1
|
Photoactive Herbal Compounds: A Green Approach to Photodynamic Therapy. Molecules 2022; 27:molecules27165084. [PMID: 36014325 PMCID: PMC9413332 DOI: 10.3390/molecules27165084] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/04/2022] [Revised: 08/06/2022] [Accepted: 08/09/2022] [Indexed: 01/10/2023] Open
Abstract
Photodynamic therapy (PDT) is a minimally invasive, alternative, and promising treatment for various diseases, including cancer, actinic keratosis, Bowen’s disease, macular degeneration, and atherosclerotic plaques. PDT involves three different components, photosensitizers (PS), molecular oxygen, and light. The photoactivation of administered PSs using a specific wavelength of light in the presence of molecular oxygen leads to the generation of reactive oxygen species that leads to tumour cell death. Photosensitizing potentials of many commercially available compounds have been reported earlier. However, the possibilities of PDT using herbal medicines, which contain many photosensitizing phytochemicals, are not much explored. Medicinal plants with complex phytochemical compound mixtures have the benefit over single compounds or molecules in the treatment of many diseases with the benefit of low or reduced toxic side effects. This review emphasizes the role of various herbal medicines either alone or in combination to enhance the therapeutic outcome of photodynamic therapy.
Collapse
|
2
|
Kitamura T, Nakata H, Takahashi D, Toshima K. Hypocrellin B-based activatable photosensitizers for specific photodynamic effects against high H 2O 2-expressing cancer cells. Chem Commun (Camb) 2021; 58:242-245. [PMID: 34850796 DOI: 10.1039/d1cc05823a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
A novel tumor-related biomarker, a H2O2-activatable photosensitizer 4 based on the 1,3-dicarbonyl enol moieties of hypocrellin B (3), was designed and synthesized. The photosensitizer 4 showed a blue-shifted absorption band compared with 3, and showed negligible photosensitizing ability without H2O2. However, the release of 3 from 4 by the reaction with H2O2 regenerated the photosensitizing ability. Furthermore, 4 exhibited selective and effective photo-cytotoxicity against high H2O2-expressing cancer cells upon photo-irradiation with 660 nm light, which is inside the phototherapeutic window.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Takashi Kitamura
- Department of Applied Chemistry, Faculty of Science and Technology, Keio University, 3-14-1 Hiyoshi, Kohoku-ku, Yokohama 223-8522, Japan.
| | - Hirotaka Nakata
- Department of Applied Chemistry, Faculty of Science and Technology, Keio University, 3-14-1 Hiyoshi, Kohoku-ku, Yokohama 223-8522, Japan.
| | - Daisuke Takahashi
- Department of Applied Chemistry, Faculty of Science and Technology, Keio University, 3-14-1 Hiyoshi, Kohoku-ku, Yokohama 223-8522, Japan.
| | - Kazunobu Toshima
- Department of Applied Chemistry, Faculty of Science and Technology, Keio University, 3-14-1 Hiyoshi, Kohoku-ku, Yokohama 223-8522, Japan.
| |
Collapse
|
3
|
Cheng X, Gao J, Ding Y, Lu Y, Wei Q, Cui D, Fan J, Li X, Zhu E, Lu Y, Wu Q, Li L, Huang W. Multi-Functional Liposome: A Powerful Theranostic Nano-Platform Enhancing Photodynamic Therapy. ADVANCED SCIENCE (WEINHEIM, BADEN-WURTTEMBERG, GERMANY) 2021; 8:e2100876. [PMID: 34085415 PMCID: PMC8373168 DOI: 10.1002/advs.202100876] [Citation(s) in RCA: 78] [Impact Index Per Article: 26.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/05/2021] [Revised: 04/11/2021] [Indexed: 05/05/2023]
Abstract
Although photodynamic therapy (PDT) has promising advantages in almost non-invasion, low drug resistance, and low dark toxicity, it still suffers from limitations in the lipophilic nature of most photosensitizers (PSs), short half-life of PS in plasma, poor tissue penetration, and low tumor specificity. To overcome these limitations and enhance PDT, liposomes, as excellent multi-functional nano-carriers for drug delivery, have been extensively studied in multi-functional theranostics, including liposomal PS, targeted drug delivery, controllable drug release, image-guided therapy, and combined therapy. This review provides researchers with a useful reference in liposome-based drug delivery.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Xiamin Cheng
- Institute of Advanced SynthesisSchool of Chemistry and Molecular EngineeringNanjing Tech University (NanjingTech)Nanjing211816P. R. China
| | - Jing Gao
- Institute of Advanced SynthesisSchool of Chemistry and Molecular EngineeringNanjing Tech University (NanjingTech)Nanjing211816P. R. China
| | - Yang Ding
- Key Laboratory of Flexible Electronics (KLOFE) & Institute of Advanced Materials (IAM)Nanjing Tech University (NanjingTech)Nanjing211816P. R. China
| | - Yao Lu
- Key Laboratory of Flexible Electronics (KLOFE) & Institute of Advanced Materials (IAM)Nanjing Tech University (NanjingTech)Nanjing211816P. R. China
| | - Qiancheng Wei
- Institute of Advanced SynthesisSchool of Chemistry and Molecular EngineeringNanjing Tech University (NanjingTech)Nanjing211816P. R. China
| | - Dezhi Cui
- Institute of Advanced SynthesisSchool of Chemistry and Molecular EngineeringNanjing Tech University (NanjingTech)Nanjing211816P. R. China
| | - Jiali Fan
- Institute of Advanced SynthesisSchool of Chemistry and Molecular EngineeringNanjing Tech University (NanjingTech)Nanjing211816P. R. China
| | - Xiaoman Li
- Institute of Advanced SynthesisSchool of Chemistry and Molecular EngineeringNanjing Tech University (NanjingTech)Nanjing211816P. R. China
| | - Ershu Zhu
- Institute of Advanced SynthesisSchool of Chemistry and Molecular EngineeringNanjing Tech University (NanjingTech)Nanjing211816P. R. China
| | - Yongna Lu
- Institute of Advanced SynthesisSchool of Chemistry and Molecular EngineeringNanjing Tech University (NanjingTech)Nanjing211816P. R. China
| | - Qiong Wu
- Key Laboratory of Flexible Electronics (KLOFE) & Institute of Advanced Materials (IAM)Nanjing Tech University (NanjingTech)Nanjing211816P. R. China
| | - Lin Li
- Key Laboratory of Flexible Electronics (KLOFE) & Institute of Advanced Materials (IAM)Nanjing Tech University (NanjingTech)Nanjing211816P. R. China
| | - Wei Huang
- Key Laboratory of Flexible Electronics (KLOFE) & Institute of Advanced Materials (IAM)Nanjing Tech University (NanjingTech)Nanjing211816P. R. China
| |
Collapse
|
4
|
Ding Y, Liu W, Wu J, Zheng X, Ge J, Ren H, Zhang W, Lee CS, Wang P. Near-Infrared Hypocrellin Derivatives for Synergistic Photodynamic and Photothermal Therapy. Chem Asian J 2020; 15:3462-3468. [PMID: 32909355 DOI: 10.1002/asia.202000911] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/02/2020] [Revised: 08/28/2020] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Hypocrellin B (HB) derived from naturally produced hypocrellins has attracted considerable attention in photodynamic therapy (PDT) because of its excellent photosensitive properties. However, the weak absorption within a "phototherapy window" (600-900 nm) and poor water solubility of HB have limited its clinical application. In this study, two HB derivatives (i. e., HE and HF) were designed and synthesized for the first time by introducing two different substituent groups into the HB structure. The obtained derivatives showed a broad absorption band covering the near-infrared (NIR) region, NIR emission (peaked at 805 nm), and singlet oxygen quantum yields of 0.27/0.31. HE-PEG-NPs were also prepared using 2-distearoyl-sn-glycero-3-phosphoethanolamine-N-[methoxy(polyethyleneglycol)-2000] (DSPE-mPEG2000) to achieve excellent dispersion in water and further explored their practical applications. HE-PEG-NPs not only retained their 1 O2 -generating ability, but also exhibited a photothermal conversion efficiency of 25.9%. In vitro and in vivo therapeutic results revealed that the synergetic effect of HE-PEG-NPs on PDT and photothermal therapy (PTT) could achieve a good performance. Therefore, HE-PEG-NPs could be regarded as a promising phototheranostic agent.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Ying Ding
- Key Laboratory of Photochemical Conversion and Optoelectronic Materials and CityU-CAS Joint Laboratory of Functional Materials and Devices, Technical Institute of Physics and Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100190, P. R. China.,School of Future Technology, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100049, P. R. China
| | - Weimin Liu
- Key Laboratory of Photochemical Conversion and Optoelectronic Materials and CityU-CAS Joint Laboratory of Functional Materials and Devices, Technical Institute of Physics and Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100190, P. R. China.,School of Future Technology, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100049, P. R. China
| | - Jiasheng Wu
- Key Laboratory of Photochemical Conversion and Optoelectronic Materials and CityU-CAS Joint Laboratory of Functional Materials and Devices, Technical Institute of Physics and Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100190, P. R. China
| | - Xiuli Zheng
- Key Laboratory of Photochemical Conversion and Optoelectronic Materials and CityU-CAS Joint Laboratory of Functional Materials and Devices, Technical Institute of Physics and Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100190, P. R. China
| | - Jiechao Ge
- Key Laboratory of Photochemical Conversion and Optoelectronic Materials and CityU-CAS Joint Laboratory of Functional Materials and Devices, Technical Institute of Physics and Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100190, P. R. China.,School of Future Technology, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100049, P. R. China
| | - Haohui Ren
- Key Laboratory of Photochemical Conversion and Optoelectronic Materials and CityU-CAS Joint Laboratory of Functional Materials and Devices, Technical Institute of Physics and Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100190, P. R. China
| | - Wenjun Zhang
- Center Of Super-Diamond and Advanced Films (COSDAF) & Department of Materials Science and Engineering, City University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong SAR, P. R. China
| | - Chun-Sing Lee
- Center Of Super-Diamond and Advanced Films (COSDAF) & Department of Materials Science and Engineering, City University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong SAR, P. R. China
| | - Pengfei Wang
- Key Laboratory of Photochemical Conversion and Optoelectronic Materials and CityU-CAS Joint Laboratory of Functional Materials and Devices, Technical Institute of Physics and Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100190, P. R. China.,School of Future Technology, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100049, P. R. China
| |
Collapse
|
5
|
Wu J, Sha J, Zhang C, Liu W, Zheng X, Wang P. Recent advances in theranostic agents based on natural products for photodynamic and sonodynamic therapy. VIEW 2020. [DOI: 10.1002/viw.20200090] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Jiasheng Wu
- Key Laboratory of Photochemical Conversion and Optoelectronic Materials and CityU‐CAS Joint Laboratory of Functional Materials and Devices Technical Institute of Physics and Chemistry Chinese Academy of Sciences Beijing P.R. China
| | - Jie Sha
- Key Laboratory of Photochemical Conversion and Optoelectronic Materials and CityU‐CAS Joint Laboratory of Functional Materials and Devices Technical Institute of Physics and Chemistry Chinese Academy of Sciences Beijing P.R. China
| | - Chuangli Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Photochemical Conversion and Optoelectronic Materials and CityU‐CAS Joint Laboratory of Functional Materials and Devices Technical Institute of Physics and Chemistry Chinese Academy of Sciences Beijing P.R. China
| | - Weimin Liu
- Key Laboratory of Photochemical Conversion and Optoelectronic Materials and CityU‐CAS Joint Laboratory of Functional Materials and Devices Technical Institute of Physics and Chemistry Chinese Academy of Sciences Beijing P.R. China
- School of Future Technology University of Chinese Academy of Sciences Beijing P.R. China
| | - Xiuli Zheng
- Key Laboratory of Photochemical Conversion and Optoelectronic Materials and CityU‐CAS Joint Laboratory of Functional Materials and Devices Technical Institute of Physics and Chemistry Chinese Academy of Sciences Beijing P.R. China
| | - Pengfei Wang
- Key Laboratory of Photochemical Conversion and Optoelectronic Materials and CityU‐CAS Joint Laboratory of Functional Materials and Devices Technical Institute of Physics and Chemistry Chinese Academy of Sciences Beijing P.R. China
- School of Future Technology University of Chinese Academy of Sciences Beijing P.R. China
| |
Collapse
|
6
|
Mansoori B, Mohammadi A, Amin Doustvandi M, Mohammadnejad F, Kamari F, Gjerstorff MF, Baradaran B, Hamblin MR. Photodynamic therapy for cancer: Role of natural products. Photodiagnosis Photodyn Ther 2019; 26:395-404. [PMID: 31063860 PMCID: PMC6579671 DOI: 10.1016/j.pdpdt.2019.04.033] [Citation(s) in RCA: 104] [Impact Index Per Article: 20.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/15/2019] [Revised: 04/24/2019] [Accepted: 04/29/2019] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
Abstract
Photodynamic therapy (PDT) is a promising modality for the treatment of cancer. PDT involves administering a photosensitizing dye, i.e. photosensitizer, that selectively accumulates in tumors, and shining a light source on the lesion with a wavelength matching the absorption spectrum of the photosensitizer, that exerts a cytotoxic effect after excitation. The reactive oxygen species produced during PDT are responsible for the oxidation of biomolecules, which in turn cause cell death and the necrosis of malignant tissue. PDT is a multi-factorial process that generally involves apoptotic death of the tumor cells, degeneration of the tumor vasculature, stimulation of anti-tumor immune response, and induction of inflammatory reactions in the illuminated lesion. Numerous compounds with photosensitizing activity have been introduced commercially. Although many papers have been published with regard to PDT in the last decade, there has been relatively little focus on natural medicinal plant extracts and compounds derived therefrom. Herbal plants and their extracts are natural substances, and in comparison with synthetic chemicals are considered "green". This review focuses on the different mechanisms of PDT and discusses the role of various plant extracts and natural compounds either alone or in combination for carrying out PDT on different types of cancers.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Behzad Mansoori
- Immunology Research Center, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran; Student Research Committee, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran; Department of Cancer and Inflammation Research, Institute for Molecular Medicine, University of Southern Denmark, 5000, Odense, Denmark
| | - Ali Mohammadi
- Immunology Research Center, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran; Department of Cancer and Inflammation Research, Institute for Molecular Medicine, University of Southern Denmark, 5000, Odense, Denmark
| | | | | | - Farzin Kamari
- Neurosciences Research Center, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran
| | - Morten F Gjerstorff
- Department of Cancer and Inflammation Research, Institute for Molecular Medicine, University of Southern Denmark, 5000, Odense, Denmark
| | - Behzad Baradaran
- Immunology Research Center, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran.
| | - Michael R Hamblin
- Wellman Center for Photomedicine, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, MA 02114, USA; Department of Dermatology, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115, USA; Harvard-MIT Division of Health Sciences and Technology, Cambridge, MA 02139, USA.
| |
Collapse
|
7
|
Yan H, Sun L, Huang J, Qiu Y, Xu F, Yan R, Zhu D, Wang W, Zhan J. Identification and heterologous reconstitution of a 5-alk(en)ylresorcinol synthase from endophytic fungus Shiraia sp. Slf14. J Microbiol 2018; 56:805-812. [PMID: 30353466 DOI: 10.1007/s12275-018-8278-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/23/2018] [Revised: 07/13/2018] [Accepted: 07/16/2018] [Indexed: 10/28/2022]
Abstract
A new type III polyketide synthase gene (Ssars) was discovered from the genome of Shiraia sp. Slf14, an endophytic fungal strain from Huperzia serrata. The intron-free gene was cloned from the cDNA and ligated to two expression vectors pET28a and YEpADH2p-URA3 for expression in Escherichia coli BL21(DE3) and Saccharomyces cerevisiae BJ5464, respectively. SsARS was efficiently expressed in E. coli BL21(DE3), leading to the synthesis of a series of polyketide products. Six major products were isolated from the engineered E. coli and characterized as 1,3-dihydroxyphenyl-5-undecane, 1,3-dihydroxyphenyl-5-cis-6'-tridecene,1,3-dihydroxyphenyl-5-tridecane, 1,3-dihydroxyphenyl-5-cis-8'-pentadecene, 1,3-dihydroxyphenyl-5-pentadecane, and 1,3-dihydroxyphenyl-5-cis-10'-heptadecene, respectively, based on the spectral data and biosynthetic origin. Expression of SsARS in the yeast also led to the synthesis of the same polyketide products, indicating that this enzyme can be reconstituted in both heterologous hosts. Supplementation of soybean oil into the culture of E. coli BL21(DE3)/SsARS increased the production titers of 1-6 and led to the synthesis of an additional product, which was identified as 5-(8'Z,11'Z-heptadecadienyl) resorcinol. This work thus allowed the identification of SsARS as a 5-alk(en)ylresorcinol synthase with flexible substrate specificity toward endogenous and exogenous fatty acids. Desired resorcinol derivatives may be synthesized by supplying corresponding fatty acids into the culture medium.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Huiwen Yan
- Department of Biological Engineering, Utah State University, Logan, UT, 84322 4105, USA.,The State Key Laboratory of Medical Genetics & School of Life Sciences, Central South University, Hunan, 410083, P. R. China
| | - Lei Sun
- Department of Biological Engineering, Utah State University, Logan, UT, 84322 4105, USA
| | - Jinge Huang
- Department of Biological Engineering, Utah State University, Logan, UT, 84322 4105, USA
| | - Yixing Qiu
- Department of Biological Engineering, Utah State University, Logan, UT, 84322 4105, USA.,TCM and Ethnomedicine Innovation & Development Laboratory, School of Pharmacy, Hunan University of Chinese Medicine, Hunan, 410208, P. R. China
| | - Fuchao Xu
- Department of Biological Engineering, Utah State University, Logan, UT, 84322 4105, USA
| | - Riming Yan
- Department of Biological Engineering, Utah State University, Logan, UT, 84322 4105, USA.,Key Laboratory of Protection and Utilization of Subtropic Plant Resources of Jiangxi Province, College of Life Science, Jiangxi Normal University, Jiangxi, 330022, P. R. China
| | - Du Zhu
- Key Laboratory of Protection and Utilization of Subtropic Plant Resources of Jiangxi Province, College of Life Science, Jiangxi Normal University, Jiangxi, 330022, P. R. China
| | - Wei Wang
- TCM and Ethnomedicine Innovation & Development Laboratory, School of Pharmacy, Hunan University of Chinese Medicine, Hunan, 410208, P. R. China.
| | - Jixun Zhan
- Department of Biological Engineering, Utah State University, Logan, UT, 84322 4105, USA. .,TCM and Ethnomedicine Innovation & Development Laboratory, School of Pharmacy, Hunan University of Chinese Medicine, Hunan, 410208, P. R. China.
| |
Collapse
|
8
|
Mastrangelopoulou M, Grigalavicius M, Berg K, Ménard M, Theodossiou TA. Cytotoxic and Photocytotoxic Effects of Cercosporin on Human Tumor Cell Lines. Photochem Photobiol 2018; 95:387-396. [PMID: 30107033 DOI: 10.1111/php.12997] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/10/2018] [Accepted: 08/02/2018] [Indexed: 01/14/2023]
Abstract
Cercosporin is a naturally occurring perylenequinone. Although other perylenequinones have been extensively studied as photosensitizers in photodynamic therapy of cancer (PDT), cercosporin has been studied in this light only within the remits of phytopathology. Herein, we investigated the photocytotoxicity of cercosporin against two glioblastoma multiforme (T98G and U87) and one breast adenocarcinoma (MCF7) human cell lines. Cercosporin was found to be a potent singlet oxygen producer upon 532 nm excitation, while its cell loading was similar for MCF7 and U87, but approximately threefold higher for T98G cells. The subcellular localization of cercosporin was in all cases in both mitochondria and the endoplasmic reticulum. Light irradiation of cercosporin-incubated cells around 450 nm showed that T98G cells were more susceptible to cercosporin PDT, mainly due to their higher cercosporin uptake. Metabolic studies before and 1 h following cercosporin PDT showed that cercosporin PDT instigated a bioenergetic collapse in both the respiratory and glycolytic activities of all cell lines. In the dark, cercosporin exhibited a synergistic cytotoxicity with copper only in the most respiratory cell lines (MCF7 and T98G). Cercosporin is a potent photosensitizer, but with a short activation wavelength, mostly suitable for superficial PDT treatments, especially when it is necessary to avoid perforations.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Maria Mastrangelopoulou
- Department of Radiation Biology, Institute of Cancer Research, The Norwegian Radium Hospital, Oslo University Hospital, Oslo, Norway
| | - Mantas Grigalavicius
- Department of Radiation Biology, Institute of Cancer Research, The Norwegian Radium Hospital, Oslo University Hospital, Oslo, Norway
| | - Kristian Berg
- Department of Radiation Biology, Institute of Cancer Research, The Norwegian Radium Hospital, Oslo University Hospital, Oslo, Norway
| | - Mathilde Ménard
- Department of Radiation Biology, Institute of Cancer Research, The Norwegian Radium Hospital, Oslo University Hospital, Oslo, Norway
| | - Theodossis A Theodossiou
- Department of Radiation Biology, Institute of Cancer Research, The Norwegian Radium Hospital, Oslo University Hospital, Oslo, Norway
| |
Collapse
|
9
|
Hu Y, Zhang C, Li S, Jiao Y, Qi T, Wei G, Han G. Effects of Photodynamic Therapy Using Yellow LED-light with Concomitant Hypocrellin B on Apoptotic Signaling in Keloid Fibroblasts. Int J Biol Sci 2017; 13:319-326. [PMID: 28367096 PMCID: PMC5370439 DOI: 10.7150/ijbs.17920] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/14/2016] [Accepted: 11/21/2016] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Keloid is a common and refractory disease characterized by abnormal fibroblast proliferation and excessive deposition of extracellular matrix components. Hypocrellin B (HB) is a natural perylene quinone photosensitizer. In this experiment, we studied the effects of photodynamic therapy (PDT) using yellow light from light-emitting diode (LED) combined with HB on keloid fibroblasts (KFB) in vitro. Our results showed that HB-LED PDT treatment induced significant KFB apoptosis and decreased KFB cell viability. HB-LED PDT treatment lead to significant BAX upregulation and BCL-2 downregulation in KFB cells, which led to elevation of intracellular free Ca2+ and activation of caspase-3. Our data provides preliminary evidence for the potential of HB-LED PDT as a therapeutic strategy for keloid.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Yongqing Hu
- Department of Dermatology, the Second Hospital of Shandong University, Jinan 250033, Shandong, China
| | - Chunmin Zhang
- Department of Dermatology, the Second Hospital of Shandong University, Jinan 250033, Shandong, China
| | - Shengli Li
- Department of Hematology, the Second Hospital of Shandong University, Jinan 250033, Shandong, China
| | - Ya Jiao
- Department of Plastic Surgery, the Second Hospital of Shandong University, Jinan 250033, Shandong, China
| | - Tonggang Qi
- Central Research Laboratory, the Second Hospital of Shandong University, Jinan 250033, Shandong, China
| | - Guo Wei
- Department of Dermatology, the Second Hospital of Shandong University, Jinan 250033, Shandong, China
| | - Gangwen Han
- Department of Dermatology, the Second Hospital of Shandong University, Jinan 250033, Shandong, China.; Department of Dermatology, Peking University International Hospital, Beijing 102206, China
| |
Collapse
|
10
|
Jiang Y, Pang X, Wang X, Leung AW, Luan Y, Zhao G, Wang P, Xu C. Preparation of hypocrellin B nanocages in self-assembled apoferritin for enhanced intracellular uptake and photodynamic activity. J Mater Chem B 2017; 5:1980-1987. [DOI: 10.1039/c6tb02860h] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/20/2023]
Abstract
Novel hypocrellin B loaded apoferritin nanoparticles were successfully developed to increase the photosensitizer's solubility, intracellular uptake and photodynamic activity.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Yue Jiang
- School of Chinese Medicine
- Faculty of Medicine
- The Chinese University of Hong Kong
- Shatin
- China
| | - Xin Pang
- School of Chinese Medicine
- Faculty of Medicine
- The Chinese University of Hong Kong
- Shatin
- China
| | - Xinna Wang
- School of Chinese Medicine
- Faculty of Medicine
- The Chinese University of Hong Kong
- Shatin
- China
| | - Albert Wingnang Leung
- School of Chinese Medicine
- Faculty of Medicine
- The Chinese University of Hong Kong
- Shatin
- China
| | - Yuxia Luan
- School of Pharmaceutical Science and Center for Pharmaceutical Research & Drug Delivery Systems
- Shandong University
- Jinan
- P. R. China
| | - Guanghua Zhao
- CAU & ACC Joint-Laboratory of Space Food
- College of Food Science and Nutritional Engineering
- China Agricultural University
- Beijing Key Laboratory of Functional Food from Plant Resources
- Beijing 100083
| | - Pan Wang
- School of Chinese Medicine
- Faculty of Medicine
- The Chinese University of Hong Kong
- Shatin
- China
| | - Chuanshan Xu
- School of Chinese Medicine
- Faculty of Medicine
- The Chinese University of Hong Kong
- Shatin
- China
| |
Collapse
|
11
|
Chang JE, Cho HJ, Yi E, Kim DD, Jheon S. Hypocrellin B and paclitaxel-encapsulated hyaluronic acid-ceramide nanoparticles for targeted photodynamic therapy in lung cancer. JOURNAL OF PHOTOCHEMISTRY AND PHOTOBIOLOGY B-BIOLOGY 2016; 158:113-21. [PMID: 26967521 DOI: 10.1016/j.jphotobiol.2016.02.035] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/20/2015] [Revised: 02/25/2016] [Accepted: 02/26/2016] [Indexed: 01/28/2023]
Abstract
To increase the therapeutic efficacy of photodynamic therapy (PDT) in treating lung cancer, we developed both photosensitizer and anticancer drug encapsulated hyaluronic acid-ceramide nanoparticles. Based on our previous study, a co-delivery system of photosensitizers and anticancer agents greatly improves the therapeutic effect of PDT. Furthermore, hyaluronic acid-ceramide-based nanoparticles are ideal targeting carriers for lung cancer. In vitro phototoxicity in A549 (human lung adenocarcinoma) cells and in vivo antitumor efficacy in A549 tumor-bearing mice treated with hypocrellin B (HB)-loaded nanoparticles (HB-NPs) or hypocrellin B and paclitaxel loaded nanoparticles (HB-P-NPs) were evaluated. Cell viability assay, microscopic analysis and FACS analysis were performed for the in vitro studies and HB-P-NPs showed enhanced phototoxicity compared with HB-NPs. In the animal study, the tumor volume change and the histological analysis was studied and the anticancer efficacy improved in the order of free HB<HB-NPs<HB-P-NPs. In conclusion, the combination therapy of PDT and chemotherapy, and hyaluronic acid-ceramide nanoparticle-based targeted delivery improved the effects of PDT in lung cancer in mice.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Ji-Eun Chang
- Department of Thoracic and Cardiovascular Surgery, Seoul National University Bundang Hospital, Seongnam-Si, Gyeonggi-do, Republic of Korea
| | - Hyun-Jong Cho
- College of Pharmacy, Kangwon National University, Chuncheon, Republic of Korea
| | - Eunjue Yi
- Department of Thoracic and Cardiovascular Surgery, Seoul National University Bundang Hospital, Seongnam-Si, Gyeonggi-do, Republic of Korea
| | - Dae-Duk Kim
- College of Pharmacy and Research Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Seoul National University, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Sanghoon Jheon
- Department of Thoracic and Cardiovascular Surgery, Seoul National University Bundang Hospital, Seongnam-Si, Gyeonggi-do, Republic of Korea; Department of Thoracic and Cardiovascular Surgery, Seoul National University College of Medicine, Seoul, Republic of Korea.
| |
Collapse
|
12
|
Li T, Hou X, Deng H, Zhao J, Huang N, Zeng J, Chen H, Gu Y. Liposomal hypocrellin B as a potential photosensitizer for age-related macular degeneration: pharmacokinetics, photodynamic efficacy, and skin phototoxicity in vivo. Photochem Photobiol Sci 2016; 14:972-81. [PMID: 25793654 DOI: 10.1039/c4pp00412d] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
Abstract
Photodynamic therapy (PDT) has been successfully implemented as a treatment for wet age-related macular degeneration (AMD), but very few photosensitizers have been developed for clinical use. Herein, we describe a novel formulation of liposomal hypocrellin B (LHB) that was prepared by high-pressure homogenization. The encapsulation efficiency and PDT efficacy in vitro of this new preparation were found to remain nearly constant over 1 year. Moreover, LHB is rapidly cleared from the blood, with a half-life of 2.319 ± 0.462 h and a very low serum concentration at 24 h after injection. Testing in a rat model of choroidal neovascularization (CNV) showed that leakage of blood vessels in CNV lesions was significantly reduced when LHB PDT was given at a dose of 1 mg kg(-1) along with yellow laser irradiation; the damage to the collateral retina and the retinal pigment epithelium was minimal. Skin phototoxicity assays showed that only two of the 200 mice given a 4 mg per kg dose of LHB experienced an inflammatory reaction in the auricle irradiated at 24 h after dosing. These data collectively indicate that LHB may be a safe and effective photosensitizer for vascular-targeted PDT of AMD.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Tinghui Li
- Department of Dermatology, 309 Hospital of PLA, No. 17, Heishanhu Road, Beijing 100091, China.
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
13
|
Idris NM, Jayakumar MKG, Bansal A, Zhang Y. Upconversion nanoparticles as versatile light nanotransducers for photoactivation applications. Chem Soc Rev 2015; 44:1449-1478. [DOI: 10.1039/c4cs00158c] [Citation(s) in RCA: 234] [Impact Index Per Article: 26.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 08/30/2023]
Abstract
Upconversion nanoparticles enable use of near infrared light for spatially and temporally controlled activation of therapeutic compounds in deeper tissues.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Niagara Muhammad Idris
- Department of Biomedical Engineering
- Faculty of Engineering
- National University of Singapore
- Singapore
| | | | - Akshaya Bansal
- Department of Biomedical Engineering
- Faculty of Engineering
- National University of Singapore
- Singapore
- NUS Graduate School for Integrative Sciences & Engineering
| | - Yong Zhang
- Department of Biomedical Engineering
- Faculty of Engineering
- National University of Singapore
- Singapore
- NUS Graduate School for Integrative Sciences & Engineering
| |
Collapse
|
14
|
Photo-killing mechanism of 2-demethoxy-2,3-ethylenediamino hypocrellin B (EDAHB) to HeLa cells. JOURNAL OF PHOTOCHEMISTRY AND PHOTOBIOLOGY B-BIOLOGY 2012; 117:47-54. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jphotobiol.2012.08.014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/04/2012] [Revised: 08/24/2012] [Accepted: 08/25/2012] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
|
15
|
Zhou Z, Zhao C, Liu W, Li Q, Zhang L, Sheng W, Li Z, Zeng Y, Zhong R. Involvement of the mitochondria-caspase pathway in HeLa cell death induced by 2-ethanolamino-2-demethoxy-17-ethanolimino-hypocrellin B (EAHB)-mediated photodynamic therapy. Int J Toxicol 2012; 31:483-92. [PMID: 23008347 DOI: 10.1177/1091581812460696] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
In order to elucidate the mechanism of cytotoxicity photoinduced by 2-ethanolamino-2-demethoxy-17-ethanolimino-hypocrellin B (EAHB), a derivative of hypocrellin B (HB), cellular uptake, subcellular localization as well as photodynamic therapy (PDT) efficiency of EAHB, and cell apoptosis photoinduced by EAHB were investigated in HeLa cells by laser confocal fluorescence microscopy, 3-(4,5-Dimethylthiazol-2-thiazolyl)-2,5-diphenyl-2H-tetrazolium bromide assay, flow cytometry, DNA fragmentation on agarose gel, and Western blot. The results showed EAHB was distributed throughout the cytoplasm of the cell, with no detectable penetration into the nucleus. The proportion of dead cells increased with increases in both the dosage of light and the concentration of EAHB. Its phototoxicity to HeLa cells proceeded via apoptosis. The EAHB-PDT treatment induced a cytochrome c release from the mitochondria into the cytosol followed by the activation of both caspase 3 and caspase 9 in HeLa cells. The results suggested that EAHB-PDT treatment induced apoptosis in HeLa cells, and the cellular apoptosis involved a mitochondria-/caspase-dependent mechanism.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Zhixiang Zhou
- College of Life Science and Bioengineering, Beijing University of Technology, Beijing 100124, China.
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
16
|
Hashimoto MCE, Prates RA, Kato IT, Núñez SC, Courrol LC, Ribeiro MS. Antimicrobial photodynamic therapy on drug-resistant Pseudomonas aeruginosa-induced infection. An in vivo study. Photochem Photobiol 2012; 88:590-5. [PMID: 22404212 DOI: 10.1111/j.1751-1097.2012.01137.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 61] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
Pseudomonas aeruginosa is considered one of the most important pathogens that represent life-threatening risk in nosocomial environments, mainly in patients with severe burns. Antimicrobial photodynamic therapy (aPDT) has been effective to kill bacteria. The purpose of this study was to develop a burn wound and bloodstream infection model and verify aPDT effects on it. In vitro, we tested two wavelengths (blue and red LEDs) on a clinical isolate of P. aeruginosa strain with resistance to multiple antibiotics using HB:La(+3) as photosensitizer. Verapamil(®) associated to aPDT was also studied. In vivo, P. aeruginosa-infected burned mice were submitted to aPDT. Bacterial counting was performed on local infection and bloodstream. Survival time of animals was also monitored. In this study, aPDT was effective to reduce P. aeruginosa in vitro. In addition, Verapamil(®) assay showed that HB:La(+3) is not recognized by ATP-binding cassete (ABC) efflux pump mechanism. In the in vivo study, aPDT was able to reduce bacterial load in burn wounds, delay bacteremia and keep the bacterial levels in blood 2-3 logs lower compared with an untreated group. Mice survival was increased on 24 h. Thus, this result suggests that aPDT may also be a novel prophylactic treatment in the care of burned patients.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Maria C E Hashimoto
- Center for Lasers and Applications, Institute of Energetic and Nuclear Researches, IPEN-CNEN/SP, São Paulo, SP, Brazil
| | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
17
|
Croce AC, Fasani E, Bottone MG, De Simone U, Santin G, Pellicciari C, Bottiroli G. Hypocrellin-B acetate as a fluorogenic substrate for enzyme-assisted cell photosensitization. Photochem Photobiol Sci 2011; 10:1783-90. [DOI: 10.1039/c1pp05136a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
|
18
|
Meng Y, Zou C, Madiyalakan R, Woo T, Huang M, Yang X, Swanson E, Chen J, Xing JZ. Water-soluble and biocompatible sono/photosensitizer nanoparticles for enhanced cancer therapy. Nanomedicine (Lond) 2010; 5:1559-69. [DOI: 10.2217/nnm.10.91] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Aims: Most sono/photosensitizers of cancer sonodynamic/photodynamic therapy (SDT/PDT), such as hypocrellin SL052, are water-insoluble, therefore restricting their clinical applications. In this article, we present a water-soluble nanocarrier to load the SDT/PDT sensitizer SL052 with improved pharmacokinetics and therapeutic efficacy. Materials & methods: Nanoclusters of polyvinylpyrrolidones with SL052 formed water-soluble nanoparticles (SL052-NPs) while retaining the chemical structure of SL052. Results: The experimental results show that SL052-NPs improve the drug’s physicochemical properties and significantly enhance the efficacy of SL052 in terms of pharmacokinetics and cancer killing. Water-soluble SL052-NPs can be used to deliver the drug to deep cancer tissues. A potential benefit of SL052-NPs is that polyvinylpyrrolidones can help SL052 evade the reticuloendothelial system, thereby increasing circulation half-life and improving drug biodistribution. Conclusion: SL052-NPs greatly improved the physicochemical properties of SL052 without modifying its chemical structure, allowing for deep-site cancer drug delivery, imaging for diagnosis, and ultrasound or photocontrolled localized cancer therapy.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Yongde Meng
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of Alberta, Edmonton, AB, Canada
| | - Chunpu Zou
- Shanghai University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | | | - Thomas Woo
- Quest PharmaTech Inc., Edmonton, AB, Canada
| | - Min Huang
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of Alberta, Edmonton, AB, Canada
| | - Xiaoyan Yang
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of Alberta, Edmonton, AB, Canada
| | - Eric Swanson
- IRAP, National Research Council, Edmonton, AB, Canada
| | - Jie Chen
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of Alberta, Edmonton, AB, Canada
| | - James Z Xing
- Department of Radiation Oncology, Cross Cancer Institute, 11560 University Avenue, Edmonton, AB, T6G 1Z2, Canada
| |
Collapse
|
19
|
Zhao X, Huang CZ. A molecular logic gate for the highly selective recognition of pyrophosphate with a hypocrellin A-Zn(II) complex. Analyst 2010; 135:2853-7. [PMID: 20877861 DOI: 10.1039/c0an00431f] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
Pyrophosphate (PPi) participates in many biological and chemical processes such as energy transduction so that investigations on its role and detection have become very significant. In this contribution, we have developed a molecular logic gate for the recognition of PPi with a fluorescent hypocrellin A-zinc(II) complex (HA-Zn(2+)), and the outputs of which correspond to the fluorescence emission ratio at 604 nm and wavelength shift relative to 629 nm. The emission at 604 nm is the intrinsic fluorescence of HA, which can be effectively quenched by Zn(2+) with a new emission at 629 nm owing to the formation of the HA-Zn(2+) complex. It was found, however, that the new emission at 629 nm is highly selectively quenched with the addition of PPi, recovering the emission at 604 nm, and the recovery ratio is linearly correlated with PPi in the range of 1.8 × 10(-5) mol L(-1) to 2.4 × 10(-4) mol L(-1). ATP, UTP, CTP, GTP, GDP and GMP cannot demonstrate the same spectral actions as PPi. Since the inputs of PPi and the phosphate anions obtain different logical outputs, the designed logic gates have good selectivity and can distinguish PPi from the other anions.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Xijuan Zhao
- Education Ministry Key Laboratory on Luminescence and Real-Time Analysis, College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Southwest University, Chongqing, 400715, P. R. China
| | | |
Collapse
|
20
|
Sonodynamic and photodynamic mechanisms of action of the novel hypocrellin sonosensitizer, SL017: mitochondrial cell death is attenuated by 11, 12-epoxyeicosatrienoic acid. Invest New Drugs 2010; 29:1328-36. [PMID: 20676746 DOI: 10.1007/s10637-010-9495-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/18/2010] [Accepted: 07/12/2010] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
Development of sonosensitizers for sonodynamic therapy (SDT) which selectively target abnormal cells can limit undesired side effects in chemotherapeutic applications. Hypocrellin-B (HB) derivatives are low molecular weight compounds which belong to the perylenequinone family of photosensitizing and sonosensitizing compounds. In this study, we investigate the cytotoxic mechanisms of a novel HB-derived photo- and sonosensitizer, SL017. Human fibroblast WI-38 cells were treated with SL017 (0 μM, 0.1 μM or 10 μM) and subjected to photodynamic therapy (PDT) or SDT. Studies demonstrate that maximal uptake of SL017 occurs within 30 min, with a mitochondrial subcellular localization. Activation of SL017 by either visible light or ultrasound resulted in significant increases in reactive oxygen species (ROS) production as measured by CM-H2-DCFDA (5-(and-6)-chloromethyl-2'7'-dichlorodihydrofluorescein diacetate acetyl ester). Co-administration of the antioxidant, ascorbic acid, attenuated ROS production. Low concentrations of SL017 (100 nM) induced a rapid (<90 s) loss of mitochondrial membrane potential (ΔΨm). Epoxyeicosatrienoic acids (EETs), cytochrome P450-derived metabolites of arachidonic acid (AA) involved in maintaining homeostasis and protection against cell injury, were able to attenuate loss of ΔΨm, however ascorbic acid was not. SL017 treatment resulted in increased mitochondrial fragmentation which followed loss of ΔΨm. Our studies demonstrate that SL017 targets mitochondria, triggering collapse of mitochondrial membrane potential, generates ROS and subsequently results in mitochondrial fragmentation.
Collapse
|
21
|
Korbelik M, Merchant S, Huang N. Exploitation of immune response-eliciting properties of hypocrellin photosensitizer SL052-based photodynamic therapy for eradication of malignant tumors. Photochem Photobiol 2010; 85:1418-24. [PMID: 19709384 DOI: 10.1111/j.1751-1097.2009.00610.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Abstract
A diaminophenyl derivative of hypocrellin B (SL052) has been developed as a photosensitizer for use in photodynamic therapy (PDT) of solid tumors. Testing SL052-PDT on mouse carcinoma and fibrosarcoma models revealed a typical response seen with clinically established photosensitizers featuring initial rapid tumor ablation with ensuing recurrence at rates dependent on photosensitizer/light doses. Elevated numbers of immune cells were found in lymph nodes draining SCCVII mouse squamous cell carcinomas treated by SL052-PDT (in particular T cells), and the accumulation of degranulating cytotoxic T cells was detected at the tumor-treated site. This indicates that a significant contribution to tumor cures is elicited by an antitumor adaptive immune response. Two different immunotherapy agents, gamma-interferon and antibody blocking inhibitory FcgammaRIIB receptor, were both found to be highly effective in potentiating the curative effect of SL052-PDT with SCCVII tumors. Combining SL052-PDT with FcgammaRIIB-blocking antibody treatment caused a further increase in the number of cells in tumor-draining lymph nodes and in degranulating CD8+ cells, suggesting the amplification of the immune response induced by PDT. Vaccines consisting of SCCVII cells treated with SL052-PDT in vitro were effective in reducing growth of established subcutaneous SCCVII tumors. In conclusion, PDT mediated by SL052 is suitable to be integrated with various immunotherapy protocols.
Collapse
|
22
|
Tang YJ, Liu HY, An JY, Han R. Synthesis, Characterization and Photodynamic Activity of Amino-substituted Hypocrellin Derivatives¶. Photochem Photobiol 2007. [DOI: 10.1562/0031-8655(2001)0740201scapao2.0.co2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
|
23
|
Xu DY. Research and development of photodynamic therapy photosensitizers in China. Photodiagnosis Photodyn Ther 2007; 4:13-25. [DOI: 10.1016/j.pdpdt.2006.09.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/16/2006] [Revised: 09/20/2006] [Accepted: 09/23/2006] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
|
24
|
Maisch T. Anti-microbial photodynamic therapy: useful in the future? Lasers Med Sci 2006; 22:83-91. [PMID: 17120167 DOI: 10.1007/s10103-006-0409-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 220] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/11/2006] [Accepted: 06/27/2006] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
Abstract
Previous chapters in this volume have focused on fundamental principles and clinical applications of PDT. This chapter will attempt to outline emerging areas of research to identify some new applications that may become useful in the future in clinical practise. The worldwide rise in antibiotic resistance has driven research to the development of novel anti-microbial strategies. Cutaneous diseases caused by MRSA are ideally suited to treatment by anti-microbial photodynamic therapy for eradicating localized infections and for modulating wound healing due to the ability to deliver photosensitizer and light with topical application. The use of photosensitizer and light as an anti-microbial agent against periodontal microbial biofilms should also represent an attractive method of eliminating oral bacteria. Suitable light sources, laser light and non-coherent light will be briefly covered. This chapter will focus on some aspects of anti-microbial photodynamic therapy that appear to be promising for dermatological indications and inactivation of pathogenic bacteria within the oral cavity.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Tim Maisch
- Department of Dermatology, University of Regensburg, Regensburg, Germany.
| |
Collapse
|
25
|
Xu S, Chen S, Zhang M, Shen T. Hypocrellin derivative with improvements of red absorption and active oxygen species generation. Bioorg Med Chem Lett 2004; 14:1499-501. [PMID: 15006390 DOI: 10.1016/j.bmcl.2004.01.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/24/2003] [Revised: 01/06/2004] [Accepted: 01/07/2004] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
Abstract
A novel diamino-substituted hypocrellin derived from hypocrellin B (HB) was synthesized by a mild method. The red absorption of the resulting product was significantly enhanced relative to the parent hypocrellins and any other hypocrellin derivatives, and the active oxygen species generating abilities were enhanced distinctly, which will remarkably improve its photodynamic therapy effectiveness.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Shangjie Xu
- Center for Molecular Sciences, Institute of Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100080, China
| | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
26
|
Xu S, Zhang X, Chen S, Zhang M, Shen T, Wang Z. Novel phototherapeutic agents: Investigation and progress of hypocrellin derivatives. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2003. [DOI: 10.1007/bf03184053] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
|
27
|
Ma L, Tai H, Li C, Zhang Y, Wang ZH, Ji WZ. Photodynamic inhibitory effects of three perylenequinones on human colorectal carcinoma cell line and primate embryonic stem cell line. World J Gastroenterol 2003; 9:485-90. [PMID: 12632502 PMCID: PMC4621566 DOI: 10.3748/wjg.v9.i3.485] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
AIM: To investigate the photodynamic inhibitory effects of Elsinochrome A (EA), Hypocrellin A (HA) and Hypocrellin B (HB) on human colorectal carcinoma Hce-8693 cells and rhesus monkey embryonic stem R366.4 cells, via inducing apoptosis.
METHODS: EA, HA and HB were extracted from metabolites of Hypomyces (Fr) Tul.Sp. R366.4 cells or Hce-8693 cells were cultured with different concentrations of EA, HA or HB respectively, irradiated and incubated with fresh medium for 2 h. Cell cycle analysis was performed by flow cytometry (FCM). Data were expressed as means ± SD and analysis of variance and Student’t-test for individual comparisons.
RESULTS: The photodynamic bioactivity of EA was first reported in this study. After irradiation for 5 min, 6 min, 10 min or 20 min, photoactivated EA at lower concentrations, which were 10-7 Mol/L, 10- 6 Mol/L, 10 - 5 Mol/L respectively, had no cytotoxic effects on R366.4 ES cells. Whereas, all of the three perylenequinones could induce apoptosis with a dose-dependent manner when Hce-8693 cells were incubated with photoactivated EA, HA and HB respectively. When Hce-8693 cells were incubated with EA at 10-6 Mol/L and irradiated 5 min, 6 min, 10 min and 20 min respectively, the rates of EA-induced apoptosis were 0, 0, 13.4% and 40.5%. While the rates of HA-induced apoptosis were 29.5%, 32.0%, 40.2% and 22.6%. And the rates of HB-induced apoptosis were 0, 0, 0 and 13.7% respectively. Meanwhile, after 10-5 Mol/L treatment, the rates of EA-induced apoptosis were 32.7%, 19.3%, 26.4% and 52.7%, the rates of HA-induced apoptosis were 47.2%, 39.1%, 45.2% and 56.6%, and the rates of HB-induced apoptosis were 0, 0, 20.0% and 13.9% respectively.
CONCLUSION: EA, HA and HB have significant anti-cancer activity. The order of photodynamic inhibitory effects on tumor cells would be approximately HA > EA > HB. The molecular mechanisms of apoptosis may not be induced by reactive oxygen species and are worth further investigation.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Lan Ma
- Graduate School of the Chinese Acedemy of Sciencees, Beijing 100871, China.
| | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
28
|
Yu C, Xu S, Chen S, Zhang M, Shen T. Investigation of photobleaching of hypocrellin B in non-polar organic solvent and in liposome suspension. JOURNAL OF PHOTOCHEMISTRY AND PHOTOBIOLOGY. B, BIOLOGY 2002; 68:73-8. [PMID: 12468200 DOI: 10.1016/s1011-1344(02)00359-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/27/2022]
Abstract
Hypocrellin B (HB) is a natural pigment with a promising application in the photodynamic therapy (PDT) for anticancer treatment. The photobleaching of HB in non-polar organic solvents and in liposomes in aqueous solution were investigated by the measurements of absorption spectra, quenching experiments and determination of photoproducts. Control experiments indicated that the sensitizer, oxygen and light were all essential for the photobleaching of HB, which suggested that it was mainly self-sensitized photooxidation. The illumination of HB with visible light in aerobic non-polar solvent generated singlet oxygen efficiently [Phi(1O(2))=0.76] which then attacked the sensitizer HB with formation of an endoperoxide product. The endoperoxide of HB was unstable at room temperature and underwent predominantly loss of singlet oxygen with regeneration of parent HB. The singlet oxygen released from the endoperoxide of HB was detected with chemical trapping experiments. When HB was embedded in EPC liposomes, no endoperoxide product and no singlet oxygen release from the photobleaching process of HB were detected. The quenching experiments indicated that the singlet oxygen mechanism (type II) played an important role in the non-polar solvent and the free radical mechanism (type I) was predominant in liposomal aqueous solution for the photobleaching of HB.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Cailan Yu
- Institute of Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100080, China
| | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
29
|
Khoobehi B, Grinstead R, Passos E. Experimental Photodynamic Effects of Hypocrellin A on the Choriocapillaris. Ophthalmic Surg Lasers Imaging Retina 2002. [DOI: 10.3928/1542-8877-20020501-07] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
|
30
|
Xu S, Chen S, Zhang M, Shen T, Zhao Y, Liu Z, Wu Y. Butylamino-demethoxy-hypocrellins and photodynamic therapy decreases human cancer in vitro and in vivo. BIOCHIMICA ET BIOPHYSICA ACTA 2001; 1537:222-32. [PMID: 11731224 DOI: 10.1016/s0925-4439(01)00074-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
2-Butylamino-2-demethoxy-hypocrellin A (BAHA) and B (BAHB) are new photosensitizers synthesized by a mild reaction of hypocrellins and butylamine. In BAHA and BAHB, the peri-hydroxylated perylenequinone structure of the parent hypocrellins is preserved and the red absorption is enhanced distinctly. Electron paramagnetic resonance spin trapping measurements and 9,10-diphenylanthracene bleaching studies were used to investigate the photodynamic action of BAHA and BAHB in the presence of oxygen. Singlet oxygen (1O2) and superoxide anion radical (O2(*-)) produced by illuminating BAHA and BAHB in aerobic solution have been observed. Compared with hypocrellin A and B, BAHA and BAHB primarily remained able to generate 1O2 and enhanced distinctly the O2(*-)-generating abilities. The photodynamic action of BAHA and BAHB in the therapy of cancer was investigated in vitro and in vivo. Both in vitro and in vivo results revealed a significant decrease in cancer cell growth. Laser or dye alone had no effect, indicating that intratumor BAHA and laser therapy may prove useful in unresectable cancer.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- S Xu
- Center for Molecular Sciences, Institute of Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, PR China
| | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
31
|
Tang YJ, Liu HY, An JY, Han R. Synthesis, characterization and photodynamic activity of amino-substituted hypocrellin derivatives. Photochem Photobiol 2001; 74:201-5. [PMID: 11547555 DOI: 10.1562/0031-8655(2001)074<0201:scapao>2.0.co;2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
Abstract
Three new hypocrellin derivatives, amino- or amino acid-substituted on the side ring of hypocrellin B (HB), were synthesized by the reactions of HB with 3-methoxypropylamine, 6-aminohexanoic acid and gamma-amino-n-butyric acid, respectively. The structures of these compounds were characterized with proton nuclear magnetic resonance spectra, infrared spectra and mass spectra. The UV-visible absorption spectra, singlet oxygen-generating quantum yield and amphiphilicities of hypocrellin derivatives were measured and compared with HB, the parent compound. These derivatives showed strong absorption in the domain of the phototherapeutic window (600-900 nm) and improved amphiphilicity. HB and the derivatives were preliminarily tested for their photodynamic effects on human oral cavity epithelial carcinoma KB cell line in vitro. Two amino acid-substituted hypocrellins showed phototoxicity to the KB cell line. At an inhibitory dosage of 50% killing only 0.51 mumol L-1 compound 3 (or 0.88 mumol L-1 compound 2) and 0.5 J cm-2 irradiation were required. The hypocrellins exhibited some dark toxicity to the KB cell line. HB and amino acid-substituted hypocrellins showed lower dark toxicity to the KB cell line than amino-substituted hypocrellins in the assessment of cell survival.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Y J Tang
- Technical Institute of Physics and Chemistry, Academia Sinica, Beijing, People's Republic of China
| | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
32
|
Yang H, Wu T, Zhang M, Zhang Z. A novel photosensitizer, 2-butylamino-2-demethoxy-hypocrellin B (2-BA-2-DMHB) - its photodynamic effects on HeLa cells: efficacy and apoptosis. BIOCHIMICA ET BIOPHYSICA ACTA 2001; 1540:22-31. [PMID: 11476891 DOI: 10.1016/s0925-4439(01)00050-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
A novel hypocrellin congener, 2-butylamino-2-demethoxy-hypocrellin B (2-BA-2-DMHB) was found to be an effective photosensitizer. Compared with its parent compound hypocrellin B (HB), its absorption bands extended toward longer wavelength and the extinction coefficients raised to some degree (lambda(max) (nm) (log(epsilon)): 463 (4.06), 583 (4.09), 621 (4.10) for 2-BA-2-DMHB and 466 (4.06), 548 (3.70), 580 (3.52) for HB). And it also had a much higher photopotentiation factor than HB (i.e., more than 250 versus 10 at a dose of 24 J cm(-2) of red light on HeLa cells). This might be correlated to the higher ability of superoxide anion generation and the higher cellular uptake of 2-BA-2-DMHB. Meanwhile, the examinations of Hoechst 33342-labeled nuclei, DNA fragmentation on agarose gel and flow cytometry showed that 2-BA-2-DMHB induces apoptosis in photosensitized HeLa cells more quickly than HB, which might be correlated to the higher cellular uptake of 2-BA-2-DMHB and the difference of their cellular localization. The study suggested that 2-BA-2-DMHB was a well-suited candidate for a new generation of photodynamic therapy photosensitizer.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- H Yang
- Institute of Biophysics, Academia Sinica, Beijing, PRChina.
| | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
33
|
Yuzhu S, Jingyi A, Lijin J. ESR and UV-Vis studies of semiquinone radical anion and hydroquinone generated by irradiation of 15-deacetyl-13-glycine substituted hypocrellin B. Free Radic Res 1999; 31:477-86. [PMID: 10630671 DOI: 10.1080/10715769900301041] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/24/2022]
Abstract
15-Deacetyl-13-glycine substituted hypocrellin B (GDHB) is a new type of hypocrellin derivative with enhanced red absorption longer than 600 nm and water solubility. When an anaerobic DMSO or DMSO-buffer (pH 7.4) solution of GDHB was illuminated with >470 nm light, a strong electron spin resonance (ESR) signal was formed. The ESR signal was assigned to the semiquinone anion radical of GDHB (GDHB*-) based on a series of experiments. GDHB*- was predominantly photoproducted via the self-electron transfer between the excited- and ground-state species. Decay of this species, both in the presence and absence of electron donor, was consistent with second-order kinetics. In aqueous solution, the TEMPO counter-spin experiment indicated the formation of GDHB*- that could not be detected by ESR method directly. The formation of GDHB*- and hydroquinone of GDHB (GDHBH*-) was also confirmed by spectrometric method. These findings suggested that GDHB was at least a favorable type I phototherapeutic agent.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- S Yuzhu
- Institute of Photographic Chemistry, Academia Sinica, Beijing, China
| | | | | |
Collapse
|
34
|
Mirossay A, Mirossay L, Tóthová J, Miskovský P, Onderková H, Mojzis J. Potentiation of hypericin and hypocrellin-induced phototoxicity by omeprazole. PHYTOMEDICINE : INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF PHYTOTHERAPY AND PHYTOPHARMACOLOGY 1999; 6:311-317. [PMID: 11962536 DOI: 10.1016/s0944-7113(99)80051-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/23/2023]
Abstract
Hypericin and hypocrellin are potential antiviral and antineoplastic agents with multiple modes of light-induced biological activity connected with a production of singlet oxygen and/or excited-state proton transfer and consequent pH drop formation in the drugs environment. In present work light-induced cytotoxicity of hypericin (1 x 10(-5) - 10(-9) mol) and hypocrellin (1 x 10(-5) - 10(-9) mol) and potentiating effect of omeprazole on human leukemic cell line HL-60 was studied. Under dark condition cultivation none cytotoxicity was observed. The only one exception was hypocrellin in concentration 1 x 10(-5) mol which displayed full cytotoxic effect. However, illumination increased cytotoxic effect of hypericin and hypocrellin, both. Omeprazole, an inhibitor of H+K+-ATPase, has been used for testing the hypothetical pH decreasing effect of hypericin and hypocrellin in their cytotoxic mechanism of action. The results of our experiments have shown that in HL-60 cell line the effect of hypericin and hypocrellin at 1 x 10(-6) mol (both) was significantly potentiated by omeprazole in concentrations 1 x 10(-6) - 10(-9) mol. Our results support the hypothesis that the excited-state proton transfer and the consequent acidification of hypericin and hypocrellin environment could play a role in the biological activity of both agents.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- A Mirossay
- Department of Pharmacology, Medical Faculty, P. J. Safarik University, Kosice, Slovak Republic
| | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
35
|
Redmond RW, Gamlin JN. A Compilation of Singlet Oxygen Yields from Biologically Relevant Molecules. Photochem Photobiol 1999. [DOI: 10.1111/j.1751-1097.1999.tb08240.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 573] [Impact Index Per Article: 22.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/01/2022]
|
36
|
Zhang WG, Weng M, Pang SZ, Zhang MH, Yang HY, Zhao HX, Zhang ZY. A novel photosensitizer, 2-butylamino-2-demethoxy-hypocrellin A (2-BA-2-DMHA). 1. Synthesis of 2-BA-2-DMHA and its phototoxicity to MGC803 cells. JOURNAL OF PHOTOCHEMISTRY AND PHOTOBIOLOGY. B, BIOLOGY 1998; 44:21-8. [PMID: 9745725 DOI: 10.1016/s1011-1344(98)00101-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
The reaction of hypocrellin A (HA) with n-butylamine in pyridine under reflux leads to the formation of 2-butylamino-2-demethoxy-hypocrellin A (2-BA-2-DMHA), which is illustrated by ultraviolet-visible absorption spectra, proton nuclear magnetic resonance spectra, infrared spectra and mass spectra. The product exhibits stronger red-light absorption and has a much higher photopotentiation factor than HA (i.e., more than 200 versus four at a dose of 4 J cm-2 of red light on human gastric adenocarcinoma MGC803 cells). The mechanism of phototoxicity of 2-BA-2-DMHA on MGC803 cells irradiated with red light (lamada = 600-700 nm) has also been studied. An examination of extracted cellular DNA by agarose gel electrophoresis shows that the DNA has degraded into fragments with lengths which are multiples of approximately 180-190 base pairs (i.e., oligonucleosome size), a biochemical marker of apoptosis. Transmission electron microscopy reveals chromatin condensation around the periphery of the nucleus, which is also characteristic of apoptosis. This study suggests that 2-BA-2-DMHA is a potential photosensitizer and that its photoxicity to MGC803 cells proceeds via apoptosis.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- W G Zhang
- Institute of Biophysics, Academia Sinica, Beijing, China
| | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
37
|
He YY, An JY, Jiang LJ. Photodynamic action of a water-soluble hypocrellin derivative with enhanced absorptivity in the phototherapeutic window I: ESR and UV-Vis studies on the photogeneration of the semiquinone anion radical and hydroquinone. J Photochem Photobiol A Chem 1998. [DOI: 10.1016/s1010-6030(98)00273-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
|
38
|
|
39
|
Abstract
The subcellular, cellular and tissue/tumour interactions with non-toxic photosensitizing chemicals plus non-thermal visible light (photodynamic therapy (PDT) are reviewed. The extent to which endothelium/vasculature is the primary target is discussed, and the biochemical opportunities for manipulating outcome highlighted. The nature of tumour destruction by PDT lends itself to imaging outcome by MRI and PET.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- J V Moore
- Laser Oncology Programme, Paterson Institute for Cancer Research, Christie Hospital (NHS) Trust, Manchester, UK
| | | | | |
Collapse
|
40
|
Miller GG, Brown K, Ballangrud AM, Barajas O, Xiao Z, Tulip J, Lown JW, Leithoff JM, Allalunis-Turner MJ, Mehta RD, Moore RB. Preclinical assessment of hypocrellin B and hypocrellin B derivatives as sensitizers for photodynamic therapy of cancer: progress update. Photochem Photobiol 1997; 65:714-22. [PMID: 9114749 DOI: 10.1111/j.1751-1097.1997.tb01915.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 77] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/04/2023]
Abstract
Hypocrellins are perylenequinone pigments with substantial absorption in the red spectral region and high singlet oxygen yield. They are available in pure monomeric form and may be derivatized to optimize properties of red light absorption, tissue biodistribution and toxicity. In vitro screening of synthetic derivatives of the naturally occurring compound, hypocrellin B (HB), for optimal properties of cyto-(dark) toxicity and phototoxicity resulted in selection of three compounds for preclinical evaluation: HBEA-R1 (ethanolaminated HB), HBBA-R2 (butylaminated HB) and HBDP-R1 [2-(N,N-dimethylamino)-propylamine-HB]. Extinction coefficients at 630 nm (epsilon 630) are 6230, 6190 and 4800, respectively; and 1O2 quantum yields, phi, 0.60, 0.32 and 0.42. Intracellular uptake is essentially complete within 2 h (HBEA-R1, HBBA-R2) and 20 h (HBDP-R1). Greatest uptake is associated with lysosomes and Golgi. The HBEA-R1 and HBBA-R2 elicit phototoxicity in vitro primarily via the type II mechanism, with some type I activity under stringently hypoxic conditions. Transcutaneous phototherapy with HBEA-R1 permanently ablates EMT6/Ed tumors growing in the flanks of Balb/c mice, with minimal cutaneous effects. The HBBA-R2 does not elicit mutagenic activity in strains TA98 and TA100 of Salmonella typhimurium. Further development of selected hypocrellin derivatives as photosensitizers for photodynamic therapy is warranted.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- G G Miller
- Department of Surgery, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Canada.
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
41
|
Abstract
Hypocrellins and hypericins, structurally related plant pigments isolated from Hypocrella bambuase and Hypericum respectively, are known photodynamic agents. This review summarizes certain significant advances in the photophysics, photochemistry and photobiology of these pigments in the last 2 years and discusses their prospects as novel therapeutic and diagnostic agents in the future. Recently, certain unique properties of hypocrellins and hypericins have been explored for a variety of therapeutic and diagnostic applications. In particular, substantial progress has been made in both anticancer and antiviral applications (especially anti-human immunodeficiency virus). The promising anticancer and antiviral results obtained both in vitro and in vivo have led to intensive investigation into their photo-physical and photochemical processes, especially kinetic studies of their intramolecular proton transfer. These compounds offer the potential for a highly sensitive fluorescent redox sensor for investigation of a variety of cellular events. The biomedical advances of hypocrellins and hypericins have been further promoted by significant progress in their chemical synthesis and the recent commercialization of hypocrellins A and B and hypericin.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Z Diwu
- Molecular Probes, Inc., Eugene, OR 97402, USA
| |
Collapse
|