- Institute for Atmospheric and Earth System Research/Forest Sciences, Faculty of Agriculture and Forestry, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland
- Climate System Research, Finnish Meteorological Institute, Helsinki, Finland
| | - Avni Malhotra
- Department of Earth System Science, Stanford University, Stanford, CA, USA
| | - Lulie Melling
- Sarawak Tropical Peat Research Institute, Sarawak, Malaysia
| | - William Riley
- Earth and Environmental Sciences Area, Lawrence Berkeley National Lab, Berkeley, CA, USA
| | - Benjamin R K Runkle
- Department of Biological & Agricultural Engineering, University of Arkansas, Fayetteville, AR, USA
| | - Jessica Turner
- Freshwater and Marine Science, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, WI, USA
| | - Rodrigo Vargas
- Department of Plant and Soil Sciences, University of Delaware, Newark, DE, USA
| | - Qing Zhu
- Earth and Environmental Sciences Area, Lawrence Berkeley National Lab, Berkeley, CA, USA
| | - Tuula Alto
- Climate System Research, Finnish Meteorological Institute, Helsinki, Finland
| | | | - Mathias Goeckede
- Department of Biogeochemical Signals, Max Planck Institute for Biogeochemistry, Jena, Germany
| | - Joe R Melton
- Climate Research Division, Environment and Climate Change Canada, Victoria, BC, Canada
| | - Oliver Sonnentag
- Département de Géographie, Université de Montréal, Montréal, QC, Canada
| | - Timo Vesala
- Institute for Atmospheric and Earth System Research/Forest Sciences, Faculty of Agriculture and Forestry, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland
- Yugra State University, Khanty-Mansiysk, Russia
| | - Eric Ward
- Wetland and Aquatic Research Center, U.S. Geological Survey, Lafayette, LA, USA
| | - Zhen Zhang
- Department of Geographical Sciences, University of Maryland, College Park, MD, USA
| | - Sarah Feron
- Department of Earth System Science, Stanford University, Stanford, CA, USA
- Department of Physics, University of Santiago, Santiago de Chile, Chile
| | - Zutao Ouyang
- Department of Earth System Science, Stanford University, Stanford, CA, USA
| | | | - Mika Aurela
- Climate System Research, Finnish Meteorological Institute, Helsinki, Finland
| | - Gil Bohrer
- Department of Civil, Environmental & Geodetic Engineering, Ohio State University, Columbus, OH, USA
| | | | - Jiquan Chen
- Department of Geography, Environment, and Spatial Sciences, & Center for Global Change and Earth Observations, Michigan State University, East Lansing, MI, USA
| | - Housen Chu
- Climate and Ecosystem Sciences Division, Lawrence Berkeley National Lab, Berkeley, CA, USA
| | | | | | - Pia Gottschalk
- GFZ German Research Centre for Geosciences, Potsdam, Germany
| | - Takashi Hirano
- Research Faculty of Agriculture, Hokkaido University, Sapporo, Japan
| | - Hiroki Iwata
- Department of Environmental Science, Faculty of Science, Shinshu University, Matsumoto, Japan
| | | | - Minseok Kang
- National Center for Agro Meteorology, Seoul, South Korea
| | | | - Ivan Mammarella
- Institute for Atmospheric and Earth System Research/Forest Sciences, Faculty of Agriculture and Forestry, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland
| | - Mats B Nilsson
- Department of Forest Ecology and Management, Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences, Umeå, Sweden
| | - Keisuke Ono
- Institute for Agro-Environmental Sciences, National Agriculture and Food Research Organization, Tsukuba, Japan
| | - Matthias Peichl
- Department of Forest Ecology and Management, Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences, Umeå, Sweden
| | - Olli Peltola
- Climate System Research, Finnish Meteorological Institute, Helsinki, Finland
| | - Youngryel Ryu
- Department of Landscape Architecture and Rural Systems Engineering, Seoul National University, Seoul, South Korea
| | - Torsten Sachs
- GFZ German Research Centre for Geosciences, Potsdam, Germany
| | | | - Jed P Sparks
- Department of Ecology and Evolutionary Biology, Cornell, Ithaca, NY, USA
| | | | | | - Guan X Wong
- Sarawak Tropical Peat Research Institute, Sarawak, Malaysia
| | | | - Benjamin Poulter
- Biospheric Sciences Laboratory, NASA Goddard Space Flight Center, Greenbelt, MD, USA
| | - Robert B Jackson
- Department of Earth System Science, Stanford University, Stanford, CA, USA
- Woods Institute for the Environment, Stanford University, Stanford, CA, USA
- Precourt Institute for Energy, Stanford University, Stanford, CA, USA
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4
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Huth V, Günther A, Bartel A, Gutekunst C, Heinze S, Hofer B, Jacobs O, Koebsch F, Rosinski E, Tonn C, Ullrich K, Jurasinski G. The climate benefits of topsoil removal and
Sphagnum
introduction in raised bog restoration. Restor Ecol 2021. [DOI: 10.1111/rec.13490] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Vytas Huth
- University of Rostock, Landscape Ecology Justus‐von‐Liebig‐Weg 6, 18059 Rostock Germany
| | - Anke Günther
- University of Rostock, Landscape Ecology Justus‐von‐Liebig‐Weg 6, 18059 Rostock Germany
| | - Anna Bartel
- European Competence Centre Mire and Climate Auf dem Sande 11, 49419 Wagenfeld Germany
| | - Cordula Gutekunst
- University of Rostock, Landscape Ecology Justus‐von‐Liebig‐Weg 6, 18059 Rostock Germany
| | - Stefanie Heinze
- Federal Agency for Nature Conservation Konstantinstr. 110, 53179 Bonn Germany
| | - Bernd Hofer
- Hofer & Pautz GbR Buchenallee 18, 48341 Altenberge Germany
| | - Oona Jacobs
- University of Rostock, Landscape Ecology Justus‐von‐Liebig‐Weg 6, 18059 Rostock Germany
| | - Franziska Koebsch
- University of Rostock, Landscape Ecology Justus‐von‐Liebig‐Weg 6, 18059 Rostock Germany
| | - Eva Rosinski
- Hofer & Pautz GbR Buchenallee 18, 48341 Altenberge Germany
| | - Claudia Tonn
- University of Rostock, Landscape Ecology Justus‐von‐Liebig‐Weg 6, 18059 Rostock Germany
| | - Karin Ullrich
- Federal Agency for Nature Conservation Konstantinstr. 110, 53179 Bonn Germany
| | - Gerald Jurasinski
- University of Rostock, Landscape Ecology Justus‐von‐Liebig‐Weg 6, 18059 Rostock Germany
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5
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Fu Z, Ciais P, Bastos A, Stoy PC, Yang H, Green JK, Wang B, Yu K, Huang Y, Knohl A, Šigut L, Gharun M, Cuntz M, Arriga N, Roland M, Peichl M, Migliavacca M, Cremonese E, Varlagin A, Brümmer C, Gourlez de la Motte L, Fares S, Buchmann N, El-Madany TS, Pitacco A, Vendrame N, Li Z, Vincke C, Magliulo E, Koebsch F. Sensitivity of gross primary productivity to climatic drivers during the summer drought of 2018 in Europe. Philos Trans R Soc Lond B Biol Sci 2020; 375:20190747. [PMID: 32892724 DOI: 10.1098/rstb.2019.0747] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022] Open
Abstract
In summer 2018, Europe experienced a record drought, but it remains unknown how the drought affected ecosystem carbon dynamics. Using observations from 34 eddy covariance sites in different biomes across Europe, we studied the sensitivity of gross primary productivity (GPP) to environmental drivers during the summer drought of 2018 versus the reference summer of 2016. We found a greater drought-induced decline of summer GPP in grasslands (-38%) than in forests (-10%), which coincided with reduced evapotranspiration and soil water content (SWC). As compared to the 'normal year' of 2016, GPP in different ecosystems exhibited more negative sensitivity to summer air temperature (Ta) but stronger positive sensitivity to SWC during summer drought in 2018, that is, a stronger reduction of GPP with soil moisture deficit. We found larger negative effects of Ta and vapour pressure deficit (VPD) but a lower positive effect of photosynthetic photon flux density on GPP in 2018 compared to 2016, which contributed to reduced summer GPP in 2018. Our results demonstrate that high temperature-induced increases in VPD and decreases in SWC aggravated drought impacts on GPP. This article is part of the theme issue 'Impacts of the 2018 severe drought and heatwave in Europe: from site to continental scale'.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zheng Fu
- Laboratoire des Sciences du Climat et de l'Environnement, LSCE/IPSL, CEA-CNRS-UVSQ, Université Paris-Saclay, Gif-sur-Yvette 91191, France
| | - Philippe Ciais
- Laboratoire des Sciences du Climat et de l'Environnement, LSCE/IPSL, CEA-CNRS-UVSQ, Université Paris-Saclay, Gif-sur-Yvette 91191, France
| | - Ana Bastos
- Department of Geography, Ludwig Maximilians University, Luisenstrasse 37, 80333 Munich, Germany
| | - Paul C Stoy
- Department of Biological Systems Engineering, University of Wisconsin, Madison, WI, USA.,Department of Land Resources and Environmental Sciences, Montana State University, Bozeman, MT, USA
| | - Hui Yang
- Laboratoire des Sciences du Climat et de l'Environnement, LSCE/IPSL, CEA-CNRS-UVSQ, Université Paris-Saclay, Gif-sur-Yvette 91191, France
| | - Julia K Green
- Laboratoire des Sciences du Climat et de l'Environnement, LSCE/IPSL, CEA-CNRS-UVSQ, Université Paris-Saclay, Gif-sur-Yvette 91191, France
| | - Bingxue Wang
- Key Laboratory of Ecosystem Network Observation and Modeling, Institute of Geographic Sciences and Natural Resources Research, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100101, People's Republic of China
| | - Kailiang Yu
- Laboratoire des Sciences du Climat et de l'Environnement, LSCE/IPSL, CEA-CNRS-UVSQ, Université Paris-Saclay, Gif-sur-Yvette 91191, France
| | - Yuanyuan Huang
- Laboratoire des Sciences du Climat et de l'Environnement, LSCE/IPSL, CEA-CNRS-UVSQ, Université Paris-Saclay, Gif-sur-Yvette 91191, France.,CSIRO Oceans and Atmosphere, Aspendale 3195, Australia
| | - Alexander Knohl
- Bioclimatology, University of Goettingen, Büsgenweg 2, 37077 Göttingen, Germany
| | - Ladislav Šigut
- Global Change Research Institute of the Czech Academy of Sciences, Bělidla 986/4a, 60300 Brno, Czech Republic
| | - Mana Gharun
- Department of Environmental Systems Science, ETH Zurich, Universitaetstrasse 2, 8092 Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Matthias Cuntz
- AgroParisTech, Université de Lorraine, INRAE, UMR Silva, 54000 Nancy, France
| | - Nicola Arriga
- European Commission, Joint Research Centre (JRC), Via E. Fermi, 2479, 21027 Ispra, Italy
| | - Marilyn Roland
- Plants and Ecosystems, University of Antwerp, Universiteitsplein 1, 2610 Wilrijk, Belgium
| | - Matthias Peichl
- Department of Forest Ecology and Management, Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences, Skogsmarksgränd, 90183 Umeå, Sweden
| | - Mirco Migliavacca
- Department Biogeochemical Integration, Max Planck Institute for Biogeochemistry, Hans-Knöll-Strasse 10, 07745 Jena, Germany
| | | | - Andrej Varlagin
- A.N. Severtsov Institute of Ecology and Evolution, Russian Academy of Sciences, Leninsky Prospect 33, 119071 Moscow, Russia
| | - Christian Brümmer
- Thünen-Institut für Agrarklimaschutz, Bundesallee 68, 38116 Braunschweig, Germany
| | - Louis Gourlez de la Motte
- Gembloux Agro-Bio Tech (GxABT), Terra Teaching and Research Center, University of Liege, Gembloux, Belgium
| | - Silvano Fares
- National Research Council, Institute for Bioeconomy, Rome, Italy
| | - Nina Buchmann
- Department of Environmental Systems Science, ETH Zurich, Universitaetstrasse 2, 8092 Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Tarek S El-Madany
- Department Biogeochemical Integration, Max Planck Institute for Biogeochemistry, Hans-Knöll-Strasse 10, 07745 Jena, Germany
| | - Andrea Pitacco
- DAFNAE, University of Padova, Viale dell'Università 16, 35020 Legnaro, Italy
| | - Nadia Vendrame
- DAFNAE, University of Padova, Viale dell'Università 16, 35020 Legnaro, Italy
| | - Zhaolei Li
- National Engineering Laboratory for Efficient Utilization of Soil and Fertilizer Resources, Key Laboratory of Agricultural Environment in Universities of Shandong, College of Resources and Environment, Shandong Agricultural University, Taian 271018, China
| | - Caroline Vincke
- Earth and Life Institute - Environmental Sciences, Université catholique de Louvain, via Patacca 85, 80040 Ercolano (Napoli), Italy
| | - Enzo Magliulo
- CNR - ISAFOM, via Patacca 85, 80040 Ercolano (Napoli), Italy
| | - Franziska Koebsch
- Universität Rostock, Landschaftsökologie und Standortkunde, 18059 Rostock, Germany
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6
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Koebsch F, Gottschalk P, Beyer F, Wille C, Jurasinski G, Sachs T. The impact of occasional drought periods on vegetation spread and greenhouse gas exchange in rewetted fens. Philos Trans R Soc Lond B Biol Sci 2020; 375:20190685. [PMID: 32892736 PMCID: PMC7485093 DOI: 10.1098/rstb.2019.0685] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Peatland rewetting aims at stopping the emissions of carbon dioxide (CO2) and establishing net carbon sinks. However, in times of global warming, restoration projects must increasingly deal with extreme events such as drought periods. Here, we evaluate the effect of the European summer drought 2018 on vegetation development and the exchange of methane (CH4) and CO2 in two rewetted minerotrophic fens (Hütelmoor—Hte and Zarnekow—Zrk) including potential carry-over effects in the post-drought year. Drought was a major stress factor for the established vegetation but also promoted the rapid spread of new vegetation, which will likely gain a lasting foothold in Zrk. Accordingly, drought increased not only respiratory CO2 losses but also photosynthetic CO2 uptake. Altogether, the drought reduced the net CO2 sink in Hte, while it stopped the persistent net CO2 emissions of Zrk. In addition, the drought reduced CH4 emissions in both fens, though this became most apparent in the post-drought year and suggests a lasting shift towards non-methanogenic organic matter decomposition. Occasional droughts can be beneficial for the restoration of the peatland carbon sink function if the newly grown vegetation increases CO2 sequestration in the long term. Nonetheless, care must be taken to prevent extensive peat decay. This article is part of the theme issue ‘Impacts of the 2018 severe drought and heatwave in Europe: from site to continental scale'.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Pia Gottschalk
- GFZ German Research Centre for Geosciences, Potsdam, Germany
| | - Florian Beyer
- Geodesy and Geoinformatic, University of Rostock, Rostock, Germany
| | - Christian Wille
- GFZ German Research Centre for Geosciences, Potsdam, Germany
| | | | - Torsten Sachs
- GFZ German Research Centre for Geosciences, Potsdam, Germany
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Graf A, Klosterhalfen A, Arriga N, Bernhofer C, Bogena H, Bornet F, Brüggemann N, Brümmer C, Buchmann N, Chi J, Chipeaux C, Cremonese E, Cuntz M, Dušek J, El-Madany TS, Fares S, Fischer M, Foltýnová L, Gharun M, Ghiasi S, Gielen B, Gottschalk P, Grünwald T, Heinemann G, Heinesch B, Heliasz M, Holst J, Hörtnagl L, Ibrom A, Ingwersen J, Jurasinski G, Klatt J, Knohl A, Koebsch F, Konopka J, Korkiakoski M, Kowalska N, Kremer P, Kruijt B, Lafont S, Léonard J, De Ligne A, Longdoz B, Loustau D, Magliulo V, Mammarella I, Manca G, Mauder M, Migliavacca M, Mölder M, Neirynck J, Ney P, Nilsson M, Paul-Limoges E, Peichl M, Pitacco A, Poyda A, Rebmann C, Roland M, Sachs T, Schmidt M, Schrader F, Siebicke L, Šigut L, Tuittila ES, Varlagin A, Vendrame N, Vincke C, Völksch I, Weber S, Wille C, Wizemann HD, Zeeman M, Vereecken H. Altered energy partitioning across terrestrial ecosystems in the European drought year 2018. Philos Trans R Soc Lond B Biol Sci 2020; 375:20190524. [PMID: 32892732 DOI: 10.1098/rstb.2019.0524] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Drought and heat events, such as the 2018 European drought, interact with the exchange of energy between the land surface and the atmosphere, potentially affecting albedo, sensible and latent heat fluxes, as well as CO2 exchange. Each of these quantities may aggravate or mitigate the drought, heat, their side effects on productivity, water scarcity and global warming. We used measurements of 56 eddy covariance sites across Europe to examine the response of fluxes to extreme drought prevailing most of the year 2018 and how the response differed across various ecosystem types (forests, grasslands, croplands and peatlands). Each component of the surface radiation and energy balance observed in 2018 was compared to available data per site during a reference period 2004-2017. Based on anomalies in precipitation and reference evapotranspiration, we classified 46 sites as drought affected. These received on average 9% more solar radiation and released 32% more sensible heat to the atmosphere compared to the mean of the reference period. In general, drought decreased net CO2 uptake by 17.8%, but did not significantly change net evapotranspiration. The response of these fluxes differed characteristically between ecosystems; in particular, the general increase in the evaporative index was strongest in peatlands and weakest in croplands. This article is part of the theme issue 'Impacts of the 2018 severe drought and heatwave in Europe: from site to continental scale'.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alexander Graf
- Institute of Bio- and Geosciences: Agrosphere (IBG3), Forschungszentrum Jülich, Wilhelm-Johnen-Straße, 52428 Jülich, Germany
| | - Anne Klosterhalfen
- Institute of Bio- and Geosciences: Agrosphere (IBG3), Forschungszentrum Jülich, Wilhelm-Johnen-Straße, 52428 Jülich, Germany.,Department of Forest Ecology and Management, Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences, Skogsmarksgränd 17, 90183 Umeå, Sweden
| | - Nicola Arriga
- European Commission, Joint Research Centre (JRC), Ispra, Italy
| | - Christian Bernhofer
- Chair of Meteorology, Technische Universität Dresden, Pienner Straße 23, 01737 Tharandt, Germany
| | - Heye Bogena
- Institute of Bio- and Geosciences: Agrosphere (IBG3), Forschungszentrum Jülich, Wilhelm-Johnen-Straße, 52428 Jülich, Germany
| | - Frédéric Bornet
- BioEcoAgro Joint Research Unit, INRAE, Université de Liège, Université de Lille, Université de Picardie Jules Verne, 02000 Barenton-Bugny, France
| | - Nicolas Brüggemann
- Institute of Bio- and Geosciences: Agrosphere (IBG3), Forschungszentrum Jülich, Wilhelm-Johnen-Straße, 52428 Jülich, Germany
| | - Christian Brümmer
- Institute of Climate-Smart Agriculture, Johann Heinrich von Thünen Institute, Bundesallee 65, 38116 Braunschweig, Germany
| | - Nina Buchmann
- Department of Environmental Systems Science, ETH Zurich, Universitätstraße 2, 8092 Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Jinshu Chi
- Department of Forest Ecology and Management, Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences, Skogsmarksgränd 17, 90183 Umeå, Sweden
| | | | - Edoardo Cremonese
- Climate Change Unit, Environmental Protection Agency of Aosta Valley, Italy
| | - Matthias Cuntz
- Unité mixte de Recherche Silva, Université de Lorraine, AgroParisTech, INRAE, UMR Silva, 54000 Nancy, France
| | - Jiří Dušek
- Department of Matter and Energy Fluxes, Global Change Research Institute of the Czech Academy of Sciences, Bělidla 986/4a, 60300 Brno, Czech Republic
| | - Tarek S El-Madany
- Department of Biogeochemical Integration, Max Planck Institute for Biogeochemistry, Hans-Knöll-Straße 10, 07745 Jena, Germany
| | - Silvano Fares
- National Research Council (NRC), Institute of Bioeconomy, Via dei Taurini 19, 00100 Rome, Italy
| | - Milan Fischer
- Department of Matter and Energy Fluxes, Global Change Research Institute of the Czech Academy of Sciences, Bělidla 986/4a, 60300 Brno, Czech Republic
| | - Lenka Foltýnová
- Department of Matter and Energy Fluxes, Global Change Research Institute of the Czech Academy of Sciences, Bělidla 986/4a, 60300 Brno, Czech Republic
| | - Mana Gharun
- Department of Environmental Systems Science, ETH Zurich, Universitätstraße 2, 8092 Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Shiva Ghiasi
- Department of Environmental Systems Science, ETH Zurich, Universitätstraße 2, 8092 Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Bert Gielen
- University of Antwerp, Plants and Ecosystems, Universiteitsplein 1, 2610 Wilrijk, Belgium
| | - Pia Gottschalk
- Remote Sensing and Geoinformatics, German Research Centre for Geosciences (GFZ), Telegrafenberg, 14473 Potsdam, Germany
| | - Thomas Grünwald
- Chair of Meteorology, Technische Universität Dresden, Pienner Straße 23, 01737 Tharandt, Germany
| | - Günther Heinemann
- Environmental Meteorology, University of Trier, Behringstraße 21, 54296 Trier, Germany
| | - Bernard Heinesch
- Terra Teaching and Research Centre, University of Liege - Gembloux Agro-Bio Tech, Avenue de la Faculté, 8, 5030 Gembloux, Belgium
| | - Michal Heliasz
- Department of Physical Geography and Ecosystem Science, Lund University, Sölvegatan 12, 22362 Lund, Sweden
| | - Jutta Holst
- Department of Physical Geography and Ecosystem Science, Lund University, Sölvegatan 12, 22362 Lund, Sweden
| | - Lukas Hörtnagl
- Department of Environmental Systems Science, ETH Zurich, Universitätstraße 2, 8092 Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Andreas Ibrom
- Department of Environmental Engineering, Technical University of Denmark (DTU), Bygningstorvet 115, 2800 Lyngby, Denmark
| | - Joachim Ingwersen
- Institute of Soil Science and Land Evaluation, University of Hohenheim, Emil-Wolff-Straße 27, 70599 Stuttgart, Germany
| | - Gerald Jurasinski
- Department for Landscape Ecology and Site Evaluation, University of Rostock, Justus von Liebig Weg 6, 18059 Rostock, Germany
| | - Janina Klatt
- Institute of Meteorology and Climate Research - Atmospheric Environmental Research, Karlsruhe Institute of Technology, Campus Alpin, Kreuzeckbahnstraße 19, 82467 Garmisch-Partenkirchen, Germany
| | - Alexander Knohl
- Bioclimatology, University of Göttingen, Büsgenweg 2, 37077 Göttingen, Germany
| | - Franziska Koebsch
- Department for Landscape Ecology and Site Evaluation, University of Rostock, Justus von Liebig Weg 6, 18059 Rostock, Germany
| | - Jan Konopka
- Climatology and Environmental Meteorology, Institute of Geoecology, Technische Universität Braunschweig, Langer Kamp 19c, 38106 Braunschweig, Germany
| | - Mika Korkiakoski
- Climate System Research Unit, Finnish Meteorological Institute, PO Box 503, 00101 Helsinki, Finland
| | - Natalia Kowalska
- Department of Matter and Energy Fluxes, Global Change Research Institute of the Czech Academy of Sciences, Bělidla 986/4a, 60300 Brno, Czech Republic
| | - Pascal Kremer
- Institute of Soil Science and Land Evaluation, University of Hohenheim, Emil-Wolff-Straße 27, 70599 Stuttgart, Germany
| | - Bart Kruijt
- Department of Environmental Sciences, Wageningen University and Research, PO Box 47, 6700 AA Wageningen, The Netherlands
| | - Sebastien Lafont
- ISPA, Bordeaux Sciences Agro, INRAE, 33140, Villenave d'Ornon, France
| | - Joël Léonard
- BioEcoAgro Joint Research Unit, INRAE, Université de Liège, Université de Lille, Université de Picardie Jules Verne, 02000 Barenton-Bugny, France
| | - Anne De Ligne
- Terra Teaching and Research Centre, University of Liege - Gembloux Agro-Bio Tech, Avenue de la Faculté, 8, 5030 Gembloux, Belgium
| | - Bernard Longdoz
- Terra Teaching and Research Centre, University of Liege - Gembloux Agro-Bio Tech, Avenue de la Faculté, 8, 5030 Gembloux, Belgium
| | - Denis Loustau
- ISPA, Bordeaux Sciences Agro, INRAE, 33140, Villenave d'Ornon, France
| | - Vincenzo Magliulo
- CNR - Institute for Agricultural and Forest Systems, Via Patacca, 85, 80040 Ercolano (Napoli), Italy
| | - Ivan Mammarella
- Institute for Atmospheric and Earth System Research/Physics, Faculty of Science, University of Helsinki, Gustaf Hällströmin katu 2B, 00014 Helsinki, Finland
| | - Giovanni Manca
- European Commission, Joint Research Centre (JRC), Ispra, Italy
| | - Matthias Mauder
- Institute of Meteorology and Climate Research - Atmospheric Environmental Research, Karlsruhe Institute of Technology, Campus Alpin, Kreuzeckbahnstraße 19, 82467 Garmisch-Partenkirchen, Germany
| | - Mirco Migliavacca
- Department of Biogeochemical Integration, Max Planck Institute for Biogeochemistry, Hans-Knöll-Straße 10, 07745 Jena, Germany
| | - Meelis Mölder
- Department of Physical Geography and Ecosystem Science, Lund University, Sölvegatan 12, 22362 Lund, Sweden
| | - Johan Neirynck
- Research Institute for Nature and Forest, INBO, Havenlaan 88 Box 73, 1000 Brussels, Belgium
| | - Patrizia Ney
- Institute of Bio- and Geosciences: Agrosphere (IBG3), Forschungszentrum Jülich, Wilhelm-Johnen-Straße, 52428 Jülich, Germany
| | - Mats Nilsson
- Department of Forest Ecology and Management, Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences, Skogsmarksgränd 17, 90183 Umeå, Sweden
| | - Eugénie Paul-Limoges
- Department of Geography, University of Zurich, Winterthurerstraße 190, 8057 Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Matthias Peichl
- Department of Forest Ecology and Management, Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences, Skogsmarksgränd 17, 90183 Umeå, Sweden
| | - Andrea Pitacco
- Department of Agronomy, Food, Natural resources, Animals and Environment, University of Padova, Viale dell'Università 16, 35020 Legnaro, Italy
| | - Arne Poyda
- Institute of Soil Science and Land Evaluation, University of Hohenheim, Emil-Wolff-Straße 27, 70599 Stuttgart, Germany.,Institute of Crop Science and Plant Breeding, Grass and Forage Science/Organic Agriculture, Christian-Albrechts-University Kiel, Hermann-Rodewald-Straße 9, 24118 Kiel, Germany
| | - Corinna Rebmann
- Helmholtz Centre for Environmental Research GmbH - UFZ, Department Computational Hydrosystems, Permoserstraße 15, 04318 Leipzig, Germany
| | - Marilyn Roland
- University of Antwerp, Plants and Ecosystems, Universiteitsplein 1, 2610 Wilrijk, Belgium
| | - Torsten Sachs
- Remote Sensing and Geoinformatics, German Research Centre for Geosciences (GFZ), Telegrafenberg, 14473 Potsdam, Germany
| | - Marius Schmidt
- Institute of Bio- and Geosciences: Agrosphere (IBG3), Forschungszentrum Jülich, Wilhelm-Johnen-Straße, 52428 Jülich, Germany
| | - Frederik Schrader
- Institute of Climate-Smart Agriculture, Johann Heinrich von Thünen Institute, Bundesallee 65, 38116 Braunschweig, Germany
| | - Lukas Siebicke
- Bioclimatology, University of Göttingen, Büsgenweg 2, 37077 Göttingen, Germany
| | - Ladislav Šigut
- Department of Matter and Energy Fluxes, Global Change Research Institute of the Czech Academy of Sciences, Bělidla 986/4a, 60300 Brno, Czech Republic
| | - Eeva-Stiina Tuittila
- School of Forest Sciences, University of Eastern Finland, Yliopistokatu 7, 80101 Joensuu, Finland
| | - Andrej Varlagin
- Laboratory of Biocentology, A.N. Severtsov Institute of Ecology and Evolution, Russian Academy of Sciences, Leninsky pr.33, Moscow 119071, Russia
| | - Nadia Vendrame
- Department of Agronomy, Food, Natural resources, Animals and Environment, University of Padova, Viale dell'Università 16, 35020 Legnaro, Italy
| | - Caroline Vincke
- Environmental Sciences, Earth and Life Institute, Université catholique de Louvain, 1348 Louvain-la-Neuve, Belgium
| | - Ingo Völksch
- Institute of Meteorology and Climate Research - Atmospheric Environmental Research, Karlsruhe Institute of Technology, Campus Alpin, Kreuzeckbahnstraße 19, 82467 Garmisch-Partenkirchen, Germany
| | - Stephan Weber
- Climatology and Environmental Meteorology, Institute of Geoecology, Technische Universität Braunschweig, Langer Kamp 19c, 38106 Braunschweig, Germany
| | - Christian Wille
- Remote Sensing and Geoinformatics, German Research Centre for Geosciences (GFZ), Telegrafenberg, 14473 Potsdam, Germany
| | - Hans-Dieter Wizemann
- Institute of Physics and Meteorology, University of Hohenheim, 70593 Stuttgart, Germany
| | - Matthias Zeeman
- Institute of Meteorology and Climate Research - Atmospheric Environmental Research, Karlsruhe Institute of Technology, Campus Alpin, Kreuzeckbahnstraße 19, 82467 Garmisch-Partenkirchen, Germany
| | - Harry Vereecken
- Institute of Bio- and Geosciences: Agrosphere (IBG3), Forschungszentrum Jülich, Wilhelm-Johnen-Straße, 52428 Jülich, Germany
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Günther A, Barthelmes A, Huth V, Joosten H, Jurasinski G, Koebsch F, Couwenberg J. Prompt rewetting of drained peatlands reduces climate warming despite methane emissions. Nat Commun 2020; 11:1644. [PMID: 32242055 PMCID: PMC7118086 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-020-15499-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 54] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/21/2019] [Accepted: 03/05/2020] [Indexed: 11/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Peatlands are strategic areas for climate change mitigation because of their matchless carbon stocks. Drained peatlands release this carbon to the atmosphere as carbon dioxide (CO2). Peatland rewetting effectively stops these CO2 emissions, but also re-establishes the emission of methane (CH4). Essentially, management must choose between CO2 emissions from drained, or CH4 emissions from rewetted, peatland. This choice must consider radiative effects and atmospheric lifetimes of both gases, with CO2 being a weak but persistent, and CH4 a strong but short-lived, greenhouse gas. The resulting climatic effects are, thus, strongly time-dependent. We used a radiative forcing model to compare forcing dynamics of global scenarios for future peatland management using areal data from the Global Peatland Database. Our results show that CH4 radiative forcing does not undermine the climate change mitigation potential of peatland rewetting. Instead, postponing rewetting increases the long-term warming effect through continued CO2 emissions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anke Günther
- University of Rostock, Faculty of Agricultural and Environmental Studies, Landscape Ecology, Rostock, Germany.
| | - Alexandra Barthelmes
- University of Greifswald, Faculty of Mathematics and Natural Sciences, Peatland Studies and Paleoecology, Greifswald, Germany
- Greifswald Mire Centre (GMC), Greifswald, Germany
| | - Vytas Huth
- University of Rostock, Faculty of Agricultural and Environmental Studies, Landscape Ecology, Rostock, Germany
| | - Hans Joosten
- University of Greifswald, Faculty of Mathematics and Natural Sciences, Peatland Studies and Paleoecology, Greifswald, Germany
- Greifswald Mire Centre (GMC), Greifswald, Germany
| | - Gerald Jurasinski
- University of Rostock, Faculty of Agricultural and Environmental Studies, Landscape Ecology, Rostock, Germany
| | - Franziska Koebsch
- University of Rostock, Faculty of Agricultural and Environmental Studies, Landscape Ecology, Rostock, Germany
| | - John Couwenberg
- University of Greifswald, Faculty of Mathematics and Natural Sciences, Peatland Studies and Paleoecology, Greifswald, Germany
- Greifswald Mire Centre (GMC), Greifswald, Germany
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Koebsch F, Sonnentag O, Järveoja J, Peltoniemi M, Alekseychik P, Aurela M, Arslan AN, Dinsmore K, Gianelle D, Helfter C, Jackowicz-Korczynski M, Korrensalo A, Leith F, Linkosalmi M, Lohila A, Lund M, Maddison M, Mammarella I, Mander Ü, Minkkinen K, Pickard A, Pullens JWM, Tuittila ES, Nilsson MB, Peichl M. Refining the role of phenology in regulating gross ecosystem productivity across European peatlands. Glob Chang Biol 2020; 26:876-887. [PMID: 31686431 DOI: 10.1111/gcb.14905] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/04/2019] [Revised: 09/20/2019] [Accepted: 10/09/2019] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
The role of plant phenology as a regulator for gross ecosystem productivity (GEP) in peatlands is empirically not well constrained. This is because proxies to track vegetation development with daily coverage at the ecosystem scale have only recently become available and the lack of such data has hampered the disentangling of biotic and abiotic effects. This study aimed at unraveling the mechanisms that regulate the seasonal variation in GEP across a network of eight European peatlands. Therefore, we described phenology with canopy greenness derived from digital repeat photography and disentangled the effects of radiation, temperature and phenology on GEP with commonality analysis and structural equation modeling. The resulting relational network could not only delineate direct effects but also accounted for possible effect combinations such as interdependencies (mediation) and interactions (moderation). We found that peatland GEP was controlled by the same mechanisms across all sites: phenology constituted a key predictor for the seasonal variation in GEP and further acted as a distinct mediator for temperature and radiation effects on GEP. In particular, the effect of air temperature on GEP was fully mediated through phenology, implying that direct temperature effects representing the thermoregulation of photosynthesis were negligible. The tight coupling between temperature, phenology and GEP applied especially to high latitude and high altitude peatlands and during phenological transition phases. Our study highlights the importance of phenological effects when evaluating the future response of peatland GEP to climate change. Climate change will affect peatland GEP especially through changing temperature patterns during plant phenologically sensitive phases in high latitude and high altitude regions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Franziska Koebsch
- Department of Forest Ecology and Management, Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences, Umeå, Sweden
- Department for Landscape Ecology and Site Evaluation, University of Rostock, Rostock, Germany
| | - Oliver Sonnentag
- Département de géographie and Centre d'études nordiques, Université de Montréal, Montréal, Canada
| | - Järvi Järveoja
- Department of Forest Ecology and Management, Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences, Umeå, Sweden
| | | | - Pavel Alekseychik
- Natural Resources Institute Finland (Luke), Helsinki, Finland
- Institute for Atmospheric and Earth System Research (INAR), University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland
| | - Mika Aurela
- Finnish Meteorological Institute, Helsinki, Finland
| | | | | | - Damiano Gianelle
- Department of Sustainable Agro-ecosystems and Bioresources, Research and Innovation Centre, Fondazione Edmund Mach, San Michele all'Adige, Italy
| | | | - Marcin Jackowicz-Korczynski
- Department of Bioscience, Aarhus University, Roskilde, Denmark
- Department of Physical Geography and Ecosystem Science, Lund University, Lund, Sweden
| | - Aino Korrensalo
- School of Forest Sciences, University of Eastern Finland, Joensuu, Finland
| | | | | | - Annalea Lohila
- Institute for Atmospheric and Earth System Research (INAR), University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland
- Finnish Meteorological Institute, Helsinki, Finland
| | - Magnus Lund
- Department of Bioscience, Aarhus University, Roskilde, Denmark
| | - Martin Maddison
- Department of Geography, University of Tartu, Tartu, Estonia
| | - Ivan Mammarella
- Natural Resources Institute Finland (Luke), Helsinki, Finland
| | - Ülo Mander
- Department of Geography, University of Tartu, Tartu, Estonia
| | - Kari Minkkinen
- Department of Forest Sciences, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland
| | - Amy Pickard
- Centre for Ecology and Hydrology, Edinburgh, UK
| | - Johannes W M Pullens
- Department of Sustainable Agro-ecosystems and Bioresources, Research and Innovation Centre, Fondazione Edmund Mach, San Michele all'Adige, Italy
- Hydromet, Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering and Environmental Research Institute, University College Cork, Cork, Ireland
- Department of Agroecology, Aarhus University, Tjele, Denmark
| | | | - Mats B Nilsson
- Department of Forest Ecology and Management, Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences, Umeå, Sweden
| | - Matthias Peichl
- Department of Forest Ecology and Management, Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences, Umeå, Sweden
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