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Sarukhanyan E, Dandekar T. In silico designed microtubule-stabilizer drugs against tauopathy in Alzheimer's disease. J Biomol Struct Dyn 2023; 41:8992-9012. [PMID: 36331069 DOI: 10.1080/07391102.2022.2139760] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/12/2022] [Accepted: 10/19/2022] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Abstract
Microtubules are the main building blocks of the cytoskeleton that maintain the shape of the cell. Microtubule-associated proteins, such as Tau protein, facilitate their plasticity in cells. Highly phosphorylated Tau has weak affinity to microtubule and, hence, high probability of aggregation into neurofibrillary tangles (tauopathy). Alzheimer's disease evolves when Tau proteins are abnormally phosphorylated. To prevent tauopathy in Alzheimer's disease, we designed drugs de novo targeting them in silico to the phosphorylated Tau-microtubule complexes. Our molecular docking (AutoDock, MOE, GOLD) and molecular dynamics (GROMACS, 2019.6) simulation results revealed compound 23 (C12H28N4O5) as a potential drug candidate, since it can bind (-11.1 kcal/mol by AutoDock) and fix not only phosphorylated Tau on the surface of microtubules, but also prevent their aggregation into bundles. In addition, compound 23 has shown its ability to de-bundle already grouped phosphorylated peptides into single pieces.Communicated by Ramaswamy H. Sarma.
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Affiliation(s)
- Edita Sarukhanyan
- Department of Bioinformatics, University of Würzburg, Würzburg, Germany
| | - Thomas Dandekar
- Department of Bioinformatics, University of Würzburg, Würzburg, Germany
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2
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Preparation, Characterization, and Evaluation of Cisplatin-Loaded Polybutylcyanoacrylate Nanoparticles with Improved In Vitro and In Vivo Anticancer Activities. Pharmaceuticals (Basel) 2020; 13:ph13030044. [PMID: 32168743 PMCID: PMC7151690 DOI: 10.3390/ph13030044] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/25/2020] [Revised: 03/05/2020] [Accepted: 03/07/2020] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
This study aimed to evaluate the therapeutic efficacy of the cisplatin encapsulated into polybutylcyanoacrylate (PBCA) nanoparticles for the treatment of kidney cancer. The nanoformulation was successfully developed using the miniemulsion polymerization method and characterized in terms of size, size distribution, drug loading and encapsulation efficiencies, drug release behavior, in vitro cytotoxicity effects, in vivo toxicity, and therapeutic effects. Cisplatin-loaded PBCA nanoparticles were confirmed to be in nanoscale with the drug entrapment efficiency of 23% and controlled drug release profile, in which only 9% of the loaded drug was released after 48 h. The nanoparticles caused an increase in the cytotoxicity effects of cisplatin against renal cell adenocarcinoma cells (ACHN) (2.3-fold) and considerably decreased blood urea nitrogen and creatinine concentrations when compared to the standard cisplatin (1.6-fold and 1.5-fold, respectively). The nanoformulation also caused an increase in the therapeutic effects of cisplatin by 1.8-fold, in which a reduction in the mean tumor size was seen (3.5 mm vs. 6.5 mm) when compared to the standard cisplatin receiver rats. Overall, cisplatin-loaded PBCA nanoparticles can be considered as a promising drug candidate for the treatment of kidney cancer due to its potency to reduce the side effects of cisplatin and its toxicity and therapeutic effects on cancer-bearing Wistar rats.
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Enhanced Efficacy of PEGylated Liposomal Cisplatin: In Vitro and In Vivo Evaluation. Int J Mol Sci 2020; 21:ijms21020559. [PMID: 31952316 PMCID: PMC7013419 DOI: 10.3390/ijms21020559] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/19/2019] [Revised: 01/09/2020] [Accepted: 01/12/2020] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
This study aims to evaluate the potency of cisplatin (Cispt)-loaded liposome (LCispt) and PEGylated liposome (PLCispt) as therapeutic nanoformulations in the treatment of bladder cancer (BC). Cispt was loaded into liposomes using reverse-phase evaporation method, and the formulations were characterized using dynamic light scattering, scanning electron microscopy, dialysis membrane, and Fourier-transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR) methods. The results showed that the particles were formed in spherical monodispersed shapes with a nanoscale size (221–274 nm) and controlled drug release profile. The cytotoxicity effects of LCispt and PLCispt were assessed in an in vitro environment, and the results demonstrated that PLCispt caused a 2.4- and 1.9-fold increase in the cytotoxicity effects of Cispt after 24 and 48 h, respectively. The therapeutic and toxicity effects of the formulations were also assessed on BC-bearing rats. The results showed that PLCispt caused a 4.8-fold increase in the drug efficacy (tumor volume of 11 ± 0.5 and 2.3 ± 0.1 mm3 in Cispt and PLCispt receiver rats, respectively) and a 3.3-fold decrease in the toxicity effects of the drug (bodyweight gains of 3% and 10% in Cispt and PLCispt receiver rats, respectively). The results of toxicity were also confirmed by histopathological studies. Overall, this study suggests that the PEGylation of LCispt is a promising approach to achieve a nanoformulation with enhanced anticancer effects and reduced toxicity compared to Cispt for the treatment of BC.
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Barman S, Das G, Gupta V, Mondal P, Jana B, Bhunia D, Khan J, Mukherjee D, Ghosh S. Dual-Arm Nanocapsule Targets Neuropilin-1 Receptor and Microtubule: A Potential Nanomedicine Platform. Mol Pharm 2019; 16:2522-2531. [PMID: 31009223 DOI: 10.1021/acs.molpharmaceut.9b00123] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Surajit Barman
- Organic & Medicinal Chemistry Division, CSIR-Indian Institute of Chemical Biology, 4 Raja S. C. Mullick Road, Jadavpur, Kolkata 700032, West Bengal, India
| | - Gaurav Das
- Organic & Medicinal Chemistry Division, CSIR-Indian Institute of Chemical Biology, 4 Raja S. C. Mullick Road, Jadavpur, Kolkata 700032, West Bengal, India
- Academy of Scientific and Innovative Research (AcSIR), Ghaziabad 201002, India
| | - Varsha Gupta
- Organic & Medicinal Chemistry Division, CSIR-Indian Institute of Chemical Biology, 4 Raja S. C. Mullick Road, Jadavpur, Kolkata 700032, West Bengal, India
| | - Prasenjit Mondal
- Organic & Medicinal Chemistry Division, CSIR-Indian Institute of Chemical Biology, 4 Raja S. C. Mullick Road, Jadavpur, Kolkata 700032, West Bengal, India
- Academy of Scientific and Innovative Research (AcSIR), Ghaziabad 201002, India
| | - Batakrishna Jana
- Organic & Medicinal Chemistry Division, CSIR-Indian Institute of Chemical Biology, 4 Raja S. C. Mullick Road, Jadavpur, Kolkata 700032, West Bengal, India
| | - Debmalya Bhunia
- Organic & Medicinal Chemistry Division, CSIR-Indian Institute of Chemical Biology, 4 Raja S. C. Mullick Road, Jadavpur, Kolkata 700032, West Bengal, India
| | - Juhee Khan
- Organic & Medicinal Chemistry Division, CSIR-Indian Institute of Chemical Biology, 4 Raja S. C. Mullick Road, Jadavpur, Kolkata 700032, West Bengal, India
| | - Deepshikha Mukherjee
- Organic & Medicinal Chemistry Division, CSIR-Indian Institute of Chemical Biology, 4 Raja S. C. Mullick Road, Jadavpur, Kolkata 700032, West Bengal, India
| | - Surajit Ghosh
- Organic & Medicinal Chemistry Division, CSIR-Indian Institute of Chemical Biology, 4 Raja S. C. Mullick Road, Jadavpur, Kolkata 700032, West Bengal, India
- Structural Biology & Bioinformatics Division, CSIR-Indian Institute of Chemical Biology, 4 Raja S. C. Mullick Road, Jadavpur, Kolkata 700032, West Bengal, India
- Academy of Scientific and Innovative Research (AcSIR), Ghaziabad 201002, India
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Miller JH, Field JJ, Kanakkanthara A, Owen JG, Singh AJ, Northcote PT. Marine Invertebrate Natural Products that Target Microtubules. JOURNAL OF NATURAL PRODUCTS 2018; 81:691-702. [PMID: 29431439 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jnatprod.7b00964] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/08/2023]
Abstract
Marine natural products as secondary metabolites are a potential major source of new drugs for treating disease. In some cases, cytotoxic marine metabolites target the microtubules of the eukaryote cytoskeleton for reasons that will be discussed. This review covers the microtubule-targeting agents reported from sponges, corals, tunicates, and molluscs and the evidence that many of these secondary metabolites are produced by bacterial symbionts. The review finishes by discussing the directions for future development and production of clinically relevant amounts of these natural products and their analogues through aquaculture, chemical synthesis, and biosynthesis by bacterial symbionts.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Arun Kanakkanthara
- Department of Oncology and Department of Molecular Pharmacology and Experimental Therapeutics , Mayo Clinic , Rochester , Minnesota , United States
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Jana B, Mohapatra S, Mondal P, Barman S, Pradhan K, Saha A, Ghosh S. α-Cyclodextrin Interacts Close to Vinblastine Site of Tubulin and Delivers Curcumin Preferentially to the Tubulin Surface of Cancer Cell. ACS APPLIED MATERIALS & INTERFACES 2016; 8:13793-13803. [PMID: 27228201 DOI: 10.1021/acsami.6b03474] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/05/2023]
Abstract
Tubulin is the key cytoskeleton component, which plays a crucial role in eukaryotic cell division. Many anticancer drugs have been developed targeting the tubulin surface. Recently, it has been shown that few polyhydroxy carbohydrates perturb tubulin polymerization. Cyclodextrin (CD), a polyhydroxy carbohydrate, has been extensively used as the delivery vehicle for delivery of hydrophobic drugs to the cancer cell. However, interaction of CD with intracellular components has not been addressed before. In this Article, we have shown for the first time that α-CD interacts with tubulin close to the vinblastine site using molecular docking and Förster resonance energy transfer (FRET) experiment. In addition, we have shown that α-CD binds with intracellular tubulin/microtubule. It delivers a high amount of curcumin onto the cancer cell, which causes severe disruption of intracellular microtubules. Finally, we have shown that the inclusion complex of α-CD and curcumin (CCC) preferentially enters into the human lung cancer cell (A549) as compared to the normal lung fibroblast cell (WI38), causes apoptotic death, activates tumor suppressor protein (p53) and cyclin-dependent kinase inhibitor 1 (p21), and inhibits 3D spheroid growth of cancer cell.
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Affiliation(s)
- Batakrishna Jana
- Organic & Medicinal Chemistry Division, and ‡Academy of Scientific and Innovative Research (AcSIR), CSIR-Indian Institute of Chemical Biology , 4 Raja S. C. Mullick Road, Jadavpur, Kolkata 700032, West Bengal, India
| | - Saswat Mohapatra
- Organic & Medicinal Chemistry Division, and ‡Academy of Scientific and Innovative Research (AcSIR), CSIR-Indian Institute of Chemical Biology , 4 Raja S. C. Mullick Road, Jadavpur, Kolkata 700032, West Bengal, India
| | - Prasenjit Mondal
- Organic & Medicinal Chemistry Division, and ‡Academy of Scientific and Innovative Research (AcSIR), CSIR-Indian Institute of Chemical Biology , 4 Raja S. C. Mullick Road, Jadavpur, Kolkata 700032, West Bengal, India
| | - Surajit Barman
- Organic & Medicinal Chemistry Division, and ‡Academy of Scientific and Innovative Research (AcSIR), CSIR-Indian Institute of Chemical Biology , 4 Raja S. C. Mullick Road, Jadavpur, Kolkata 700032, West Bengal, India
| | - Krishnangsu Pradhan
- Organic & Medicinal Chemistry Division, and ‡Academy of Scientific and Innovative Research (AcSIR), CSIR-Indian Institute of Chemical Biology , 4 Raja S. C. Mullick Road, Jadavpur, Kolkata 700032, West Bengal, India
| | - Abhijit Saha
- Organic & Medicinal Chemistry Division, and ‡Academy of Scientific and Innovative Research (AcSIR), CSIR-Indian Institute of Chemical Biology , 4 Raja S. C. Mullick Road, Jadavpur, Kolkata 700032, West Bengal, India
| | - Surajit Ghosh
- Organic & Medicinal Chemistry Division, and ‡Academy of Scientific and Innovative Research (AcSIR), CSIR-Indian Institute of Chemical Biology , 4 Raja S. C. Mullick Road, Jadavpur, Kolkata 700032, West Bengal, India
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Rohena CC, Mooberry SL. Recent progress with microtubule stabilizers: new compounds, binding modes and cellular activities. Nat Prod Rep 2014; 31:335-55. [PMID: 24481420 PMCID: PMC4167679 DOI: 10.1039/c3np70092e] [Citation(s) in RCA: 99] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
Abstract
Nature has yielded numerous classes of chemically distinct microtubule stabilizers. Several of these, including paclitaxel (Taxol) and docetaxel (Taxotere), are important drugs used in the treatment of cancer. New microtubule stabilizers and novel formulations of these agents continue to provide advances in cancer therapy. In this review we cover recent progress in the chemistry and biology of these diverse microtubule stabilizers focusing on the wide range of organisms that produce these compounds, their mechanisms of inhibiting microtubule-dependent processes, mechanisms of drug resistance, and their interactions with tubulin including their distinct binding sites and modes. A new potential role for microtubule stabilizers in neurodegenerative diseases is reviewed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cristina C. Rohena
- University of Texas Health Science Center at San Antonio,
7703 Floyd Curl Dr, San Antonio, TX, USA. Fax: 1(210)567-4300; Tel: 1(210) 567-6674;
| | - Susan L. Mooberry
- University of Texas Health Science Center at San Antonio,
7703 Floyd Curl Dr, San Antonio, TX, USA. Fax: 1(210)567-4300; Tel: 1(210) 567-6674;
- Cancer Therapy Research Center, 7979 Wurzbach Rd, San
Antonio, TX USA. Fax: 1(210)567-4300; Tel: 1(210) 567-4788;
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8
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Ballatore C, Brunden KR, Huryn DM, Trojanowski JQ, Lee VMY, Smith AB. Microtubule stabilizing agents as potential treatment for Alzheimer's disease and related neurodegenerative tauopathies. J Med Chem 2012; 55:8979-96. [PMID: 23020671 PMCID: PMC3493881 DOI: 10.1021/jm301079z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 129] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
The microtubule (MT) associated protein tau, which is highly expressed in the axons of neurons, is an endogenous MT-stabilizing agent that plays an important role in axonal transport. Loss of MT-stabilizing tau function, caused by misfolding, hyperphosphorylation, and sequestration of tau into insoluble aggregates, leads to axonal transport deficits with neuropathological consequences. Several in vitro and preclinical in vivo studies have shown that MT-stabilizing drugs can be utilized to compensate for the loss of tau function and to maintain/restore effective axonal transport. These findings indicate that MT-stabilizing compounds hold considerable promise for the treatment of Alzheimer disease and related tauopathies. The present article provides a synopsis of the key findings demonstrating the therapeutic potential of MT-stabilizing drugs in the context of neurodegenerative tauopathies, as well as an overview of the different classes of MT-stabilizing compounds.
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Affiliation(s)
- Carlo Ballatore
- Department of Chemistry, School of Arts and Sciences, University of Pennsylvania, 231 South 34 St., Philadelphia, PA 19104-6323
- Center for Neurodegenerative Diseases Research and Institute on Aging, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, 3600 Spruce Street, Philadelphia, PA 19104-6323
| | - Kurt R. Brunden
- Center for Neurodegenerative Diseases Research and Institute on Aging, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, 3600 Spruce Street, Philadelphia, PA 19104-6323
| | - Donna M. Huryn
- Department of Chemistry, School of Arts and Sciences, University of Pennsylvania, 231 South 34 St., Philadelphia, PA 19104-6323
| | - John Q. Trojanowski
- Center for Neurodegenerative Diseases Research and Institute on Aging, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, 3600 Spruce Street, Philadelphia, PA 19104-6323
| | - Virginia M.-Y. Lee
- Center for Neurodegenerative Diseases Research and Institute on Aging, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, 3600 Spruce Street, Philadelphia, PA 19104-6323
| | - Amos B. Smith
- Department of Chemistry, School of Arts and Sciences, University of Pennsylvania, 231 South 34 St., Philadelphia, PA 19104-6323
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9
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Sima P, Vetvicka V. Bioactive substances with anti-neoplastic efficacy from marine invertebrates: Porifera and Coelenterata. World J Clin Oncol 2011; 2:355-61. [PMID: 22087433 PMCID: PMC3212816 DOI: 10.5306/wjco.v2.i11.355] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/06/2011] [Revised: 10/10/2011] [Accepted: 10/17/2011] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
An ever increasing demand for new lead compounds in the pharmaceutical industry has led scientists to search for natural bioactive products. Based on this extensive research, marine invertebrates now represent a rich source of novel substances with significant anti-neoplastic activities. As the current approach of synthesizing new and chemically modifying old drugs seems to have slowed down, and the identification of new anticancer drugs is not too promising, a new approach is clearly needed. The objective of this review is to present up-to-date data on these newer compounds. Based on the data summarized in this short review, it is clear that marine invertebrates represent an extremely important source of compounds with potential anti-cancer effects. Considering that we tested only a tiny number of Porifera and Coelenterata, the best is yet to come.
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Affiliation(s)
- Peter Sima
- Peter Sima, Institute of Microbiology, Czech Academy of Sciences, 142 20 Prague 15400, Czech Republic
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10
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Ajikumar PK, Tyo K, Carlsen S, Mucha O, Phon TH, Stephanopoulos G. Terpenoids: Opportunities for Biosynthesis of Natural Product Drugs Using Engineered Microorganisms. Mol Pharm 2008; 5:167-90. [DOI: 10.1021/mp700151b] [Citation(s) in RCA: 311] [Impact Index Per Article: 19.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/11/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Parayil Kumaran Ajikumar
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Room 56-469, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02139, and Chemical and Pharmaceutical Engineering, Singapore−MIT Alliance, 4 Engineering Drive 3, Singapore 117 576
| | - Keith Tyo
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Room 56-469, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02139, and Chemical and Pharmaceutical Engineering, Singapore−MIT Alliance, 4 Engineering Drive 3, Singapore 117 576
| | - Simon Carlsen
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Room 56-469, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02139, and Chemical and Pharmaceutical Engineering, Singapore−MIT Alliance, 4 Engineering Drive 3, Singapore 117 576
| | - Oliver Mucha
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Room 56-469, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02139, and Chemical and Pharmaceutical Engineering, Singapore−MIT Alliance, 4 Engineering Drive 3, Singapore 117 576
| | - Too Heng Phon
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Room 56-469, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02139, and Chemical and Pharmaceutical Engineering, Singapore−MIT Alliance, 4 Engineering Drive 3, Singapore 117 576
| | - Gregory Stephanopoulos
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Room 56-469, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02139, and Chemical and Pharmaceutical Engineering, Singapore−MIT Alliance, 4 Engineering Drive 3, Singapore 117 576
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Zhuang SH, Hung YE, Hung L, Robey RW, Sackett DL, Linehan WM, Bates SE, Fojo T, Poruchynsky MS. Evidence for Microtubule Target Engagement in Tumors of Patients Receiving Ixabepilone. Clin Cancer Res 2007; 13:7480-6. [DOI: 10.1158/1078-0432.ccr-06-2883] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
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Altmann KH, Gertsch J. Anticancer drugs from nature--natural products as a unique source of new microtubule-stabilizing agents. Nat Prod Rep 2007; 24:327-57. [PMID: 17390000 DOI: 10.1039/b515619j] [Citation(s) in RCA: 170] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/30/2023]
Abstract
This review article provides an overview on the current state of research in the area of microtubule-stabilizing agents from natural sources, with a primary focus on the biochemistry, biology, and pharmacology associated with these compounds. A variety of natural products have been discovered over the last decade to inhibit human cancer cell proliferation through a taxol-like mechanism. These compounds represent a whole new range of structurally diverse lead structures for anticancer drug discovery.
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Affiliation(s)
- Karl-Heinz Altmann
- Department of Chemistry and Applied Biosciences, Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Swiss Federal Institute of Technology (ETH), HCI H405, Wolfgang-Pauli-Str. 10, CH-8093, Zürich, Switzerland.
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14
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Hait WN, Rubin E, Goodin S. Tubulin-targeting agents. CANCER CHEMOTHERAPY AND BIOLOGICAL RESPONSE MODIFIERS ANNUAL 2005; 22:35-59. [PMID: 16110607 DOI: 10.1016/s0921-4410(04)22003-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/11/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- William N Hait
- UMDNJ/Robert Wood Johnson Medical School, Department of Medicine, The Cancer Institute of New Jersey, New Brunswick 08901-1914, USA.
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Abstract
Drugs that target microtubules are among the most commonly prescribed anticancer therapies. Although the mechanisms by which perturbation of microtubule function leads to selective death of cancer cells remain unclear, several new microtubule-targeting compounds are undergoing clinical testing. In part, these efforts focus on overcoming some of the problems associated with taxane-based therapies, including formulation and administration difficulties and susceptibility to resistance conferred by P-glycoprotein. Epothilones have emerged from these efforts as a promising new class of anticancer drugs. Preclinical studies indicate that epothilones bind to and stabilize microtubules in a manner similar but not identical to that of paclitaxel and that epothilones are effective in paclitaxel-resistant tumor models. Clinical phase I and early phase II data are available for BMS-247550, BMS-310705, EPO906, and KOS-862. The results suggest that these compounds have a broad range of antitumor activity at doses and schedules associated with tolerable side effects.
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Affiliation(s)
- Susan Goodin
- Department of Medicine, University of Medicine and Dentistry of New Jersey/Robert Wood Johnson Medical School, New Brunswick, USA
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Abstract
The microtubule cytoskeleton plays an important part in cell mitosis, which relies on polymerization and depolymerization of the protein tubulin. Such established drugs as the vinca alkaloids and colchacine work by inhibiting microtubule assembly, as does paclitaxel. This article describes a variety of promising novel taxanes and epothilones with similar mechanisms of action that are in various states of preclinical and clinical development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Neeraj R Agrawal
- Experimental Therapeutics, Taussig Cancer Center, The Cleveland Clinic Foundation, R35, 9500 Euclid Avenue, Cleveland, OH 44195, USA.
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Hait WN, Rubin E, Goodin S. Tubulin-targeting agents. CANCER CHEMOTHERAPY AND BIOLOGICAL RESPONSE MODIFIERS 2003; 21:41-67. [PMID: 15338740 DOI: 10.1016/s0921-4410(03)21003-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/12/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- William N Hait
- UMDNJ/Robert Wood Johnson Medical School, Department of Medicine, New Brunswick, NJ 08901-1914, USA.
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Abstract
Taxol (paclitaxel) and Taxotere (docetaxel) are currently considered to be among the most important anticancer drugs in cancer chemotherapy. The anticancer activity of these drugs is ascribed to their unique mechanism of action, i.e., causing mitotic arrest in cancer cells, leading to apoptosis through inhibition of the depolymerization of microtubules. Although both paclitaxel and docetaxel possess potent antitumor activity, treatment with these drugs often results in a number of undesirable side effects, as well as multidrug resistance (MDR). Therefore, it has become essential to develop new anticancer agents with superior pharmacological properties, improved activity against various classes of tumors, and fewer side effects. This paper describes an account of our research on the chemistry of paclitaxel and taxoid anticancer agents at the biomedical interface, including: 1. The structure-activity relationship (SAR) study of taxoids leading to the development of the "second-generation" taxoids, which possess exceptional activity against drug-resistant cancer cells expressing the MDR phenotype. 2. Development of fluorinated taxoids to study the bioactive conformation of paclitaxel and photoaffinity labeling taxoids for mapping of the drug-binding domain on both microtubules and P-glycoprotein. 3. The synthesis of novel macrocyclic taxoids for the investigation into the common pharmacophore for microtubule stabilizing anticancer agents.
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Affiliation(s)
- M L Miller
- Department of Chemistry, State University of New York at Stony Brook, 11794-3400, USA
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19
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He L, Orr GA, Horwitz SB. Novel molecules that interact with microtubules and have functional activity similar to Taxol. Drug Discov Today 2001; 6:1153-1164. [PMID: 11700217 DOI: 10.1016/s1359-6446(01)02038-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 118] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
Abstract
Taxol is an antitumor drug approved by the FDA for the treatment of ovarian, breast and non-small-cell lung carcinomas. Originally isolated from the bark of the Pacific yew, Taxus brevifolia, it was the first natural product described that stabilized microtubules. In the past five years, a group of novel natural products, including the epothilones, discodermolide, eleutherobin, sarcodictyins and the laulimalides, all of which have biological activities similar to those of Taxol, has been discovered. In this review, we discuss each of these novel microtubule-stabilizing agents and the search for a common pharmacophore among them, taking into consideration recent advances in our understanding of the taxanes and tubulin.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lifeng He
- Department of Molecular Pharmacology Albert Einstein College of Medicine Bronx, 10461, Bronx, NY, USA
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20
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Martello LA, LaMarche MJ, He L, Beauchamp TJ, Smith AB, Horwitz SB. The relationship between Taxol and (+)-discodermolide: synthetic analogs and modeling studies. CHEMISTRY & BIOLOGY 2001; 8:843-55. [PMID: 11564553 DOI: 10.1016/s1074-5521(01)00055-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 73] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND During the past decade, Taxol has assumed an important role in cancer chemotherapy. The search for novel compounds with a mechanism of action similar to that of Taxol, but with greater efficacy particularly in Taxol-resistant cells, has led to the isolation of new natural products. One such compound, (+)-discodermolide, although structurally distinct from Taxol, has a similar ability to stabilize microtubules. In addition, (+)-discodermolide is active in Taxol-resistant cell lines that overexpress P-glycoprotein, the multidrug-resistant transporter. Interestingly, (+)-discodermolide demonstrates a profound enhancement of the initiation process of microtubule polymerization compared to Taxol. RESULTS The synthesis of (+)-discodermolide analogs exploiting our highly efficient, triply convergent approach has permitted structure-activity relationship (SAR) studies. Small changes to the (+)-discodermolide structure resulted in a dramatic decrease in the ability of all four discodermolide analogs to initiate tubulin polymerization. Two of the analogs also demonstrated a decrease in total tubulin polymerization, while a change in the olefin geometry at the C8 position produced a significant decrease in cytotoxic activity. CONCLUSIONS The availability of (+)-discodermolide and the analogs, and the resultant SAR analysis, have permitted an exploration of the similarities and differences between (+)-discodermolide and Taxol. Docking of the X-ray/solution structure of (+)-discodermolide into the Taxol binding site of beta-tubulin revealed two possible binding modes (models I and II). The preferred pharmacophore model (I), in which the C19 side chain of (+)-discodermolide matches with the C2 benzoyl group of Taxol and the delta-lactone ring of (+)-discodermolide overlays with the C13 side chain of Taxol, concurred with the results of the SAR analysis.
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Affiliation(s)
- L A Martello
- Department of Molecular Pharmacology, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Bronx, NY 10461, USA
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21
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Crabtree DV, Ojima I, Geng X, Adler AJ. Tubulins in the primate retina: evidence that xanthophylls may be endogenous ligands for the paclitaxel-binding site. Bioorg Med Chem 2001; 9:1967-76. [PMID: 11504633 DOI: 10.1016/s0968-0896(01)00103-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/27/2022]
Abstract
The xanthophylls-lutein, zeaxanthin, and meso-zeaxanthin (L&Z)-are found in the central region of the primate retina, which is called the macula lutea (yellow spot). How they are anchored there and what their function is has been debated for over 50 years. Here, we present evidence that they may be bound to the paclitaxel (Taxol) binding site of the beta-tubulin subunit of microtubules and that a major function may be to modulate the dynamic instability of microtubules in the macula. Also, we compare nucleic acid and amino acid sequences of tubulins that are in human brain with those we have isolated from human-retina and monkey-macula cDNA libraries. In so doing, we suggest that in primates, class I beta-tubulin consists of at least two subtypes (beta(Ia) and beta(Ib)). Alignment analysis of the sequences of the genes for beta(Ia) and beta(Ib) indicates that the corresponding mRNAs may have other functions in addition to that of coding for proteins. Furthermore, we show that there are at least five different types of beta-tubulin in the macula lutea of rhesus monkey.
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Affiliation(s)
- D V Crabtree
- Schepens Eye Research Institute and Department of Ophthalmology, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02114, USA.
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22
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Abstract
Microtubule-stabilizing agents continue to play an important role in anticancer drug discovery and development. New agents were again discovered in the past year, including small synthetic molecules. At least three new taxanes and two compounds of the epothilone class of natural products underwent clinical trials in 2000. Unexpected new findings about synergistic effects between different microtubule-stabilizing agents in vitro raise new prospects for combination chemotherapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- K H Altmann
- Novartis Pharma AG, Corporate Research, WKL-136.5.22, CH-4002 Basel, Switzerland.
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McDaid HM, Horwitz SB. Selective potentiation of paclitaxel (taxol)-induced cell death by mitogen-activated protein kinase kinase inhibition in human cancer cell lines. Mol Pharmacol 2001; 60:290-301. [PMID: 11455016 PMCID: PMC4039042 DOI: 10.1124/mol.60.2.290] [Citation(s) in RCA: 91] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Activation of the mitogen-activated protein kinase (MAPK) pathway in HeLa and Chinese hamster ovary cells after treatment with paclitaxel (Taxol) and other microtubule interacting agents has been investigated. Using a trans-reporting system, the phosphorylation of the nuclear transcription factors Elk-1 and c-jun was measured. Concentration- and time-dependent activation of the Elk-1 pathway, mediated primarily by the extracellular signal-regulated kinase (ERK) component of the MAPK family, was observed. Inactive drug analogs and other cytotoxic compounds that do not target microtubules failed to induce similar levels of activation, thereby indicating that an interaction between these drugs and the microtubule is essential for the activation of MAPKs. Evaluation of the endogenous levels of MAPK expression revealed cell-dependent expression of the ERK, c-jun N-terminal kinase, and p38 pathways. In the case of HeLa cells, time-dependent activation of ERK coincided with increased poly(ADP-ribose) polymerase (PARP) cleavage, phosphatidylserine externalization, and increased accumulation of cells in G2/M. In both cell lines, inhibition of ERK activity potentiated paclitaxel-induced PARP cleavage and phosphatidylserine externalization, suggesting that ERK activity coincided with, but did not mediate, the cytotoxic effects of paclitaxel. We evaluated the nature of the interaction between paclitaxel and the MAPK kinase inhibitor U0126 in three cell lines, on the basis of a potential chemotherapeutic advantage of paclitaxel plus ERK inhibition. Our data confirmed additivity in those cells lines that undergo paclitaxel-induced ERK activation, and antagonism in cells with low ERK activity, suggesting that in tumors with high ERK activity, there may be an application for this strategy in therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- H M McDaid
- Department of Molecular Pharmacology, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Bronx, New York, USA
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Cinel B, Roberge M, Behrisch H, van Ofwegen L, Castro CB, Andersen RJ. Antimitotic diterpenes from Erythropodium caribaeorum test pharmacophore models for microtubule stabilization. Org Lett 2000; 2:257-60. [PMID: 10814296 DOI: 10.1021/ol9912027] [Citation(s) in RCA: 47] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
[structure: see text] Six new antimitotic diterpenes, 2-7, have been isolated from the Caribbean octocoral Erythropodium caribaeorum. Structural variations encountered in this group of natural products test recently proposed pharmacophore models for microtubule stabilizing compounds.
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Affiliation(s)
- B Cinel
- Department of Chemistry, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, Canada
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25
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Zunino F, Cassinelli G, Polizzi D, Perego P. Molecular mechanisms of resistance to taxanes and therapeutic implications. Drug Resist Updat 1999; 2:351-357. [PMID: 11498350 DOI: 10.1054/drup.1999.0108] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/16/2023]
Abstract
The mechanism of resistance to taxanes has not been fully elucidated. Since Taxol is a substrate for P-glycoprotein, overexpression of this transport system is recognized as a relevant mechanism of resistance. Additional mechanisms include changes of microtubule structure and/or composition resulting in reduced drug binding to the target. Current efforts are directed at clarifying the role of cellular response to drug-induced damage to cytoskeleton and mitotic spindle. Downstream events, such as control of cell cycle progression and regulation of cell death pathways, are likely to play a relevant role in cellular sensitivity to antimicrotubule agents. The identification of resistance factors and critical determinants of antitumor efficacy of microtubule-stabilizing agents is essential to (i) improve their therapeutic efficacy; and (ii) to design non-cross-resistant compounds. The present review discusses the possible therapeutic implications of the recent progress in the field of resistance to taxanes. Copyright 1999 Harcourt Publishers Ltd.
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Affiliation(s)
- Franco Zunino
- Istituto Nazionale per lo Studio e la Cura dei Tumori, Milan, 20133, Italy
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