1
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Gonzalez-Mancera MS, Lopategui J, Hoffman D, Kitahara S, Alkan S. B-cell prolymphocytic leukemia: an enduring bona fide entity. Int J Hematol 2024:10.1007/s12185-024-03774-4. [PMID: 38796826 DOI: 10.1007/s12185-024-03774-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/25/2024] [Revised: 04/03/2024] [Accepted: 04/08/2024] [Indexed: 05/29/2024]
Abstract
B-cell prolymphocytic leukemia (B-PLL) was recognized as a distinct entity in the fourth edition of the World Health Organization (WHO) classification for hematolymphoid neoplasms (WHO-HAEM4); however, its de novo presentation has been removed from the upcoming 5th edition classification (WHO-HAEM5). We present a case of a 65-year-old man with leukocytosis, fatigue, and no organomegaly by imaging. Bone marrow examination showed a prolymphocytoid population comprising 78% of the marrow elements. After thorough exclusion of other entities by clinical parameters and ancillary methods, we concluded that this case represents a de novo case of B-PLL.
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Affiliation(s)
- Miguel S Gonzalez-Mancera
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Cedars-Sinai Medical Center, 8700 Beverly Blvd, South Tower, Room 4707, Los Angeles, USA
| | - Jean Lopategui
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Cedars-Sinai Medical Center, 8700 Beverly Blvd, South Tower, Room 4707, Los Angeles, USA
| | - David Hoffman
- Tower Hematology Oncology Medical Group, Cedars-Sinai Medical Center, 9090 Wilshire Blvd #300, Beverly Hills, USA
| | - Sumire Kitahara
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Cedars-Sinai Medical Center, 8700 Beverly Blvd, South Tower, Room 4707, Los Angeles, USA
| | - Serhan Alkan
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Cedars-Sinai Medical Center, 8700 Beverly Blvd, South Tower, Room 4707, Los Angeles, USA.
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2
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Khanna A, Drumheller BR, Deeb G, Tolbert EW, Asakrah S. Plasmablastic transformation of chronic lymphocytic leukemia: a review of literature and report on 2 cases. Lab Med 2023; 54:e177-e185. [PMID: 37449962 DOI: 10.1093/labmed/lmad060] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 07/18/2023] Open
Abstract
Chronic lymphocytic leukemia/small lymphocytic lymphoma (CLL/SLL) is the most common leukemia in adults in Western countries. Transformation of CLL/SLL to plasmablastic lymphoma (PBL) is exceedingly rare and often has an extremely poor response to treatment. A thorough molecular workup may help in determining clonality-relatedness and prognosis. We describe two cases of CLL/SLL that transformed into PBL, with an extensive molecular workup in one case, and a review of the literature.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anurag Khanna
- Emory University School of Medicine, Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Atlanta, GA, US
| | - Bradley R Drumheller
- Emory University School of Medicine, Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Atlanta, GA, US
| | - George Deeb
- Emory University School of Medicine, Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Atlanta, GA, US
| | | | - Saja Asakrah
- Emory University School of Medicine, Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Atlanta, GA, US
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3
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Nguyen-Khac F, Balogh Z, Chauzeix J, Veronese L, Chapiro E. Cytogenetics in the management of chronic lymphocytic leukemia: Guidelines from the Groupe Francophone de Cytogénétique Hématologique (GFCH). Curr Res Transl Med 2023; 71:103410. [PMID: 38039634 DOI: 10.1016/j.retram.2023.103410] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/05/2023] [Accepted: 09/14/2023] [Indexed: 12/03/2023]
Abstract
Chromosomal abnormalities are frequent in chronic lymphocytic leukemia (CLL), and most have prognostic value. In addition to the four well-known abnormalities (13q, 11q and 17p deletions, and trisomy 12), other recurrent aberrations have been linked to the disease outcome and/or drug resistance. Moreover, the complex karyotype has recently emerged as a prognostic marker for patients undergoing immunochemotherapy or targeted therapies. Here, we describe the main chromosomal abnormalities identified in CLL and related disorders (small lymphocytic lymphoma and monoclonal B-cell lymphocytosis) by reviewing the most recent literature and discussing their detection and clinical impact. Lastly, we provide technical guidelines and a strategy for the cytogenetic assessment of CLL.
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Affiliation(s)
- Florence Nguyen-Khac
- Centre de Recherche des Cordeliers, Sorbonne Université, Université Paris Cité, Inserm UMRS 1138, Drug Resistance in Hematological Malignancies Team, F-75006 Paris, France; Sorbonne Université, Paris, France; Service d'Hématologie Biologique, Bâtiment Pharmacie, 3e étage, Pitié-Salpêtrière/Charles Foix University Hospital, AP-HP, 83 Bd de l'Hôpital, Paris F-75013, France.
| | - Zsofia Balogh
- Département d'Innovation Thérapeutique et des Essais Précoces, Gustave Roussy, Villejuif, France
| | - Jasmine Chauzeix
- Service d'Hématologie biologique, CHU de Limoges - CRIBL, UMR CNRS 7276/INSERM 1262, Limoges, France
| | - Lauren Veronese
- Service de Cytogénétique Médicale, CHU Estaing, 1 place Lucie et Raymond Aubrac, Clermont-Ferrand 63003, France
| | - Elise Chapiro
- Centre de Recherche des Cordeliers, Sorbonne Université, Université Paris Cité, Inserm UMRS 1138, Drug Resistance in Hematological Malignancies Team, F-75006 Paris, France; Sorbonne Université, Paris, France; Service d'Hématologie Biologique, Bâtiment Pharmacie, 3e étage, Pitié-Salpêtrière/Charles Foix University Hospital, AP-HP, 83 Bd de l'Hôpital, Paris F-75013, France
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4
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Lefebvre C, Veronese L, Nadal N, Gaillard JB, Penther D, Daudignon A, Chauzeix J, Nguyen-Khac F, Chapiro E. Cytogenetics in the management of mature B-cell non-Hodgkin lymphomas: Guidelines from the Groupe Francophone de Cytogénétique Hematologique (GFCH). Curr Res Transl Med 2023; 71:103425. [PMID: 38016420 DOI: 10.1016/j.retram.2023.103425] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/03/2023] [Revised: 10/18/2023] [Accepted: 10/18/2023] [Indexed: 11/30/2023]
Abstract
Non-Hodgkin lymphomas (NHL) consist of a wide range of clinically, phenotypically and genetically distinct neoplasms. The accurate diagnosis of mature B-cell non-Hodgkin lymphoma relies on a multidisciplinary approach that integrates morphological, phenotypical and genetic characteristics together with clinical features. Cytogenetic analyses remain an essential part of the diagnostic workup for mature B-cell lymphomas. Karyotyping is particularly useful to identify hallmark translocations, typical cytogenetic signatures as well as complex karyotypes, all bringing valuable diagnostic and/or prognostic information. Besides the well-known recurrent chromosomal abnormalities such as, for example, t(14;18)(q32;q21)/IGH::BCL2 in follicular lymphoma, recent evidences support a prognostic significance of complex karyotype in mantle cell lymphoma and Waldenström macroglobulinemia. Fluorescence In Situ Hybridization is also a key analysis playing a central role in disease identification, especially in genetically-defined entities, but also in predicting transformation risk or prognostication. This can be exemplified by the pivotal role of MYC, BCL2 and/or BCL6 rearrangements in the diagnostic of aggressive or large B-cell lymphomas. This work relies on the World Health Organization and the International Consensus Classification of hematolymphoid tumors together with the recent cytogenetic advances. Here, we review the various chromosomal abnormalities that delineate well-established mature B-cell non-Hodgkin lymphoma entities as well as newly recognized genetic subtypes and provide cytogenetic guidelines for the diagnostic management of mature B-cell lymphomas.
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Affiliation(s)
- C Lefebvre
- Unité de Génétique des Hémopathies, Service d'Hématologie Biologique, CHU Grenoble Alpes, Grenoble, France.
| | - L Veronese
- Service de Cytogénétique Médicale, CHU Estaing, 1 place Lucie et Raymond Aubrac, 63003 Clermont-Ferrand; EA7453 CHELTER, Université Clermont Auvergne, France
| | - N Nadal
- Service de génétique chromosomique et moléculaire, CHU Dijon, Dijon, France
| | - J-B Gaillard
- Unité de Génétique Chromosomique, Service de Génétique moléculaire et cytogénomique, CHU Montpellier, Montpellier, France
| | - D Penther
- Laboratoire de Génétique Oncologique, Centre Henri Becquerel, Rouen, France
| | - A Daudignon
- Laboratoire de Génétique Médicale - Hôpital Jeanne de Flandre - CHRU de Lille, France
| | - J Chauzeix
- Service d'Hématologie biologique CHU de Limoges - CRIBL, UMR CNRS 7276/INSERM 1262, Limoges, France
| | - F Nguyen-Khac
- Centre de Recherche des Cordeliers, Sorbonne Université, Université Paris Cité, Inserm UMRS_1138, Drug Resistance in Hematological Malignancies Team, F-75006 Paris, France; Sorbonne Université, Groupe Hospitalier Pitié-Salpêtrière, Assistance Publique-Hôpitaux de Paris, Service d'Hématologie Biologique, F-75013 Paris, France
| | - E Chapiro
- Centre de Recherche des Cordeliers, Sorbonne Université, Université Paris Cité, Inserm UMRS_1138, Drug Resistance in Hematological Malignancies Team, F-75006 Paris, France; Sorbonne Université, Groupe Hospitalier Pitié-Salpêtrière, Assistance Publique-Hôpitaux de Paris, Service d'Hématologie Biologique, F-75013 Paris, France
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5
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Makongoro M, Abu Rakhey MMM, Yu Y, Sun J, Li G, He N, Abd El-Kaream SA, Ma D. A new case of trisomy 5 with complex karyotype abnormalities in B-cell prolymphocytic leukemia: a case study. EGYPTIAN JOURNAL OF MEDICAL HUMAN GENETICS 2022. [DOI: 10.1186/s43042-022-00257-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
Abstract
Background
The B-cell prolymphocytic leukemia (B-PLL) diagnosis is challenging due to the superposition with mature B-cell leukemia and/or lymphoma.
Objective
An insight case study of trisomy 5 with complex karyotype abnormalities in B-cell prolymphocytic leukemia.
Subject and methods
A 72-year-old man was referred to the Hematology Department, Qilu Hospital, Shandong University, because of persistent fever (10 days) and lymphocytosis. A detailed diagnostic methods including complete blood count, bone marrow aspiration, flow cytometry, conventional karyotype analysis, fluorescence in situ hybridization (FISH), quantitative real-time polymerase chain reaction (qRT-PCR), next-generation sequencing technology (NGS) used to detect 41 kinds of mutant genes related to hematological malignancies were conducted and reasonable therapeutic regimens including emergent leukapheresis accompanied by basification of urine and hydrotherapy, followed by a regimen of cyclophosphamide and dexamethasone.
Results
Subject white blood cell count was 143.43 × 109/L, and 56% prolymphocytes. He did not show lymphadenopathy but splenomegaly. Immunophenotyping of prolymphocytes was CD5(+low), CD10(−), CD11c(−), CD19(+), CD20(+), cCD22(+), CD23(−), cCD79a(+), CD79b(+), FMC7(±), CD43(−), CD3(−), CD56(−), CD103(−), HLA-DR(+), and Lambda(+). R-banding and FISH revealed that leukemia cells carried extra chromosome 5. Considering the rare occurrence of trisomy 5 found in prolymphocytic leukemia, especially in Asians, with rapid disease progression. We know that median survival of B-PLL is three years after diagnosis, while survival time of this patient was only 1 month.
Conclusion
This study could provide the firsthand materials for precision, medicine and mechanism research in cytogenetics and molecular biology. It inferred that trisomy 5 might be a poor prognosis indicator, providing directions for clinical practice in the foreseeable future.
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6
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Nguyen-Khac F. "Double-Hit" Chronic Lymphocytic Leukemia, Involving the TP53 and MYC Genes. Front Oncol 2022; 11:826245. [PMID: 35096627 PMCID: PMC8793848 DOI: 10.3389/fonc.2021.826245] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/30/2021] [Accepted: 12/21/2021] [Indexed: 11/26/2022] Open
Abstract
Although the 17p deletion [del(17p)] is rare in cases of treatment-naive chronic lymphocytic leukemia (CLL), its frequency is higher in refractory/relapsed CLL – particularly in patients undergoing chemo(immuno)therapy. TP53 disruption (deletion and/or mutation) is the strongest prognostic factor for refractoriness to chemotherapy; the use of Bruton tyrosine kinase inhibitors and BCL2 inhibitors is then indicated. Rare cases of CLL can also harbor translocation or gain of the MYC oncogene. “Double-hit CLL” (with del(17p) and MYC gain) is associated with a very poor prognosis. The prognostic impact of TP53 disruption with MYC aberrations in patients receiving targeted therapies must now be evaluated.
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Affiliation(s)
- Florence Nguyen-Khac
- Cell Death and Drug Resistance in Lymphoproliferative Disorders Team, Centre de Recherche des Cordeliers, INSERM UMRS 1138, Paris, France.,Sorbonne Université, Paris, France.,Service d'Hématologie Biologique, Hôpital Pitié-Salpêtrière, AP-HP, Paris, France
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7
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Siddiqui MT, Price A, Ferrajoli A, Borthakur G. Sustained MRD negative remission in del17p and TP53 mutated B cell prolymphocytic leukemia with ibrutinib and venetoclax. Leuk Res Rep 2021; 16:100266. [PMID: 34692401 PMCID: PMC8515291 DOI: 10.1016/j.lrr.2021.100266] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/10/2021] [Revised: 08/10/2021] [Accepted: 08/27/2021] [Indexed: 11/25/2022] Open
Abstract
B cell prolymphocytic leukemia is a rare and aggressive disorder often with high risk features including TP53 mutation, deletion 17p and complex karyotype. There is scarcity of data regarding treatment and existing therapies induce short lived remissions. Ibrutinib, a Bruton tyrosine kinase inhibitor, has had success in some patients with high risk features. Venetoclax, a BCL-2 inhibitor, has primarily been used in the relapsed setting. We present a case of B PLL with deletion 17p and mutated TP53 treated with ibrutinib and venetoclax in the frontline setting which resulted in measurable/minimal residual disease negative remission for approximately three years.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maria Tariq Siddiqui
- The Department of Leukemia, MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX, United States
| | - Allyson Price
- The Department of Leukemia, MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX, United States
| | - Alessandra Ferrajoli
- The Department of Leukemia, MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX, United States
| | - Gautam Borthakur
- The Department of Leukemia, MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX, United States
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8
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Angione SDA, Akalu AY, Gartrell J, Fletcher EP, Burckart GJ, Reaman GH, Leong R, Stewart CF. Fusion Oncoproteins in Childhood Cancers: Potential Role in Targeted Therapy. J Pediatr Pharmacol Ther 2021; 26:541-555. [PMID: 34421403 DOI: 10.5863/1551-6776-26.6.541] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/09/2019] [Accepted: 01/03/2021] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Abstract
Cancer remains the leading cause of death from disease in children. Historically, in contrast to their adult counterparts, the causes of pediatric malignancies have remained largely unknown, with most pediatric cancers displaying low mutational burdens. Research related to molecular genetics in pediatric cancers is advancing our understanding of potential drivers of tumorigenesis and opening new opportunities for targeted therapies. One such area is fusion oncoproteins, which are a product of chromosomal rearrangements resulting in the fusion of different genes. They have been identified as oncogenic drivers in several sarcomas and leukemias. Continued advancement in the understanding of the biology of fusion oncoproteins will contribute to the discovery and development of new therapies for childhood cancers. Here we review the current scientific knowledge on fusion oncoproteins, focusing on pediatric sarcomas and hematologic cancers, and highlight the challenges and current efforts in developing drugs to target fusion oncoproteins.
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9
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Gailllard B, Cornillet-Lefebvre P, Le QH, Maloum K, Pannetier M, Lecoq-Lafon C, Grange B, Jondreville L, Michaux L, Nadal N, Ittel A, Luquet I, Struski S, Lefebvre C, Gaillard JB, Lafage-Pochitaloff M, Balducci E, Penther D, Barin C, Collonge-Rame MA, Jimenez-Poquet M, Richebourg S, Lemaire P, Defasque S, Radford-Weiss I, Bidet A, Susin SA, Nguyen-Khac F, Chapiro E. Clinical and biological features of B-cell neoplasms with CDK6 translocations: an association with a subgroup of splenic marginal zone lymphomas displaying frequent CD5 expression, prolymphocytic cells, and TP53 abnormalities. Br J Haematol 2020; 193:72-82. [PMID: 33314017 DOI: 10.1111/bjh.17141] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/12/2020] [Revised: 09/04/2020] [Accepted: 09/09/2020] [Indexed: 01/16/2023]
Abstract
A translocation involving the cyclin-dependent kinase 6 (CDK6) gene [t(CDK6)] is a rare but recurrent abnormality in B-cell neoplasms. To further characterise this aberration, we studied 57 cases; the largest series reported to date. Fluorescence in situ hybridisation analysis confirmed the involvement of CDK6 in all cases, including t(2;7)(p11;q21) immunoglobulin kappa locus (IGK)/CDK6 (n = 51), t(7;14)(q21;q32) CDK6/immunoglobulin heavy locus (IGH) (n = 2) and the previously undescribed t(7;14)(q21;q11) CDK6/T-cell receptor alpha locus (TRA)/T-cell receptor delta locus (TRD) (n = 4). In total, 10 patients were diagnosed with chronic lymphocytic leukaemia, monoclonal B-cell lymphocytosis or small lymphocytic lymphoma, and 47 had small B-cell lymphoma (SmBL) including 36 cases of marginal zone lymphoma (MZL; 34 splenic MZLs, one nodal MZL and one bronchus-associated lymphoid tissue lymphoma). In all, 18 of the 26 cytologically reviewed cases of MZL (69%) had an atypical aspect with prolymphocytic cells. Among the 47 patients with MZL/SmBL, CD5 expression was found in 26 (55%) and the tumour protein p53 (TP53) deletion in 22 (47%). The TP53 gene was mutated in 10/30 (33%); the 7q deletion was detected in only one case, and no Notch receptor 2 (NOTCH2) mutations were found. Immunoglobulin heavy-chain variable-region (IGHV) locus sequencing revealed that none harboured an IGHV1-02*04 gene. Overall survival was 82% at 10 years and not influenced by TP53 aberration. Our present findings suggest that most t(CDK6)+ neoplasms correspond to a particular subgroup of indolent marginal zone B-cell lymphomas with distinctive features.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Quoc-Hung Le
- Service d'Hématologie Clinique, Hôpital Robert Debré, Reims, France
| | - Karim Maloum
- Service d'Hématologie Biologique, Hôpital Pitié-Salpêtrière, Assistance Publique - Hôpitaux de Paris (APHP), Paris, France
| | - Mélanie Pannetier
- Laboratoire d'Hématologie, Centre Hospitalo-Universitaire, Rennes, France
| | | | - Béatrice Grange
- Service d'Hématologie Biologique, Hospices Civils de Lyon, Lyon, France
| | - Ludovic Jondreville
- Centre de Recherche des Cordeliers, INSERM UMRS_1138, Cell Death and Drug Resistance in Lymphoproliferative Disorders Team, Paris, France
| | - Lucienne Michaux
- Center for Human Genetics, University Hospitals Leuven, Leuven, Belgium
| | - Nathalie Nadal
- Service de génétique chromosomique et moléculaire, CHU Dijon, France
| | - Antoine Ittel
- Laboratoire de Cytogénétique Hématologique, CHU de Strasbourg, Strasbourg, France
| | - Isabelle Luquet
- Laboratoire d'Hématologie, Institut Universitaire du Cancer de Toulouse, Toulouse, France
| | - Stéphanie Struski
- Laboratoire d'Hématologie, Institut Universitaire du Cancer de Toulouse, Toulouse, France
| | | | | | - Marina Lafage-Pochitaloff
- Laboratoire de Cytogénétique Onco-Hématologique, Hôpital de la Timone, AP-HM, Aix-Marseille Université, Marseille, France
| | - Estelle Balducci
- Laboratoire d'Hématologie, Hôpital Paul Brousse, APHP, Villejuif, France
| | - Dominique Penther
- Laboratoire de Génétique Oncologique, CLCC Henri Becquerel and INSERM U1245, Rouen, France
| | - Carole Barin
- Laboratoire de Cytogénétique hématologique, Service de Génétique, CHRU Bretonneau, Tours, France
| | | | | | - Steven Richebourg
- Laboratoire de Cytogénétique Onco-Hématologique, CHU de Québec - Université Laval, Québec, Canada
| | - Pierre Lemaire
- Laboratoire d'Hématologie, Hôpital Saint-Louis, APHP, Paris, France
| | - Sabine Defasque
- Secteur cytogénétique hématologique, Laboratoire CERBA, Saint-Ouen l'Aumône, France
| | | | - Audrey Bidet
- Laboratoire d'Hématologie, CHU Bordeaux-Haut Lévêque, Bordeaux, France
| | - Santos A Susin
- Centre de Recherche des Cordeliers, INSERM UMRS_1138, Cell Death and Drug Resistance in Lymphoproliferative Disorders Team, Paris, France.,Sorbonne Université, Paris, France
| | - Florence Nguyen-Khac
- Service d'Hématologie Biologique, Hôpital Pitié-Salpêtrière, Assistance Publique - Hôpitaux de Paris (APHP), Paris, France.,Centre de Recherche des Cordeliers, INSERM UMRS_1138, Cell Death and Drug Resistance in Lymphoproliferative Disorders Team, Paris, France.,Sorbonne Université, Paris, France
| | - Elise Chapiro
- Service d'Hématologie Biologique, Hôpital Pitié-Salpêtrière, Assistance Publique - Hôpitaux de Paris (APHP), Paris, France.,Centre de Recherche des Cordeliers, INSERM UMRS_1138, Cell Death and Drug Resistance in Lymphoproliferative Disorders Team, Paris, France.,Sorbonne Université, Paris, France
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10
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Nagaharu K, Izumi T, Ueda M, Usui E, Shikami M, Ohishi K, Tamaki S. High expression of c-Myc in chronic lymphocytic leukaemia with t(8;14)(q24.1;q32): A case report. Leuk Res 2020; 96:106424. [PMID: 32721643 DOI: 10.1016/j.leukres.2020.106424] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/01/2020] [Revised: 07/03/2020] [Accepted: 07/12/2020] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Keiki Nagaharu
- Department of Hematology, Ise Red Cross Hospital, Ise, Mie, Japan; Department of Hematology and Oncology, Mie University Graduate School of Medicine, 2-174 Edobashi, Tsu, Mie, Japan.
| | - Takuya Izumi
- Department of Hematology, Ise Red Cross Hospital, Ise, Mie, Japan
| | - Mari Ueda
- Department of Pathology, Japanease Red Cross Ise Hospital, Japan
| | - Eiji Usui
- Department of Hematology, Ise Red Cross Hospital, Ise, Mie, Japan
| | - Masato Shikami
- Department of Hematology, Ise Red Cross Hospital, Ise, Mie, Japan
| | - Kohshi Ohishi
- Transfusion Medicine and Cell Therapy, Mie University Hospital, Tsu, Mie, Japan
| | - Shigehisa Tamaki
- Department of Hematology, Ise Red Cross Hospital, Ise, Mie, Japan
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11
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Lim MS, Bailey NG, King RL, Piris M. Molecular Genetics in the Diagnosis and Biology of Lymphoid Neoplasms. Am J Clin Pathol 2019; 152:277-301. [PMID: 31278738 DOI: 10.1093/ajcp/aqz078] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/14/2022] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVES The 2017 Workshop of the Society for Hematopathology/European Association for Haematopathology reviewed the role of molecular genetics in the diagnosis and biology of lymphoid neoplasms. METHODS The Workshop Panel reviewed 82 cases. RESULTS Molecular genetic testing reveals alterations that expand the spectrum of diseases such as DUSP22 rearrangement in ALK-negative anaplastic large cell lymphoma, large B-cell lymphoma with IRF4 rearrangement, MYD88 mutations in B-cell lymphomas, Burkitt-like lymphoma with 11q aberrations, and diagnostic criteria for high-grade B-cell lymphomas. Therapeutic agents and natural tumor progression may be associated with transcriptional reprogramming that lead to transdifferentiation and lineage switch. CONCLUSIONS Application of emerging technical advances has revealed the complexity of genetic events in lymphomagenesis, progression, and acquired resistance to therapies. They also contribute to enhanced understanding of the biology of indolent vs aggressive behavior, clonal evolution, tumor progression, and transcriptional reprogramming associated with transdifferentiation events that may occur subsequent to therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Megan S Lim
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia
| | | | | | - Miguel Piris
- Department of Pathology, Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red de Oncología, Hospital Universitario Fundación Jimenez Diaz, Madrid, Spain
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12
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Van Roosbroeck K, Bayraktar R, Calin GA. Measurement of miRNAs in Chronic Lymphocytic Leukemia Patient Samples by Quantitative Reverse Transcription PCR. Methods Mol Biol 2019; 1881:267-276. [PMID: 30350212 DOI: 10.1007/978-1-4939-8876-1_20] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Abstract
MicroRNAs (miRNAs) are small noncoding RNAs that target specific mRNAs through interaction with complementary sequences usually found in the 3'-untranslated regions (UTRs) of target mRNAs. miRNAs have been shown to play a fundamental role in the management of chronic lymphocytic leukemia (CLL) by modulating gene expression patterns and cellular signaling pathways. In recent years, several studies have focused on the role of regulatory miRNAs in the pathogenesis of CLL. Aberrant expression of CLL-specific miRNAs has emerged as therapeutic and diagnostic biomarkers in patients with CLL. Here, we describe a method for the quantification of miRNAs in malignant B cells from the mononuclear cell compartment, isolated from peripheral blood. We focus on the isolation of human blood monocytes by Ficoll-Paque gradient centrifugation, total RNA extraction from human peripheral blood mononuclear cells, and quantitative reverse transcription (qRT)-PCR, which is useful for the measurement of miRNAs in monocytes isolated from blood samples.
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MESH Headings
- B-Lymphocytes/metabolism
- B-Lymphocytes/pathology
- Biomarkers, Tumor/blood
- Biomarkers, Tumor/genetics
- Humans
- Leukemia, Lymphocytic, Chronic, B-Cell/blood
- Leukemia, Lymphocytic, Chronic, B-Cell/genetics
- Leukocytes, Mononuclear/metabolism
- Leukocytes, Mononuclear/pathology
- MicroRNAs/blood
- MicroRNAs/genetics
- Real-Time Polymerase Chain Reaction/methods
- Reverse Transcriptase Polymerase Chain Reaction/methods
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Affiliation(s)
- Katrien Van Roosbroeck
- Department of Experimental Therapeutics, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX, USA
| | - Recep Bayraktar
- Department of Experimental Therapeutics, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX, USA
| | - George A Calin
- Department of Experimental Therapeutics, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX, USA.
- Center for RNA Interference and Non-Coding RNAs, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX, USA.
- Department of Leukemia, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX, USA.
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13
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Abstract
PURPOSE OF REVIEW We aimed to produce a comprehensive update on clinical and biological data regarding two rare lymphoid neoplasms, B and T prolymphocytic leukemias, and assess therapeutic management in the light of new molecular insights and the advent of targeted therapies. RECENT FINDINGS B cell prolymphocytic leukemia (B-PLL) diagnosis remains challenging in the absence of clear immunophenotypic or cytogenetic signature and overlap with mantle cell lymphoma. New molecular defects have been identified in T cell prolymphocytic leukemia (T-PLL), especially in the JAK STAT pathway. Like in chronic lymphocytic leukemia (CLL), B-PLL treatment depends on the presence of TP53 dysfunction. In T-PLL, alemtuzumab still remains the standard of care. Allogeneic transplantation is the only curable option. Thanks to reduced intensity conditioning regimens, it has become accessible to a larger number of patients. PLL prognosis remains poor with conventional therapies. However, great advances in the understanding of both T- and B-PLL pathogenesis lead to promising new therapeutic agents.
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14
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Damlaj M, Al Balwi M, Al Mugairi AM. Ibrutinib therapy is effective in B-cell prolymphocytic leukemia exhibiting MYC aberrations. Leuk Lymphoma 2017; 59:739-742. [DOI: 10.1080/10428194.2017.1347653] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Moussab Damlaj
- Division of Hematology & HSCT, Department of Oncology, King Abdul-Aziz Medical City, Riyadh, KSA
- King Abdullah International Medical Research Center, Riyadh, KSA
- King Saud bin Abdulaziz University for Health Sciences, Riyadh, KSA
| | - Mohammed Al Balwi
- King Abdullah International Medical Research Center, Riyadh, KSA
- King Saud bin Abdulaziz University for Health Sciences, Riyadh, KSA
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, King Abdul-Aziz Medical City, Riyadh, KSA
| | - Areej M. Al Mugairi
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, King Abdul-Aziz Medical City, Riyadh, KSA
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15
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Grange B, Callet-Bauchu E, Salles G, Sujobert P. Advances in the role of cytogenetic analysis in the molecular diagnosis of B-cell lymphomas. Expert Rev Mol Diagn 2017; 17:623-632. [DOI: 10.1080/14737159.2017.1327811] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
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16
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Nguyen L, Papenhausen P, Shao H. The Role of c-MYC in B-Cell Lymphomas: Diagnostic and Molecular Aspects. Genes (Basel) 2017; 8:genes8040116. [PMID: 28379189 PMCID: PMC5406863 DOI: 10.3390/genes8040116] [Citation(s) in RCA: 99] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/13/2017] [Revised: 03/27/2017] [Accepted: 03/27/2017] [Indexed: 12/25/2022] Open
Abstract
c-MYC is one of the most essential transcriptional factors, regulating a diverse array of cellular functions, including proliferation, growth, and apoptosis. Dysregulation of c-MYC is essential in the pathogenesis of a number of B-cell lymphomas, but is rarely reported in T-cell lymphomas. c-MYC dysregulation induces lymphomagenesis by loss of the tight control of c-MYC expression, leading to overexpression of intact c-MYC protein, in contrast to the somatic mutations or fusion proteins seen in many other oncogenes. Dysregulation of c-MYC in B-cell lymphomas occurs either as a primary event in Burkitt lymphoma, or secondarily in aggressive lymphomas such as diffuse large B-cell lymphoma, plasmablastic lymphoma, mantle cell lymphoma, or double-hit lymphoma. Secondary c-MYC changes include gene translocation and gene amplification, occurring against a background of complex karyotype, and most often confer aggressive clinical behavior, as evidenced in the double-hit lymphomas. In low-grade B-cell lymphomas, acquisition of c-MYC rearrangement usually results in transformation into highly aggressive lymphomas, with some exceptions. In this review, we discuss the role that c-MYC plays in the pathogenesis of B-cell lymphomas, the molecular alterations that lead to c-MYC dysregulation, and their effect on prognosis and diagnosis in specific types of B-cell lymphoma.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lynh Nguyen
- Department of Hematopathology and Laboratory Medicine, H. Lee Moffitt Cancer Center and Research Institute, Tampa, FL 33612, USA.
| | - Peter Papenhausen
- Cytogenetics Laboratory, Laboratory Corporation of America, Research Triangle Park, NC 27709, USA.
| | - Haipeng Shao
- Department of Hematopathology and Laboratory Medicine, H. Lee Moffitt Cancer Center and Research Institute, Tampa, FL 33612, USA.
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17
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Haberl S, Haferlach T, Stengel A, Jeromin S, Kern W, Haferlach C. MYC rearranged B-cell neoplasms: Impact of genetics on classification. Cancer Genet 2016; 209:431-439. [PMID: 27810071 DOI: 10.1016/j.cancergen.2016.08.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/14/2016] [Revised: 08/11/2016] [Accepted: 08/21/2016] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
A cohort comprising 156 patients with B-cell neoplasms harboring an MYC rearrangement was analyzed with respect to phenotypic presentation, molecular markers (TP53, MYC and ID3) and additional cytogenetic abnormalities (concomitantly occurring BCL2, BCL6 and/or CCND1 rearrangements; double, triple or quadruple hit lymphomas = multiple hit lymphomas). MYC translocations occurred as single hit (only MYC rearranged, 63%) or multiple hit lymphoma (37%) and presented as acute leukemia (AL) (14%), Burkitt lymphoma (30%), chronic lymphocytic leukemia (CLL) (21%) or other mature B-cell neoplasms (35%). Multiple hit lymphomas more frequently showed a complex karyotype compared to single hit lymphomas (62% vs. 28%, p < 0.001). Single hit Burkitt lymphomas presented with specific characteristics, by translocation of MYC to an immunoglobulin locus, predominantly a non-complex karyotype (23% vs. 67%, p = 0.012) and a significantly higher ID3 and TP53 mutation frequency (ID3mut: 49% vs. 0%, p = 0.002; TP53mut: 69% vs. 33%, p = 0.045). Additionally, MYC rearranged CLL presented as outstanding group by often showing a non-complex karyotype (85%), absence of ID3 mutations, a high frequency of SF3B1 mutations, and a frequent involvement of non-immunoglobulin loci as MYC-partner genes (61%). Consequently, genetic characteristics distinguish different subgroups of MYC rearranged B-cell neoplasms and therefore may contribute to a new classification system.
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18
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Porwit A, Fend F, Kremer M, Orazi A, Safali M, van der Walt J. Issues in diagnosis of small B cell lymphoid neoplasms involving the bone marrow and peripheral blood. Report on the Bone Marrow Workshop of the XVIIth meeting of the European Association for Haematopathology and the Society for Hematopathology. Histopathology 2016; 69:349-73. [PMID: 27208429 DOI: 10.1111/his.12999] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/25/2015] [Revised: 05/12/2016] [Accepted: 05/19/2016] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Abstract
Small B cell lymphoid neoplasms are the most common lymphoproliferative disorders involving peripheral blood (PB) and bone marrow (BM). The Bone Marrow Workshop (BMW) organized by the European Bone Marrow Working Group (EBMWG) of the European Association for Haematopathology (EAHP) during the XVIIth EAHP Meeting in Istanbul, October 2014, was dedicated to discussion of cases illustrating how the recent advances in immunophenotyping, molecular techniques and cytogenetics provide better understanding and classification of these entities. Submitted cases were grouped into following categories: (i) cases illustrating diagnostic difficulties in chronic lymphocytic leukaemia (CLL); (ii) cases of BM manifestations of small B cell lymphoid neoplasms other than CLL; (iii) transformation of small B cell lymphoid neoplasms in the BM; and (iv) multiclonality and composite lymphomas in the BM. This report summarizes presented cases and conclusions of the BMW and provides practical recommendations for classification of the BM manifestations of small B cell lymphoid neoplasms based on the current state of knowledge.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anna Porwit
- Department of Clinical Sciences, Division of Oncology and Pathology, Faculty of Medicine, Lund University, Lund, Sweden.,Previous address: Department of Pathobiology and Laboratory Medicine, University Health Network, Toronto, ON, Canada
| | - Falko Fend
- Institute of Pathology and Neuropathology and Comprehensive Cancer Center, University Hospital Tübingen, Tübingen, Germany
| | - Marcus Kremer
- Institute of Pathology, Staedtisches Klinikum, München, Germany
| | - Attilio Orazi
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Weill Cornell Medical College, New York, NY, USA
| | | | - Jon van der Walt
- Department of Histopathology, Guy's and St Thomas' Hospitals, London, UK
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19
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Oscier D, Else M, Matutes E, Morilla R, Strefford JC, Catovsky D. The morphology of CLL revisited: the clinical significance of prolymphocytes and correlations with prognostic/molecular markers in the LRF CLL4 trial. Br J Haematol 2016; 174:767-75. [PMID: 27151266 PMCID: PMC4995732 DOI: 10.1111/bjh.14132] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/01/2016] [Accepted: 03/20/2016] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
Historically, an increase in the percentage and number of circulating prolymphocytes in chronic lymphocytic leukaemia (CLL) has been associated with strong expression of surface immunoglobulin, trisomy 12 and a poor outcome. This study re‐examines the biological and clinical significance of increased peripheral blood prolymphocytes in 508 patients at entry into the randomized UK Leukaemia Research Fund CLL4 trial. It also investigates the associations between increased prolymphocytes and a comprehensive array of biomarkers. 270 patients (53%) had <5% prolymphocytes, 167 (33%) had 5–9%, 60 (12%) had 10–14% and 11 (2%) had ≥15% prolymphocytes. We show that a higher proportion of prolymphocytes (≥10%) was independently associated with NOTCH1 mutations (P = 0·006), absence of 13q deletion (P = 0·001), high CD38 expression (P = 0·02) and unmutated IGHV genes (P = 0·01). Deaths due to Richter syndrome were significantly more common amongst patients who had ≥10% vs <10% prolymphocytes (13% vs 2%) respectively (P < 0·0001). ≥10% prolymphocytes was also associated with a shorter progression‐free survival (Hazard ratio [HR] 1·50 [95% confidence interval [CI]: 1·16–1·93], P = 0·002) and overall survival (HR 1·99 [95% CI: 1·53–2·59], P < 0·0001). Our data support the routine examination of blood films in CLL and suggest that a finding of an increased proportion of prolymphocytes may be a trigger for further evaluation of clinical and laboratory features of progressive disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- David Oscier
- Department of Molecular Pathology, Royal Bournemouth Hospital, Bournemouth, UK
| | - Monica Else
- Division of Molecular Pathology, The Institute of Cancer Research, London, UK
| | - Estella Matutes
- Division of Molecular Pathology, The Institute of Cancer Research, London, UK
| | - Ricardo Morilla
- Division of Molecular Pathology, The Institute of Cancer Research, London, UK
| | - Jonathan C Strefford
- Cancer Sciences, Faculty of Medicine, University of Southampton, Southampton, UK
| | - Daniel Catovsky
- Division of Molecular Pathology, The Institute of Cancer Research, London, UK
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20
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DE BRAEKELEER MARC, TOUS CORINE, GUÉGANIC NADIA, LE BRIS MARIEJOSÉE, BASINKO AUDREY, MOREL FRÉDÉRIC, DOUET-GUILBERT NATHALIE. Immunoglobulin gene translocations in chronic lymphocytic leukemia: A report of 35 patients and review of the literature. Mol Clin Oncol 2016; 4:682-694. [PMID: 27123263 PMCID: PMC4840758 DOI: 10.3892/mco.2016.793] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/30/2015] [Accepted: 02/09/2016] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Chronic lymphocytic leukemia (CLL) represents the most common hematological malignancy in Western countries, with a highly heterogeneous clinical course and prognosis. Translocations involving the immunoglobulin (IG) genes are regularly identified. From 2000 to 2014, we identified an IG gene translocation in 18 of the 396 patients investigated at diagnosis (4.6%) and in 17 of the 275 analyzed during follow-up (6.2%). A total of 4 patients in whom the IG translocation was identified at follow-up did not carry the translocation at diagnosis. The IG heavy locus (IGH) was involved in 27 translocations (77.1%), the IG κ locus (IGK) in 1 (2.9%) and the IG λ locus (IGL) in 7 (20.0%). The chromosome band partners of the IG translocations were 18q21 in 16 cases (45.7%), 11q13 and 19q13 in 4 cases each (11.4% each), 8q24 in 3 cases (8.6%), 7q21 in 2 cases (5.7%), whereas 6 other bands were involved once (2.9% each). At present, 35 partner chromosomal bands have been described, but the partner gene has solely been identified in 10 translocations. CLL associated with IG gene translocations is characterized by atypical cell morphology, including plasmacytoid characteristics, and the propensity of being enriched in prolymphocytes. The IG heavy chain variable region (IGHV) mutational status varies between translocations, those with unmutated IGHV presumably involving cells at an earlier stage of B-cell lineage. All the partner genes thus far identified are involved in the control of cell proliferation and/or apoptosis. The translocated partner gene becomes transcriptionally deregulated as a consequence of its transposition into the IG locus. With the exception of t(14;18)(q32;q21) and its variants, prognosis appears to be poor for the other translocations. Therefore, searching for translocations involving not only IGH, but also IGL and IGK, by banding and molecular cytogenetics is required. Furthermore, it is important to identify the partner gene to ensure the patients receive the optimal treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- MARC DE BRAEKELEER
- Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, University of Brest, Brest, France
- National Institute of Health and Medical Research (INSERM U1078), Brest, France
- Department of Cytogenetics and Reproductive Biology, Morvan Hospital, Regional University Hospital Center of Brest (CHRU), Brest, France
| | - CORINE TOUS
- Department of Cytogenetics and Reproductive Biology, Morvan Hospital, Regional University Hospital Center of Brest (CHRU), Brest, France
| | - NADIA GUÉGANIC
- Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, University of Brest, Brest, France
- National Institute of Health and Medical Research (INSERM U1078), Brest, France
| | - MARIE-JOSÉE LE BRIS
- Department of Cytogenetics and Reproductive Biology, Morvan Hospital, Regional University Hospital Center of Brest (CHRU), Brest, France
| | - AUDREY BASINKO
- National Institute of Health and Medical Research (INSERM U1078), Brest, France
- Department of Cytogenetics and Reproductive Biology, Morvan Hospital, Regional University Hospital Center of Brest (CHRU), Brest, France
| | - FRÉDÉRIC MOREL
- Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, University of Brest, Brest, France
- National Institute of Health and Medical Research (INSERM U1078), Brest, France
- Department of Cytogenetics and Reproductive Biology, Morvan Hospital, Regional University Hospital Center of Brest (CHRU), Brest, France
| | - NATHALIE DOUET-GUILBERT
- Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, University of Brest, Brest, France
- National Institute of Health and Medical Research (INSERM U1078), Brest, France
- Department of Cytogenetics and Reproductive Biology, Morvan Hospital, Regional University Hospital Center of Brest (CHRU), Brest, France
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21
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Van Roosbroeck K, Ferreiro JF, Tousseyn T, van der Krogt JA, Michaux L, Pienkowska-Grela B, Theate I, De Paepe P, Dierickx D, Doyen C, Put N, Cools J, Vandenberghe P, Wlodarska I. Genomic alterations of the JAK2 and PDL loci occur in a broad spectrum of lymphoid malignancies. Genes Chromosomes Cancer 2016; 55:428-41. [PMID: 26850007 DOI: 10.1002/gcc.22345] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/23/2015] [Revised: 12/22/2015] [Accepted: 12/22/2015] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
The recurrent 9p24.1 aberrations in lymphoid malignancies potentially involving four cancer-related and druggable genes (JAK2, CD274/PDL1, PDCD1LG2/PDL2, and KDM4C/JMJD2Cl) are incompletely characterized. To gain more insight into the anatomy of these abnormalities, at first we studied 9p24.1 alterations in 18 leukemia/lymphoma cases using cytogenetic and molecular techniques. The aberrations comprised structural (nine cases) and numerical (nine cases) alterations. The former lesions were heterogeneous but shared a common breakpoint region of 200 kb downstream of JAK2. The rearrangements predominantly targeted the PDL locus. We have identified five potential partner genes of PDL1/2: PHACTR4 (1p34), N4BP2 (4p14), EEF1A1 (6q13), JAK2 (9p24.1), and IGL (22q11). Interestingly, the cryptic JAK2-PDL1 rearrangement was generated by a microdeletion spanning the 3'JAK2-5'PDL1 region. JAK2 was additionally involved in a cytogenetically cryptic IGH-mediated t(9;14)(p24.1;q32) found in two patients. This rare but likely underestimated rearrangement highlights the essential role of JAK2 in B-cell neoplasms. Cases with amplification of 9p24.1 were diagnosed as primary mediastinal B-cell lymphoma (five cases) and T-cell lymphoma (four cases). The smallest amplified 9p24.1 region was restricted to the JAK2-PDL1/2-RANBP6 interval. In the next step, we screened 200 cases of classical Hodgkin lymphoma by interphase FISH and identified PDL1/2 rearrangement (CIITA- and IGH-negative) in four cases (2%), what is a novel finding. Forty (25%) cases revealed high level amplification of 9p24.1, including four cases with a selective amplification of PDL1/2. Altogether, the majority of 9p24.1 rearrangements occurring in lymphoid malignancies seem to target the programmed death-1 ligands, what potentiates the therapeutic activity of PD-1 blockade in these tumors. © 2016 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
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Affiliation(s)
- Katrien Van Roosbroeck
- Center for Human Genetics, KU Leuven, Leuven, Belgium.,Center for the Biology of Disease, VIB, Leuven, Belgium
| | | | - Thomas Tousseyn
- Department of Pathology UZ Leuven, Translational Cell and Tissue Research, K.U. Leuven, Leuven, Belgium
| | | | | | - Barbara Pienkowska-Grela
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Diagnostic, Maria Sklodowska-Curie Memorial Cancer Centre and Institute, Warsaw, Poland
| | - Ivan Theate
- Department of Pathology, Cliniques Universitaires Saint-Luc, Université Catholique De Louvain, Brussels, Belgium
| | | | - Daan Dierickx
- Department of Hematology, UZ Leuven, Leuven, Belgium
| | - Chantal Doyen
- Department of Hematology, Mont-Godinne University Hospital, Yvoir, Belgium
| | - Natalie Put
- Center for Human Genetics, KU Leuven, Leuven, Belgium
| | - Jan Cools
- Center for Human Genetics, KU Leuven, Leuven, Belgium.,Center for the Biology of Disease, VIB, Leuven, Belgium
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22
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Gibson SE, Leeman-Neill RJ, Jain S, Piao W, Cieply KM, Swerdlow SH. Proliferation centres of chronic lymphocytic leukaemia/small lymphocytic lymphoma have enhanced expression of MYC protein, which does not result from rearrangement or gain of theMYCgene. Br J Haematol 2015; 175:173-5. [DOI: 10.1111/bjh.13844] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Sarah E. Gibson
- University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine; Pittsburgh PA USA
- University of Pittsburgh Medical Center; Pittsburgh PA USA
| | - Rebecca J. Leeman-Neill
- University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine; Pittsburgh PA USA
- University of Pittsburgh Medical Center; Pittsburgh PA USA
| | - Sarika Jain
- University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine; Pittsburgh PA USA
- University of Pittsburgh Medical Center; Pittsburgh PA USA
| | - Wenhua Piao
- University of Pittsburgh Medical Center; Pittsburgh PA USA
| | | | - Steven H. Swerdlow
- University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine; Pittsburgh PA USA
- University of Pittsburgh Medical Center; Pittsburgh PA USA
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23
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Abstract
PURPOSE OF REVIEW Deregulated proteolysis is increasingly being implicated in pathogenesis of lymphoma. In this review, we highlight the major cellular processes that are affected by deregulated proteolysis of critical substrates that promote lymphoproliferative disorders. RECENT FINDINGS Emerging evidence supports the role of aberrant proteolysis by the ubiquitin proteasome system (UPS) in lymphoproliferative disorders. Several UPS mediators are identified to be altered in lymphomagenesis. However, the precise role of their alteration and comprehensive knowledge of their target substrate critical for lymphomagenesis is far from complete. SUMMARY Many E3 ligase and deubiquitinases that contribute to regulated proteolysis of substrates critical for major cellular processes are altered in various lineages of lymphoma. Understanding of the proteolytic regulatory mechanisms of these major cellular pathways may offer novel biomarkers and targets for lymphoma therapy.
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24
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Macchia G, Lonoce A, Venuto S, Macrí E, Palumbo O, Carella M, Lo Cunsolo C, Iuzzolino P, Hernández-Sánchez M, Hernandez-Rivas JM, Storlazzi CT. A rare but recurrent t(8;13)(q24;q14) translocation in B-cell chronic lymphocytic leukaemia causing MYC up-regulation and concomitant loss of PVT1, miR-15/16 and DLEU7. Br J Haematol 2015; 172:296-9. [PMID: 26010203 DOI: 10.1111/bjh.13482] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/13/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Gemma Macchia
- Department of Biology, University of Bari, Bari, Italy
| | - Angelo Lonoce
- Department of Biology, University of Bari, Bari, Italy
| | | | - Ettore Macrí
- UO Anatomia Patologica, Ospedale S. Martino, Belluno, Italy
| | - Orazio Palumbo
- Medical Genetics Unit, IRCCS Casa Sollievo della Sofferenza Hospital, San Giovanni Rotondo, Italy
| | - Massimo Carella
- Medical Genetics Unit, IRCCS Casa Sollievo della Sofferenza Hospital, San Giovanni Rotondo, Italy
| | | | | | - María Hernández-Sánchez
- Servicio de Hematología, Hospital Universitario de Salamanca, IBSAL, IBMCC, Centro de Investigación del Cáncer, Universidad de Salamanca, CSIC, Salamanca, Spain
| | - Jesus M Hernandez-Rivas
- Servicio de Hematología, Hospital Universitario de Salamanca, IBSAL, IBMCC, Centro de Investigación del Cáncer, Universidad de Salamanca, CSIC, Salamanca, Spain
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25
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Woroniecka R, Rymkiewicz G, Grygalewicz B, Błachnio K, Rygier J, Jarmuż-Szymczak M, Ratajczak B, Pieńkowska-Grela B. Cytogenetic and flow cytometry evaluation of Richter syndrome reveals MYC, CDKN2A, IGH alterations with loss of CD52, CD62L and increase of CD71 antigen expression as the most frequent recurrent abnormalities. Am J Clin Pathol 2015; 143:25-35. [PMID: 25511139 DOI: 10.1309/ajcpatrqwanw2o3n] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/04/2023] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVES Richter syndrome (RS) is a transformation of chronic lymphocytic leukemia (CLL) or small lymphocytic lymphoma (SLL) into high-grade lymphoma. There are only limited data on flow cytometry (FCM) and cytogenetics in RS. METHODS In this study, FCM, classic cytogenetics (CC), and fluorescence in situ hybridization (FISH) were performed in eight RS cases. RESULTS Most cases of RS were characterized by a loss/decrease of CD52 and CD62L and increased CD71 expression. CC identified complex karyotypes, with losses of 9/9p and 17/17p as the most frequent in four of seven cases. Seven RS cases demonstrated MYC abnormalities. Disruptions of CDKN2A and IGH were identified in five of seven and four of seven RS cases, respectively. CONCLUSIONS Newly diagnosed RS is an oncologic emergency, and a quick diagnostic decision is crucial in clinical practice. Therefore, in patients with CLL/SLL and rapidly enlarging asymmetric lymphadenopathy and/or extranodal tumors, we strongly advise FCM of fine-needle aspiration biopsy (FNAB) material, including CD62L, CD52, and CD71 analysis as well as assessment of karyotype and at least MYC abnormalities by FISH of the same FNAB material. Loss of CD52 expression in RS most likely predicts resistance to alemtuzumab therapy, which is frequently used in CLL.
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Affiliation(s)
- Renata Woroniecka
- Cancer Genetics Laboratory of the Pathology Department and Laboratory Diagnostics, the Maria Skłodowska-Curie Memorial Institute and Cancer Centre, Warszawa, Poland
| | - Grzegorz Rymkiewicz
- Flow Cytometry Laboratory of the Pathology Department and Laboratory Diagnostics, the Maria Skłodowska-Curie Memorial Institute and Cancer Centre, Warszawa, Poland
| | - Beata Grygalewicz
- Cancer Genetics Laboratory of the Pathology Department and Laboratory Diagnostics, the Maria Skłodowska-Curie Memorial Institute and Cancer Centre, Warszawa, Poland
| | - Katarzyna Błachnio
- Flow Cytometry Laboratory of the Pathology Department and Laboratory Diagnostics, the Maria Skłodowska-Curie Memorial Institute and Cancer Centre, Warszawa, Poland
| | - Jolanta Rygier
- Cancer Genetics Laboratory of the Pathology Department and Laboratory Diagnostics, the Maria Skłodowska-Curie Memorial Institute and Cancer Centre, Warszawa, Poland
| | - Małgorzata Jarmuż-Szymczak
- Department of Hematology and Bone Marrow Transplantation, University of Medical Sciences, Poznań, Poland
- Institute of Human Genetics, Polish Academy of Sciences, Poznań, Poland
| | - Błażej Ratajczak
- Department of Hematology and Bone Marrow Transplantation, University of Medical Sciences, Poznań, Poland
| | - Barbara Pieńkowska-Grela
- Cancer Genetics Laboratory of the Pathology Department and Laboratory Diagnostics, the Maria Skłodowska-Curie Memorial Institute and Cancer Centre, Warszawa, Poland
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26
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Huemer M, Rebhandl S, Zaborsky N, Gassner FJ, Hainzl S, Weiss L, Hebenstreit D, Greil R, Geisberger R. AID induces intraclonal diversity and genomic damage in CD86(+) chronic lymphocytic leukemia cells. Eur J Immunol 2014; 44:3747-57. [PMID: 25179679 PMCID: PMC4276288 DOI: 10.1002/eji.201344421] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/20/2013] [Revised: 08/01/2014] [Accepted: 08/29/2014] [Indexed: 02/04/2023]
Abstract
The activation-induced cytidine deaminase (AID) mediates somatic hypermutation and class switch recombination of the Ig genes by directly deaminating cytosines to uracils. As AID causes a substantial amount of off-target mutations, its activity has been associated with lymphomagenesis and clonal evolution of B-cell malignancies. Although it has been shown that AID is expressed in B-cell chronic lymphocytic leukemia (CLL), a clear analysis of in vivo AID activity in this B-cell malignancy remained elusive. In this study performed on primary human CLL samples, we report that, despite the presence of a dominant VDJ heavy chain region, a substantial intraclonal diversity was observed at VDJ as well as at IgM switch regions (Sμ), showing ongoing AID activity in vivo during disease progression. This AID-mediated heterogeneity was higher in CLL subclones expressing CD86, which we identified as the proliferative CLL fraction. Finally, CD86 expression correlated with shortened time to first treatment and increased γ-H2AX focus formation. Our data demonstrate that AID is active in CLL in vivo and thus, AID likely contributes to clonal evolution of CLL.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michael Huemer
- Laboratory for Immunological and Molecular Cancer Research, Department of Internal Medicine III with Hematology, Medical Oncology, Hemostaseology, Infectious Diseases, Rheumatology, Oncologic Center, Paracelsus Medical University, Salzburg, Austria
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Sewastianik T, Prochorec-Sobieszek M, Chapuy B, Juszczyński P. MYC deregulation in lymphoid tumors: molecular mechanisms, clinical consequences and therapeutic implications. Biochim Biophys Acta Rev Cancer 2014; 1846:457-67. [PMID: 25199984 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbcan.2014.08.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/24/2014] [Revised: 08/28/2014] [Accepted: 08/28/2014] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
MYC is one of the most frequently deregulated oncogenes in human malignancies. It encodes a leucine zipper transcription factor that modulates a broad spectrum of cellular genes responsible for enhancing cell proliferation, cellular metabolism, growth, angiogenesis, metastasis, genomic instability, stem cell self-renewal and reduced differentiation. MYC functions predominantly as an amplifier of expression of already active genes, potentiating the pre-existing transcriptional program, although it can also repress certain transcriptional targets. In mouse models, MYC induces lymphomas, but requires cooperation with other lesions, including inactivation of the p53 pathway, structural alterations of BCL2 family members, or increased PI3K activity. In human B-cell tumors, MYC rearrangements involving the 8q24 region and immunoglobulin heavy or light genes are a hallmark of Burkitt lymphoma (BL), but can also occur in other lymphoid malignancies, that include diffuse large B-cell lymphoma (DLBCL), B-cell lymphoma, unclassifiable, with features intermediate between DLBCL and Burkitt lymphoma (BCLU), plasma cell myeloma (PCM), mantle cell lymphoma (MCL) and plasmablastic lymphoma. For non-BL lymphoid malignancies, MYC fusions represent secondary genetic events and exist in the context of complex karyotypes. Regardless of the mechanism deregulating MYC, lymphomas over-expressing MYC are addicted to this oncogene, highlighting the potential clinical utility of MYC targeting strategies. Several promising approaches for pharmaceutical intervention have been suggested which are now in preclinical or clinical development. Herein, we therefore review the molecular pathogenetic mechanisms associated with MYC deregulation in human B-cell lymphomas and their implications for therapies targeting MYC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tomasz Sewastianik
- Institute of Hematology and Transfusion Medicine, Department of Diagnostic Hematology, Indiry Gandhi Str. 14, 02-776 Warsaw, Poland
| | - Monika Prochorec-Sobieszek
- Institute of Hematology and Transfusion Medicine, Department of Diagnostic Hematology, Indiry Gandhi Str. 14, 02-776 Warsaw, Poland
| | - Bjoern Chapuy
- Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, Harvard Medical School, Department of Medical Oncology, 450 Brookline Avenue, Boston, MA 02215, USA
| | - Przemysław Juszczyński
- Institute of Hematology and Transfusion Medicine, Department of Diagnostic Hematology, Indiry Gandhi Str. 14, 02-776 Warsaw, Poland.
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28
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Flatley E, Chen AI, Zhao X, Jaffe ES, Dunlap JB, Pittaluga S, Abdullah S, Olson SB, Spurgeon SE, Fan G. Aberrations of MYC are a common event in B-cell prolymphocytic leukemia. Am J Clin Pathol 2014; 142:347-54. [PMID: 25125625 DOI: 10.1309/ajcpubhm8u7zflob] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/26/2022] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVES B-cell prolymphocytic leukemia (B-PLL) remains a controversial entity, and its molecular pathogenesis is largely unknown. Patients are older, typically having marked lymphocytosis and splenomegaly in the absence of lymphadenopathy. It is defined as a mature B-cell leukemia with more than 55% circulating prolymphocytes. Leukemic mantle cell lymphoma and chronic lymphocytic leukemia in prolymphocytic transformation must be excluded. METHODS Case archives were retrospectively reviewed for B-PLL in patients without a previous diagnosis of chronic lymphocytic leukemia or other B-cell neoplasm. RESULTS We identified six cases of B-PLL with available cytogenetic data, five of which showed evidence of aberrations in MYC. Three cases showed additional signals for the MYC gene by fluorescence in situ hybridization (FISH), and two cases demonstrated t(8;14)MYC/IGH by karyotyping or FISH. High levels of MYC protein expression were detected in all cases tested with MYC aberrations. CONCLUSIONS These results suggest that deregulation of MYC plays an important role in the pathogenesis of B-PLL and expands the spectrum of B-cell neoplasms associated with aberrations of MYC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ellen Flatley
- Department of Pathology, Oregon Health & Science University, Portland
| | - Andy I. Chen
- Department of Hematology-Oncology, Knight Cancer Institute, Oregon Health & Science University, Portland
| | - Xiangrong Zhao
- Hematopathology Section, Laboratory of Pathology, Center for Cancer Research, National Cancer Institute, Bethesda, MD
| | - Elaine S. Jaffe
- Hematopathology Section, Laboratory of Pathology, Center for Cancer Research, National Cancer Institute, Bethesda, MD
| | | | - Stefania Pittaluga
- Hematopathology Section, Laboratory of Pathology, Center for Cancer Research, National Cancer Institute, Bethesda, MD
| | - Shahed Abdullah
- Hematopathology Section, Laboratory of Pathology, Center for Cancer Research, National Cancer Institute, Bethesda, MD
| | - Susan B. Olson
- Knight Diagnostic Laboratory, Knight Cancer Institute, Oregon Health & Science University, Portland
| | - Stephen E. Spurgeon
- Department of Hematology-Oncology, Knight Cancer Institute, Oregon Health & Science University, Portland
| | - Guang Fan
- Department of Pathology, Oregon Health & Science University, Portland
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29
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Caraballo JM, Acosta JC, Cortés MA, Albajar M, Gómez-Casares MT, Batlle-López A, Cuadrado MA, Onaindia A, Bretones G, Llorca J, Piris MA, Colomer D, León J. High p27 protein levels in chronic lymphocytic leukemia are associated to low Myc and Skp2 expression, confer resistance to apoptosis and antagonize Myc effects on cell cycle. Oncotarget 2014; 5:4694-708. [PMID: 25051361 PMCID: PMC4148092 DOI: 10.18632/oncotarget.2100] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/11/2014] [Accepted: 06/09/2014] [Indexed: 12/29/2022] Open
Abstract
Myc (c-Myc) counteracts p27 effects, and low p27 usually correlates with high Myc expression in human cancer. However there is no information on the co-expression of both genes in chronic lymphocytic leukemia (CLL). We found a lack of correlation between RNA and protein levels of p27 and Myc in CLL cells, so we determined the protein levels by immunoblot in 107 cases of CLL. We observed a high p27 protein expression in CLL compared to normal B cells. Ectopic p27 expression in a CLL-derived cell line resulted in cell death resistance. Surprisingly, Myc expression was very low or undetectable in most CLL cases analyzed, with a clear correlation between high p27 and low Myc protein levels. This was associated with low Skp2 expression, which is consistent with the Skp2 role in p27 degradation and with SKP2 being a Myc target gene. High Myc expression did not correlate with leukemia progression, despite that cell cycle-related Myc target genes were upregulated. However, biochemical analysis showed that the high p27 levels inhibited cyclin-Cdk complexes even in Myc expressing CLL cells. Our data suggest that the combination of high p27 and low Myc is a marker of CLL cells which is mediated by Skp2.
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MESH Headings
- Adult
- Aged
- Aged, 80 and over
- Apoptosis/genetics
- Biomarkers, Tumor/genetics
- Biomarkers, Tumor/metabolism
- Cell Cycle/genetics
- Cell Line, Tumor
- Cyclin-Dependent Kinase Inhibitor p27/genetics
- Cyclin-Dependent Kinase Inhibitor p27/metabolism
- Cyclins/genetics
- Cyclins/metabolism
- Drug Resistance, Neoplasm/genetics
- Female
- Gene Expression Regulation, Leukemic
- Humans
- Immunoblotting
- Leukemia, Lymphocytic, Chronic, B-Cell/genetics
- Leukemia, Lymphocytic, Chronic, B-Cell/metabolism
- Leukemia, Lymphocytic, Chronic, B-Cell/pathology
- Male
- Microscopy, Fluorescence
- Middle Aged
- Proto-Oncogene Proteins c-myb/genetics
- Proto-Oncogene Proteins c-myb/metabolism
- Reverse Transcriptase Polymerase Chain Reaction
- S-Phase Kinase-Associated Proteins/genetics
- S-Phase Kinase-Associated Proteins/metabolism
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Affiliation(s)
- Juan M. Caraballo
- Instituto de Biomedicina y Biotecnología de Cantabria (IBBTEC), CSIC-Universidad de Cantabria-Sodercan, and Dpt. of. Biología Molecular, Universidad de Cantabria, Santander, Spain
| | - Juan C. Acosta
- Instituto de Biomedicina y Biotecnología de Cantabria (IBBTEC), CSIC-Universidad de Cantabria-Sodercan, and Dpt. of. Biología Molecular, Universidad de Cantabria, Santander, Spain
- Present address: Edinburgh Cancer Research UK Centre, MRC Institute of Genetics and Molecular Medicine, University of Edinburgh, UK
| | | | - Marta Albajar
- Servicio de Hematologia, Hospital Marqués de Valdecilla and Instituto de Investigación Marqués de Valdecilla (IDIVAL), Santander, Spain
| | | | - Ana Batlle-López
- Servicio de Hematologia, Hospital Marqués de Valdecilla and Instituto de Investigación Marqués de Valdecilla (IDIVAL), Santander, Spain
| | - M. Angeles Cuadrado
- Servicio de Hematologia, Hospital Marqués de Valdecilla and Instituto de Investigación Marqués de Valdecilla (IDIVAL), Santander, Spain
| | - Arantza Onaindia
- Servicio de Anatomía Patológica, Hospital Marqués de Valdecilla and Instituto de Investigación Marqués de Valdecilla (IDIVAL), Santander, Spain
| | - Gabriel Bretones
- Instituto de Biomedicina y Biotecnología de Cantabria (IBBTEC), CSIC-Universidad de Cantabria-Sodercan, and Dpt. of. Biología Molecular, Universidad de Cantabria, Santander, Spain
| | - Javier Llorca
- Group of Epidemiology and Computational Biology, Universidad de Cantabria-IDIVAL, Santander, Spain and CIBER Epidemiología y Salud Pública (CIBERESP), Spain
| | - Miguel A. Piris
- Servicio de Anatomía Patológica, Hospital Marqués de Valdecilla and Instituto de Investigación Marqués de Valdecilla (IDIVAL), Santander, Spain
| | - Dolors Colomer
- Institut d'Investigacions Biomèdiques August Pi i Sunyer (IDIBAPS), Hospital Clínic, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Javier León
- Instituto de Biomedicina y Biotecnología de Cantabria (IBBTEC), CSIC-Universidad de Cantabria-Sodercan, and Dpt. of. Biología Molecular, Universidad de Cantabria, Santander, Spain
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30
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Geller MD, Pei Y, Spurgeon SE, Durum C, Leeborg NJ. Chronic lymphocytic leukemia with a FGFR3 translocation: case report and literature review of an uncommon cytogenetic event. Cancer Genet 2014; 207:340-3. [DOI: 10.1016/j.cancergen.2014.09.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/09/2014] [Revised: 09/05/2014] [Accepted: 09/06/2014] [Indexed: 10/24/2022]
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31
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Genetic abnormalities in chronic lymphocytic leukemia: where we are and where we go. BIOMED RESEARCH INTERNATIONAL 2014; 2014:435983. [PMID: 24967369 PMCID: PMC4054680 DOI: 10.1155/2014/435983] [Citation(s) in RCA: 83] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/13/2014] [Accepted: 04/22/2014] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
Chromosomal abnormalities in chronic lymphocytic leukemia (CLL) are detected in up to 80% of patients. Among them, deletions of 11q, 13q, 17p, and trisomy 12 have a known prognostic value and play an important role in CLL pathogenesis and evolution, determining patients outcome and therapeutic strategies. Standard methods used to identify these genomic aberrations include both conventional G-banding cytogenetics (CGC) and fluorescence in situ hybridization (FISH). Although FISH analyses have been implemented as the gold standard, CGC allows the identification of chromosomal translocations and complex karyotypes, the latest associated with poor outcome. Genomic arrays have a higher resolution that allows the detection of cryptic abnormalities, although these have not been fully implemented in routine laboratories. In the last years, next generation sequencing (NGS) methods have identified a wide range of gene mutations (e.g., TP53, NOTCH1, SF3B1, and BIRC3) which have improved our knowledge about CLL development, allowing us to refine both the prognostic subgroups and better therapeutic strategies. Clonal evolution has also recently arisen as a key point in CLL, integrating cytogenetic alterations and mutations in a dynamic model that improve our understanding about its clinical course and relapse.
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32
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Veronese A, Pepe F, Chiacchia J, Pagotto S, Lanuti P, Veschi S, Di Marco M, D'Argenio A, Innocenti I, Vannata B, Autore F, Marchisio M, Wernicke D, Verginelli F, Leone G, Rassenti LZ, Kipps TJ, Mariani-Costantini R, Laurenti L, Croce CM, Visone R. Allele-specific loss and transcription of the miR-15a/16-1 cluster in chronic lymphocytic leukemia. Leukemia 2014; 29:86-95. [PMID: 24732594 PMCID: PMC4198514 DOI: 10.1038/leu.2014.139] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/25/2013] [Revised: 04/07/2014] [Accepted: 04/09/2014] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Deregulation of the miR-15a/16-1 cluster has a key role in the pathogenesis of chronic lymphocytic leukemia (CLL), a clinically heterogeneous disease with indolent and aggressive forms. The miR-15a/16-1 locus is located at 13q14, the most frequently deleted region in CLL. Starting from functional investigations of a rare SNP upstream the miR cluster, we identified a novel allele-specific mechanism that exploits a cryptic activator region to recruit the RNA polymerase III for miR-15a/16-1 transcription. This regulation of the miR-15a/16- locus is independent of the DLEU2 host gene, which is often transcribed monoallellically by RPII. We found that normally one allele of miR-15a/16-1 is transcribed by RNAPII, the other one by RNAPIII. In our subset of CLL patients harboring 13q14 deletions, exclusive RNA polymerase III (RPIII)-driven transcription of the miR-15a/16-1 was the consequence of loss of the RPII-regulated allele and correlated with high expression of the poor prognostic marker ZAP70 (P=0.019). Thus, our findings point to a novel biological process, characterized by double allele-specific transcriptional regulation of the miR-15a/16-1 locus by alternative mechanisms. Differential usage of these mechanisms may distinguish at onset aggressive from indolent forms of CLL. This provides a basis for the clinical heterogeneity of the CLL patients carrying 13q14 deletions.
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Affiliation(s)
- A Veronese
- 1] Unit of General Pathology, Aging Research Center (Ce.S.I.), G. d'Annunzio University Foundation, Chieti, Italy [2] Department of Medical, Oral and Biotechnological Sciences, G. d'Annunzio University, Chieti, Italy
| | - F Pepe
- 1] Unit of General Pathology, Aging Research Center (Ce.S.I.), G. d'Annunzio University Foundation, Chieti, Italy [2] Department of Medical, Oral and Biotechnological Sciences, G. d'Annunzio University, Chieti, Italy
| | - J Chiacchia
- Unit of General Pathology, Aging Research Center (Ce.S.I.), G. d'Annunzio University Foundation, Chieti, Italy
| | - S Pagotto
- 1] Unit of General Pathology, Aging Research Center (Ce.S.I.), G. d'Annunzio University Foundation, Chieti, Italy [2] Department of Medical, Oral and Biotechnological Sciences, G. d'Annunzio University, Chieti, Italy
| | - P Lanuti
- Department of Medicine and Aging Science, University G. d'Annunzio Chieti-Pescara, Chieti, Italy
| | - S Veschi
- 1] Unit of General Pathology, Aging Research Center (Ce.S.I.), G. d'Annunzio University Foundation, Chieti, Italy [2] Department of Medical, Oral and Biotechnological Sciences, G. d'Annunzio University, Chieti, Italy
| | - M Di Marco
- Department of Medical, Oral and Biotechnological Sciences, G. d'Annunzio University, Chieti, Italy
| | - A D'Argenio
- Unit of General Pathology, Aging Research Center (Ce.S.I.), G. d'Annunzio University Foundation, Chieti, Italy
| | - I Innocenti
- Department of Hematology, Catholic University of the Sacred Heart, Rome, Italy
| | - B Vannata
- Department of Hematology, Catholic University of the Sacred Heart, Rome, Italy
| | - F Autore
- Department of Hematology, Catholic University of the Sacred Heart, Rome, Italy
| | - M Marchisio
- Department of Medicine and Aging Science, University G. d'Annunzio Chieti-Pescara, Chieti, Italy
| | - D Wernicke
- Department of Molecular Virology, Immunology, and Medical Genetics and Comprehensive Cancer Center, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH, USA
| | - F Verginelli
- Unit of General Pathology, Aging Research Center (Ce.S.I.), G. d'Annunzio University Foundation, Chieti, Italy
| | - G Leone
- Department of Hematology, Catholic University of the Sacred Heart, Rome, Italy
| | - L Z Rassenti
- 1] Department of Medicine, Moores Cancer Center, University of California at San Diego, La Jolla, CA, USA [2] Chronic Lymphocytic Leukemia Research Consortium, San Diego, CA, USA
| | - T J Kipps
- 1] Department of Medicine, Moores Cancer Center, University of California at San Diego, La Jolla, CA, USA [2] Chronic Lymphocytic Leukemia Research Consortium, San Diego, CA, USA
| | - R Mariani-Costantini
- 1] Unit of General Pathology, Aging Research Center (Ce.S.I.), G. d'Annunzio University Foundation, Chieti, Italy [2] Department of Medical, Oral and Biotechnological Sciences, G. d'Annunzio University, Chieti, Italy
| | - L Laurenti
- Department of Hematology, Catholic University of the Sacred Heart, Rome, Italy
| | - C M Croce
- 1] Department of Molecular Virology, Immunology, and Medical Genetics and Comprehensive Cancer Center, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH, USA [2] Chronic Lymphocytic Leukemia Research Consortium, San Diego, CA, USA
| | - R Visone
- 1] Unit of General Pathology, Aging Research Center (Ce.S.I.), G. d'Annunzio University Foundation, Chieti, Italy [2] Department of Medical, Oral and Biotechnological Sciences, G. d'Annunzio University, Chieti, Italy
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33
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Hofbauer SW, Krenn PW, Ganghammer S, Asslaber D, Pichler U, Oberascher K, Henschler R, Wallner M, Kerschbaum H, Greil R, Hartmann TN. Tiam1/Rac1 signals contribute to the proliferation and chemoresistance, but not motility, of chronic lymphocytic leukemia cells. Blood 2014; 123:2181-8. [PMID: 24501217 DOI: 10.1182/blood-2013-08-523563] [Citation(s) in RCA: 60] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
Signals from the tumor microenvironment promote the migration, survival, and proliferation of chronic lymphocytic leukemia (CLL) cells. Rho GTPases control various signaling pathways downstream of microenvironmental cues. Here, we analyze the function of Rac1 in the motility and proliferation of CLL cells. We found decreased transcription of the Rac guanine nucleotide exchange factors Tiam1 and Vav1 in unstimulated peripheral blood CLL cells with almost complete loss of Tiam1 but increased transcription of the potential Rac antagonist RhoH. Consistently, stimulation of CLL cells with the chemokine CXCL12 induced RhoA but not Rac1 activation, whereas chemokine-induced CLL cell motility was Rac1-independent. Coculture of CLL cells with activated T cells induced their activation and subsequent proliferation. Here, Tiam1 expression was induced in the malignant cells in line with increased Ki-67 and c-Myc expression. Rac1 or Tiam1 knockdown using siRNA or treatment with the Tiam1/Rac inhibitor NSC-23766 attenuated c-Myc transcription. Furthermore, treatment of CLL cells with NSC-23766 reduced their proliferation. Rac inhibition also antagonized the chemoresistance of activated CLL cells toward fludarabine. Collectively, our data suggest a dynamic regulation of Rac1 function in the CLL microenvironment. Rac inhibition could be of clinical use by selectively interfering with CLL cell proliferation and chemoresistance.
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MESH Headings
- Aminoquinolines/pharmacology
- Animals
- Antineoplastic Agents/pharmacology
- Cell Movement/genetics
- Cell Proliferation
- Cells, Cultured
- Drug Resistance, Neoplasm/genetics
- Gene Expression Regulation, Leukemic/drug effects
- Guanine Nucleotide Exchange Factors/antagonists & inhibitors
- Guanine Nucleotide Exchange Factors/physiology
- Humans
- Leukemia, Lymphocytic, Chronic, B-Cell/drug therapy
- Leukemia, Lymphocytic, Chronic, B-Cell/genetics
- Leukemia, Lymphocytic, Chronic, B-Cell/pathology
- Mice
- NIH 3T3 Cells
- Pyrimidines/pharmacology
- RNA, Small Interfering/genetics
- Signal Transduction/physiology
- T-Lymphoma Invasion and Metastasis-inducing Protein 1
- rac1 GTP-Binding Protein/antagonists & inhibitors
- rac1 GTP-Binding Protein/physiology
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Affiliation(s)
- Sebastian W Hofbauer
- Laboratory for Immunological and Molecular Cancer Research, Third Medical Department with Hematology, Oncology, Hemostaseology, Infectiology, and Rheumatology, Oncologic Center, Paracelsus Medical University, Salzburg, Austria
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34
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Rouhigharabaei L, Ferreiro JF, Put N, Michaux L, Tousseyn T, Lefebvre C, Gardiner A, De Kelver W, Demuynck H, Verschuere J, Théate I, Vicente C, Vandenberghe P, Cools J, Wlodarska I. BMI1, the polycomb-group gene, is recurrently targeted by genomic rearrangements in progressive B-cell leukemia/lymphoma. Genes Chromosomes Cancer 2013; 52:928-44. [PMID: 23873701 DOI: 10.1002/gcc.22088] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/17/2013] [Accepted: 06/13/2013] [Indexed: 01/10/2023] Open
Abstract
BMI1, a Polycomb-group gene located at 10p12.2, is implicated in the pathogenesis of a variety of tumors. However, the genetic molecular mechanisms underlying its aberrant expression in cancer cells remain largely unknown. In this study, we show that BMI1 is recurrently targeted by chromosomal aberrations in B-cell leukemia/lymphoma. We identified a novel t(10;14)(p12;q32)/IGH-BMI1 rearrangement and its IGL variant in six cases of chronic lymphocytic leukemia (CLL) and found that these aberrations were consistently acquired at time of disease progression and high grade transformation of leukemia (Richter syndrome). The IG-BMI1 translocations were not associated with any particular molecular subtype of CLL and the leukemias were negative for common mutations of NOTCH1 and TP53, known to increase a risk of progression and transformation in CLL. In addition, using FISH and SNP array analysis, we identified a wide range of BMI1-involving 10p12 lesions in 17 cases of mantle cell lymphoma (MCL). These aberrations included various balanced and unbalanced structural abnormalities and very frequently but not exclusively, were associated with gain of the BMI1 locus and loss of the 10p terminal sequences. These findings point to genomic instability at the 10p region in MCL which likely promotes rearrangements and deregulation of BMI1. Our findings are in line with previously published observations correlating overexpression of BMI1 with tumor progression and chemoresistance. In summary, our study provides new insights into genetic molecular mechanisms underlying aberrant expression of BMI1 in lymphoma and documents its contribution in the pathogenesis of Richter syndrome and MCL.
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35
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Asirvatham JR, Brody J, Vora R, Kolitz JE, Fields SZ, Sreekantaiah C, Zhang X. Prognostic significance of isolated t(8:14) in chronic lymphocytic leukemia. Leuk Lymphoma 2013; 55:685-8. [PMID: 23725387 DOI: 10.3109/10428194.2013.809078] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022]
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36
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Toll-like receptor agonists induce apoptosis in mouse B-cell lymphoma cells by altering NF-κB activation. Cell Mol Immunol 2013; 10:360-72. [PMID: 23727784 DOI: 10.1038/cmi.2013.14] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/06/2012] [Revised: 03/14/2013] [Accepted: 03/18/2013] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Toll-like receptor 9 (TLR9) recognizes microbial DNA containing unmethylated cytosyl guanosyl (CpG) sequences, induces innate immune responses, and facilitates antigen-specific adaptive immunity. Recent studies report that in addition to stimulating innate immunity, TLR9 ligands induce apoptosis of TLR9 expressing cancer cells. To understand the mechanism of TLR9-induced apoptosis, we compared the effects of CpG containing oligodeoxynucleotides (CpG ODN) on a mouse B-cell lymphoma line, CH27, with those on mouse splenic B cells. CpG ODN inhibited constitutive proliferation and induced apoptosis in the CH27 B-cell lymphoma line. In contrast, CpG ODN-treated primary B cells were stimulated to proliferate and were rescued from spontaneous apoptosis. The induction of apoptosis required the ODNs to contain the CpG motif and the expression of TLR9 in lymphoma B cells. A decrease in Bcl-xl expression and an increase in Fas and Fas ligand expression accompanied lymphoma B-cell apoptosis. Treatment with the Fas ligand-neutralizing antibody inhibited CpG ODN-induced apoptosis. CpG ODN triggered a transient NF-κB activation in the B-cell lymphoma cell line, which constitutively expresses a high level of c-Myc, while CpG ODN induced sustained increases in NF-κB activation and c-Myc expression in primary B cells. Furthermore, an NF-κB inhibitor inhibited the proliferation of the CH27 B-cell lymphoma line. Our data suggest that the differential responses of lymphoma and primary B cells to CpG ODN are the result of differences in NF-κB activation. The impaired NF-κB activation in the CpG ODN-treated B-cell lymphoma cell line alters the balance between NF-κB and c-Myc, which induces Fas/Fas ligand-dependent apoptosis.
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37
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Amarillo I, Bui PH, Kantarci S, Rao N, Shackley BS, García R, Tirado CA. Atypical rearrangement involving 3'-IGH@ and a breakpoint at least 400 Kb upstream of an intact MYC in a CLL patient with an apparently balanced t(8;14)(q24.1;q32) and negative MYC expression. Mol Cytogenet 2013; 6:5. [PMID: 23369149 PMCID: PMC3599416 DOI: 10.1186/1755-8166-6-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/05/2012] [Accepted: 12/13/2012] [Indexed: 12/25/2022] Open
Abstract
The t(8;14)(q24.1;q32), the cytogenetic hallmark of Burkitt's lymphoma, is also found, but rarely, in cases of chronic lymphocytic leukemia (CLL). Such translocation typically results in a MYC-IGH@ fusion subsequently deregulating and overexpressing MYC on der 14q32. In CLL, atypical rearrangements resulting in its gain or loss, within or outside of IGH@ or MYC locus, have been reported, but their clinical significance remains uncertain. Herein, we report a 67 year-old male with complex cytogenetic findings of apparently balanced t(8;14) and unreported complex rearrangements of IGH@ and MYC loci. His clinical, morphological and immunophenotypic features were consistent with the diagnosis of CLL.Interphase FISH studies revealed deletions of 11q22.3 and 13q14.3, and an extra copy of IGH@, indicative of rearrangement. Karyotype analysis showed an apparently balanced t(8;14)(q24.1;q32). Sequential GPG-metaphase FISH studies revealed abnormal signal patterns: rearrangement of IGH break apart probe with the 5'-IGH@ on derivative 8q24.1 and the 3'-IGH@ retained on der 14q; absence of MYC break apart-specific signal on der 8q; and, the presence of unsplit 5'-MYC-3' break apart probe signals on der 14q. The breakpoint on 8q24.1 was found to be at least 400 Kb upstream of 5' of MYC. In addition, FISH studies revealed two abnormal clones; one with 13q14.3 deletion, and the other, with concurrent 11q deletion and atypical rearrangements. Chromosome microarray analysis (CMA) detected a 7.1 Mb deletion on 11q22.3-q23.3 including ATM, a finding consistent with FISH results. While no significant copy number gain or loss observed on chromosomes 8, 12 and 13, a 455 Kb microdeletion of uncertain clinical significance was detected on 14q32.33. Immunohistochemistry showed co-expression of CD19, CD5, and CD23, positive ZAP-70 expression and absence of MYC expression. Overall findings reveal an apparently balanced t(8;14) and atypical complex rearrangements involving 3'-IGH@ and a breakpoint at least 400 Kb upstream of MYC, resulting in the relocation of the intact 5'-MYC-3' from der 8q, and apposition to 3'-IGH@ at der 14q. This case report provides unique and additional cytogenetic data that may be of clinical significance in such a rare finding in CLL. It also highlights the utility of conventional and sequential metaphase FISH in understanding complex chromosome anomalies and their association with other clinical findings in patients with CLL. To the best of our knowledge, this is the first CLL reported case with such an atypical rearrangement in a patient with a negative MYC expression.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ina Amarillo
- Clinical Molecular Cytogenetics Laboratory, Medicine, David Geffen UCLA School of Medicine, Los Angeles, CA, USA.,Department of Pathology & Laboratory, Medicine, David Geffen UCLA School of Medicine, Los Angeles, CA, USA
| | - Peter H Bui
- Clinical Molecular Cytogenetics Laboratory, Medicine, David Geffen UCLA School of Medicine, Los Angeles, CA, USA.,Department of Pathology & Laboratory, Medicine, David Geffen UCLA School of Medicine, Los Angeles, CA, USA
| | - Sibel Kantarci
- Clinical Molecular Cytogenetics Laboratory, Medicine, David Geffen UCLA School of Medicine, Los Angeles, CA, USA.,Department of Pathology & Laboratory, Medicine, David Geffen UCLA School of Medicine, Los Angeles, CA, USA
| | - Nagesh Rao
- Clinical Molecular Cytogenetics Laboratory, Medicine, David Geffen UCLA School of Medicine, Los Angeles, CA, USA.,Department of Pathology & Laboratory, Medicine, David Geffen UCLA School of Medicine, Los Angeles, CA, USA
| | - Brit S Shackley
- Department of Pathology & Laboratory, Medicine, David Geffen UCLA School of Medicine, Los Angeles, CA, USA
| | - Rolando García
- Cytogenetics, UT Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX, USA
| | - Carlos A Tirado
- Clinical Molecular Cytogenetics Laboratory, Medicine, David Geffen UCLA School of Medicine, Los Angeles, CA, USA.,Department of Pathology & Laboratory, Medicine, David Geffen UCLA School of Medicine, Los Angeles, CA, USA
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Véronèse L, Tournilhac O, Combes P, Prie N, Pierre-Eymard E, Guièze R, Veyrat-Masson R, Bay JO, Vago P, Tchirkov A. Contribution of MLPA to routine diagnostic testing of recurrent genomic aberrations in chronic lymphocytic leukemia. Cancer Genet 2013; 206:19-25. [PMID: 23313109 DOI: 10.1016/j.cancergen.2012.12.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/10/2012] [Revised: 12/03/2012] [Accepted: 12/03/2012] [Indexed: 02/03/2023]
Abstract
To better define the place of multiplex ligation-dependent probe amplification (MLPA) in routine cytogenetic diagnosis in chronic lymphocytic leukemia (CLL), we compared MLPA and fluorescence in situ hybridization (iFISH) data obtained in 77 CLL patients. Although MLPA detected most recurrent copy number genomic aberrations (90.9%), false-negative results were found in cases with small-size abnormal clones and false-positive MLPA findings resulting from point mutations (TP53) or an apparent lack of probe specificity (chromosome 19) were observed. Thus, MLPA may be a useful complementary but not alternative approach for iFISH testing of genomic aberration in CLL.
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MESH Headings
- Adult
- Aged
- Aged, 80 and over
- Chromosome Aberrations/statistics & numerical data
- Chromosomes, Human, Pair 11/genetics
- Chromosomes, Human, Pair 12/genetics
- Chromosomes, Human, Pair 13/genetics
- Chromosomes, Human, Pair 17/genetics
- Diagnostic Tests, Routine/methods
- Female
- Gene Frequency
- Humans
- In Situ Hybridization, Fluorescence
- Leukemia, Lymphocytic, Chronic, B-Cell/diagnosis
- Leukemia, Lymphocytic, Chronic, B-Cell/epidemiology
- Leukemia, Lymphocytic, Chronic, B-Cell/genetics
- Male
- Middle Aged
- Multiplex Polymerase Chain Reaction/methods
- Prognosis
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Affiliation(s)
- Lauren Véronèse
- Clermont-Ferrand University Hospital, Department of Medical Cytogenetics, 63003 Clermont-Ferrand, France
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De Paoli L, Cerri M, Monti S, Rasi S, Spina V, Bruscaggin A, Greco M, Ciardullo C, Famà R, Cresta S, Maffei R, Ladetto M, Martini M, Laurenti L, Forconi F, Marasca R, Larocca LM, Bertoni F, Gaidano G, Rossi D. MGA, a suppressor of MYC, is recurrently inactivated in high risk chronic lymphocytic leukemia. Leuk Lymphoma 2012; 54:1087-90. [PMID: 23039309 DOI: 10.3109/10428194.2012.723706] [Citation(s) in RCA: 59] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/10/2023]
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