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Kastratovic N, Cekerevac I, Sekerus V, Markovic V, Arsenijevic A, Volarevic A, Harrell CR, Jakovljevic V, Djonov V, Volarevic V. Effects of combustible cigarettes and heated tobacco products on immune cell-driven inflammation in chronic obstructive respiratory diseases. Toxicol Sci 2024; 200:265-276. [PMID: 38788227 DOI: 10.1093/toxsci/kfae068] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/26/2024] Open
Abstract
Since long-term effects of heated tobacco products (HTP) on the progression of chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) are unknown, we used COPD mice model to compare immune cell-dependent pathological changes in the lungs of animals which were exposed to HTP or combustible cigarettes (CCs). We also performed intracellular staining and flow cytometry analysis of immune cells which were present in the blood of CCs and HTP users who suffered from immune cell-driven chronic obstructive respiratory diseases. CCs enhanced NLRP3 inflammasome-dependent production of inflammatory cytokines in lung-infiltrated neutrophils and macrophages and increased influx of cytotoxic Th1, Th2, and Th17 lymphocytes in the lungs of COPD mice. Similarly, CCs promoted generation of inflammatory phenotype in circulating leukocytes of COPD patients. Opposite to CCs, HTP favored expansion of immunosuppressive, IL-10-producing, FoxP3-expressing T, NK, and NKT cells in inflamed lungs of COPD mice. Compared with CCs, HTP had weaker capacity to promote synthesis of inflammatory cytokines in lung-infiltrated immune cells. Significantly lower number of inflammatory neutrophils, monocytes, Th1, Th2, and Th17 lymphocytes were observed in the blood of patients who consumed HTP than in the blood of CCs users, indicating different effects of CCs and HTP on immune cells' phenotype and function.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nikolina Kastratovic
- Center for Research on Harmful Effects of Biological and Chemical Hazards, Faculty of Medical Sciences, University of Kragujevac, Kragujevac 34000, Serbia
- Department of Genetics, Faculty of Medical Sciences, University of Kragujevac, Kragujevac 34000, Serbia
| | - Ivan Cekerevac
- Center for Research on Harmful Effects of Biological and Chemical Hazards, Faculty of Medical Sciences, University of Kragujevac, Kragujevac 34000, Serbia
- Department of Internal Medicine, Faculty of Medical Sciences, University of Kragujevac, Kragujevac 34000, Serbia
- Pulmonology Clinic, University Clinical Center Kragujevac, Kragujevac 34000, Serbia
| | - Vanesa Sekerus
- Institute for Pulmonary Diseases of Vojvodina, Sremska Kamenica 21204, Serbia
- Department of Biochemistry, Faculty of Medicine, University of Novi Sad, Novi Sad 21000, Serbia
| | - Vladimir Markovic
- Center for Research on Harmful Effects of Biological and Chemical Hazards, Faculty of Medical Sciences, University of Kragujevac, Kragujevac 34000, Serbia
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Faculty of Medical Sciences, University of Kragujevac, Kragujevac 34000, Serbia
| | - Aleksandar Arsenijevic
- Center for Research on Harmful Effects of Biological and Chemical Hazards, Faculty of Medical Sciences, University of Kragujevac, Kragujevac 34000, Serbia
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Faculty of Medical Sciences, University of Kragujevac, Kragujevac 34000, Serbia
| | - Ana Volarevic
- Center for Research on Harmful Effects of Biological and Chemical Hazards, Faculty of Medical Sciences, University of Kragujevac, Kragujevac 34000, Serbia
- Department of Psychology, Faculty of Medical Sciences, University of Kragujevac, Kragujevac 34000, Serbia
| | | | - Vladimir Jakovljevic
- Department of Physiology, Center of Excellence for Redox Balance Research in Cardiovascular and Metabolic Disorders, Faculty of Medical Sciences, University of Kragujevac, Kragujevac 34000, Serbia
| | - Valentin Djonov
- Institute of Anatomy, University of Bern, Bern 3012, Switzerland
| | - Vladislav Volarevic
- Center for Research on Harmful Effects of Biological and Chemical Hazards, Faculty of Medical Sciences, University of Kragujevac, Kragujevac 34000, Serbia
- Department of Genetics, Faculty of Medical Sciences, University of Kragujevac, Kragujevac 34000, Serbia
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Faculty of Medical Sciences, University of Kragujevac, Kragujevac 34000, Serbia
- Faculty of Pharmacy Novi Sad, Novi Sad 21000, Serbia
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Kastratovic N, Zdravkovic N, Cekerevac I, Sekerus V, Harrell CR, Mladenovic V, Djukic A, Volarevic A, Brankovic M, Gmizic T, Zdravkovic M, Bjekic-Macut J, Zdravkovic N, Djonov V, Volarevic V. Effects of Combustible Cigarettes and Heated Tobacco Products on Systemic Inflammatory Response in Patients with Chronic Inflammatory Diseases. Diseases 2024; 12:144. [PMID: 39057115 PMCID: PMC11276168 DOI: 10.3390/diseases12070144] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/18/2024] [Revised: 06/22/2024] [Accepted: 06/26/2024] [Indexed: 07/28/2024] Open
Abstract
Smoke derived from combustible cigarettes (CCs) contains numerous harmful chemicals that can impair the viability, proliferation, and activation of immune cells, affecting the progression of chronic inflammatory diseases. In order to avoid the detrimental effects of cigarette smoking, many CC users have replaced CCs with heated tobacco products (HTPs). Due to different methods of tobacco processing, CC-sourced smoke and HTP-derived aerosols contain different chemical constituents. With the exception of nicotine, HTP-sourced aerosols contain significantly lower amounts of harmful constituents than CC-derived smoke. Since HTP-dependent effects on immune-cell-driven inflammation are still unknown, herein we used flow cytometry analysis, intracellular staining, and an enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay to determine the impact of CCs and HTPs on systemic inflammatory response in patients suffering from ulcerative colitis (UC), diabetes mellitus (DM), and chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD). Both CCs and HTPs significantly modulated cytokine production in circulating immune cells, affecting the systemic inflammatory response in COPD, DM, and UC patients. Compared to CCs, HTPs had weaker capacity to induce the synthesis of inflammatory cytokines (IFN-γ, IL-1β, IL-5, IL-6, IL-12, IL-23, IL-17, TNF-α), but more efficiently induced the production of immunosuppressive IL-10 and IL-35. Additionally, HTPs significantly enhanced the synthesis of pro-fibrotic TGF-β. The continuous use of CCs and HTPs aggravated immune-cell-driven systemic inflammation in COPD and DM patients, but not in UC patients, suggesting that the immunomodulatory effects of CC-derived smoke and HTP-sourced aerosols are disease-specific, and need to be determined for specific immune-cell-driven inflammatory diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nikolina Kastratovic
- Center for Research on Harmful Effects of Biological and Chemical Hazards, Faculty of Medical Sciences, University of Kragujevac, 69 Svetozar Markovic Street, 34000 Kragujevac, Serbia; (N.K.); (N.Z.); (I.C.); (A.V.); (N.Z.)
- Department of Genetics, Faculty of Medical Sciences, University of Kragujevac, 69 Svetozar Markovic Street, 34000 Kragujevac, Serbia
| | - Natasa Zdravkovic
- Center for Research on Harmful Effects of Biological and Chemical Hazards, Faculty of Medical Sciences, University of Kragujevac, 69 Svetozar Markovic Street, 34000 Kragujevac, Serbia; (N.K.); (N.Z.); (I.C.); (A.V.); (N.Z.)
- Department of Internal Medicine, Faculty of Medical Sciences, University of Kragujevac, 69 Svetozar Markovic Street, 34000 Kragujevac, Serbia; (V.M.); (A.D.)
- Center for Endocrinology, Diabetes and Metabolic Diseases, University Clinical Center Kragujevac, 30 Zmaj Jovina Street, 34000 Kragujevac, Serbia
| | - Ivan Cekerevac
- Center for Research on Harmful Effects of Biological and Chemical Hazards, Faculty of Medical Sciences, University of Kragujevac, 69 Svetozar Markovic Street, 34000 Kragujevac, Serbia; (N.K.); (N.Z.); (I.C.); (A.V.); (N.Z.)
- Department of Internal Medicine, Faculty of Medical Sciences, University of Kragujevac, 69 Svetozar Markovic Street, 34000 Kragujevac, Serbia; (V.M.); (A.D.)
- Pulmonology Clinic, University Clinical Center Kragujevac, 30 Zmaj Jovina Street, 34000 Kragujevac, Serbia
| | - Vanesa Sekerus
- Institute for Pulmonary Diseases of Vojvodina, 4 Institutski Put, 21204 Novi Sad, Serbia;
- Department of Biochemistry, Faculty of Medicine, University of Novi Sad, 3 Hajduk Veljkova Street, 21000 Novi Sad, Serbia
| | - Carl Randall Harrell
- Regenerative Processing Plant, LLC, 34176 US Highway 19 N, Palm Harbor, FL 34684, USA;
| | - Violeta Mladenovic
- Department of Internal Medicine, Faculty of Medical Sciences, University of Kragujevac, 69 Svetozar Markovic Street, 34000 Kragujevac, Serbia; (V.M.); (A.D.)
- Center for Endocrinology, Diabetes and Metabolic Diseases, University Clinical Center Kragujevac, 30 Zmaj Jovina Street, 34000 Kragujevac, Serbia
| | - Aleksandar Djukic
- Department of Internal Medicine, Faculty of Medical Sciences, University of Kragujevac, 69 Svetozar Markovic Street, 34000 Kragujevac, Serbia; (V.M.); (A.D.)
- Center for Endocrinology, Diabetes and Metabolic Diseases, University Clinical Center Kragujevac, 30 Zmaj Jovina Street, 34000 Kragujevac, Serbia
| | - Ana Volarevic
- Center for Research on Harmful Effects of Biological and Chemical Hazards, Faculty of Medical Sciences, University of Kragujevac, 69 Svetozar Markovic Street, 34000 Kragujevac, Serbia; (N.K.); (N.Z.); (I.C.); (A.V.); (N.Z.)
- Department of Psychology, Faculty of Medical Sciences, University of Kragujevac, 69 Svetozar Markovic Street, 34000 Kragujevac, Serbia
| | - Marija Brankovic
- Department of Gastroenterology, University Medical Center “Bežanijska Kosa”, Dr Zoza Matea bb, 11080 Belgrade, Serbia; (M.B.); (T.G.)
- Faculty of Medicine, University of Belgrade, Dr Subotica 8, 11000 Belgrade, Serbia;
| | - Tijana Gmizic
- Department of Gastroenterology, University Medical Center “Bežanijska Kosa”, Dr Zoza Matea bb, 11080 Belgrade, Serbia; (M.B.); (T.G.)
- Faculty of Medicine, University of Belgrade, Dr Subotica 8, 11000 Belgrade, Serbia;
| | - Marija Zdravkovic
- Faculty of Medicine, University of Belgrade, Dr Subotica 8, 11000 Belgrade, Serbia;
- Department of Cardiology, University Medical Center “Bežanijska Kosa”, Dr Zoza Matea bb, 11080 Belgrade, Serbia
| | - Jelica Bjekic-Macut
- Department of Endocrinology, University Medical Center “Bežanijska Kosa”, Dr Zoza Matea bb, 11080 Belgrade, Serbia;
| | - Nebojsa Zdravkovic
- Center for Research on Harmful Effects of Biological and Chemical Hazards, Faculty of Medical Sciences, University of Kragujevac, 69 Svetozar Markovic Street, 34000 Kragujevac, Serbia; (N.K.); (N.Z.); (I.C.); (A.V.); (N.Z.)
- Department of Statistics, Faculty of Medical Sciences, University of Kragujevac, 69 Svetozar Markovic Street, 34000 Kragujevac, Serbia
| | - Valentin Djonov
- Institute of Anatomy, University of Bern, Baltzerstrasse 2, 3012 Bern, Switzerland;
| | - Vladislav Volarevic
- Center for Research on Harmful Effects of Biological and Chemical Hazards, Faculty of Medical Sciences, University of Kragujevac, 69 Svetozar Markovic Street, 34000 Kragujevac, Serbia; (N.K.); (N.Z.); (I.C.); (A.V.); (N.Z.)
- Department of Genetics, Faculty of Medical Sciences, University of Kragujevac, 69 Svetozar Markovic Street, 34000 Kragujevac, Serbia
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Faculty of Medical Sciences, University of Kragujevac, 69 Svetozar Markovic Street, 34000 Kragujevac, Serbia
- Faculty of Pharmacy Novi Sad, Trg Mladenaca 5, 21000 Novi Sad, Serbia
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Kastratovic N, Markovic V, Harrell CR, Arsenijevic A, Stojanovic MD, Djonov V, Volarevic V. Effects of Combustible Cigarettes and Electronic Nicotine Delivery Systems on the Development and Progression of Chronic Lung Inflammation in Mice. Nicotine Tob Res 2024; 26:704-714. [PMID: 38018885 DOI: 10.1093/ntr/ntad235] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/20/2023] [Revised: 10/01/2023] [Accepted: 11/20/2023] [Indexed: 11/30/2023]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Although detrimental effects of combustible cigarettes (CCs) on the progression of lung inflammatory diseases are well known, changes in electronic nicotine delivery systems (ENDS)-exposed lung-infiltrated immune cells are still unrevealed. AIMS AND METHODS The analysis of blood gas parameters, descriptive and quantitative histology of lung tissues, determination of serum cytokines, intracellular staining, and flow cytometry analysis of lung-infiltrated immune cells were used to determine the differences in the extent of lung injury and inflammation between mice from experimental (CC and ENDS-exposed animals) and control groups (Air-exposed mice). RESULTS Continuous exposition to either CCs or ENDS induced severe systemic inflammatory response, increased activation of NLRP3 inflammasome in neutrophils and macrophages and enhanced dendritic cell-dependent activation of Th1 and Th17 cells in the lungs. ENDS induced less severe immune response than CCs. Serum concentrations of inflammatory cytokines were significantly lower in the samples of ENDS-exposed mice. Compared to CCs, ENDS recruited lower number of circulating leukocytes in injured lungs and had less capacity to induce CD14/TLR2-dependent activation of NLRP3 inflammasome in lung-infiltrated neutrophils and macrophages. ENDS-primed dendritic cells had reduced capacity for the generation of Th1 and Th17 cell-driven lung inflammation. Accordingly, extensive immune cell-driven lung injury resulted in severe respiratory dysfunction in CCs-exposed mice, while ENDS caused moderate respiratory dysfunction in experimental animals. CONCLUSIONS Continuous exposition to either CCs or ENDS induced immune cell-driven lung damage in mice. ENDS triggered immune response, which was less potent than inflammatory response elicited by CCs and, therefore, caused less severe lung injury and inflammation. IMPLICATIONS This is the first study that compared the effects of CCs and ENDS on lung-infiltrated immune cells. Although both CCs and ENDS elicited systemic inflammatory response, immune cell-driven lung injury and inflammation were less severe in ENDS-exposed than in CC-exposed animals. Continuous exposition to ENDS-sourced aerosols was less harmful for respiratory function of experimental animals than CC-derived smoke.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nikolina Kastratovic
- Faculty of Medical Sciences, Center for Biological and Chemical Hazards Research, Department of Genetics, University of Kragujevac, Kragujevac, Serbia
| | - Vladimir Markovic
- Faculty of Medical Sciences, Center for Biological and Chemical Hazards Research, Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Kragujevac, Kragujevac, Serbia
| | | | - Aleksandar Arsenijevic
- Faculty of Medical Sciences, Center for Biological and Chemical Hazards Research, Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Kragujevac, Kragujevac, Serbia
| | | | - Valentin Djonov
- Faculty of Medical Sciences, Department of Pathology, University of Kragujevac, Kragujevac, Serbia
- Institute of Anatomy, University of Bern, Bern, Switzerland
| | - Vladislav Volarevic
- Faculty of Medical Sciences, Center for Biological and Chemical Hazards Research, Department of Genetics, University of Kragujevac, Kragujevac, Serbia
- Faculty of Medical Sciences, Center for Biological and Chemical Hazards Research, Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Kragujevac, Kragujevac, Serbia
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Yan Q, Zhang X, Xie Y, Yang J, Liu C, Zhang M, Zheng W, Lin X, Huang HT, Liu X, Jiang Y, Zhan SF, Huang X. Bronchial epithelial transcriptomics and experimental validation reveal asthma severity-related neutrophilc signatures and potential treatments. Commun Biol 2024; 7:181. [PMID: 38351296 PMCID: PMC10864370 DOI: 10.1038/s42003-024-05837-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/18/2023] [Accepted: 01/19/2024] [Indexed: 02/16/2024] Open
Abstract
Airway epithelial transcriptome analysis of asthma patients with different severity was used to disentangle the immune infiltration mechanisms affecting asthma exacerbation, which may be advantageous to asthma treatment. Here we introduce various bioinformatics methods and develop two models: an OVA/CFA-induced neutrophil asthma mouse model and an LPS-induced human bronchial epithelial cell damage model. Our objective is to investigate the molecular mechanisms, potential targets, and therapeutic strategies associated with asthma severity. Multiple bioinformatics methods identify meaningful differences in the degree of neutrophil infiltration in asthma patients with different severity. Then, PTPRC, TLR2, MMP9, FCGR3B, TYROBP, CXCR1, S100A12, FPR1, CCR1 and CXCR2 are identified as the hub genes. Furthermore, the mRNA expression of 10 hub genes is determined in vivo and in vitro models. Reperixin is identified as a pivotal drug targeting CXCR1, CXCR2 and MMP9. We further test the potential efficiency of Reperixin in 16HBE cells, and conclude that Reperixin can attenuate LPS-induced cellular damage and inhibit the expression of them. In this study, we successfully identify and validate several neutrophilic signatures and targets associated with asthma severity. Notably, Reperixin displays the ability to target CXCR1, CXCR2, and MMP9, suggesting its potential therapeutic value for managing deteriorating asthma.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qian Yan
- The First Affiliated Hospital of Guangzhou University of Chinese Medicine, Guangzhou, China
- The First Clinical Medical School of Guangzhou University of Chinese Medicine, Guangzhou, China
- Lingnan Medical Research Center of Guangzhou University of Chinese Medicine, Guangzhou, China
- Guangdong Provincial Clinical Research Academy of Chinese Medicine, Guangzhou, China
| | - Xinxin Zhang
- The First Affiliated Hospital of Guangzhou University of Chinese Medicine, Guangzhou, China
- The First Clinical Medical School of Guangzhou University of Chinese Medicine, Guangzhou, China
- Lingnan Medical Research Center of Guangzhou University of Chinese Medicine, Guangzhou, China
- Guangdong Provincial Clinical Research Academy of Chinese Medicine, Guangzhou, China
| | - Yi Xie
- The First Affiliated Hospital of Guangzhou University of Chinese Medicine, Guangzhou, China
- The First Clinical Medical School of Guangzhou University of Chinese Medicine, Guangzhou, China
| | - Jing Yang
- The First Affiliated Hospital of Guangzhou University of Chinese Medicine, Guangzhou, China
- The First Clinical Medical School of Guangzhou University of Chinese Medicine, Guangzhou, China
- Lingnan Medical Research Center of Guangzhou University of Chinese Medicine, Guangzhou, China
- Guangdong Provincial Clinical Research Academy of Chinese Medicine, Guangzhou, China
| | - Chengxin Liu
- The First Affiliated Hospital of Guangzhou University of Chinese Medicine, Guangzhou, China
- The First Clinical Medical School of Guangzhou University of Chinese Medicine, Guangzhou, China
| | - Miaofen Zhang
- The First Affiliated Hospital of Guangzhou University of Chinese Medicine, Guangzhou, China
- The First Clinical Medical School of Guangzhou University of Chinese Medicine, Guangzhou, China
- Lingnan Medical Research Center of Guangzhou University of Chinese Medicine, Guangzhou, China
- Guangdong Provincial Clinical Research Academy of Chinese Medicine, Guangzhou, China
| | - Wenjiang Zheng
- The First Affiliated Hospital of Guangzhou University of Chinese Medicine, Guangzhou, China
- The First Clinical Medical School of Guangzhou University of Chinese Medicine, Guangzhou, China
| | - Xueying Lin
- The First Affiliated Hospital of Guangzhou University of Chinese Medicine, Guangzhou, China
- The First Clinical Medical School of Guangzhou University of Chinese Medicine, Guangzhou, China
| | - Hui-Ting Huang
- The First Affiliated Hospital of Guangzhou University of Chinese Medicine, Guangzhou, China
| | - Xiaohong Liu
- The First Affiliated Hospital of Guangzhou University of Chinese Medicine, Guangzhou, China
| | - Yong Jiang
- Shenzhen Hospital of Integrated Traditional Chinese and Western Medicine, Shenzhen, China.
| | - Shao-Feng Zhan
- The First Affiliated Hospital of Guangzhou University of Chinese Medicine, Guangzhou, China.
| | - Xiufang Huang
- The First Affiliated Hospital of Guangzhou University of Chinese Medicine, Guangzhou, China.
- The First Clinical Medical School of Guangzhou University of Chinese Medicine, Guangzhou, China.
- Lingnan Medical Research Center of Guangzhou University of Chinese Medicine, Guangzhou, China.
- Guangdong Provincial Clinical Research Academy of Chinese Medicine, Guangzhou, China.
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Kageyama T, Ito T, Tanaka S, Nakajima H. Physiological and immunological barriers in the lung. Semin Immunopathol 2024; 45:533-547. [PMID: 38451292 PMCID: PMC11136722 DOI: 10.1007/s00281-024-01003-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/04/2023] [Accepted: 02/10/2024] [Indexed: 03/08/2024]
Abstract
The lungs serve as the primary organ for respiration, facilitating the vital exchange of gases with the bloodstream. Given their perpetual exposure to external particulates and pathogens, they possess intricate protective barriers. Cellular adhesion in the lungs is robustly maintained through tight junctions, adherens junctions, and desmosomes. Furthermore, the pulmonary system features a mucociliary clearance mechanism that synthesizes mucus and transports it to the outside. This mucus is enriched with chemical barriers like antimicrobial proteins and immunoglobulin A (IgA). Additionally, a complex immunological network comprising epithelial cells, neural cells, and immune cells plays a pivotal role in pulmonary defense. A comprehensive understanding of these protective systems offers valuable insights into potential pathologies and their therapeutic interventions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Takahiro Kageyama
- Department of Allergy and Clinical Immunology, Graduate School of Medicine, Chiba University, 1-8-1 Inohana, Chiba, 260-8670, Japan.
- Institute for Advanced Academic Research, Chiba University, Chiba, Japan.
| | - Takashi Ito
- Department of Allergy and Clinical Immunology, Graduate School of Medicine, Chiba University, 1-8-1 Inohana, Chiba, 260-8670, Japan
- Chiba University Synergy Institute for Futuristic Mucosal Vaccine Research and Development (cSIMVa), Chiba, Japan
| | - Shigeru Tanaka
- Department of Allergy and Clinical Immunology, Graduate School of Medicine, Chiba University, 1-8-1 Inohana, Chiba, 260-8670, Japan
| | - Hiroshi Nakajima
- Department of Allergy and Clinical Immunology, Graduate School of Medicine, Chiba University, 1-8-1 Inohana, Chiba, 260-8670, Japan
- Chiba University Synergy Institute for Futuristic Mucosal Vaccine Research and Development (cSIMVa), Chiba, Japan
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Probst HC, Stoitzner P, Amon L, Backer RA, Brand A, Chen J, Clausen BE, Dieckmann S, Dudziak D, Heger L, Hodapp K, Hornsteiner F, Hovav AH, Jacobi L, Ji X, Kamenjarin N, Lahl K, Lahmar I, Lakus J, Lehmann CHK, Ortner D, Picard M, Roberti MP, Rossnagel L, Saba Y, Schalla C, Schlitzer A, Schraml BU, Schütze K, Seichter A, Seré K, Seretis A, Sopper S, Strandt H, Sykora MM, Theobald H, Tripp CH, Zitvogel L. Guidelines for DC preparation and flow cytometry analysis of mouse nonlymphoid tissues. Eur J Immunol 2023; 53:e2249819. [PMID: 36512638 DOI: 10.1002/eji.202249819] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/17/2022] [Revised: 08/24/2022] [Accepted: 08/25/2022] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
This article is part of the Dendritic Cell Guidelines article series, which provides a collection of state-of-the-art protocols for the preparation, phenotype analysis by flow cytometry, generation, fluorescence microscopy and functional characterization of mouse and human dendritic cells (DC) from lymphoid organs and various nonlymphoid tissues. DC are sentinels of the immune system present in almost every mammalian organ. Since they represent a rare cell population, DC need to be extracted from organs with protocols that are specifically developed for each tissue. This article provides detailed protocols for the preparation of single-cell suspensions from various mouse nonlymphoid tissues, including skin, intestine, lung, kidney, mammary glands, oral mucosa and transplantable tumors. Furthermore, our guidelines include comprehensive protocols for multiplex flow cytometry analysis of DC subsets and feature top tricks for their proper discrimination from other myeloid cells. With this collection, we provide guidelines for in-depth analysis of DC subsets that will advance our understanding of their respective roles in healthy and diseased tissues. While all protocols were written by experienced scientists who routinely use them in their work, this article was also peer-reviewed by leading experts and approved by all coauthors, making it an essential resource for basic and clinical DC immunologists.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hans Christian Probst
- Institute of Immunology, University Medical Center Mainz, Mainz, Germany
- Research Center for Immunotherapy (FZI), University Medical Center of the Johannes Gutenberg-University, Mainz, Germany
| | - Patrizia Stoitzner
- Department of Dermatology, Venereology and Allergology, Medical University of Innsbruck, Innsbruck, Austria
| | - Lukas Amon
- Laboratory of Dendritic Cell Biology, Department of Dermatology, University Hospital Erlangen, Hartmannstraße 14, D-91052, Erlangen, Germany
| | - Ronald A Backer
- Research Center for Immunotherapy (FZI), University Medical Center of the Johannes Gutenberg-University, Mainz, Germany
- Institute for Molecular Medicine, Paul Klein Center for Immune Intervention, University Medical Center of the Johannes Gutenberg-University, Mainz, Germany
| | - Anna Brand
- Institute for Molecular Medicine, Paul Klein Center for Immune Intervention, University Medical Center of the Johannes Gutenberg-University, Mainz, Germany
| | - Jianzhou Chen
- Gustave Roussy Cancer Campus (GRCC), U1015 INSERM, University Paris Saclay, Villejuif, France
| | - Björn E Clausen
- Research Center for Immunotherapy (FZI), University Medical Center of the Johannes Gutenberg-University, Mainz, Germany
- Institute for Molecular Medicine, Paul Klein Center for Immune Intervention, University Medical Center of the Johannes Gutenberg-University, Mainz, Germany
| | - Sophie Dieckmann
- Department of Dermatology, Venereology and Allergology, Medical University of Innsbruck, Innsbruck, Austria
| | - Diana Dudziak
- Laboratory of Dendritic Cell Biology, Department of Dermatology, University Hospital Erlangen, Hartmannstraße 14, D-91052, Erlangen, Germany
- Medical Immunology Campus Erlangen (MICE), D-91054, Erlangen, Germany
- Deutsches Zentrum Immuntherapie (DZI), Germany
- Friedrich-Alexander University (FAU), Erlangen-Nürnberg, Germany
| | - Lukas Heger
- Laboratory of Dendritic Cell Biology, Department of Dermatology, University Hospital Erlangen, Hartmannstraße 14, D-91052, Erlangen, Germany
| | - Katrin Hodapp
- Institute of Immunology, University Medical Center Mainz, Mainz, Germany
- Research Center for Immunotherapy (FZI), University Medical Center of the Johannes Gutenberg-University, Mainz, Germany
| | - Florian Hornsteiner
- Department of Dermatology, Venereology and Allergology, Medical University of Innsbruck, Innsbruck, Austria
| | - Avi-Hai Hovav
- Institute of Biomedical and Oral Research, Faculty of Dental Medicine, Hebrew University, Jerusalem, Israel
| | - Lukas Jacobi
- Laboratory of Dendritic Cell Biology, Department of Dermatology, University Hospital Erlangen, Hartmannstraße 14, D-91052, Erlangen, Germany
| | - Xingqi Ji
- Walter-Brendel-Centre of Experimental Medicine, University Hospital, LMU Munich, 82152, Planegg-Martinsried, Germany
- Institute for Cardiovascular Physiology and Pathophysiology, Biomedical Center, Faculty of Medicine, LMU Munich, 82152, Planegg-Martinsried, Germany
| | - Nadine Kamenjarin
- Institute of Immunology, University Medical Center Mainz, Mainz, Germany
- Research Center for Immunotherapy (FZI), University Medical Center of the Johannes Gutenberg-University, Mainz, Germany
| | - Katharina Lahl
- Section for Experimental and Translational Immunology, Institute for Health Technology, Technical University of Denmark (DTU), Kongens Lyngby, 2800, Denmark
- Immunology Section, Lund University, Lund, 221 84, Sweden
| | - Imran Lahmar
- Gustave Roussy Cancer Campus (GRCC), U1015 INSERM, University Paris Saclay, Villejuif, France
| | - Jelena Lakus
- Institute for Molecular Medicine, Paul Klein Center for Immune Intervention, University Medical Center of the Johannes Gutenberg-University, Mainz, Germany
| | - Christian H K Lehmann
- Laboratory of Dendritic Cell Biology, Department of Dermatology, University Hospital Erlangen, Hartmannstraße 14, D-91052, Erlangen, Germany
- Medical Immunology Campus Erlangen (MICE), D-91054, Erlangen, Germany
| | - Daniela Ortner
- Department of Dermatology, Venereology and Allergology, Medical University of Innsbruck, Innsbruck, Austria
| | - Marion Picard
- Gustave Roussy Cancer Campus (GRCC), U1015 INSERM, University Paris Saclay, Villejuif, France
| | - Maria Paula Roberti
- Gustave Roussy Cancer Campus (GRCC), U1015 INSERM, University Paris Saclay, Villejuif, France
- Department of Medical Oncology, National Center for Tumor Diseases (NCT), Heidelberg University Hospital (UKHD), Heidelberg, Germany
- Clinical Cooperation Unit Applied Tumor Immunity, German Cancer Research Center (DKFZ), Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Lukas Rossnagel
- Laboratory of Dendritic Cell Biology, Department of Dermatology, University Hospital Erlangen, Hartmannstraße 14, D-91052, Erlangen, Germany
| | - Yasmin Saba
- Institute of Biomedical and Oral Research, Faculty of Dental Medicine, Hebrew University, Jerusalem, Israel
| | - Carmen Schalla
- Institute for Biomedical Engineering, Department of Cell Biology, RWTH Aachen University Medical School, Aachen, Germany
- Helmholtz Institute for Biomedical Engineering, RWTH Aachen University, Aachen, Germany
| | - Andreas Schlitzer
- Quantitative Systems Biology, Life and Medical Sciences (LIMES) Institute, University of Bonn, Germany
| | - Barbara U Schraml
- Walter-Brendel-Centre of Experimental Medicine, University Hospital, LMU Munich, 82152, Planegg-Martinsried, Germany
- Institute for Cardiovascular Physiology and Pathophysiology, Biomedical Center, Faculty of Medicine, LMU Munich, 82152, Planegg-Martinsried, Germany
| | - Kristian Schütze
- Institute of Immunology, University Medical Center Mainz, Mainz, Germany
- Research Center for Immunotherapy (FZI), University Medical Center of the Johannes Gutenberg-University, Mainz, Germany
| | - Anna Seichter
- Laboratory of Dendritic Cell Biology, Department of Dermatology, University Hospital Erlangen, Hartmannstraße 14, D-91052, Erlangen, Germany
| | - Kristin Seré
- Institute for Biomedical Engineering, Department of Cell Biology, RWTH Aachen University Medical School, Aachen, Germany
- Helmholtz Institute for Biomedical Engineering, RWTH Aachen University, Aachen, Germany
| | - Athanasios Seretis
- Institute for Biomedical Aging Research, University of Innsbruck, Innsbruck, Austria
| | - Sieghart Sopper
- Internal Medicine V, Hematology and Oncology, Medical University of Innsbruck, Innsbruck, Austria
- Tyrolean Cancer Research Center, Innsbruck, Austria
| | - Helen Strandt
- Department of Dermatology, Venereology and Allergology, Medical University of Innsbruck, Innsbruck, Austria
| | - Martina M Sykora
- Internal Medicine V, Hematology and Oncology, Medical University of Innsbruck, Innsbruck, Austria
- Tyrolean Cancer Research Center, Innsbruck, Austria
| | - Hannah Theobald
- Quantitative Systems Biology, Life and Medical Sciences (LIMES) Institute, University of Bonn, Germany
| | - Christoph H Tripp
- Department of Dermatology, Venereology and Allergology, Medical University of Innsbruck, Innsbruck, Austria
| | - Laurence Zitvogel
- Gustave Roussy Cancer Campus (GRCC), U1015 INSERM, University Paris Saclay, Villejuif, France
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7
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Sankar P, Mishra BB. Early innate cell interactions with Mycobacterium tuberculosis in protection and pathology of tuberculosis. Front Immunol 2023; 14:1260859. [PMID: 37965344 PMCID: PMC10641450 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2023.1260859] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/18/2023] [Accepted: 09/26/2023] [Indexed: 11/16/2023] Open
Abstract
Tuberculosis (TB) remains a significant global health challenge, claiming the lives of up to 1.5 million individuals annually. TB is caused by the human pathogen Mycobacterium tuberculosis (Mtb), which primarily infects innate immune cells in the lungs. These immune cells play a critical role in the host defense against Mtb infection, influencing the inflammatory environment in the lungs, and facilitating the development of adaptive immunity. However, Mtb exploits and manipulates innate immune cells, using them as favorable niche for replication. Unfortunately, our understanding of the early interactions between Mtb and innate effector cells remains limited. This review underscores the interactions between Mtb and various innate immune cells, such as macrophages, dendritic cells, granulocytes, NK cells, innate lymphocytes-iNKT and ILCs. In addition, the contribution of alveolar epithelial cell and endothelial cells that constitutes the mucosal barrier in TB immunity will be discussed. Gaining insights into the early cellular basis of immune reactions to Mtb infection is crucial for our understanding of Mtb resistance and disease tolerance mechanisms. We argue that a better understanding of the early host-pathogen interactions could inform on future vaccination approaches and devise intervention strategies.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Bibhuti Bhusan Mishra
- Department of Immunology and Microbial Disease, Albany Medical College, Albany, NY, United States
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8
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Shi M, Lu Q, Zhao Y, Ding Z, Yu S, Li J, Ji M, Fan H, Hou S. miR-223: a key regulator of pulmonary inflammation. Front Med (Lausanne) 2023; 10:1187557. [PMID: 37465640 PMCID: PMC10350674 DOI: 10.3389/fmed.2023.1187557] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/16/2023] [Accepted: 06/14/2023] [Indexed: 07/20/2023] Open
Abstract
Small noncoding RNAs, known as microRNAs (miRNAs), are vital for the regulation of diverse biological processes. miR-223, an evolutionarily conserved anti-inflammatory miRNA expressed in cells of the myeloid lineage, has been implicated in the regulation of monocyte-macrophage differentiation, proinflammatory responses, and the recruitment of neutrophils. The biological functions of this gene are regulated by its expression levels in cells or tissues. In this review, we first outline the regulatory role of miR-223 in granulocytes, macrophages, endothelial cells, epithelial cells and dendritic cells (DCs). Then, we summarize the possible role of miR-223 in chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD), acute lung injury (ALI), coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) and other pulmonary inflammatory diseases to better understand the molecular regulatory networks in pulmonary inflammatory diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mingyu Shi
- Institute of Disaster and Emergency Medicine, Tianjin University, Tianjin, China
| | - Qianying Lu
- Institute of Disaster and Emergency Medicine, Tianjin University, Tianjin, China
| | - Yanmei Zhao
- Institute of Disaster and Emergency Medicine, Tianjin University, Tianjin, China
| | - Ziling Ding
- Institute of Disaster and Emergency Medicine, Tianjin University, Tianjin, China
| | - Sifan Yu
- Institute of Disaster and Emergency Medicine, Tianjin University, Tianjin, China
| | - Junfeng Li
- Institute of Disaster and Emergency Medicine, Tianjin University, Tianjin, China
| | - Mengjun Ji
- Institute of Disaster and Emergency Medicine, Tianjin University, Tianjin, China
| | - Haojun Fan
- Institute of Disaster and Emergency Medicine, Tianjin University, Tianjin, China
- Wenzhou Safety (Emergency) Institute of Tianjin University, Wenzhou, China
| | - Shike Hou
- Institute of Disaster and Emergency Medicine, Tianjin University, Tianjin, China
- Wenzhou Safety (Emergency) Institute of Tianjin University, Wenzhou, China
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9
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Christenson JL, Williams MM, Richer JK. The underappreciated role of resident epithelial cell populations in metastatic progression: contributions of the lung alveolar epithelium. Am J Physiol Cell Physiol 2022; 323:C1777-C1790. [PMID: 36252127 PMCID: PMC9744653 DOI: 10.1152/ajpcell.00181.2022] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/29/2022] [Revised: 10/17/2022] [Accepted: 10/17/2022] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Metastatic cancer is difficult to treat and is responsible for the majority of cancer-related deaths. After cancer cells initiate metastasis and successfully seed a distant site, resident cells in the tissue play a key role in determining how metastatic progression develops. The lung is the second most frequent site of metastatic spread, and the primary site of metastasis within the lung is alveoli. The most abundant cell type in the alveolar niche is the epithelium. This review will examine the potential contributions of the alveolar epithelium to metastatic progression. It will also provide insight into other ways in which alveolar epithelial cells, acting as immune sentinels within the lung, may influence metastatic progression through their various interactions with cells in the surrounding microenvironment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jessica L Christenson
- Department of Pathology, University of Colorado Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora, Colorado
| | - Michelle M Williams
- Department of Pathology, University of Colorado Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora, Colorado
| | - Jennifer K Richer
- Department of Pathology, University of Colorado Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora, Colorado
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10
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Jia J, Zeng M, Zhu D, Jiao X, Zhang B, Yang R, Feng W, Zheng X. An Amide Alkaloid Isolated from Ephedra sinica Ameliorates OVA-Induced Allergic Asthma by Inhibiting Mast Cell Activation and Dendritic Cell Maturation. Int J Mol Sci 2022; 23:13541. [PMID: 36362328 PMCID: PMC9655655 DOI: 10.3390/ijms232113541] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/04/2022] [Revised: 10/30/2022] [Accepted: 11/01/2022] [Indexed: 09/14/2023] Open
Abstract
Asthma, which is a chronic inflammatory disease of the airways, is usually caused by allergens in which various structures and immune cells are involved. Ephedra sinica, the most commonly used Chinese medicine, has significant clinical effects on asthma, but its components are complex and the mechanism of action has not been fully elucidated. Among its components, we identified an amide alkaloid (EB-A) and investigated its anti-asthmatic activity and the underlying mechanisms. In this study, we replicated an OVA-sensitized/challenged allergic asthma mouse model, and divided the mice into a model (OVA) group, positive drug (Y, 0.5 mg/kg/day) group, and EB-A treatment with low (Low, 10 mg/kg/day) and high dose (High, 20 mg/kg/day) groups. Asthma-related features were analyzed through the airway hyperresponsiveness (AHR), cough and wheeze indexes, allergen-specific IgE, prostaglandin D2 (PDG2), and lung histology in mice. The levels of apoptosis and reactive oxygen species (ROS) in the primary lung cells, cytokines in the serum and broncho-alveolar lavage fluid (BALF), and proteinase-activated receptor-2 (PAR2) pathway activation in the lung tissue were measured to evaluate the inflammatory injury and lung epithelial barrier damage in the mice. Dendritic cell (DC) maturation and mast cell (MC) activation were verified in vitro and in vivo. Furthermore, the effect of a PAR2 activation in lung epithelial cells on the maturation of DCs was evaluated by the co-culture system of (human bronchial epithelial cell lines) 16HBE and bone marrow-derived dendritic cells (BMDCs). The results showed that EB-A inhibited the typical asthmatic phenotypes, as well as lung injury and inflammation, MC activation and degranulation, and DC maturation in the OVA-sensitized/challenged BALB/c mice. In addition, EB-A inhibited the expression of PAR2 in the lung epithelial cells and significantly interfered with the maturation of DCs after inhibiting PAR2. Taken together, our study firstly demonstrated that EB-A could ameliorate OVA-induced allergic asthma by inhibiting MC activation and DC maturation, and the molecular mechanism of EB-A's anti-asthmatic activity might be mediated by inhibiting PAR2. Our data provide a molecular justification for the use of EB-A in the treatment of allergic asthma.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jufang Jia
- College of Pharmacy, Henan University of Chinese Medicine, Zhengzhou 450046, China
- The Engineering and Technology Center for Chinese Medicine Development of Henan Province, Zhengzhou 450046, China
- Collaborative Innovation Center for Respiratory Disease Diagnosis and Treatment & Chinese Medicine Development of Henan Province, Zhengzhou 450046, China
| | - Mengnan Zeng
- College of Pharmacy, Henan University of Chinese Medicine, Zhengzhou 450046, China
- The Engineering and Technology Center for Chinese Medicine Development of Henan Province, Zhengzhou 450046, China
- Collaborative Innovation Center for Respiratory Disease Diagnosis and Treatment & Chinese Medicine Development of Henan Province, Zhengzhou 450046, China
| | - Denghui Zhu
- College of Pharmacy, Henan University of Chinese Medicine, Zhengzhou 450046, China
- The Engineering and Technology Center for Chinese Medicine Development of Henan Province, Zhengzhou 450046, China
| | - Xinmian Jiao
- College of Pharmacy, Henan University of Chinese Medicine, Zhengzhou 450046, China
- The Engineering and Technology Center for Chinese Medicine Development of Henan Province, Zhengzhou 450046, China
- Collaborative Innovation Center for Respiratory Disease Diagnosis and Treatment & Chinese Medicine Development of Henan Province, Zhengzhou 450046, China
| | - Beibei Zhang
- College of Pharmacy, Henan University of Chinese Medicine, Zhengzhou 450046, China
- The Engineering and Technology Center for Chinese Medicine Development of Henan Province, Zhengzhou 450046, China
- Collaborative Innovation Center for Respiratory Disease Diagnosis and Treatment & Chinese Medicine Development of Henan Province, Zhengzhou 450046, China
| | - Ruolan Yang
- College of Pharmacy, Henan University of Chinese Medicine, Zhengzhou 450046, China
| | - Weisheng Feng
- College of Pharmacy, Henan University of Chinese Medicine, Zhengzhou 450046, China
- The Engineering and Technology Center for Chinese Medicine Development of Henan Province, Zhengzhou 450046, China
- Collaborative Innovation Center for Respiratory Disease Diagnosis and Treatment & Chinese Medicine Development of Henan Province, Zhengzhou 450046, China
| | - Xiaoke Zheng
- College of Pharmacy, Henan University of Chinese Medicine, Zhengzhou 450046, China
- The Engineering and Technology Center for Chinese Medicine Development of Henan Province, Zhengzhou 450046, China
- Collaborative Innovation Center for Respiratory Disease Diagnosis and Treatment & Chinese Medicine Development of Henan Province, Zhengzhou 450046, China
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11
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Bergmann C, Poli A, Agache I, Bianchini R, Bax HJ, Castells M, Crescioli S, Dombrowicz D, Ferastraoaru D, Fiebiger E, Gould HJ, Hartmann K, Izquierdo E, Jordakieva G, Josephs DH, Jutel M, Levi‐Schaffer F, de las Vecillas L, Lotze MT, Osborn G, Pascal M, Redegeld F, Rosenstreich D, Roth‐Walter F, Schmidt‐Weber C, Shamji M, Steveling EH, Turner MC, Untersmayr E, Jensen‐Jarolim E, Karagiannis SN. AllergoOncology: Danger signals in allergology and oncology: A European Academy of Allergy and Clinical Immunology (EAACI) Position Paper. Allergy 2022; 77:2594-2617. [PMID: 35152450 PMCID: PMC9545837 DOI: 10.1111/all.15255] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/19/2021] [Revised: 02/07/2022] [Accepted: 02/10/2022] [Indexed: 01/27/2023]
Abstract
The immune system interacts with many nominal 'danger' signals, endogenous danger-associated (DAMP), exogenous pathogen (PAMP) and allergen (AAMP)-associated molecular patterns. The immune context under which these are received can promote or prevent immune activating or inflammatory mechanisms and may orchestrate diverse immune responses in allergy and cancer. Each can act either by favouring a respective pathology or by supporting the immune response to confer protective effects, depending on acuity or chronicity. In this Position Paper under the collective term danger signals or DAMPs, PAMPs and AAMPs, we consider their diverse roles in allergy and cancer and the connection between these in AllergoOncology. We focus on their interactions with different immune cells of the innate and adaptive immune system and how these promote immune responses with juxtaposing clinical outcomes in allergy and cancer. While danger signals present potential targets to overcome inflammatory responses in allergy, these may be reconsidered in relation to a history of allergy, chronic inflammation and autoimmunity linked to the risk of developing cancer, and with regard to clinical responses to anti-cancer immune and targeted therapies. Cross-disciplinary insights in AllergoOncology derived from dissecting clinical phenotypes of common danger signal pathways may improve allergy and cancer clinical outcomes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christoph Bergmann
- Department of OtorhinolaryngologyRKM740 Interdisciplinary ClinicsDüsseldorfGermany
| | - Aurélie Poli
- Neuro‐Immunology GroupDepartment of OncologyLuxembourg Institute of HealthLuxembourgLuxembourg
| | - Ioana Agache
- Faculty of MedicineTransylania University BrasovBrasovRomania
| | - Rodolfo Bianchini
- Comparative MedicineThe Interuniversity Messerli Research InstituteUniversity of Veterinary Medicine ViennaMedical University of ViennaUniversity of ViennaViennaAustria
| | - Heather J. Bax
- St. John's Institute of DermatologySchool of Basic & Medical BiosciencesGuy's Hospital, King's College LondonLondonUnited Kindgom,School of Cancer and Pharmaceutical SciencesGuy's Hospital, King's College LondonLondonUnited Kingdom
| | - Mariana Castells
- Division of Allergy and Clinical Immunology, Department of MedicineBrigham and Women's Hospital, Harvard Medical SchoolBostonMassachusettsUSA
| | - Silvia Crescioli
- St. John's Institute of DermatologySchool of Basic & Medical BiosciencesGuy's Hospital, King's College LondonLondonUnited Kindgom
| | - David Dombrowicz
- University of Lille, Inserm, CHU Lille, Institut Pasteur de Lille U1011‐EGIDLilleFrance
| | - Denisa Ferastraoaru
- Department of Internal Medicine/Allergy and Immunology, Montefiore Medical CenterAlbert Einstein College of MedicineBronxNew YorkUSA
| | - Edda Fiebiger
- Division of Gastroenterology, Hepatology and Nutrition Research, Department of Medicine ResearchChildren's University Hospital BostonBostonMassachusettsUSA
| | - Hannah J. Gould
- Randall Centre for Cell and Molecular Biophysics, School of Basic & Medical BiosciencesKing's College London, New Hunt's HouseLondonUnited Kingdom,Medical Research Council & Asthma UK Centre in Allergic Mechanisms of AsthmaLondonUnited Kingdom
| | - Karin Hartmann
- Department of DermatologyUniversity of BaselBaselSwitzerland
| | - Elena Izquierdo
- IMMA, School of Medicine, Institute of Applied Molecular MedicineCEU San Pablo UniversityMadridSpain
| | - Galateja Jordakieva
- Department of Physical Medicine, Rehabilitation and Occupational MedicineMedical University of ViennaViennaAustria
| | - Debra H. Josephs
- St. John's Institute of DermatologySchool of Basic & Medical BiosciencesGuy's Hospital, King's College LondonLondonUnited Kindgom,School of Cancer and Pharmaceutical SciencesGuy's Hospital, King's College LondonLondonUnited Kingdom
| | - Marek Jutel
- Department of Clinical ImmunologyWroclaw Medical UniversityWroclawPoland,ALL‐MED Medical Research InstituteWroclawPoland
| | - Francesca Levi‐Schaffer
- Pharmacology and Experimental Therapeutics Unit, School of Pharmacy, Faculty of MedicineThe Institute for Drug Research, The Hebrew University of JerusalemJerusalemIsrael
| | | | - Michael T. Lotze
- G.27A Hillman Cancer CenterUniversity of Pittsburgh Medical CenterPittsburghPennsylvaniaUSA
| | - Gabriel Osborn
- St. John's Institute of DermatologySchool of Basic & Medical BiosciencesGuy's Hospital, King's College LondonLondonUnited Kindgom
| | - Mariona Pascal
- Department of Immunology, CDB, Hospital Clinic de BarcelonaInstitut d'Investigacions Biomèdiques August Pi i Sunyer, Universitat de BarcelonaBarcelonaSpain
| | - Frank Redegeld
- Division of Pharmacology, Faculty of ScienceUtrecht Institute for Pharmaceutical Sciences, Utrecht UniversityUtrechtThe Netherlands
| | - David Rosenstreich
- Department of Internal Medicine/Allergy and Immunology, Montefiore Medical CenterAlbert Einstein College of MedicineBronxNew YorkUSA
| | - Franziska Roth‐Walter
- Comparative MedicineThe Interuniversity Messerli Research InstituteUniversity of Veterinary Medicine ViennaMedical University of ViennaUniversity of ViennaViennaAustria,Center of Pathophysiology, Infectiology and ImmunologyInstitute of Pathophysiology and Allergy Research, Medical University ViennaViennaAustria
| | - Carsten Schmidt‐Weber
- Center of Allergy & Environment (ZAUM)Technical University of Munich and Helmholtz Center Munich, German Research Center for Environmental HealthMunichGermany,German Center for Lung Research (DZL)MunichGermany
| | - Mohamed Shamji
- Immunomodulation and Tolerance Group, Imperial College London, and Allergy and Clinical ImmunologyImperial College LondonLondonUnited Kingdom
| | | | | | - Eva Untersmayr
- Center of Pathophysiology, Infectiology and ImmunologyInstitute of Pathophysiology and Allergy Research, Medical University ViennaViennaAustria
| | - Erika Jensen‐Jarolim
- Comparative MedicineThe Interuniversity Messerli Research InstituteUniversity of Veterinary Medicine ViennaMedical University of ViennaUniversity of ViennaViennaAustria,Center of Pathophysiology, Infectiology and ImmunologyInstitute of Pathophysiology and Allergy Research, Medical University ViennaViennaAustria
| | - Sophia N. Karagiannis
- St. John's Institute of DermatologySchool of Basic & Medical BiosciencesGuy's Hospital, King's College LondonLondonUnited Kindgom,Breast Cancer Now Research UnitSchool of Cancer and Pharmaceutical Sciences, King's College London, Guy's Hospital,LondonSE1 9RTUnited Kindgom
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12
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de Figueiredo DB, Kaneko K, Rodrigues TDC, MacLoughlin R, Miyaji EN, Saleem I, Gonçalves VM. Pneumococcal Surface Protein A-Hybrid Nanoparticles Protect Mice from Lethal Challenge after Mucosal Immunization Targeting the Lungs. Pharmaceutics 2022; 14:pharmaceutics14061238. [PMID: 35745810 PMCID: PMC9230107 DOI: 10.3390/pharmaceutics14061238] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/29/2022] [Revised: 05/29/2022] [Accepted: 06/08/2022] [Indexed: 12/04/2022] Open
Abstract
Pneumococcal disease remains a global burden, with current conjugated vaccines offering protection against the common serotype strains. However, there are over 100 serotype strains, and serotype replacement is now being observed, which reduces the effectiveness of the current vaccines. Pneumococcal surface protein A (PspA) has been investigated as a candidate for new serotype-independent pneumococcal vaccines, but requires adjuvants and/or delivery systems to improve protection. Polymeric nanoparticles (NPs) are biocompatible and, besides the antigen, can incorporate mucoadhesive and adjuvant substances such as chitosans, which improve antigen presentation at mucosal surfaces. This work aimed to define the optimal NP formulation to deliver PspA into the lungs and protect mice against lethal challenge. We prepared poly(glycerol-adipate-co-ω-pentadecalactone) (PGA-co-PDL) and poly(lactic-co-glycolic acid) (PLGA) NPs using an emulsion/solvent evaporation method, incorporating chitosan hydrochloride (HCl-CS) or carboxymethyl chitosan (CM-CS) as hybrid NPs with encapsulated or adsorbed PspA. We investigated the physicochemical properties of NPs, together with the PspA integrity and biological activity. Furthermore, their ability to activate dendritic cells in vitro was evaluated, followed by mucosal immunization targeting mouse lungs. PGA-co-PDL/HCl-CS (291 nm) or CM-CS (281 nm) NPs produced smaller sizes compared to PLGA/HCl-CS (310 nm) or CM-CS (299 nm) NPs. Moreover, NPs formulated with HCl-CS possessed a positive charge (PGA-co-PDL +17 mV, PLGA + 13 mV) compared to those formulated with CM-CS (PGA-co-PDL -20 mV, PLGA -40 mV). PspA released from NPs formulated with HCl-CS preserved the integrity and biological activity, but CM-CS affected PspA binding to lactoferrin and antibody recognition. PspA adsorbed in PGA-co-PDL/HCl-CS NPs stimulated CD80+ and CD86+ cells, but this was lower compared to when PspA was encapsulated in PLGA/HCl-CS NPs, which also stimulated CD40+ and MHC II (I-A/I-E)+ cells. Despite no differences in IgG being observed between immunized animals, PGA-co-PDL/HCl-CS/adsorbed-PspA protected 83% of mice after lethal pneumococcal challenge, while 100% of mice immunized with PLGA/HCl-CS/encapsulated-PspA were protected. Therefore, this formulation is a promising vaccine strategy, which has beneficial properties for mucosal immunization and could potentially provide serotype-independent protection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Douglas Borges de Figueiredo
- Laboratório de Desenvolvimento de Vacinas, Instituto Butantan, São Paulo 05503-900, Brazil;
- Programa de Pós-Graduação Interunidades em Biotecnologia, Universidade de São Paulo, São Paulo 05508-070, Brazil;
| | - Kan Kaneko
- School of Pharmacy and Biomolecular Sciences, Liverpool John Moores University, Liverpool L3 3AF, UK;
| | - Tasson da Costa Rodrigues
- Programa de Pós-Graduação Interunidades em Biotecnologia, Universidade de São Paulo, São Paulo 05508-070, Brazil;
- Laboratório de Bacteriologia, Instituto Butantan, São Paulo 05503-900, Brazil;
| | - Ronan MacLoughlin
- Research and Development, Science and Emerging Technologies, Aerogen, IDA Business Park, H91 HE94 Galway, Ireland;
| | - Eliane Namie Miyaji
- Laboratório de Bacteriologia, Instituto Butantan, São Paulo 05503-900, Brazil;
| | - Imran Saleem
- School of Pharmacy and Biomolecular Sciences, Liverpool John Moores University, Liverpool L3 3AF, UK;
- Correspondence: (I.S.); (V.M.G.); Tel.: +55-112-6279819 (V.M.G.)
| | - Viviane Maimoni Gonçalves
- Laboratório de Desenvolvimento de Vacinas, Instituto Butantan, São Paulo 05503-900, Brazil;
- Correspondence: (I.S.); (V.M.G.); Tel.: +55-112-6279819 (V.M.G.)
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13
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Jankauskaite L, Malinauskas M, Mickeviciute GC. HMGB1: A Potential Target of Nervus Vagus Stimulation in Pediatric SARS-CoV-2-Induced ALI/ARDS. Front Pediatr 2022; 10:884539. [PMID: 35633962 PMCID: PMC9132499 DOI: 10.3389/fped.2022.884539] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/28/2022] [Accepted: 04/11/2022] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
From the start of pandemics, children were described as the ones who were less affected by SARS-Cov-2 or COVID-19, which was mild in most of the cases. However, with the growing vaccination rate of the adult population, children became more exposed to the virus and more cases of severe SARS-CoV-2-induced ARDS are being diagnosed with the disabling consequences or lethal outcomes associated with the cytokine storm. Thus, we do hypothesize that some of the children could benefit from nervus vagus stimulation during COVID-19 ARDS through the inhibition of HMGB1 release and interaction with the receptor, resulting in decreased neutrophil accumulation, oxidative stress, and coagulopathy as well as lung vascular permeability. Moreover, stimulation through alpha-7 nicotinic acetylcholine receptors could boost macrophage phagocytosis and increase the clearance of DAMPs and PAMPs. Further rise of FGF10 could contribute to lung stem cell proliferation and potential regeneration of the injured lung. However, this stimulation should be very specific, timely, and of proper duration, as it could lead to such adverse effects as increased viral spread and systemic infection, especially in small children or infants due to specific pediatric immunity state and anatomical features of the respiratory system.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lina Jankauskaite
- Lithuanian University of Health Sciences, Medical Academy, Pediatric Department, Kaunas, Lithuania
- Lithuanian University of Health Sciences, Medical Academy, Institute of Physiology and Pharmacology, Kaunas, Lithuania
| | - Mantas Malinauskas
- Lithuanian University of Health Sciences, Medical Academy, Institute of Physiology and Pharmacology, Kaunas, Lithuania
| | - Goda-Camille Mickeviciute
- Lithuanian University of Health Sciences, Medical Academy, Pediatric Department, Kaunas, Lithuania
- Lithuanian University of Health Sciences, Medical Academy, Institute of Physiology and Pharmacology, Kaunas, Lithuania
- Rehabilitation Center “Palangos Linas”, Palanga, Lithuania
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14
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Robinson EK, Worthington A, Poscablo D, Shapleigh B, Salih MM, Halasz H, Seninge L, Mosqueira B, Smaliy V, Forsberg EC, Carpenter S. lincRNA-Cox2 Functions to Regulate Inflammation in Alveolar Macrophages during Acute Lung Injury. JOURNAL OF IMMUNOLOGY (BALTIMORE, MD. : 1950) 2022; 208:1886-1900. [PMID: 35365562 PMCID: PMC9038212 DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.2100743] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/02/2021] [Accepted: 02/05/2022] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
Our respiratory system is vital to protect us from the surrounding nonsterile environment; therefore, it is critical for a state of homeostasis to be maintained through a balance of inflammatory cues. Recent studies have shown that actively transcribed noncoding regions of the genome are emerging as key regulators of biological processes, including inflammation. lincRNA-Cox2 is one such example of an inflammatory inducible long intergenic noncoding RNA functioning to fine-tune immune gene expression. Using bulk and single-cell RNA sequencing, in addition to FACS, we find that lincRNA-Cox2 is most highly expressed in the lung and is most upregulated after LPS-induced lung injury (acute lung injury [ALI]) within alveolar macrophages, where it functions to regulate inflammation. We previously reported that lincRNA-Cox2 functions to regulate its neighboring protein Ptgs2 in cis, and in this study, we use genetic mouse models to confirm its role in regulating gene expression more broadly in trans during ALI. Il6, Ccl3, and Ccl5 are dysregulated in the lincRNA-Cox2-deficient mice and can be rescued to wild type levels by crossing the deficient mice with our newly generated lincRNA-Cox2 transgenic mice, confirming that this gene functions in trans. Many genes are specifically regulated by lincRNA-Cox2 within alveolar macrophages originating from the bone marrow because the phenotype can be reversed by transplantation of wild type bone marrow into the lincRNA-Cox2-deficient mice. In conclusion, we show that lincRNA-Cox2 is a trans-acting long noncoding RNA that functions to regulate immune responses and maintain homeostasis within the lung at baseline and on LPS-induced ALI.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elektra Kantzari Robinson
- Department of Molecular, Cell and Developmental Biology, University of California Santa Cruz, Santa Cruz, CA
| | - Atesh Worthington
- Department of Molecular, Cell and Developmental Biology, University of California Santa Cruz, Santa Cruz, CA;,Institute for the Biology of Stem Cells, University of California-Santa Cruz, Santa Cruz, CA; and
| | - Donna Poscablo
- Department of Molecular, Cell and Developmental Biology, University of California Santa Cruz, Santa Cruz, CA;,Institute for the Biology of Stem Cells, University of California-Santa Cruz, Santa Cruz, CA; and
| | - Barbara Shapleigh
- Department of Molecular, Cell and Developmental Biology, University of California Santa Cruz, Santa Cruz, CA
| | - Mays Mohammed Salih
- Department of Molecular, Cell and Developmental Biology, University of California Santa Cruz, Santa Cruz, CA
| | - Haley Halasz
- Department of Molecular, Cell and Developmental Biology, University of California Santa Cruz, Santa Cruz, CA
| | - Lucas Seninge
- Department of Biomolecular Engineering, University of California Santa Cruz, Santa Cruz, CA
| | - Benny Mosqueira
- Department of Molecular, Cell and Developmental Biology, University of California Santa Cruz, Santa Cruz, CA
| | - Valeriya Smaliy
- Department of Molecular, Cell and Developmental Biology, University of California Santa Cruz, Santa Cruz, CA
| | - E. Camilla Forsberg
- Institute for the Biology of Stem Cells, University of California-Santa Cruz, Santa Cruz, CA; and,Department of Biomolecular Engineering, University of California Santa Cruz, Santa Cruz, CA
| | - Susan Carpenter
- Department of Molecular, Cell and Developmental Biology, University of California Santa Cruz, Santa Cruz, CA
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15
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Salazar F, Bignell E, Brown GD, Cook PC, Warris A. Pathogenesis of Respiratory Viral and Fungal Coinfections. Clin Microbiol Rev 2022; 35:e0009421. [PMID: 34788127 PMCID: PMC8597983 DOI: 10.1128/cmr.00094-21] [Citation(s) in RCA: 56] [Impact Index Per Article: 28.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Individuals suffering from severe viral respiratory tract infections have recently emerged as "at risk" groups for developing invasive fungal infections. Influenza virus is one of the most common causes of acute lower respiratory tract infections worldwide. Fungal infections complicating influenza pneumonia are associated with increased disease severity and mortality, with invasive pulmonary aspergillosis being the most common manifestation. Strikingly, similar observations have been made during the current coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) pandemic. The copathogenesis of respiratory viral and fungal coinfections is complex and involves a dynamic interplay between the host immune defenses and the virulence of the microbes involved that often results in failure to return to homeostasis. In this review, we discuss the main mechanisms underlying susceptibility to invasive fungal disease following respiratory viral infections. A comprehensive understanding of these interactions will aid the development of therapeutic modalities against newly identified targets to prevent and treat these emerging coinfections.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fabián Salazar
- Medical Research Council Centre for Medical Mycology, University of Exeter, Exeter, United Kingdom
| | - Elaine Bignell
- Medical Research Council Centre for Medical Mycology, University of Exeter, Exeter, United Kingdom
| | - Gordon D. Brown
- Medical Research Council Centre for Medical Mycology, University of Exeter, Exeter, United Kingdom
| | - Peter C. Cook
- Medical Research Council Centre for Medical Mycology, University of Exeter, Exeter, United Kingdom
| | - Adilia Warris
- Medical Research Council Centre for Medical Mycology, University of Exeter, Exeter, United Kingdom
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16
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De Leeuw E, Bosteels C, Lambrecht BN, Hammad H. Isolation of Conventional Murine Lung Dendritic Cell Subsets. Methods Mol Biol 2022; 2506:237-255. [PMID: 35771476 DOI: 10.1007/978-1-0716-2364-0_17] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
In the lungs, immune cells make contact with different antigens every day. This requires an adequate immune response. Dendritic cells (DCs) form a dense network in the respiratory mucosa and continuously sample inhaled allergens. They play an important role in bridging innate and adaptive immunity. DCs are classically divided into plasmacytoid DCs (pDCs) and conventional DCs (cDCs). cDCs in the steady-state are further subdivided into cDC1s and cDC2s based on their ontogeny and distinct non-redundant functions. Recently, a hyperactivated state of cDC2s has been described that arises during inflammation, coined inflammatory cDC2s (inf-cDC2s) that phenotypically mimics monocyte-derived cells and has a hybrid cDC1/macrophage functional identity. This chapter describes different enrichment methods and a fluorescence-activated cell sorting protocol that in combination allow for discrimination and isolation of pure DC subsets from the murine lung. The chapter represents an up-to-date, universal framework that can be adapted to other tissues and species which is an added value in intra- and interspecies comparative research.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elisabeth De Leeuw
- Laboratory of Immunoregulation and Mucosal Immunology, VIB Center for Inflammation Research, Ghent, Belgium
- Department of Internal Medicine, Ghent University, Ghent, Belgium
| | - Cédric Bosteels
- Laboratory of Immunoregulation and Mucosal Immunology, VIB Center for Inflammation Research, Ghent, Belgium
- Department of Internal Medicine, Ghent University, Ghent, Belgium
| | - Bart N Lambrecht
- Laboratory of Immunoregulation and Mucosal Immunology, VIB Center for Inflammation Research, Ghent, Belgium
- Department of Internal Medicine, Ghent University, Ghent, Belgium
| | - Hamida Hammad
- Laboratory of Immunoregulation and Mucosal Immunology, VIB Center for Inflammation Research, Ghent, Belgium.
- Department of Internal Medicine, Ghent University, Ghent, Belgium.
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17
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Christofides A, Cao C, Pal R, Aksoylar HI, Boussiotis VA. Flow Cytometric Analysis for Identification of the Innate and Adaptive Immune Cells of Murine Lung. J Vis Exp 2021:10.3791/62985. [PMID: 34866628 PMCID: PMC10859906 DOI: 10.3791/62985] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/31/2022] Open
Abstract
The respiratory tract is in direct contact with the outside environment and requires a precisely regulated immune system to provide protection while suppressing unwanted reactions to environmental antigens. Lungs host several populations of innate and adaptive immune cells that provide immune surveillance but also mediate protective immune responses. These cells, which keep the healthy pulmonary immune system in balance, also participate in several pathological conditions such as asthma, infections, autoimmune diseases, and cancer. Selective expression of surface and intracellular proteins provides unique immunophenotypic properties to the immune cells of the lung. Consequently, flow cytometry has an instrumental role in the identification of such cell populations during steady-state and pathological conditions. This paper presents a protocol that describes a consistent and reproducible method to identify the immune cells that reside in the lungs of healthy mice under steady-state conditions. However, this protocol can also be used to identify changes in these cell populations in various disease models to help identify disease-specific changes in the lung immune landscape.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anthos Christofides
- Division of Hematology-Oncology, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Harvard Medical School; Department of Medicine, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Harvard Medical School
| | - Carol Cao
- Division of Hematology-Oncology, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Harvard Medical School; Department of Medicine, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Harvard Medical School; Harvard College
| | - Rinku Pal
- Division of Hematology-Oncology, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Harvard Medical School; Department of Medicine, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Harvard Medical School
| | - Halil I Aksoylar
- Division of Hematology-Oncology, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Harvard Medical School; Department of Medicine, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Harvard Medical School
| | - Vassiliki A Boussiotis
- Division of Hematology-Oncology, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Harvard Medical School; Department of Medicine, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Harvard Medical School;
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18
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Getz M, Wang Y, An G, Asthana M, Becker A, Cockrell C, Collier N, Craig M, Davis CL, Faeder JR, Ford Versypt AN, Mapder T, Gianlupi JF, Glazier JA, Hamis S, Heiland R, Hillen T, Hou D, Islam MA, Jenner AL, Kurtoglu F, Larkin CI, Liu B, Macfarlane F, Maygrundter P, Morel PA, Narayanan A, Ozik J, Pienaar E, Rangamani P, Saglam AS, Shoemaker JE, Smith AM, Weaver JJA, Macklin P. Iterative community-driven development of a SARS-CoV-2 tissue simulator. BIORXIV : THE PREPRINT SERVER FOR BIOLOGY 2021:2020.04.02.019075. [PMID: 32511322 PMCID: PMC7239052 DOI: 10.1101/2020.04.02.019075] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Abstract
The 2019 novel coronavirus, SARS-CoV-2, is a pathogen of critical significance to international public health. Knowledge of the interplay between molecular-scale virus-receptor interactions, single-cell viral replication, intracellular-scale viral transport, and emergent tissue-scale viral propagation is limited. Moreover, little is known about immune system-virus-tissue interactions and how these can result in low-level (asymptomatic) infections in some cases and acute respiratory distress syndrome (ARDS) in others, particularly with respect to presentation in different age groups or pre-existing inflammatory risk factors. Given the nonlinear interactions within and among each of these processes, multiscale simulation models can shed light on the emergent dynamics that lead to divergent outcomes, identify actionable "choke points" for pharmacologic interventions, screen potential therapies, and identify potential biomarkers that differentiate patient outcomes. Given the complexity of the problem and the acute need for an actionable model to guide therapy discovery and optimization, we introduce and iteratively refine a prototype of a multiscale model of SARS-CoV-2 dynamics in lung tissue. The first prototype model was built and shared internationally as open source code and an online interactive model in under 12 hours, and community domain expertise is driving regular refinements. In a sustained community effort, this consortium is integrating data and expertise across virology, immunology, mathematical biology, quantitative systems physiology, cloud and high performance computing, and other domains to accelerate our response to this critical threat to international health. More broadly, this effort is creating a reusable, modular framework for studying viral replication and immune response in tissues, which can also potentially be adapted to related problems in immunology and immunotherapy.
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19
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Harmon AC, Noël A, Subramanian B, Perveen Z, Jennings MH, Chen YF, Penn AL, Legendre K, Paulsen DB, Varner KJ, Dugas TR. Inhalation of particulate matter containing free radicals leads to decreased vascular responsiveness associated with an altered pulmonary function. Am J Physiol Heart Circ Physiol 2021; 321:H667-H683. [PMID: 34415187 PMCID: PMC8794232 DOI: 10.1152/ajpheart.00725.2020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/01/2020] [Revised: 08/16/2021] [Accepted: 08/16/2021] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
Airborne particulate matter (PM) is associated with an increased risk for cardiovascular diseases. Although the goal of thermal remediation is to eliminate organic wastes through combustion, when incomplete combustion occurs, organics chemisorb to transition metals to generate PM-containing environmentally persistent free radicals (EPFRs). Similar EPFR species have been detected in PM found in diesel and gasoline exhaust, woodsmoke, and urban air. Prior in vivo studies demonstrated that EPFRs reduce cardiac function secondary to elevations in pulmonary arterial pressures. In vitro studies showed that EPFRs increase ROS and cytokines in pulmonary epithelial cells. We thus hypothesized that EPFR inhalation would promote lung inflammation and oxidative stress, leading to systemic inflammation, vascular endothelial injury, and a decline in vascular function. Mice were exposed to EPFRs for either 4 h or for 4 h/day for 10 days and lung and vascular function were assessed. After a 4-h exposure, plasma nitric oxide (NO) was reduced while endothelin-1 (ET-1) was increased, however lung function was not altered. After 10 day, plasma NO and ET-1 levels were again altered and lung tidal volume was reduced. These time course studies suggested the vasculature may be an early target of injury. To test this hypothesis, an intermediate time point of 3 days was selected. Though the mice exhibited no marked inflammation in either the lung or the blood, we did note significantly reduced endothelial function concurrent with a reduction in lung tidal volume and an elevation in annexin V protein levels in the lung. Although vascular dysfunction was not dependent upon inflammation, it may be associated with an injury at the air-blood interface. Gene expression analysis suggested roles for oxidative stress and aryl hydrocarbon receptor (Ahr) signaling. Studies probing the relationship between pulmonary oxidative stress and AhR signaling at the air-blood interface with vascular dysfunction seem warranted.NEW & NOTEWORTHY Particulate matter (PM) resulting from the combustion of organic matter is known to contribute to cardiopulmonary disease. Despite hypotheses that cardiovascular dysfunction occurring after PM exposures is secondary to lung or systemic inflammation, these studies investigating exposures to PM-containing environmentally persistent free radicals (EPFRs) demonstrate that cardiovascular dysfunction precedes pulmonary inflammation. The cardiopulmonary health consequences of EPFRs have yet to be thoroughly evaluated, especially in healthy, adult mice. Our data suggest the vasculature as a direct target of PM exposure, and our studies aimed to elucidate the mechanisms contributing to EPFR-induced vascular dysfunction.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ashlyn C Harmon
- Department of Comparative Biomedical Sciences, Louisiana State University School of Veterinary Medicine, Baton Rouge, Louisiana
| | - Alexandra Noël
- Department of Comparative Biomedical Sciences, Louisiana State University School of Veterinary Medicine, Baton Rouge, Louisiana
| | | | - Zakia Perveen
- Department of Comparative Biomedical Sciences, Louisiana State University School of Veterinary Medicine, Baton Rouge, Louisiana
| | - Merilyn H Jennings
- Department of Comparative Biomedical Sciences, Louisiana State University School of Veterinary Medicine, Baton Rouge, Louisiana
| | - Yi-Fan Chen
- Department of Comparative Biomedical Sciences, Louisiana State University School of Veterinary Medicine, Baton Rouge, Louisiana
| | - Arthur L Penn
- Department of Comparative Biomedical Sciences, Louisiana State University School of Veterinary Medicine, Baton Rouge, Louisiana
| | - Kelsey Legendre
- Department of Pathobiological Sciences, Louisiana State University School of Veterinary Medicine, Baton Rouge, Louisiana
| | - Daniel B Paulsen
- Department of Pathobiological Sciences, Louisiana State University School of Veterinary Medicine, Baton Rouge, Louisiana
| | - Kurt J Varner
- Department of Pharmacology and Experimental Therapeutics, Louisiana State University Health Sciences Center, New Orleans, Louisiana
| | - Tammy R Dugas
- Department of Comparative Biomedical Sciences, Louisiana State University School of Veterinary Medicine, Baton Rouge, Louisiana
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20
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Recent trends of NFκB decoy oligodeoxynucleotide-based nanotherapeutics in lung diseases. J Control Release 2021; 337:629-644. [PMID: 34375688 DOI: 10.1016/j.jconrel.2021.08.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/06/2021] [Revised: 08/04/2021] [Accepted: 08/05/2021] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Nuclear factor κB (NFκB) is a unique protein complex that plays a major role in lung inflammation and respiratory dysfunction. The NFκB signaling pathway, therefore becomes an avenue for the development of potential pharmacological interventions, especially in situations where chronic inflammation is often constitutively active and plays a key role in the pathogenesis and progression of the disease. NFκB decoy oligodeoxynucleotides (ODNs) are double-stranded and carry NFκB binding sequences. They prevent the formation of NFκB-mediated inflammatory cytokines and thus have been employed in the treatment of a variety of chronic inflammatory diseases. However, the systemic administration of naked decoy ODNs restricts their therapeutic effectiveness because of their poor pharmacokinetic profile, instability, degradation by cellular enzymes and their low cellular uptake. Both structural modification and nanotechnology have shown promising results in enhancing the pharmacokinetic profiles of potent therapeutic substances and have also shown great potential in the treatment of respiratory diseases such as asthma, chronic obstructive pulmonary disease and cystic fibrosis. In this review, we examine the contribution of NFκB activation in respiratory diseases and recent advancements in the therapeutic use of decoy ODNs. In addition, we also highlight the limitations and challenges in use of decoy ODNs as therapeutic molecules, cellular uptake of decoy ODNs, and the current need for novel delivery systems to provide efficient delivery of decoy ODNs. Furthermore, this review provides a common platform for discussion on the existence of decoy ODNs, as well as outlining perspectives on the latest generation of delivery systems that encapsulate decoy ODNs and target NFκB in respiratory diseases.
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21
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Belchamber KBR, Hughes MJ, Spittle DA, Walker EM, Sapey E. New Pharmacological Tools to Target Leukocyte Trafficking in Lung Disease. Front Immunol 2021; 12:704173. [PMID: 34367163 PMCID: PMC8334730 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2021.704173] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/01/2021] [Accepted: 06/24/2021] [Indexed: 01/13/2023] Open
Abstract
Infection and inflammation of the lung results in the recruitment of non-resident immune cells, including neutrophils, eosinophils and monocytes. This swift response should ensure clearance of the threat and resolution of stimuli which drive inflammation. However, once the threat is subdued this influx of immune cells should be followed by clearance of recruited cells through apoptosis and subsequent efferocytosis, expectoration or retrograde migration back into the circulation. This cycle of cell recruitment, containment of threat and then clearance of immune cells and repair is held in exquisite balance to limit host damage. Advanced age is often associated with detrimental changes to the balance described above. Cellular functions are altered including a reduced ability to traffic accurately towards inflammation, a reduced ability to clear pathogens and sustained inflammation. These changes, seen with age, are heightened in lung disease, and most chronic and acute lung diseases are associated with an exaggerated influx of immune cells, such as neutrophils, to the airways as well as considerable inflammation. Indeed, across many lung diseases, pathogenesis and progression has been associated with the sustained presence of trafficking cells, with examples including chronic diseases such as Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease and Idiopathic Pulmonary Fibrosis and acute infections such as Pneumonia and Pneumonitis. In these instances, there is evidence that dysfunctional and sustained recruitment of cells to the airways not only increases host damage but impairs the hosts ability to effectively respond to microbial invasion. Targeting leukocyte migration in these instances, to normalise cellular responses, has therapeutic promise. In this review we discuss the current evidence to support the trafficking cell as an immunotherapeutic target in lung disease, and which potential mechanisms or pathways have shown promise in early drug trials, with a focus on the neutrophil, as the quintessential trafficking immune cell.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kylie B. R. Belchamber
- Birmingham Acute Care Research Group, Institute of Inflammation and Ageing, University of Birmingham, Birmingham, United Kingdom
| | - Michael J. Hughes
- Birmingham Acute Care Research Group, Institute of Inflammation and Ageing, University of Birmingham, Birmingham, United Kingdom
| | - Daniella A. Spittle
- Birmingham Acute Care Research Group, Institute of Inflammation and Ageing, University of Birmingham, Birmingham, United Kingdom
| | - Eloise M. Walker
- Birmingham Acute Care Research Group, Institute of Inflammation and Ageing, University of Birmingham, Birmingham, United Kingdom
| | - Elizabeth Sapey
- Birmingham Acute Care Research Group, Institute of Inflammation and Ageing, University of Birmingham, Birmingham, United Kingdom
- NIHR Clinical Research Facility Birmingham, University Hospitals Birmingham NHS Foundation Trust, Birmingham, United Kingdom
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22
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Raineri EJM, Altulea D, van Dijl JM. Staphylococcal trafficking and infection - from 'nose to gut' and back. FEMS Microbiol Rev 2021; 46:6321165. [PMID: 34259843 PMCID: PMC8767451 DOI: 10.1093/femsre/fuab041] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/14/2021] [Accepted: 07/11/2021] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Staphylococcus aureus is an opportunistic human pathogen, which is a leading cause of infections worldwide. The challenge in treating S. aureus infection is linked to the development of multidrug-resistant strains and the mechanisms employed by this pathogen to evade the human immune defenses. In addition, S. aureus can hide asymptomatically in particular ‘protective’ niches of the human body for prolonged periods of time. In the present review, we highlight recently gained insights in the role of the human gut as an endogenous S. aureus reservoir next to the nasopharynx and oral cavity. In addition, we address the contribution of these ecological niches to staphylococcal transmission, including the roles of particular triggers as modulators of the bacterial dissemination. In this context, we present recent advances concerning the interactions between S. aureus and immune cells to understand their possible roles as vehicles of dissemination from the gut to other body sites. Lastly, we discuss the factors that contribute to the switch from colonization to infection. Altogether, we conclude that an important key to uncovering the pathogenesis of S. aureus infection lies hidden in the endogenous staphylococcal reservoirs, the trafficking of this bacterium through the human body and the subsequent immune responses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elisa J M Raineri
- Department of Medical Microbiology, University of Groningen, University Medical Center Groningen, Groningen, The Netherlands
| | - Dania Altulea
- Department of Medical Microbiology, University of Groningen, University Medical Center Groningen, Groningen, The Netherlands
| | - Jan Maarten van Dijl
- Department of Medical Microbiology, University of Groningen, University Medical Center Groningen, Groningen, The Netherlands
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23
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Parkinson JE, Pearson S, Rückerl D, Allen JE, Sutherland TE. The magnitude of airway remodeling is not altered by distinct allergic inflammatory responses in BALB/c versus C57BL/6 mice but matrix composition differs. Immunol Cell Biol 2021; 99:640-655. [PMID: 33587776 PMCID: PMC7616144 DOI: 10.1111/imcb.12448] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/20/2020] [Revised: 01/23/2021] [Accepted: 02/11/2021] [Indexed: 01/07/2023]
Abstract
Allergic airway inflammation is heterogeneous with variability in immune phenotypes observed across asthmatic patients. Inflammation has been thought to directly contribute to airway remodeling in asthma, but clinical data suggest that neutralizing type 2 cytokines does not necessarily alter disease pathogenesis. Here, we utilized C57BL/6 and BALB/c mice to investigate the development of allergic airway inflammation and remodeling. Exposure to an allergen cocktail for up to 8 weeks led to type 2 and type 17 inflammation, characterized by airway eosinophilia and neutrophilia and increased expression of chitinase-like proteins in both C57BL/6 and BALB/c mice. However, BALB/c mice developed much greater inflammatory responses than C57BL/6 mice, effects possibly explained by a failure to induce pathways that regulate and maintain T-cell activation in C57BL/6 mice, as shown by whole lung RNA transcript analysis. Allergen administration resulted in a similar degree of airway remodeling between mouse strains but with differences in collagen subtype composition. Increased collagen III was observed around the airways of C57BL/6 but not BALB/c mice while allergen-induced loss of basement membrane collagen IV was only observed in BALB/c mice. This study highlights a model of type 2/type 17 airway inflammation in mice whereby development of airway remodeling can occur in both BALB/c and C57BL/6 mice despite differences in immune response dynamics between strains. Importantly, compositional changes in the extracellular matrix between genetic strains of mice may help us better understand the relationships between lung function, remodeling and airway inflammation.
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Affiliation(s)
- James E Parkinson
- Lydia Becker Institute of Immunology and Inflammation, Faculty of Biology, Medicine and Health, Manchester Academic Health Science Centre, University of Manchester, Manchester, UK
- Wellcome Centre for Cell-Matrix Research, Faculty of Biology, Medicine and Health, Manchester Academic Health Science Centre, University of Manchester, Manchester, UK
| | - Stella Pearson
- Lydia Becker Institute of Immunology and Inflammation, Faculty of Biology, Medicine and Health, Manchester Academic Health Science Centre, University of Manchester, Manchester, UK
- Wellcome Centre for Cell-Matrix Research, Faculty of Biology, Medicine and Health, Manchester Academic Health Science Centre, University of Manchester, Manchester, UK
| | - Dominik Rückerl
- Lydia Becker Institute of Immunology and Inflammation, Faculty of Biology, Medicine and Health, Manchester Academic Health Science Centre, University of Manchester, Manchester, UK
| | - Judith E Allen
- Lydia Becker Institute of Immunology and Inflammation, Faculty of Biology, Medicine and Health, Manchester Academic Health Science Centre, University of Manchester, Manchester, UK
- Wellcome Centre for Cell-Matrix Research, Faculty of Biology, Medicine and Health, Manchester Academic Health Science Centre, University of Manchester, Manchester, UK
| | - Tara E Sutherland
- Lydia Becker Institute of Immunology and Inflammation, Faculty of Biology, Medicine and Health, Manchester Academic Health Science Centre, University of Manchester, Manchester, UK
- Wellcome Centre for Cell-Matrix Research, Faculty of Biology, Medicine and Health, Manchester Academic Health Science Centre, University of Manchester, Manchester, UK
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24
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van der Hoorn IAE, Flórez-Grau G, van den Heuvel MM, de Vries IJM, Piet B. Recent Advances and Future Perspective of DC-Based Therapy in NSCLC. Front Immunol 2021; 12:704776. [PMID: 34262573 PMCID: PMC8273436 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2021.704776] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/03/2021] [Accepted: 06/15/2021] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Current treatment for patients with non-small-cell lung cancer (NSCLC) is suboptimal since therapy is only effective in a minority of patients and does not always induce a long-lasting response. This highlights the importance of exploring new treatment options. The clinical success of immunotherapy relies on the ability of the immune system to mount an adequate anti-tumor response. The activation of cytotoxic T cells, the effector immune cells responsible for tumor cell killing, is of paramount importance for the immunotherapy success. These cytotoxic T cells are primarily instructed by dendritic cells (DCs). DCs are the most potent antigen-presenting cells (APCs) and are capable of orchestrating a strong anti-cancer immune response. DC function is often suppressed in NSCLC. Therefore, resurrection of DC function is an interesting approach to enhance anti-cancer immune response. Recent data from DC-based treatment studies has given rise to the impression that DC-based treatment cannot induce clinical benefit in NSCLC by itself. However, these are all early-phase studies that were mainly designed to study safety and were not powered to study clinical benefit. The fact that these studies do show that DC-based therapies were well-tolerated and could induce the desired immune responses, indicates that DC-based therapy is still a promising option. Especially combination with other treatment modalities might enhance immunological response and clinical outcome. In this review, we will identify the possibilities from current DC-based treatment trials that could open up new venues to improve future treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Iris A E van der Hoorn
- Department of Pulmonary Diseases, Radboud University Medical Center, Nijmegen, Netherlands.,Department of Tumor Immunology, Radboud Institute for Molecular Life Sciences, Radboud University Medical Center, Nijmegen, Netherlands
| | - Georgina Flórez-Grau
- Department of Tumor Immunology, Radboud Institute for Molecular Life Sciences, Radboud University Medical Center, Nijmegen, Netherlands
| | | | - I Jolanda M de Vries
- Department of Tumor Immunology, Radboud Institute for Molecular Life Sciences, Radboud University Medical Center, Nijmegen, Netherlands
| | - Berber Piet
- Department of Pulmonary Diseases, Radboud University Medical Center, Nijmegen, Netherlands
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25
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He K, Hettinga A, Kale SL, Hu S, Xie MM, Dent AL, Ray A, Poholek AC. Blimp-1 is essential for allergen-induced asthma and Th2 cell development in the lung. J Exp Med 2021; 217:151760. [PMID: 32399548 PMCID: PMC7336314 DOI: 10.1084/jem.20190742] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/29/2019] [Revised: 12/23/2019] [Accepted: 04/03/2020] [Indexed: 12/28/2022] Open
Abstract
A Th2 immune response is central to allergic airway inflammation, which afflicts millions worldwide. However, the mechanisms that augment GATA3 expression in an antigen-primed developing Th2 cell are not well understood. Here, we describe an unexpected role for Blimp-1, a transcriptional repressor that constrains autoimmunity, as an upstream promoter of GATA3 expression that is critical for Th2 cell development in the lung to inhaled but not systemically delivered allergens but is dispensable for TFH function and IgE production. Mechanistically, Blimp-1 acts through Bcl6, leading to increased GATA3 expression in lung Th2 cells. Surprisingly, the anti-inflammatory cytokine IL-10, but not the pro-inflammatory cytokines IL-6 or IL-21, is required via STAT3 activation to up-regulate Blimp-1 and promote Th2 cell development. These data reveal a hitherto unappreciated role for an IL-10–STAT3–Blimp-1 circuit as an initiator of an inflammatory Th2 response in the lung to allergens. Thus, Blimp-1 in a context-dependent fashion can drive inflammation by promoting rather than terminating effector T cell responses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kun He
- Division of Pediatric Rheumatology, Department of Pediatrics, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, PA.,Department of Immunology, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, PA
| | - Angela Hettinga
- Division of Pediatric Rheumatology, Department of Pediatrics, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, PA.,Department of Immunology, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, PA
| | - Sagar Laxman Kale
- Department of Immunology, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, PA.,Department of Pulmonary, Allergy, and Critical Care Medicine, Department of Medicine, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA
| | - Sanmei Hu
- Department of Immunology, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, PA.,Department of Pulmonary, Allergy, and Critical Care Medicine, Department of Medicine, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA
| | - Markus M Xie
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, IN
| | - Alexander L Dent
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, IN
| | - Anuradha Ray
- Department of Immunology, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, PA.,Department of Pulmonary, Allergy, and Critical Care Medicine, Department of Medicine, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA
| | - Amanda C Poholek
- Division of Pediatric Rheumatology, Department of Pediatrics, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, PA.,Department of Immunology, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, PA
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26
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Govender R, Moodley J, Naicker T. The COVID-19 Pandemic: an Appraisal of its Impact on Human Immunodeficiency Virus Infection and Pre-Eclampsia. Curr Hypertens Rep 2021; 23:9. [PMID: 33570681 PMCID: PMC7877335 DOI: 10.1007/s11906-021-01126-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 12/10/2020] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE OF REVIEW The impact of the coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) pandemic is profound, with distressing consequences on many individuals, especially those with co-morbidities. Pregnant women are one such group of individuals who are at in increased risk of contracting COVID-19, due to their immunocompromised state. In South Africa, HIV infection and pre-eclampsia are the leading causes of maternal morbidity and mortality, with South Africa being the HIV epicentre of the world. The relationship between COVID-19 superimposed on HIV infection and preeclampsia is complex and uncertain due to their different immune responses, and therefore requires further research. RECENT FINDINGS Notably evidence suggests that pregnant women with chronic comorbidities (HIV and pre-eclampsia) may be at a greater risk of contracting or encountering complications from COVID-19. Maternal stress, during a pandemic, as well as home delivery have become potential options for pregnant woman. Nonetheless there is currently a paucity of information on the combined effect of COVID-19 in HIV-associated preeclampsia. Understanding the pathogenesis of COVID-19 could potentially aid in developing effective treatment strategies for COVID-19 in HIV associated preeclampsia. This review article presents a comprehensive analysis of the current data in relation to COVID-19 and its effect on pregnant women, including symptoms, pathogenesis and the possible risk of vertical transmission. This paper also reviews its' interactions and effects on preeclamptic and HIV positive pregnant women with suspected or confirmed COVID-19.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rowen Govender
- Optics & Imaging Centre, Doris Duke Medical Research Institute, College of Health Sciences, Nelson R. Mandela School of Medicine, University of KwaZulu-Natal, Private Bag 7, Congella, Durban, KwaZulu-Natal, 4013, South Africa.
| | - Jagidesa Moodley
- Women's Health and HIV Research Group, Department of Obstetrics & Gynaecology, School of Clinical Medicine, College of Health Sciences, University of KwaZulu-Natal, Durban, South Africa
| | - Thajasvarie Naicker
- Optics & Imaging Centre, Doris Duke Medical Research Institute, College of Health Sciences, Nelson R. Mandela School of Medicine, University of KwaZulu-Natal, Private Bag 7, Congella, Durban, KwaZulu-Natal, 4013, South Africa
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27
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Komalla V, Mehta M, Achi F, Dua K, Haghi M. The Potential for Phospholipids in the Treatment of Airway Inflammation: An Unexplored Solution. Curr Mol Pharmacol 2021; 14:333-349. [PMID: 33557743 DOI: 10.2174/1874467214666210208114439] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/11/2020] [Revised: 11/09/2020] [Accepted: 11/19/2020] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
Asthma, chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD), and cystic fibrosis (CF) are major inflammatory respiratory diseases. Current mainstay therapy for asthma, and chronic obstructive pulmonary disease are corticosteroids, which have well-established side effect profiles. Phospholipids (PLs) are ubiquitous, diverse compounds with varying functions such as their structural role incell membrane, energy storage, and cell signaling.Recent advances in understanding PLs role as inflammatory mediators in the body as well as their widespread long-standing use as carrier molecules in drug delivery demonstrate the potential application of phospholipids in modulating inflammatory conditions. This review briefly explains the main mechanisms of inflammation in chronic respiratory diseases, currentanti-inflammatory treatments and areas of unmet need. The structural features, roles of endogenous and exogenous phospholipids, including their use as pharmaceutical excipients are reviewed. Current research on the immunomodulatory properties of PLs and their potentialapplication in inflammatory diseasesis the major section of this review. Considering the roles of PLs as inflammatory mediators and their safety profile established in pharmaceutical formulations, these small molecules demonstrate great potential as candidates in respiratory inflammation. Future studies need to focus on the immunomodulatory properties and the underlying mechanisms of phospholipids in respiratory inflammatory diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Varsha Komalla
- Discipline of Pharmacy, Graduate School of Health, University of Technology Sydney, Chippendale NSW 2008. Australia
| | - Meenu Mehta
- Discipline of Pharmacy, Graduate School of Health, University of Technology Sydney, Chippendale NSW 2008. Australia
| | - Fatima Achi
- Discipline of Pharmacy, Graduate School of Health, University of Technology Sydney, Chippendale NSW 2008. Australia
| | - Kamal Dua
- Discipline of Pharmacy, Graduate School of Health, University of Technology Sydney, Chippendale NSW 2008. Australia
| | - Mehra Haghi
- Discipline of Pharmacy, Graduate School of Health, University of Technology Sydney, Chippendale NSW 2008. Australia
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28
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Fedoros EI, Baldueva IA, Perminova IV, Badun GA, Chernysheva MG, Grozdova ID, Melik-Nubarov NS, Danilova AB, Nekhaeva TL, Kuznetsova AI, Emelyanova NV, Ryakhovskiy AA, Pigarev SE, Semenov AL, Tyndyk ML, Gubareva EA, Panchenko AV, Bykov VN, Anisimov VN. Exploring bioactivity potential of polyphenolic water-soluble lignin derivative. ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH 2020; 191:110049. [PMID: 32926891 DOI: 10.1016/j.envres.2020.110049] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/15/2020] [Revised: 08/06/2020] [Accepted: 08/07/2020] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
Many natural substances exhibit anti-inflammatory activity and considerable potential in prophylaxis and treatment of allergies. Knowing exact molecular targets, which is required for developing these as medicinal products, is often challenging for multicomponent compositions. In the present study we examined novel polyphenolic substance, a water-soluble fraction of wood lignin (laboratory code BP-Cx-1). In our previous study, a number of polyphenolic components of BP-Cx-1 (flavonoids, sapogenins, phenanthrenes etc.) were identified as the major carriers of biological activity of BP-Cx drug family, and several molecular targets involved in cancer and/or inflammation signaling pathways were proposed based on the results of the in vitro and in silico screening studies. In the present study, half maximal inhibitory concentration (IC50) of BP-Cx-1 was established with a radioligand method and a range of IC50 values between 22.8 and 40.3 μg/ml were obtained for adenosine receptors A1, A2A and prostaglandin receptors EP2, IP (PGI2). IC50 for serotonin 5-HT1 and for glucocorticoid GR receptors were 3.0 μg/ml and 12.6 μg/ml, respectively, both being within the range of BP-Cx-1 concentrations achievable in in vivo models. Further, distribution of [3H] labelled BP-Cx-1 in NIH3T3 murine fibroblasts and MCF7/R carcinoma cells was studied with autoradiography. [3H]-BP-Cx-1 (visualized as silver grains produced by tritium beta particles) was mainly localized along the cell membrane, in the perinuclear region and in the nucleus, suggesting ability of BP-Cx-1 to enter cells and bind to membrane or cytosol receptors. In our experiment, we observed the effect of BP-Cx-1 on maturation of dendritic cells (DCs): downregulation of expression of the lipid-presentation molecule CD1a, co-stimulatory molecules CD80, CD83 and CD 40, decreased production of pro-inflammatory cytokines IL-4 and TNF-α and increased production of anti-inflammatory cytokine IL-10. It is hypothesized that [3H]-BP-Cx-1 detectable in the nucleus is part of the activated GR complex, known to be involved in regulation of transcription of genes responsible for the anti-inflammatory response. Based on IC50, cell distribution data and results of the experiment with DCs it is suggested that the in vivo effects of BP-Cx-1 are mediated via GR and 5-HT1 receptors thus promoting development of tolerogenic effector function in dendritic cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- E I Fedoros
- N.N. Petrov National Medical Research Center of Oncology, Saint Petersburg, Russia; Nobel LTD, Saint-Petersburg, Russia.
| | - I A Baldueva
- N.N. Petrov National Medical Research Center of Oncology, Saint Petersburg, Russia
| | | | - G A Badun
- Lomonosov Moscow State University, Moscow, Russia
| | | | - I D Grozdova
- Lomonosov Moscow State University, Moscow, Russia
| | | | - A B Danilova
- N.N. Petrov National Medical Research Center of Oncology, Saint Petersburg, Russia
| | - T L Nekhaeva
- N.N. Petrov National Medical Research Center of Oncology, Saint Petersburg, Russia
| | - A I Kuznetsova
- N.N. Petrov National Medical Research Center of Oncology, Saint Petersburg, Russia
| | - N V Emelyanova
- N.N. Petrov National Medical Research Center of Oncology, Saint Petersburg, Russia
| | | | - S E Pigarev
- Nobel LTD, Saint-Petersburg, Russia; Lomonosov Moscow State University, Moscow, Russia
| | - A L Semenov
- N.N. Petrov National Medical Research Center of Oncology, Saint Petersburg, Russia
| | - M L Tyndyk
- N.N. Petrov National Medical Research Center of Oncology, Saint Petersburg, Russia
| | - E A Gubareva
- N.N. Petrov National Medical Research Center of Oncology, Saint Petersburg, Russia
| | - A V Panchenko
- N.N. Petrov National Medical Research Center of Oncology, Saint Petersburg, Russia; FSBSI "Research Institute of Medical Primatology", Sochi, Russian Federation
| | - V N Bykov
- N.N. Petrov National Medical Research Center of Oncology, Saint Petersburg, Russia
| | - V N Anisimov
- N.N. Petrov National Medical Research Center of Oncology, Saint Petersburg, Russia
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29
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Sultana J, Mazzaglia G, Luxi N, Cancellieri A, Capuano A, Ferrajolo C, de Waure C, Ferlazzo G, Trifirò G. Potential effects of vaccinations on the prevention of COVID-19: rationale, clinical evidence, risks, and public health considerations. Expert Rev Vaccines 2020; 19:919-936. [PMID: 32940090 DOI: 10.1080/14760584.2020.1825951] [Citation(s) in RCA: 52] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Introduction Coronavirus disease (COVID-19), caused by severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus (SARS-CoV-2), has quickly spread around the world. Areas covered This review will discuss the available immunologic and clinical evidence to support the benefit of the influenza, pneumococcal, and tuberculosis vaccines in the context of COVID-19 as well as to provide an overview on the COVID-19-specific vaccines that are in the development pipeline. In addition, implications for vaccination strategies from a public health perspective will be discussed. Expert opinion Some vaccines are being considered for their potentially beneficial role in preventing or improving the prognosis of COVID-19: influenza, pneumococcal and tuberculosis vaccines. These vaccines may have either direct effect on COVID-19 via different types of immune responses or indirect effects by reducing the burden of viral and bacterial respiratory diseases on individual patients and national healthcare system and by facilitating differential diagnoses with other viral/bacterial respiratory disease. On the other hand, a large number of candidate vaccines against SARS-CoV-2 are currently in the pipeline and undergoing phase I, II, and III clinical studies. As SARS-CoV-2 vaccines are expected to be marketed through accelerated regulatory pathways, vaccinovigilance as well as planning of a successful vaccination campaign will play a major role in protecting public health.
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Affiliation(s)
- Janet Sultana
- Department of Biomedical and Dental Sciences and Morphofunctional Imaging, University of Messina , Messina, Italy
| | - Giampiero Mazzaglia
- Research Centre on Public Health (CESP), University of Milano-Bicocca , Milano, Italy
| | - Nicoletta Luxi
- Department of Biomedical and Dental Sciences and Morphofunctional Imaging, University of Messina , Messina, Italy
| | - Antonino Cancellieri
- Department of Human Pathology "G. Barresi", University of Messina , Messina, Italy
| | - Annalisa Capuano
- Department of Experimental Medicine, Pharmacology Division, University of Campania "L. Vanvitelli" , Caserta, Italy.,Regional Centre of Pharmacovigilance and Pharmacoepidemiology , Naples, Italy
| | - Carmen Ferrajolo
- Department of Experimental Medicine, Pharmacology Division, University of Campania "L. Vanvitelli" , Caserta, Italy.,Regional Centre of Pharmacovigilance and Pharmacoepidemiology , Naples, Italy
| | - Chiara de Waure
- Department of Experimental Medicine, University of Perugia , Perugia, Italy
| | - Guido Ferlazzo
- Department of Human Pathology "G. Barresi", University of Messina , Messina, Italy
| | - Gianluca Trifirò
- Department of Biomedical and Dental Sciences and Morphofunctional Imaging, University of Messina , Messina, Italy
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30
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Normile TG, Bryan AM, Del Poeta M. Animal Models of Cryptococcus neoformans in Identifying Immune Parameters Associated With Primary Infection and Reactivation of Latent Infection. Front Immunol 2020; 11:581750. [PMID: 33042164 PMCID: PMC7522366 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2020.581750] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/09/2020] [Accepted: 08/12/2020] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Cryptococcus species are environmental fungal pathogens and the causative agents of cryptococcosis. Infection occurs upon inhalation of infectious particles, which proliferate in the lung causing a primary infection. From this primary lung infection, fungal cells can eventually disseminate to other organs, particularly the brain, causing lethal meningoencephalitis. However, in most cases, the primary infection resolves with the formation of a lung granuloma. Upon severe immunodeficiency, dormant cryptococcal cells will start proliferating in the lung granuloma and eventually will disseminate to the brain. Many investigators have sought to study the protective host immune response to this pathogen in search of host parameters that keep the proliferation of cryptococcal cells under control. The majority of the work assimilates research carried out using the primary infection animal model, mainly because a reactivation model has been available only very recently. This review will focus on anti-cryptococcal immunity in both the primary and reactivation models. An understanding of the differences in host immunity between the primary and reactivation models will help to define the key host parameters that control the infections and are important for the research and development of new therapeutic and vaccine strategies against cryptococcosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tyler G Normile
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Stony Brook University, Stony Brook, NY, United States
| | - Arielle M Bryan
- Ingenious Targeting Laboratory Incorporated, Ronkonkoma, NY, United States
| | - Maurizio Del Poeta
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Stony Brook University, Stony Brook, NY, United States.,Division of Infectious Diseases, School of Medicine, Stony Brook University, Stony Brook, NY, United States.,Veterans Administration Medical Center, Northport, NY, United States
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31
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Duijf PHG. Low Baseline Pulmonary Levels of Cytotoxic Lymphocytes as a Predisposing Risk Factor for Severe COVID-19. mSystems 2020; 5:e00741-20. [PMID: 32873611 PMCID: PMC7470988 DOI: 10.1128/msystems.00741-20] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/31/2020] [Accepted: 08/15/2020] [Indexed: 01/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) is caused by the severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) and currently has detrimental human health, community, and economic impacts around the world. It is unclear why some SARS-CoV-2-positive individuals remain asymptomatic, while others develop severe symptoms. Baseline pulmonary levels of antiviral leukocytes, already residing in the lung prior to infection, may orchestrate an effective early immune response and prevent severe symptoms. Here, "in silico flow cytometry" was used to deconvolute the levels of all seven types of antiviral leukocytes in 1,927 human lung tissues. Baseline levels of CD8+ T cells, resting NK cells, and activated NK cells, as well as cytokines that recruit these cells, are significantly lower in lung tissues with high expression of the SARS-CoV-2 entry receptor angiotensin-converting enzyme 2 (ACE2). This is observed in univariate analyses, in multivariate analyses, and in two independent data sets. Importantly, ACE2 mRNA and protein levels very strongly correlate in human cells and tissues. The above findings also largely apply to the SARS-CoV-2 entry protease TMPRSS2. Both SARS-CoV-2-infected lung cells and COVID-19 lung tissues show upregulation of CD8+ T cell- and NK cell-recruiting cytokines. Moreover, tissue-resident CD8+ T cells and inflammatory NK cells are significantly more abundant in bronchoalveolar lavage fluids from mildly affected COVID-19 patients compared to severe cases. This suggests that these lymphocytes are important for preventing severe symptoms. Elevated ACE2 expression increases sensitivity to coronavirus infection. Thus, the results suggest that some individuals may be exceedingly susceptible to develop severe COVID-19 due to concomitant high preexisting ACE2 and TMPRSS expression and low baseline cytotoxic lymphocyte levels in the lung.IMPORTANCE COVID-19 is caused by the highly contagious coronavirus SARS-CoV-2 and currently has detrimental human health, community, and economic impacts around the world. It is unclear why some SARS-CoV-2-positive individuals develop severe COVID-19 symptoms, which can be fatal, while others only develop mild symptoms. In the absence of an effective and widely available vaccine, it is of paramount importance that we identify risk factors for development of severe symptoms to be able to improve treatment approaches. The ACE2 gene encodes the receptor on human cells that the virus uses to infect these cells. This study finds that if the lungs of healthy individuals have high levels of ACE2, they typically have low levels of the immune cells that eliminate viruses. Therefore, some individuals may develop severe COVID-19 due to simultaneous high levels of the virus receptor and low levels of immune cells that eradicate the virus in their lungs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pascal H G Duijf
- Institute of Health and Biomedical Innovation, Queensland University of Technology (QUT), Faculty of Health, School of Biomedical Sciences, Brisbane, QLD, Australia
- Centre for Data Science, Queensland University of Technology (QUT), Brisbane, QLD, Australia
- University of Queensland Diamantina Institute, The University of Queensland, Translational Research Institute, Brisbane, QLD, Australia
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32
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Drasler B, Karakocak BB, Tankus EB, Barosova H, Abe J, Sousa de Almeida M, Petri-Fink A, Rothen-Rutishauser B. An Inflamed Human Alveolar Model for Testing the Efficiency of Anti-inflammatory Drugs in vitro. Front Bioeng Biotechnol 2020; 8:987. [PMID: 32974315 PMCID: PMC7471931 DOI: 10.3389/fbioe.2020.00987] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/16/2020] [Accepted: 07/29/2020] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
A large number of prevalent lung diseases is associated with tissue inflammation. Clinically, corticosteroid therapies are applied systemically or via inhalation for the treatment of lung inflammation, and a number of novel therapies are being developed that require preclinical testing. In alveoli, macrophages and dendritic cells play a key role in initiating and diminishing pro-inflammatory reactions and, in particular, macrophage plasticity (M1 and M2 phenotypes shifts) has been reported to play a significant role in these reactions. Thus far, no studies with in vitro lung epithelial models have tested the comparison between systemic and direct pulmonary drug delivery. Therefore, the aim of this study was to develop an inflamed human alveolar epithelium model and to test the resolution of LPS-induced inflammation in vitro with a corticosteroid, methylprednisolone (MP). A specific focus of the study was the macrophage phenotype shifts in response to these stimuli. First, human monocyte-derived macrophages were examined for phenotype shifts upon exposure to lipopolysaccharide (LPS), followed by treatment with MP. A multicellular human alveolar model, composed of macrophages, dendritic cells, and epithelial cells, was then employed for the development of inflamed models. The models were used to test the anti-inflammatory potency of MP by monitoring the secretion of pro-inflammatory mediators (interleukin [IL]-8, tumor necrosis factor-α [TNF-α], and IL-1β) through four different approaches, mimicking clinical scenarios of inflammation and treatment. In macrophage monocultures, LPS stimulation shifted the phenotype towards M1, as demonstrated by increased release of IL-8 and TNF-α and altered expression of phenotype-associated surface markers (CD86, CD206). MP treatment of inflamed macrophages reversed the phenotype towards M2. In multicellular models, increased pro-inflammatory reactions after LPS exposure were observed, as demonstrated by protein secretion and gene expression measurements. In all scenarios, among the tested mediators the most pronounced anti-inflammatory effect of MP was observed for IL-8. Our findings demonstrate that our inflamed multicellular human lung model is a promising tool for the evaluation of anti-inflammatory potency of drug candidates in vitro. With the presented setup, our model allows a meaningful comparison of the systemic vs. inhalation administration routes for the evaluation of the efficacy of a drug in vitro.
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Affiliation(s)
- Barbara Drasler
- Institut Adolphe Merkle, Faculté des Sciences et de Médecine, Université de Fribourg, Fribourg, Switzerland
| | - Bedia Begum Karakocak
- Institut Adolphe Merkle, Faculté des Sciences et de Médecine, Université de Fribourg, Fribourg, Switzerland
| | - Esma Bahar Tankus
- Institut Adolphe Merkle, Faculté des Sciences et de Médecine, Université de Fribourg, Fribourg, Switzerland
| | - Hana Barosova
- Institut Adolphe Merkle, Faculté des Sciences et de Médecine, Université de Fribourg, Fribourg, Switzerland
| | - Jun Abe
- Department of Oncology, Microbiology and Immunology, Faculty of Science and Medicine, University of Fribourg, Fribourg, Switzerland
| | - Mauro Sousa de Almeida
- Institut Adolphe Merkle, Faculté des Sciences et de Médecine, Université de Fribourg, Fribourg, Switzerland
| | - Alke Petri-Fink
- Institut Adolphe Merkle, Faculté des Sciences et de Médecine, Université de Fribourg, Fribourg, Switzerland.,Département de Chimie, Faculté des Sciences et de Médecine, Université de Fribourg, Fribourg, Switzerland
| | - Barbara Rothen-Rutishauser
- Institut Adolphe Merkle, Faculté des Sciences et de Médecine, Université de Fribourg, Fribourg, Switzerland
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Becerra-Diaz M, Song M, Heller N. Androgen and Androgen Receptors as Regulators of Monocyte and Macrophage Biology in the Healthy and Diseased Lung. Front Immunol 2020; 11:1698. [PMID: 32849595 PMCID: PMC7426504 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2020.01698] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/02/2020] [Accepted: 06/25/2020] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Androgens, the predominant male sex hormones, drive the development and maintenance of male characteristics by binding to androgen receptor (AR). As androgens are systemically distributed throughout the whole organism, they affect many tissues and cell types in addition to those in male sexual organs. It is now clear that the immune system is a target of androgen action. In the lungs, many immune cells express ARs and are responsive to androgens. In this review, we describe the effects of androgens and ARs on lung myeloid immune cells-monocytes and macrophages-as they relate to health and disease. In particular, we highlight the effect of androgens on lung diseases, such as asthma, chronic obstructive pulmonary disease and lung fibrosis. We also discuss the therapeutic use of androgens and how circulating androgens correlate with lung disease. In addition to human studies, we also discuss how mouse models have helped to uncover the effect of androgens on monocytes and macrophages in lung disease. Although the role of estrogen and other female hormones has been broadly analyzed in the literature, we focus on the new perspectives of androgens as modulators of the immune system that target myeloid cells during lung inflammation.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Nicola Heller
- Anesthesiology and Critical Care Medicine, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, MD, United States
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34
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Duijf PH. Low baseline pulmonary levels of cytotoxic lymphocytes as a predisposing risk factor for severe COVID-19. BIORXIV : THE PREPRINT SERVER FOR BIOLOGY 2020:2020.05.04.075291. [PMID: 32511391 PMCID: PMC7263520 DOI: 10.1101/2020.05.04.075291] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Abstract
COVID-19 is caused by the coronavirus SARS-CoV-2 and currently has detrimental human health, community and economic impacts around the world. It is unclear why some SARS-CoV-2-positive individuals remain asymptomatic, while others develop severe symptoms. Baseline pulmonary levels of anti-viral leukocytes, already residing in the lung prior to infection, may orchestrate an effective early immune response and prevent severe symptoms. Using "in silico flow cytometry", we deconvoluted the levels of all seven types of anti-viral leukocytes in 1,927 human lung tissues. Baseline levels of CD8+ T cells, resting NK cells and activated NK cells, as well as cytokines that recruit these, are significantly lower in lung tissues with high expression of the SARS-CoV-2 entry receptor ACE2. We observe this in univariate analyses, in multivariate analyses, and in two independent datasets. Relevantly, ACE2 mRNA and protein levels very strongly correlate in human cells and tissues. Above findings also largely apply to the SARS-CoV-2 entry protease TMPRSS2. Both SARS-CoV-2-infected lung cells and COVID-19 lung tissues show upregulation of CD8+ T cell-and NK cell-recruiting cytokines. Moreover, tissue-resident CD8+ T cells and inflammatory NK cells are significantly more abundant in bronchoalveolar lavages from mildly affected COVID-19 patients, compared to severe cases. This suggests that these lymphocytes are important for preventing severe symptoms. Elevated ACE2 expression increases sensitivity to coronavirus infection. Thus, our results suggest that some individuals may be exceedingly susceptible to develop severe COVID-19 due to concomitant high pre-existing ACE2 and TMPRSS expression and low baseline cytotoxic lymphocyte levels in the lung.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pascal H.G. Duijf
- Institute of Health and Biomedical Innovation, Queensland University of Technology (QUT), Faculty of Health, School of Biomedical Sciences, Brisbane QLD, Australia
- Centre for Data Science, Queensland University of Technology (QUT), Brisbane QLD, Australia
- University of Queensland Diamantina Institute, The University of Queensland, Translational Research Institute, Brisbane QLD, Australia
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35
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Perry JL, Tian S, Sengottuvel N, Harrison EB, Gorentla BK, Kapadia CH, Cheng N, Luft JC, Ting JPY, DeSimone JM, Pecot CV. Pulmonary Delivery of Nanoparticle-Bound Toll-like Receptor 9 Agonist for the Treatment of Metastatic Lung Cancer. ACS NANO 2020; 14:7200-7215. [PMID: 32463690 PMCID: PMC7531260 DOI: 10.1021/acsnano.0c02207] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/24/2023]
Abstract
CpG oligodeoxynucleotides are potent toll-like receptor (TLR) 9 agonists and have shown promise as anticancer agents in preclinical studies and clinical trials. Binding of CpG to TLR9 initiates a cascade of innate and adaptive immune responses, beginning with activation of dendritic cells and resulting in a range of secondary effects that include the secretion of pro-inflammatory cytokines, activation of natural killer cells, and expansion of T cell populations. Recent literature suggests that local delivery of CpG in tumors results in superior antitumor effects as compared to systemic delivery. In this study, we utilized PRINT (particle replication in nonwetting templates) nanoparticles as a vehicle to deliver CpG into murine lungs through orotracheal instillations. In two murine orthotopic metastasis models of non-small-cell lung cancer-344SQ (lung adenocarcinoma) and KAL-LN2E1 (lung squamous carcinoma), local delivery of PRINT-CpG into the lungs effectively promoted substantial tumor regression and also limited systemic toxicities associated with soluble CpG. Furthermore, cured mice were completely resistant to tumor rechallenge. Additionally, nanodelivery showed extended retention of CpG within the lungs as well as prolonged elevation of antitumor cytokines in the lungs, but no elevated levels of proinflammatory cytokines in the serum. These results demonstrate that PRINT-CpG is a potent nanoplatform for local treatment of lung cancer that has collateral therapeutic effects on systemic disease and an encouraging toxicity profile and may have the potential to treat lung metastasis of other cancer types.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | - Jenny P-Y Ting
- Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, North Carolina 27695, United States
| | - Joseph M DeSimone
- Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, North Carolina 27695, United States
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36
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Kelly AM, McLoughlin RM. Target the Host, Kill the Bug; Targeting Host Respiratory Immunosuppressive Responses as a Novel Strategy to Improve Bacterial Clearance During Lung Infection. Front Immunol 2020; 11:767. [PMID: 32425944 PMCID: PMC7203494 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2020.00767] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/31/2020] [Accepted: 04/06/2020] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
The lung is under constant pressure to protect the body from invading bacteria. An effective inflammatory immune response must be tightly orchestrated to ensure complete clearance of any invading bacteria, while simultaneously ensuring that inflammation is kept under strict control to preserve lung viability. Chronic bacterial lung infections are seen as a major threat to human life with the treatment of these infections becoming more arduous as the prevalence of antibiotic resistance becomes increasingly commonplace. In order to survive within the lung bacteria target the host immune system to prevent eradication. Many bacteria directly target inflammatory cells and cytokines to impair inflammatory responses. However, bacteria also have the capacity to take advantage of and strongly promote anti-inflammatory immune responses in the host lung to inhibit local pro-inflammatory responses that are critical to bacterial elimination. Host cells such as T regulatory cells and myeloid-derived suppressor cells are often enhanced in number and activity during chronic pulmonary infection. By increasing suppressive cell populations and cytokines, bacteria promote a permissive environment suitable for their prolonged survival. This review will explore the anti-inflammatory aspects of the lung immune system that are targeted by bacteria and how bacterial-induced immunosuppression could be inhibited through the use of host-directed therapies to improve treatment options for chronic lung infections.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alanna M Kelly
- Host-Pathogen Interactions Group, School of Biochemistry and Immunology, Trinity Biomedical Sciences Institute, Trinity College Dublin, Dublin, Ireland
| | - Rachel M McLoughlin
- Host-Pathogen Interactions Group, School of Biochemistry and Immunology, Trinity Biomedical Sciences Institute, Trinity College Dublin, Dublin, Ireland
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Lu Z, Chang W, Meng S, Xu X, Xie J, Guo F, Yang Y, Qiu H, Liu L. Mesenchymal stem cells induce dendritic cell immune tolerance via paracrine hepatocyte growth factor to alleviate acute lung injury. Stem Cell Res Ther 2019; 10:372. [PMID: 31801626 PMCID: PMC6894226 DOI: 10.1186/s13287-019-1488-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 93] [Impact Index Per Article: 18.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/30/2019] [Revised: 10/28/2019] [Accepted: 11/05/2019] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Mesenchymal stem cells (MSCs) have been shown to alleviate acute lung injury (ALI) via paracrine hepatocyte growth factor (HGF) and to induce the differentiation of dendritic cells (DCs) into tolerogenic dendritic cells (DCregs) and participate in the immune response. However, whether MSCs induce the production of DCregs by secreting HGF to alleviate early ALI remains unclear. We observed that the protective effect of mouse bone marrow-derived MSCs against lipopolysaccharide (LPS)-induced ALI was achieved by inducing mature DCs (mDCs) to differentiate into DCregs, and its mechanism is related to the activation of the HGF/Akt pathway. METHODS MSCs or MSCs with overexpression or knockdown of HGF were cocultured with DCs derived from mouse bone marrow using a Transwell system for 3 days. Moreover, we used MSCs or MSCs with overexpression or knockdown of HGF to treat LPS-induced ALI mice for 24 h. Flow cytometry was performed to measure the phagocytosis, accumulation, and maturation of DCs, as well as proliferation of T cells. Lung injury was estimated by lung wet weight to body weight ratio (LWW/BW) and histopathological analysis. Furthermore, we used the Akt inhibitor MK-2206 in a coculture system to elucidate the role of the HGF/Akt pathway in regulating the differentiation of DCs into regulatory DCs and relieving lung injury in early ALI mice. RESULTS Immature DCs (imDCs) were induced to mature after 24 h of LPS (50 ng/ml) stimulation. MSCs or HGF induced the differentiation of mDCs into regulatory DCs characterized by low expression of MHCII, CD86, and CD40 molecules, strong phagocytic function, and the ability to inhibit T cell proliferation. The effect of MSCs on DCregs was enhanced with the increase in HGF secretion and was weakened with the decrease in HGF secretion. DCregs induced by recombinant HGF were attenuated by the Akt inhibitor MK-2206. Lung DC aggregation and mDC ratio increased in LPS-induced ALI mice, while treatment with MSCs decreased lung DC aggregation and maturation and alleviated lung pathological injury. High expression of the HGF gene enhanced the above effect of MSCs, while decreased expression of HGF weakened the above effect of MSCs. CONCLUSIONS MSCs alleviate early ALI via paracrine HGF by inducing mDCs to differentiate into regulatory DCs. Furthermore, the mechanism of HGF-induced differentiation of mDCs into DCregs is related to the activation of the Akt pathway.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhonghua Lu
- Department of Critical Care Medicine, Zhongda Hospital, School of Medicine, Southeast University, 87 Dingjia Bridge, Hunan Road, Gu Lou District, Nanjing, 210009, China
| | - Wei Chang
- Department of Critical Care Medicine, Zhongda Hospital, School of Medicine, Southeast University, 87 Dingjia Bridge, Hunan Road, Gu Lou District, Nanjing, 210009, China
| | - Shanshan Meng
- Department of Critical Care Medicine, Zhongda Hospital, School of Medicine, Southeast University, 87 Dingjia Bridge, Hunan Road, Gu Lou District, Nanjing, 210009, China
| | - Xiuping Xu
- Department of Critical Care Medicine, Zhongda Hospital, School of Medicine, Southeast University, 87 Dingjia Bridge, Hunan Road, Gu Lou District, Nanjing, 210009, China
| | - Jianfeng Xie
- Department of Critical Care Medicine, Zhongda Hospital, School of Medicine, Southeast University, 87 Dingjia Bridge, Hunan Road, Gu Lou District, Nanjing, 210009, China
| | - Fengmei Guo
- Department of Critical Care Medicine, Zhongda Hospital, School of Medicine, Southeast University, 87 Dingjia Bridge, Hunan Road, Gu Lou District, Nanjing, 210009, China
| | - Yi Yang
- Department of Critical Care Medicine, Zhongda Hospital, School of Medicine, Southeast University, 87 Dingjia Bridge, Hunan Road, Gu Lou District, Nanjing, 210009, China
| | - Haibo Qiu
- Department of Critical Care Medicine, Zhongda Hospital, School of Medicine, Southeast University, 87 Dingjia Bridge, Hunan Road, Gu Lou District, Nanjing, 210009, China
| | - Ling Liu
- Department of Critical Care Medicine, Zhongda Hospital, School of Medicine, Southeast University, 87 Dingjia Bridge, Hunan Road, Gu Lou District, Nanjing, 210009, China.
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Cabrera-Ortega AA, Feinberg D, Liang Y, Rossa C, Graves DT. The Role of Forkhead Box 1 (FOXO1) in the Immune System: Dendritic Cells, T Cells, B Cells, and Hematopoietic Stem Cells. Crit Rev Immunol 2019; 37:1-13. [PMID: 29431075 DOI: 10.1615/critrevimmunol.2017019636] [Citation(s) in RCA: 59] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/06/2023]
Abstract
Forkhead box-O (FOXO) transcription factors have a fundamental role in the development and differentiation of immune cells. FOXO1 and FOXO3 are FOXO members that are structurally similar and bind to the same conserved consensus DNA sequences to induce transcription. FOXO1 has been studied in detail in the activation of dendritic cells (DCs), where it plays an important role through the regulation of target genes such as ICAM-1, CCR7, and the integrin αvβ3. FOXO1 is activated by bacteria challenge in DCs and promotes DC bacterial phagocytosis, migration, homing to lymph nodes, DC stimulation of CD4+ T cells and resting B cells, and antibody production. Deletion of FOXO1 in DCs enhances susceptibility to bacteria-induced periodontal disease. FOXO1 and FOXO3 maintain naive T cell quiescence and survival. FOXO1 and FOXO3 enhance the formation of regulatory T cells and inhibit the formation of T-helper 1 (Th1) and Th17 cells. FOXO1 promotes differentiation, proliferation, survival, immunoglobulin gene rearrangement, and class switching in B cells, but FOXO3 has little effect. Both FOXO1 and FOXO3 are important in the maintenance of hematopoietic stem cells by protecting them from oxidative stress. This review examines FOXO1/FOXO3 in the adaptive immune response, key target genes, and FOXO inhibition by the phosphoinositide 3-kinase/AKT pathway.
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Affiliation(s)
- Adriana Alicia Cabrera-Ortega
- Department of Periodontics, School of Dental Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, USA; Department of Diagnosis and Surgery, School of Dentistry at Araraquara, Sao Paulo State University (UNESP), Araraquara, Sao Paulo, Brazil
| | - Daniel Feinberg
- Department of Periodontics, School of Dental Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, USA
| | - Youde Liang
- Department of Stomatology, Nanshan Affiliated Hospital of Guangdong Medical College, Shenzhen, Guangdong, China
| | - Carlos Rossa
- Department of Diagnosis and Surgery, School of Dentistry at Araraquara, Sao Paulo State University (UNESP), Araraquara, Sao Paulo, Brazil
| | - Dana T Graves
- Department of Periodontics, School of Dental Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, USA
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Shourian M, Qureshi ST. Resistance and Tolerance to Cryptococcal Infection: An Intricate Balance That Controls the Development of Disease. Front Immunol 2019; 10:66. [PMID: 30761136 PMCID: PMC6361814 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2019.00066] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/17/2018] [Accepted: 01/11/2019] [Indexed: 12/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Cryptococcus neoformans is a ubiquitous environmental yeast and a leading cause of invasive fungal infection in humans. The most recent estimate of global disease burden includes over 200,000 cases of cryptococcal meningitis each year. Cryptococcus neoformans expresses several virulence factors that may have originally evolved to protect against environmental threats, and human infection may be an unintended consequence of these acquired defenses. Traditionally, C. neoformans has been viewed as a purely opportunistic pathogen that targets severely immune compromised hosts; however, during the past decade the spectrum of susceptible individuals has grown considerably. In addition, the closely related strain Cryptococcus gattii has recently emerged in North America and preferentially targets individuals with intact immunity. In parallel to the changing epidemiology of cryptococcosis, an increasing role for host immunity in the pathogenesis of severe disease has been elucidated. Initially, the HIV/AIDS epidemic revealed the capacity of C. neoformans to cause host damage in the absence of adaptive immunity. Subsequently, the development and clinical implementation of highly active antiretroviral treatment (HAART) led to recognition of an immune reconstitution inflammatory syndrome (IRIS) in a subset of HIV+ individuals, demonstrating the pathological role of host immunity in disease. A post-infectious inflammatory syndrome (PIIRS) characterized by abnormal T cell-macrophage activation has also been documented in HIV-negative individuals following antifungal therapy. These novel clinical conditions illustrate the highly complex host-pathogen relationship that underlies severe cryptococcal disease and the intricate balance between tolerance and resistance that is necessary for effective resolution. In this article, we will review current knowledge of the interactions between cryptococci and mammalian hosts that result in a tolerant phenotype. Future investigations in this area have potential for translation into improved therapies for affected individuals.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mitra Shourian
- Translational Research in Respiratory Diseases Program, Meakins-Christie Laboratories, Research Institute of the McGill University Health Centre, Montreal, QC, Canada.,Division of Experimental Medicine, Department of Medicine, McGill University Health Centre, Montreal, QC, Canada
| | - Salman T Qureshi
- Translational Research in Respiratory Diseases Program, Meakins-Christie Laboratories, Research Institute of the McGill University Health Centre, Montreal, QC, Canada.,Division of Experimental Medicine, Department of Medicine, McGill University Health Centre, Montreal, QC, Canada
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Regulatory cytokine function in the respiratory tract. Mucosal Immunol 2019; 12:589-600. [PMID: 30874596 PMCID: PMC7051906 DOI: 10.1038/s41385-019-0158-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 71] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/17/2019] [Revised: 02/22/2019] [Accepted: 02/27/2019] [Indexed: 02/04/2023]
Abstract
The respiratory tract is an important site of immune regulation; required to allow protective immunity against pathogens, while minimizing tissue damage and avoiding aberrant inflammatory responses to inhaled allergens. Several cell types work in concert to control pulmonary immune responses and maintain tolerance in the respiratory tract, including regulatory and effector T cells, airway and interstitial macrophages, dendritic cells and the airway epithelium. The cytokines transforming growth factor β, interleukin (IL-) 10, IL-27, and IL-35 are key coordinators of immune regulation in tissues such as the lung. Here, we discuss the role of these cytokines during respiratory infection and allergic airway disease, highlighting the critical importance of cellular source and immunological context for the effects of these cytokines in vivo.
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Response to Fungal Dysbiosis by Gut-Resident CX3CR1 + Mononuclear Phagocytes Aggravates Allergic Airway Disease. Cell Host Microbe 2018; 24:847-856.e4. [PMID: 30503509 DOI: 10.1016/j.chom.2018.11.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 89] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/24/2018] [Revised: 09/19/2018] [Accepted: 10/24/2018] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Sensing of the gut microbiota, including fungi, regulates mucosal immunity. Whether fungal sensing in the gut can influence immunity at other body sites is unknown. Here we show that fluconazole-induced gut fungal dysbiosis has persistent effects on allergic airway disease in a house dust mite challenge model. Mice with a defined community of bacteria, but lacking intestinal fungi were not susceptible to fluconazole-induced dysbiosis, while colonization with a fungal mixture recapitulated the detrimental effects. Gut-resident mononuclear phagocytes (MNPs) expressing the fractalkine receptor CX3CR1 were essential for the effect of gut fungal dysbiosis on peripheral immunity. Depletion of CX3CR1+ MNPs or selective inhibition of Syk signaling downstream of fungal sensing in these cells ameliorated lung allergy. These results indicate that disruption of intestinal fungal communities can have persistent effects on peripheral immunity and aggravate disease severity through fungal sensing by gut-resident CX3CR1+ MNPs.
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Lu M, Xu C, Zhang Q, Wu X, Tang L, Wang X, Wu J, Wu X. Inhibition of p21-activated kinase 1 attenuates the cardinal features of asthma through suppressing the lymph node homing of dendritic cells. Biochem Pharmacol 2018; 154:464-473. [PMID: 29906467 DOI: 10.1016/j.bcp.2018.06.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/12/2018] [Accepted: 06/11/2018] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Dendritic cell (DC) trafficking from lung to the draining mediastinal lymph nodes (MLNs) is a key step for initiation of T cell responses in allergic asthma. In the present study, we investigate the role of DC-mediated airway inflammation after inhibition of p21-activated kinase-1 (PAK1), an effector of Rac and Cdc42 small GTPases, in the allergen-induced mouse models of asthma. Systemic administration of PAK1 specific inhibitor IPA-3 significantly attenuates not only the airway inflammation but also the airway hyperresponsiveness in a mouse model of ovalbumin-induced asthma. Specifically, intratracheal administration of low dosage of IPA-3 consistently decreases not only the airway inflammation but also the DC trafficking from lung to the MLNs. Importantly, intratracheal instillation of IPA-3-treated and ovalbumin-pulsed DCs behaves largely the same as that of either Rac inhibitor-treated and ovalbumin-pulsed DCs or Cdc42 inhibitor-treated and ovalbumin-pulsed DCs in attenuation of the airway inflammation in ovalbumin-challenged mice. Mechanistically, PAK1 is not involved in the maturation, apoptosis, antigen uptake, and T cell activation of cultured DCs, but PAK1 dose lie on the downstream of Rac and Cdc42 to regulate the DC migration toward the chemokine C-C motif chemokine ligand 19. Taken together, this study demonstrates that inhibition of PAK1 attenuates the cardinal features of asthma through suppressing the DC trafficking from lung to the MLN, and that interfere with DC trafficking by a PAK1 inhibitor thus holds great promise for the therapeutic intervention of allergic diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Meiping Lu
- Department of Allergy immunology and rheumatology, Children's Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou 310052, China.
| | - Chengyun Xu
- Department of Pharmacology and Key Laboratory of CFDA for Respiratory Drug Research, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou 310058, China
| | - Qin Zhang
- Department of Pharmacology and Key Laboratory of CFDA for Respiratory Drug Research, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou 310058, China
| | - Xiling Wu
- Department of Respiratory Medicine, Children's Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou 310052, China
| | - Lanfang Tang
- Department of Respiratory Medicine, Children's Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou 310052, China
| | - Xiangzhi Wang
- Department of Respiratory Medicine, Children's Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou 310052, China
| | - Junsong Wu
- Department of Orthopedic Surgery, The First Affiliated Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou 310009, China
| | - Ximei Wu
- Department of Pharmacology and Key Laboratory of CFDA for Respiratory Drug Research, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou 310058, China.
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Leffler J, Stumbles PA, Strickland DH. Immunological Processes Driving IgE Sensitisation and Disease Development in Males and Females. Int J Mol Sci 2018; 19:E1554. [PMID: 29882879 PMCID: PMC6032271 DOI: 10.3390/ijms19061554] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/09/2018] [Revised: 05/21/2018] [Accepted: 05/21/2018] [Indexed: 01/15/2023] Open
Abstract
IgE sensitisation has increased significantly over the last decades and is a crucial factor in the development of allergic diseases. IgE antibodies are produced by B cells through the process of antigen presentation by dendritic cells, subsequent differentiation of CD4⁺ Th2 cells, and class switching in B cells. However, many of the factors regulating these processes remain unclear. These processes affect males and females differently, resulting in a significantly higher prevalence of IgE sensitisation in males compared to females from an early age. Before the onset of puberty, this increased prevalence of IgE sensitisation is also associated with a higher prevalence of clinical symptoms in males; however, after puberty, females experience a surge in the incidence of allergic symptoms. This is particularly apparent in allergic asthma, but also in other allergic diseases such as food and contact allergies. This has been partly attributed to the pro- versus anti-allergic effects of female versus male sex hormones; however, it remains unclear how the expression of sex hormones translates IgE sensitisation into clinical symptoms. In this review, we describe the recent epidemiological findings on IgE sensitisation in male and females and discuss recent mechanistic studies casting further light on how the expression of sex hormones may influence the innate and adaptive immune system at mucosal surfaces and how sex hormones may be involved in translating IgE sensitisation into clinical manifestations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jonatan Leffler
- Telethon Kids Institute, The University of Western Australia, 100 Roberts Rd, Subiaco, WA 6008, Australia.
| | - Philip A Stumbles
- Telethon Kids Institute, The University of Western Australia, 100 Roberts Rd, Subiaco, WA 6008, Australia.
- School of Paediatrics and Child Health, The University of Western Australia, Subiaco, WA 6008, Australia.
- School of Veterinary and Life Sciences, Murdoch University, Murdoch, WA 6150, Australia.
| | - Deborah H Strickland
- Telethon Kids Institute, The University of Western Australia, 100 Roberts Rd, Subiaco, WA 6008, Australia.
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Liu H, Jakubzick C, Osterburg AR, Nelson RL, Gupta N, McCormack FX, Borchers MT. Dendritic Cell Trafficking and Function in Rare Lung Diseases. Am J Respir Cell Mol Biol 2017; 57:393-402. [PMID: 28586276 PMCID: PMC5650088 DOI: 10.1165/rcmb.2017-0051ps] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/09/2017] [Accepted: 06/06/2017] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Dendritic cells (DCs) are highly specialized immune cells that capture antigens and then migrate to lymphoid tissue and present antigen to T cells. This critical function of DCs is well defined, and recent studies further demonstrate that DCs are also key regulators of several innate immune responses. Studies focused on the roles of DCs in the pathogenesis of common lung diseases, such as asthma, infection, and cancer, have traditionally driven our mechanistic understanding of pulmonary DC biology. The emerging development of novel DC reagents, techniques, and genetically modified animal models has provided abundant data revealing distinct populations of DCs in the lung, and allow us to examine mechanisms of DC development, migration, and function in pulmonary disease with unprecedented detail. This enhanced understanding of DCs permits the examination of the potential role of DCs in diseases with known or suspected immunological underpinnings. Recent advances in the study of rare lung diseases, including pulmonary Langerhans cell histiocytosis, sarcoidosis, hypersensitivity pneumonitis, and pulmonary fibrosis, reveal expanding potential pathogenic roles for DCs. Here, we provide a review of DC development, trafficking, and effector functions in the lung, and discuss how alterations in these DC pathways contribute to the pathogenesis of rare lung diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Huan Liu
- Department of Internal Medicine, Division of Pulmonary, Critical Care and Sleep Medicine, University of Cincinnati, Cincinnati, Ohio
| | - Claudia Jakubzick
- Department of Immunology and Microbiology, National Jewish Health and University of Colorado, Denver, Colorado; and
| | - Andrew R. Osterburg
- Department of Internal Medicine, Division of Pulmonary, Critical Care and Sleep Medicine, University of Cincinnati, Cincinnati, Ohio
| | - Rebecca L. Nelson
- Department of Internal Medicine, Division of Pulmonary, Critical Care and Sleep Medicine, University of Cincinnati, Cincinnati, Ohio
| | - Nishant Gupta
- Department of Internal Medicine, Division of Pulmonary, Critical Care and Sleep Medicine, University of Cincinnati, Cincinnati, Ohio
- Cincinnati Veteran’s Affairs Medical Center, Cincinnati, Ohio
| | - Francis X. McCormack
- Department of Internal Medicine, Division of Pulmonary, Critical Care and Sleep Medicine, University of Cincinnati, Cincinnati, Ohio
- Cincinnati Veteran’s Affairs Medical Center, Cincinnati, Ohio
| | - Michael T. Borchers
- Department of Internal Medicine, Division of Pulmonary, Critical Care and Sleep Medicine, University of Cincinnati, Cincinnati, Ohio
- Cincinnati Veteran’s Affairs Medical Center, Cincinnati, Ohio
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Venturini J, Cavalcante RS, Moris DV, Golim MDA, Levorato AD, Reis KHD, Arruda MSPD, Mendes RP. Altered distribution of peripheral blood dendritic cell subsets in patients with pulmonary paracoccidioidomycosis. Acta Trop 2017; 173:185-190. [PMID: 28606816 DOI: 10.1016/j.actatropica.2017.06.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/07/2017] [Revised: 06/04/2017] [Accepted: 06/07/2017] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Abstract
Paracoccidioidomycosis (PCM) is a systemic mycosis caused by fungi from the genus Paracoccidioides in Latin America. PCM-patients (PCM-p) are classified as having acute/subacute or chronic (CF) clinical forms. CF is responsible for 75%-90% of all cases, affects mainly adults over 30 years old and the clinical manifestation are associated mainly with lungs and mucosa of upper airdigestive tract. In addition, the CF patients exhibit fibrosis of the lungs, oral mucous membranes and adrenals, and pulmonary emphysema. Consequently, CF PCM-p with active disease, as well as those that have been apparently cured, seem to be an interesting model for studies aiming to understand the long-term host-fungi relationship and hypoxia. Dendritic cells (DCs) constitute a system that serve as a major link between innate and adaptive immunity composed of several subpopulations of cells including two main subsets: myeloid (mDCs) and plasmacytoid (pDCs). The present study aimed to access the distribution of PBDC subsets of CF PCM-p who were not treated (NT) or treated (apparently cured - AC). CF PCM-p were categorized into two groups, consisting of 9 NTs and 9 ACs. Twenty-one healthy individuals were used as the control group. The determination of the PBDC subsets was performed by FACS (fluorescence-activated cell sorting) and the dosage of serum TNF-α, IL1β, IL-18, CCL3, IL-10 and basic fibroblast growth factor (bFGF) by ELISA (enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay). A high count and percentage of mDCs was observed before treatment, along with a low count of pDCs in treated patients. Furthermore, the mDC:pDC ratio and serum levels of TNF-α was higher in both of the PCM-p groups than in the control group. In conclusion, our findings demonstrated that active PCM influences the distribution of mDCs and pDCs, and after treatment, PCM-p retained a lower count of pDCs associated with pro-inflammatory profile. Therefore, we identified new evidences of persistent immunological abnormalities in PCM-p after treatment. Even these patients showing fungal clearance after successful antifungal treatment; the hypoxia, triggered by the persistent pulmonary sequelae, possibly continues to interfere in the immune response.
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Pulmonary immunity to viruses. Clin Sci (Lond) 2017; 131:1737-1762. [PMID: 28667071 DOI: 10.1042/cs20160259] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/20/2016] [Revised: 03/31/2017] [Accepted: 04/06/2017] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
Abstract
Mucosal surfaces, such as the respiratory epithelium, are directly exposed to the external environment and therefore, are highly susceptible to viral infection. As a result, the respiratory tract has evolved a variety of innate and adaptive immune defenses in order to prevent viral infection or promote the rapid destruction of infected cells and facilitate the clearance of the infecting virus. Successful adaptive immune responses often lead to a functional state of immune memory, in which memory lymphocytes and circulating antibodies entirely prevent or lessen the severity of subsequent infections with the same virus. This is also the goal of vaccination, although it is difficult to vaccinate in a way that mimics respiratory infection. Consequently, some vaccines lead to robust systemic immune responses, but relatively poor mucosal immune responses that protect the respiratory tract. In addition, adaptive immunity is not without its drawbacks, as overly robust inflammatory responses may lead to lung damage and impair gas exchange or exacerbate other conditions, such as asthma or chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD). Thus, immune responses to respiratory viral infections must be strong enough to eliminate infection, but also have mechanisms to limit damage and promote tissue repair in order to maintain pulmonary homeostasis. Here, we will discuss the components of the adaptive immune system that defend the host against respiratory viral infections.
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Ponce-Gallegos MA, Ramírez-Venegas A, Falfán-Valencia R. Th17 profile in COPD exacerbations. Int J Chron Obstruct Pulmon Dis 2017; 12:1857-1865. [PMID: 28694696 PMCID: PMC5491572 DOI: 10.2147/copd.s136592] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/22/2023] Open
Abstract
COPD is characterized by an ongoing inflammatory process of the airways that leads to obstruction or limitation of airflow. It is mainly associated with exposure to cigarette smoke. In addition, it is considered, at present, a serious public health problem, ranking fourth in mortality worldwide. Many cells participate in the pathophysiology of COPD, the most important are neutrophils, macrophages and CD4+ and CD8+ T cells. Neutrophil migration to the inflammation area could be mediated largely by cytokines related to CD4+ Th17 lymphocytes, because it has been shown that IL-17A, IL-17F and IL-22 act as inducers for CXCL8, CXCL1, CXCL5, G-CSF, and GM-CSF secretion by epithelial cells of the airways. The aims of these molecules are differentiation, proliferation and recruitment of neutrophils. Furthermore, it is believed that CD4+ lymphocytes Th17 may be involved in protection against pathogens for which Th1 and Th2 are not prepared to fight. In COPD exacerbations, there is an increased cellularity in the lung region and respiratory tract. Therefore, the increase in the number of neutrophils and macrophages in the airways and the increase in proinflammatory cytokines are directly related to the severity of exacerbations and that is the importance of the functions of Th17 profile in this entity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marco Antonio Ponce-Gallegos
- HLA Laboratory, Instituto Nacional de Enfermedades Respiratorias Ismael Cosío Villegas, Mexico City, Mexico.,Medicine Academic Unit, Universidad Autónoma de Nayarit. Tepic, Nayarit, Mexico.,Interinstitutional Program for Strengthening Research and the Postgraduate in the Pacific (Dolphin), Tepic, Nayarit, México
| | - Alejandra Ramírez-Venegas
- Tobacco Smoking and COPD Research Department, Instituto Nacional de Enfermedades Respiratorias Ismael Cosío Villegas, Mexico City, Mexico
| | - Ramcés Falfán-Valencia
- HLA Laboratory, Instituto Nacional de Enfermedades Respiratorias Ismael Cosío Villegas, Mexico City, Mexico
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Abstract
ABSTRACT
The aim of this review is to provide a coherent framework for understanding dendritic cells (DCs). It has seven sections. The introduction provides an overview of the immune system and essential concepts, particularly for the nonspecialist reader. Next, the “History” section outlines the early evolution of ideas about DCs and highlights some sources of confusion that still exist today. The “Lineages” section then focuses on five different populations of DCs: two subsets of “classical” DCs, plasmacytoid DCs, monocyte-derived DCs, and Langerhans cells. It highlights some cellular and molecular specializations of each, and also notes other DC subsets that have been proposed. The following “Tissues” section discusses the distribution and behavior of different DC subsets within nonlymphoid and secondary lymphoid tissues that are connected by DC migration pathways between them. In the “Tolerance” section, the role of DCs in central and peripheral tolerance is considered, including their ability to drive the differentiation of different populations of regulatory T cells. In contrast, the “Immunity” section considers the roles of DCs in sensing of infection and tissue damage, the initiation of primary responses, the T-cell effector phase, and the induction of immunological memory. The concluding section provides some speculative ideas about the evolution of DCs. It also revisits earlier concepts of generation of diversity and clonal selection in terms of DCs driving the evolution of T-cell responses. Throughout, this review highlights certain areas of uncertainty and suggests some avenues for future investigation.
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