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Dawoud AM, Saied SA, Torayah MM, Ramadan AE, Elaskary SA. Antifungal susceptibility and virulence determinants profile of candida species isolated from patients with candidemia. Sci Rep 2024; 14:11597. [PMID: 38773138 PMCID: PMC11109173 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-024-61813-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/15/2024] [Accepted: 05/09/2024] [Indexed: 05/23/2024] Open
Abstract
Candida is the most prevalent fungal bloodstream infection (BSI) with a high mortality rate among hospitalized patients. Another concern facing physicians is rising global incidence of drug-resistant Candida. This study aimed to characterize the prevalence, antifungal susceptibility, biofilm formation, and virulence genes (HWP1, ALS1, SAP2) of different Candida spp. isolated from patients with candidemia. 52 isolates of Candida spp. were identified from blood cultures by chromogenic Candida agar and confirmed by the VITEK 2 system. Isolates were tested for antifungal susceptibility by disk diffusion and VITEK 2 system. Biofilm formation and investigated genes were detected by the Congo red method and conventional PCR, respectively. Candida spp. caused 2.3% of detected BSIs, of which 32.7% were caused by Candida albicans (C. albicans) and 67.3% by non-albicans Candida (NAC), with the predominance of C. tropicalis (25%), followed by C. parapsilosis (17.3%), and C. krusei (13.5%). The susceptibility rates to fluconazole, voriconazole, caspofungin, micafungin, amphotericin B, and flucytosine were 64.7%, 76.5%, 100.0%, 100%, 100.0%, and 100.0% in C. albicans, while 53.6%, 71.4%, 91.4%, 91.4%, 94.3%, and 94.3% in NAC, respectively. Biofilm production, HWP1, ALS1, and SAP2 were detected in 70.6%, 82.4%, 76.5%, and 52.9% of C. albicans and 74.3%, 85.7%, 80.0%, and 48.6% of NAC, respectively. There is remarkable shift to NAC BSIs and high azole resistance. Antifungal stewardship and analysis of risk factors associated with this shift are needed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Amal M Dawoud
- Department of Medical Microbiology and Immunology, Faculty of Medicine, Menoufia University, Shibīn El-Kom, Egypt
| | - Sara A Saied
- Department of Clinical Pathology, National Liver Institute, Menoufia University, Shibīn El-Kom, Egypt.
| | - Mohammad M Torayah
- Department of Anesthesia and Intensive Care, Critical Care Unit, Faculty of Medicine, Menoufia University, Shibīn El-Kom, Egypt
| | - Amira E Ramadan
- Department of Medical Microbiology and Immunology, Faculty of Medicine, Benha University, Banha, Egypt
| | - Shymaa A Elaskary
- Department of Medical Microbiology and Immunology, Faculty of Medicine, Menoufia University, Shibīn El-Kom, Egypt
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Silva PA, Souza AA, de Oliveira GM, Ramada MHS, Hernández NV, Mora-Montes HM, Bueno RV, Martins-de-Sa D, de Freitas SM, Felipe MSS, Barbosa JARG. An improved expression and purification protocol enables the structural characterization of Mnt1, an antifungal target from Candida albicans. Fungal Biol Biotechnol 2024; 11:5. [PMID: 38715132 PMCID: PMC11077754 DOI: 10.1186/s40694-024-00174-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/26/2024] [Accepted: 04/22/2024] [Indexed: 05/12/2024] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Candida albicans is one of the most prevalent fungi causing infections in the world. Mnt1 is a mannosyltransferase that participates in both the cell wall biogenesis and biofilm growth of C. albicans. While the cell wall performs crucial functions in pathogenesis, biofilm growth is correlated with sequestration of drugs by the extracellular matrix. Therefore, antifungals targeting CaMnt1 can compromise fungal development and potentially also render Candida susceptible to drug therapy. Despite its importance, CaMnt1 has not yet been purified to high standards and its biophysical properties are lacking. RESULTS We describe a new protocol to obtain high yield of recombinant CaMnt1 in Komagataella phaffii using methanol induction. The purified protein's identity was confirmed by MALDI-TOF/TOF mass spectroscopy. The Far-UV circular dichroism (CD) spectra demonstrate that the secondary structure of CaMnt1 is compatible with a protein formed by α-helices and β-sheets at pH 7.0. The fluorescence spectroscopy results show that the tertiary structure of CaMnt1 is pH-dependent, with a greater intensity of fluorescence emission at pH 7.0. Using our molecular modeling protocol, we depict for the first time the ternary complex of CaMnt1 bound to its two substrates, which has enabled the identification of residues involved in substrate specificity and catalytic reaction. Our results corroborate the hypothesis that Tyr209 stabilizes the formation of an oxocarbenium ion-like intermediate during nucleophilic attack of the acceptor sugar, opposing the double displacement mechanism proposed by other reports. CONCLUSIONS The methodology presented here can substantially improve the yield of recombinant CaMnt1 expressed in flask-grown yeasts. In addition, the structural characterization of the fungal mannosyltransferase presents novelties that can be exploited for new antifungal drug's development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Patrícia Alves Silva
- Laboratório de Biofísica Molecular, Departamento de Biologia Celular, Instituto de Ciências Biológicas, Universidade de Brasília, Brasília, 70910-900, Brazil
| | - Amanda Araújo Souza
- Laboratório de Biofísica Molecular, Departamento de Biologia Celular, Instituto de Ciências Biológicas, Universidade de Brasília, Brasília, 70910-900, Brazil
| | - Gideane Mendes de Oliveira
- Laboratório de Biofísica Molecular, Departamento de Biologia Celular, Instituto de Ciências Biológicas, Universidade de Brasília, Brasília, 70910-900, Brazil
| | - Marcelo Henrique Soller Ramada
- Programa de Pós-graduação em Ciências Genômicas e Biotecnologia, Universidade Católica de Brasília, Brasília, 70790-160, Brazil
| | - Nahúm Valente Hernández
- Departmento de Biologia, División de Ciencias Naturales y Exactas, Universidad de Guanajuato, Guanajuato, 36050, Mexico
| | - Héctor Manuel Mora-Montes
- Departmento de Biologia, División de Ciencias Naturales y Exactas, Universidad de Guanajuato, Guanajuato, 36050, Mexico
| | - Renata Vieira Bueno
- Laboratório de Biofísica Molecular, Departamento de Biologia Celular, Instituto de Ciências Biológicas, Universidade de Brasília, Brasília, 70910-900, Brazil
| | - Diogo Martins-de-Sa
- Laboratório de Biofísica Molecular, Departamento de Biologia Celular, Instituto de Ciências Biológicas, Universidade de Brasília, Brasília, 70910-900, Brazil
- Genesilico Biotech, Brasília, DF, Brazil
| | - Sonia Maria de Freitas
- Laboratório de Biofísica Molecular, Departamento de Biologia Celular, Instituto de Ciências Biológicas, Universidade de Brasília, Brasília, 70910-900, Brazil
| | - Maria Sueli Soares Felipe
- Programa de Pós-graduação em Ciências Genômicas e Biotecnologia, Universidade Católica de Brasília, Brasília, 70790-160, Brazil
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Ahmady L, Gothwal M, Mukkoli MM, Bari VK. Antifungal drug resistance in Candida: a special emphasis on amphotericin B. APMIS 2024; 132:291-316. [PMID: 38465406 DOI: 10.1111/apm.13389] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/16/2023] [Accepted: 02/12/2024] [Indexed: 03/12/2024]
Abstract
Invasive fungal infections in humans caused by several Candida species, increased considerably in immunocompromised or critically ill patients, resulting in substantial morbidity and mortality. Candida albicans is the most prevalent species, although the frequency of these organisms varies greatly according to geographic region. Infections with C. albicans and non-albicans Candida species have become more common, especially in the past 20 years, as a result of aging, immunosuppressive medication use, endocrine disorders, malnourishment, extended use of medical equipment, and an increase in immunogenic diseases. Despite C. albicans being the species most frequently associated with human infections, C. glabrata, C. parapsilosis, C. tropicalis, and C. krusei also have been identified. Several antifungal drugs with different modes of action are approved for use in clinical settings to treat fungal infections. However, due to the common eukaryotic structure of humans and fungi, only a limited number of antifungal drugs are available for therapeutic use. Furthermore, drug resistance in Candida species has emerged as a result of the growing use of currently available antifungal drugs against fungal infections. Amphotericin B (AmB), a polyene class of antifungal drugs, is mainly used for the treatment of serious systemic fungal infections. AmB interacts with fungal plasma membrane ergosterol, triggering cellular ion leakage via pore formation, or extracting the ergosterol from the plasma membrane inducing cellular death. AmB resistance is primarily caused by changes in the content or structure of ergosterol. This review summarizes the antifungal drug resistance exhibited by Candida species, with a special focus on AmB.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lailema Ahmady
- Department of Biochemistry, School of Basic Sciences, Central University of Punjab, Bathinda, India
| | - Manisha Gothwal
- Department of Biochemistry, School of Basic Sciences, Central University of Punjab, Bathinda, India
| | | | - Vinay Kumar Bari
- Department of Biochemistry, School of Basic Sciences, Central University of Punjab, Bathinda, India
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Almeida NLM, Peralta LCF, Pontes FML, Rinaldo D, Porto VC, Lara VS. Anti-Candida activity and biocompatibility of silver nanoparticles associated with denture glaze: a new approach to the management of denture stomatitis. Folia Microbiol (Praha) 2024:10.1007/s12223-024-01161-4. [PMID: 38652435 DOI: 10.1007/s12223-024-01161-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/08/2023] [Accepted: 03/26/2024] [Indexed: 04/25/2024]
Abstract
The association of silver nanoparticles (AgNps) to sealant agent Palaseal® can be a promising alternative for complete denture wearers who may develop denture stomatitis (DS). The study aimed to evaluate the anti-Candida and biocompatible potential of silver nanoparticles synthesized by three routes associated with denture glaze to prevent and/or treat oral candidiasis. Surface acrylic resin specimens were treated with different associations of glaze with AgNps (VER+AgUV, VER+AgTurk and VER+AgGm). As controls, specimens were treated with glaze+nystatin (VER+Nyst), glaze only (VER) or submerged in PBS (PBS). Afterwards, Candida albicans biofilm was developed for 24 h, 15 d and 30 d. Subsequently, the biofilm was quantified by CFU/mL, XTT assay and confocal laser scanning microscopy. Fibroblasts were submitted to conditioned medium with the same associations for 24, 48 and 72 h and LIVE/DEAD® viability test was carried out. Regardless of the period, there was a significant reduction (p < 0.01) of viable fungal cells load, as well as inhibition of fungal metabolic activity, in specimens treated with glaze+AgNps associations, compared to VER and PBS. The anti-Candida effects of the associations were similar to the VER+Nyst group, with emphasis on VER+AgGm, which showed the highest percentage values of non-viable fungal cells maintained over time. The associations did not prove toxicity to fibroblasts. The AgNps exerted antimicrobial activity against C. albicans biofilms and are biocompatible. The most effective results were achieved with the association of glaze+silver nanoparticles synthesized by the green chemistry method (AgGm), proving to be an innovative alternative in the management of DS.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nara Lígia Martins Almeida
- Department of Surgery, Stomatology, Pathology and Radiology, Bauru School of Dentistry, University of São Paulo (USP), Bauru, 17012-901, Brazil
| | - Laura Catalí Ferreira Peralta
- Department of Prosthodontics and Periodontics, Bauru School of Dentistry, University of São Paulo (USP), Bauru 17012-901, Brazil
| | | | - Daniel Rinaldo
- Department of Chemistry, São Paulo State University (UNESP), Bauru 17033-360, Brazil
| | - Vinicius Carvalho Porto
- Department of Prosthodontics and Periodontics, Bauru School of Dentistry, University of São Paulo (USP), Bauru 17012-901, Brazil
| | - Vanessa Soares Lara
- Department of Surgery, Stomatology, Pathology and Radiology, Bauru School of Dentistry, University of São Paulo (USP), Bauru, 17012-901, Brazil.
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Raj K, Paul D, Rishi P, Shukla G, Dhotre D, YogeshSouche. Decoding the role of oxidative stress resistance and alternative carbon substrate assimilation in the mature biofilm growth mode of Candida glabrata. BMC Microbiol 2024; 24:128. [PMID: 38641593 PMCID: PMC11031924 DOI: 10.1186/s12866-024-03274-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/31/2023] [Accepted: 03/22/2024] [Indexed: 04/21/2024] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Biofilm formation is viewed as a vital mechanism in C. glabrata pathogenesis. Although, it plays a significant role in virulence but transcriptomic architecture and metabolic pathways governing the biofilm growth mode of C. glabrata remain elusive. The present study intended to investigate the genes implicated in biofilm growth phase of C. glabrata through global transcriptomic approach. RESULTS Functional analysis of Differentially expressed genes (DEGs) using gene ontology and pathways analysis revealed that upregulated genes are involved in the glyoxylate cycle, carbon-carbon lyase activity, pre-autophagosomal structure membrane and vacuolar parts whereas, down- regulated genes appear to be associated with glycolysis, ribonucleoside biosynthetic process, ribosomal and translation process in the biofilm growth condition. The RNA-Seq expression of eight selected DEGs (CgICL1, CgMLS1, CgPEP1, and CgNTH1, CgERG9, CgERG11, CgTEF3, and CgCOF1) was performed with quantitative real-time PCR (RT-qPCR). The gene expression profile of selected DEGs with RT-qPCR displayed a similar pattern of expression as observed in RNA-Seq. Phenotype screening of mutant strains generated for genes CgPCK1 and CgPEP1, showed that Cgpck1∆ failed to grow on alternative carbon substrate (Glycerol, Ethanol, Oleic acid) and similarly, Cgpep1∆ unable to grow on YPD medium supplemented with hydrogen peroxide. Our results suggest that in the absence of glucose, C. glabrata assimilate glycerol, oleic acid and generate acetyl coenzyme-A (acetyl-CoA) which is a central and connecting metabolite between catabolic and anabolic pathways (glyoxylate and gluconeogenesis) to produce glucose and fulfil energy requirements. CONCLUSIONS The study was executed using various approaches (transcriptomics, functional genomics and gene deletion) and it revealed that metabolic plasticity of C. glabrata (NCCPF-100,037) in biofilm stage modulates its virulence and survival ability to counter the stress and may promote its transition from commensal to opportunistic pathogen. The observations deduced from the present study along with future work on characterization of the proteins involved in this intricate process may prove to be beneficial for designing novel antifungal strategies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Khem Raj
- Department of Microbiology Basic Medical Sciences Block I, South Campus, Panjab University, Sector-25, Chandigarh, 160014, India.
| | - Dhiraj Paul
- Department of Environmental and Biological Sciences, University of Eastern Finland, Kuopio, Finland.
| | - Praveen Rishi
- Department of Microbiology Basic Medical Sciences Block I, South Campus, Panjab University, Sector-25, Chandigarh, 160014, India
| | - Geeta Shukla
- Department of Microbiology Basic Medical Sciences Block I, South Campus, Panjab University, Sector-25, Chandigarh, 160014, India
| | - Dhiraj Dhotre
- National Centre for Microbial Resource, National Centre for Cell Sciences (NCCS), Pune, India
| | - YogeshSouche
- National Centre for Microbial Resource, National Centre for Cell Sciences (NCCS), Pune, India
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Souza JAS, do Amaral JG, Monteiro DR, Fernandes RA, Fernandes GL, Gorup LF, de Souza Neto FN, de Camargo ER, Agostinho AM, Barbosa DB, Delbem ACB. 'Green' silver nanoparticles combined with tyrosol as potential oral antimicrobial therapy. J Dent 2024; 143:104867. [PMID: 38286192 DOI: 10.1016/j.jdent.2024.104867] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/17/2023] [Revised: 01/24/2024] [Accepted: 01/26/2024] [Indexed: 01/31/2024] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVES This study aimed to evaluate silver nanoparticles (AgNPs) obtained by a 'green' route associated or not to tyrosol (TYR) against Streptococcus mutans and Candida albicans in planktonic and biofilms states. METHODS AgNPs were obtained by a 'green' route using pomegranate extract. The minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) against S. mutans and C. albicans was determined for AgNPs and TYR combined and alone, and fractional inhibitory concentration index (FICI) was calculated. Single biofilms of C. albicans and S. mutans were cultivated for 24 h and then treated with drugs alone or in combination for 24 h. RESULTS AgNPs and TYR were effective against C. albicans and S. mutans considering planktonic cells alone and combined. The MIC values obtained for C. albicans was 312.5 µg/mL (AgNPs) and 50 mM (TYR) and for S. mutans was 78.1 µg/mL (AgNPs) and 90 mM (TYR). The combination of these antimicrobial agents was also effective against both microorganisms: 2.44 µg/mL/0.08 mM (AgNPs/TYR) for C. albicans and 39.05 µg/mL /1.25 mM (AgNPs/TYR) for S. mutans. However, synergism was observed only for C. albicans (FICI 0.008). When biofilm was evaluated, a reduction of 4.62 log10 was observed for S. mutans biofilm cells treated with AgNPs (p < 0.05, Tukey test). However, the addition of TYR to AgNPs did not improve their action against biofilm cells (p > 0.05). AgNPs combined with TYR demonstrated a synergistic effect against C. albicans biofilms. CONCLUSIONS These findings suggest the potential use of AgNPs with or without TYR against C. albicans and S. mutans, important oral pathogens. CLINICAL SIGNIFICANCE AgNPs obtained by a 'green' route combined or not with TYR can be an alternative to develop several types of oral antimicrobial therapies and biomaterials.
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Affiliation(s)
- José Antonio Santos Souza
- Department of Preventive and Restorative Dentistry, School of Dentistry, São Paulo State University (UNESP), Araçatuba 16015-050, SP, Brazil
| | - Jackeline Gallo do Amaral
- Department of Preventive and Restorative Dentistry, School of Dentistry, São Paulo State University (UNESP), Araçatuba 16015-050, SP, Brazil
| | - Douglas Roberto Monteiro
- Department of Preventive and Restorative Dentistry, School of Dentistry, São Paulo State University (UNESP), Araçatuba 16015-050, SP, Brazil
| | - Renan Aparecido Fernandes
- Department of Preventive and Restorative Dentistry, School of Dentistry, São Paulo State University (UNESP), Araçatuba 16015-050, SP, Brazil
| | - Gabriela Lopes Fernandes
- Department of Preventive and Restorative Dentistry, School of Dentistry, São Paulo State University (UNESP), Araçatuba 16015-050, SP, Brazil
| | - Luiz Fernando Gorup
- Department of Chemistry, Federal University of São Carlos, São Carlos 13565-905, São Paulo, Brazil
| | | | | | | | - Debora Barros Barbosa
- Department of Dental Materials and Prosthodontics, School of Dentistry, São Paulo State University (UNESP), Araçatuba 16015-050, SP, Brazil
| | - Alberto Carlos Botazzo Delbem
- Department of Preventive and Restorative Dentistry, School of Dentistry, São Paulo State University (UNESP), Araçatuba 16015-050, SP, Brazil.
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Chen Y, Gao Y, Li Y, Yin J. Anti-Biofilm Activity of Assamsaponin A, Theasaponin E1, and Theasaponin E2 against Candida albicans. Int J Mol Sci 2024; 25:3599. [PMID: 38612411 PMCID: PMC11011434 DOI: 10.3390/ijms25073599] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/31/2024] [Revised: 03/14/2024] [Accepted: 03/20/2024] [Indexed: 04/14/2024] Open
Abstract
Biofilm formation plays a crucial role in the pathogenesis of Candida albicans and is significantly associated with resistance to antifungal agents. Tea seed saponins, a class of non-ionic triterpenes, have been proven to have fungicidal effects on planktonic C. albicans. However, their anti-biofilm activity and mechanism of action against C. albicans remain unclear. In this study, the effects of three Camellia sinensis seed saponin monomers, namely, theasaponin E1 (TE1), theasaponin E2 (TE2), and assamsaponin A (ASA), on the metabolism, biofilm development, and expression of the virulence genes of C. albicans were evaluated. The results of the XTT reduction assay and crystal violet (CV) staining assay demonstrated that tea seed saponin monomers concentration-dependently suppressed the adhesion and biofilm formation of C. albicans and were able to eradicate mature biofilms. The compounds were in the following order in terms of their inhibitory effects: ASA > TE1 > TE2. The mechanisms were associated with reductions in multiple crucial virulence factors, including cell surface hydrophobicity (CSH), adhesion ability, hyphal morphology conversion, and phospholipase activity. It was further demonstrated through qRT-PCR analysis that the anti-biofilm activity of ASA and TE1 against C. albicans was attributed to the inhibition of RAS1 activation, which consequently suppressed the cAMP-PKA and MAPK signaling pathways. Conversely, TE2 appeared to regulate the morphological turnover and hyphal growth of C. albicans via a pathway that was independent of RAS1. These findings suggest that tea seed saponin monomers are promising innovative agents against C. albicans.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuhong Chen
- Key Laboratory of Tea Biology and Resources Utilization, Tea Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Ministry of Agriculture, 9 South Meiling Road, Hangzhou 310008, China; (Y.C.); (Y.L.)
- Tea Research Institute, Hunan Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Changsha 410125, China
| | - Ying Gao
- Key Laboratory of Tea Biology and Resources Utilization, Tea Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Ministry of Agriculture, 9 South Meiling Road, Hangzhou 310008, China; (Y.C.); (Y.L.)
| | - Yifan Li
- Key Laboratory of Tea Biology and Resources Utilization, Tea Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Ministry of Agriculture, 9 South Meiling Road, Hangzhou 310008, China; (Y.C.); (Y.L.)
| | - Junfeng Yin
- Key Laboratory of Tea Biology and Resources Utilization, Tea Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Ministry of Agriculture, 9 South Meiling Road, Hangzhou 310008, China; (Y.C.); (Y.L.)
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Hefny ZA, Ji B, Elsemman IE, Nielsen J, Van Dijck P. Transcriptomic meta-analysis to identify potential antifungal targets in Candida albicans. BMC Microbiol 2024; 24:66. [PMID: 38413885 PMCID: PMC10898158 DOI: 10.1186/s12866-024-03213-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/29/2023] [Accepted: 02/06/2024] [Indexed: 02/29/2024] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Candida albicans is a fungal pathogen causing human infections. Here we investigated differential gene expression patterns and functional enrichment in C. albicans strains grown under different conditions. METHODS A systematic GEO database search identified 239 "Candida albicans" datasets, of which 14 were selected after rigorous criteria application. Retrieval of raw sequencing data from the ENA database was accompanied by essential metadata extraction from dataset descriptions and original articles. Pre-processing via the tailored nf-core pipeline for C. albicans involved alignment, gene/transcript quantification, and diverse quality control measures. Quality assessment via PCA and DESeq2 identified significant genes (FDR < = 0.05, log2-fold change > = 1 or <= -1), while topGO conducted GO term enrichment analysis. Exclusions were made based on data quality and strain relevance, resulting in the selection of seven datasets from the SC5314 strain background for in-depth investigation. RESULTS The meta-analysis of seven selected studies unveiled a substantial number of genes exhibiting significant up-regulation (24,689) and down-regulation (18,074). These differentially expressed genes were further categorized into 2,497 significantly up-regulated and 2,573 significantly down-regulated Gene Ontology (GO) IDs. GO term enrichment analysis clustered these terms into distinct groups, providing insights into the functional implications. Three target gene lists were compiled based on previous studies, focusing on central metabolism, ion homeostasis, and pathogenicity. Frequency analysis revealed genes with higher occurrence within the identified GO clusters, suggesting their potential as antifungal targets. Notably, the genes TPS2, TPS1, RIM21, PRA1, SAP4, and SAP6 exhibited higher frequencies within the clusters. Through frequency analysis within the GO clusters, several key genes emerged as potential targets for antifungal therapies. These include RSP5, GLC7, SOD2, SOD5, SOD1, SOD6, SOD4, SOD3, and RIM101 which exhibited higher occurrence within the identified clusters. CONCLUSION This comprehensive study significantly advances our understanding of the dynamic nature of gene expression in C. albicans. The identification of genes with enhanced potential as antifungal drug targets underpins their value for future interventions. The highlighted genes, including TPS2, TPS1, RIM21, PRA1, SAP4, SAP6, RSP5, GLC7, SOD2, SOD5, SOD1, SOD6, SOD4, SOD3, and RIM101, hold promise for the development of targeted antifungal therapies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zeinab Abdelmoghis Hefny
- Laboratory of Molecular Cell Biology, Department of Biology, Katholieke Universiteit Leuven, Kasteelpark Arenberg 31, Leuven, B-3001, Belgium
| | - Boyang Ji
- BioInnovation Institute, Ole Maaløes Vej 3, Copenhagen, DK2200, Denmark
| | - Ibrahim E Elsemman
- Department of Information Systems, Faculty of Computers and Information, Assiut University, Assiut, 2071515, Egypt
| | - Jens Nielsen
- BioInnovation Institute, Ole Maaløes Vej 3, Copenhagen, DK2200, Denmark.
- Department of Life Sciences, Chalmers University of Technology, Kemivägen 10, SE41296, Gothenburg, SE41296, Sweden.
| | - Patrick Van Dijck
- Laboratory of Molecular Cell Biology, Department of Biology, Katholieke Universiteit Leuven, Kasteelpark Arenberg 31, Leuven, B-3001, Belgium.
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Sharma K, Parmanu PK, Sharma M. Mechanisms of antifungal resistance and developments in alternative strategies to combat Candida albicans infection. Arch Microbiol 2024; 206:95. [PMID: 38349529 DOI: 10.1007/s00203-023-03824-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/20/2023] [Revised: 12/21/2023] [Accepted: 12/29/2023] [Indexed: 02/15/2024]
Abstract
Candida albicans is a commensal fungus that infects the humans and becomes an opportunistic pathogen particularly in immuno-compromised patients. Among the Candida genus, yeast C. albicans is the most frequently incriminated species and is responsible for nearly 50-90% of human candidiasis, with vulvovaginal candidiasis alone, affecting about 75% of the women worldwide. One of the significant virulence traits in C. albicans is its tendency to alternate between the yeast and hyphae morphotypes, accounting for the development of multi-drug resistance in them. Thus, a thorough comprehension of the decision points and genes controlling this transition is necessary, to understand the pathogenicity of this, naturally occurring, pernicious fungus. Additionally, the formation of C. albicans biofilm is yet another pathogenesis trait and a paramount cause of invasive candidiasis. Since 1980 and in 90 s, wide spread use of immune-suppressing therapies and over prescription of fluconazole, a drug used to treat chronic fungal infections, triggered the emergence of novel anti-fungal drug development. Thus, this review thoroughly elucidates the diseases associated with C. albicans infection as well as the anti-fungal resistance mechanism associated with them and identifies the emerging therapeutic agents, along with a rigorous discussion regarding the future strategies that can possibly be adopted for the cure of this deleterious pathogen.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kajal Sharma
- Molecular Genetics of Aging, Dr. B.R. Ambedkar Center for Biomedical Research (ACBR), University of Delhi (DU), Delhi, India
| | - Prashant Kumar Parmanu
- Molecular Genetics of Aging, Dr. B.R. Ambedkar Center for Biomedical Research (ACBR), University of Delhi (DU), Delhi, India
| | - Meenakshi Sharma
- Molecular Genetics of Aging, Dr. B.R. Ambedkar Center for Biomedical Research (ACBR), University of Delhi (DU), Delhi, India.
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Bicer M. Exploring therapeutic avenues: mesenchymal stem/stromal cells and exosomes in confronting enigmatic biofilm-producing fungi. Arch Microbiol 2023; 206:11. [PMID: 38063945 DOI: 10.1007/s00203-023-03744-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/04/2023] [Revised: 11/10/2023] [Accepted: 11/12/2023] [Indexed: 12/18/2023]
Abstract
Fungal infections concomitant with biofilms can demonstrate an elevated capacity to withstand substantially higher concentrations of antifungal agents, contrasted with infectious diseases caused by planktonic cells. This inherent resilience intrinsic to biofilm-associated infections engenders a formidable impediment to effective therapeutic interventions. The different mechanisms that are associated with the intrinsic resistance of Candida species encompass drug sequestration by the matrix, drug efflux pumps, stress response cell density, and the presence of persister cells. These persisters, a subset of fungi capable of surviving hostile conditions, pose a remarkable challenge in clinical settings in virtue of their resistance to conventional antifungal therapies. Hence, an exigent imperative has arisen for the development of novel antifungal therapeutics with specific targeting capabilities focused on these pathogenic persisters. On a global scale, fungal persistence and their resistance within biofilms generate an urgent clinical need for investigating recently introduced therapeutic strategies. This review delves into the unique characteristics of Mesenchymal stem/stromal cells (MSCs) and their secreted exosomes, which notably exhibit immunomodulatory and regenerative properties. By comprehensively assessing the current literature and ongoing research in this field, this review sheds light on the plausible mechanisms by which MSCs and their exosomes can be harnessed to selectively target fungal persisters. Additionally, prospective approaches in the use of cell-based therapeutic modalities are examined, emphasizing the importance of further research to overcome the enigmatic fungal persistence.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mesude Bicer
- Department of Bioengineering, Faculty of Life and Natural Sciences, Abdullah Gul University, Kayseri, 38080, Turkey.
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11
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Bouassida K, Marzouk M, Nouir S, Ghammem R, Sahtout W, Ghardallou M, Fathallah N, Boukadida J, Jaidane M, Slim R, Zaïri A. Analysis of Pathogens of Urinary Tract Infections Associated with Indwelling Double-J Stents and Their Susceptibility to Globularia alypum. Pharmaceutics 2023; 15:2496. [PMID: 37896256 PMCID: PMC10609942 DOI: 10.3390/pharmaceutics15102496] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/06/2023] [Revised: 10/06/2023] [Accepted: 10/12/2023] [Indexed: 10/29/2023] Open
Abstract
Ureteral double-J stents are frequently used to prevent urinary obstruction. They can develop bacterial colonization and encrustation, which leads to persistent infections that seldom respond to antibiotic treatment. Thus, the goal of this study was to evaluate the local spectrum of bacterial pathogens and their susceptibility to natural compounds. A total of 59 double-J ureteral stents from 59 consecutive patients were examined. The samples were inoculated on agar culture mediums. Extracts of Globularia alypum L. were evaluated for their antibacterial activity with the diffusion and broth dilution methods; for antibiofilm activity, the crystal violet assay was used. The identification and the quantification of the different constituents of extracts were determined by reverse-phase high-performance liquid chromatography (RP-HPLC). Bacterial growth was found in three patients (5.1%). Enterococcus faecalis (1.7%), Acinetobacter baumanii (1.7%), and Pseudomonas putida (1.7%) strains were more commonly detected. They were resistant to several common antibiotics. All extracts presented several components, mainly nepetin-7-glucoside and trans-ferulic-acid, and they had antibacterial activity (MIC = 6.25 mg/mL and MBC = 6.25 mg/mL), and antibiofilm (59.70% at 25 mg/mL) properties, especially against Acinetobacter baumanii. The results achieved confirm the important role of this plant as a source of therapeutic activities.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Manel Marzouk
- Laboratory of Microbiology, Hospital Farhat Hached, Faculty of Medicine of Sousse, University of Sousse, Sousse 4002, Tunisia; (M.M.); (J.B.)
| | - Sahar Nouir
- Laboratory of Biochemistry, Faculty of Medicine of Sousse, University of Sousse, Sousse 4002, Tunisia;
| | - Rim Ghammem
- Department of Epidemiology and Preventive Medicine, University of Sousse, Sousse 4002, Tunisia;
| | - Wissal Sahtout
- Nephrology Department, Sahloul Hospital, Sousse 4054, Tunisia;
| | - Meriam Ghardallou
- Department of Community Medicine, Research Laboratory LR12ES03, Faculty of Medicine of Sousse, University of Sousse, Sousse 4002, Tunisia;
| | - Neila Fathallah
- Department of Clinical Pharmacology, Faculty of Medicine of Sousse, University of Sousse, Sousse 4002, Tunisia; (N.F.); (R.S.)
| | - Jalel Boukadida
- Laboratory of Microbiology, Hospital Farhat Hached, Faculty of Medicine of Sousse, University of Sousse, Sousse 4002, Tunisia; (M.M.); (J.B.)
| | - Mehdi Jaidane
- Urology Department, Sahloul Hospital, Sousse 4054, Tunisia; (K.B.); (M.J.)
| | - Raoudha Slim
- Department of Clinical Pharmacology, Faculty of Medicine of Sousse, University of Sousse, Sousse 4002, Tunisia; (N.F.); (R.S.)
| | - Amira Zaïri
- Laboratory of Biochemistry, Faculty of Medicine of Sousse, University of Sousse, Sousse 4002, Tunisia;
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12
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Lin L, Zhuo Y, Dong Q, Yang C, Cheng C, Liu T. Plasma activated Ezhangfeng Cuji as innovative antifungal agent and its inactivation mechanism. AMB Express 2023; 13:65. [PMID: 37368076 DOI: 10.1186/s13568-023-01571-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/26/2023] [Accepted: 06/12/2023] [Indexed: 06/28/2023] Open
Abstract
Candida albicans is a highly drug-resistant fungus for which new treatments are urgently needed due to the lack of clinically effective options. In this study, we evaluated the antifungal activity and mechanism of plasma-activated Ezhangfeng Cuji (PAEC) against Candida albicans and compared it with physiological saline (PS), plasma-activated physiological saline (PAPS) and Ezhangfeng Cuji (EC). After dielectric barrier discharge (DBD) plasma treatment with EC for 20 min followed by a 10 min immersion of Candida albicans, the fungus was reduced by approximately 3 orders of magnitude. High performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) results showed an increase of 41.18% and 129.88% in the concentration of oxymatrine and rhein, respectively, after plasma-treated EC. The concentrations of reactive species (RS), such as H2O2, [Formula: see text], and O3, were found to be higher and the pH value was getting lower in PS after plasma treatment. Detailed analysis of intracellular material leakage, reactive oxygen species (ROS), apoptosis for Candida albicans and observation by transmission electron microscopy (TEM) and scanning electron microscopy (SEM) demonstrated that PAPS, EC and PAEC disrupt the morphological structure of Candida albicans to varying degrees.Additionally, specific analyses on Candida albicans virulence factors, such as adhesion to tissue surfaces, cell surface hydrophobicity (CSH), the transition of yeast-phase cells to mycelium-phase cells, and the secretion of hydrolytic enzymes for Candida albicans were conducted and found to be inhibited after PAPS/EC/PAEC treatment. In our investigation, the inhibitory effects on Candida albicans were ranked from strong to weak as follows: PAEC, EC, PAPS, and PS.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lin Lin
- The Postgraduate School of Anhui, University of Chinese Medicine, Hefei, 230012, People's Republic of China
| | - Yue Zhuo
- Department of Dermatology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Anhui University of Chinese Medicine, Hefei, 230012, People's Republic of China
- Nanjing University of Chinese Medicine, Nanjing, 210023, People's Republic of China
| | - Qiran Dong
- Department of Dermatology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Anhui University of Chinese Medicine, Hefei, 230012, People's Republic of China
| | - Chunjun Yang
- Department of Dermatology, The Second Affiliated Hospital, Anhui Medical University, Hefei, 230601, People's Republic of China
| | - Cheng Cheng
- Institute of Plasma Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Hefei, 230031, People's Republic of China
| | - Taofeng Liu
- Department of Dermatology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Anhui University of Chinese Medicine, Hefei, 230012, People's Republic of China.
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13
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Madaan K, Bari VK. Emerging Role of Sphingolipids in Amphotericin B Drug Resistance. Microb Drug Resist 2023. [PMID: 37327022 DOI: 10.1089/mdr.2022.0353] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/17/2023] Open
Abstract
Invasive fungal infections in humans are common in people with compromised immune systems and are difficult to treat, resulting in high mortality. Amphotericin B (AmB) is one of the main antifungal drugs available to treat these infections. AmB binds with plasma membrane ergosterol, causing leakage of cellular ions and promoting cell death. The increasing use of available antifungal drugs to combat pathogenic fungal infections has led to the development of drug resistance. AmB resistance is not very common and is usually caused by changes in the amount or type of ergosterol or changes in the cell wall. Intrinsic AmB resistance occurs in the absence of AmB exposure, whereas acquired AmB resistance can develop during treatment. However, clinical resistance arises due to treatment failure with AmB and depends on multiple factors such as the pharmacokinetics of AmB, infectious fungal species, and host immune status. Candida albicans is a common opportunistic pathogen that can cause superficial infections of the skin and mucosal surfaces, thrush, to life-threatening systemic or invasive infections. In addition, immunocompromised individuals are more susceptible to systemic infections caused by Candida, Aspergillus, and Cryptococcus. Several antifungal drugs with different modes of action are used to treat systemic to invasive fungal infections and are approved for clinical use in the treatment of fungal diseases. However, C. albicans can develop a variety of defenses against antifungal medications. In fungi, plasma membrane sphingolipid molecules could interact with ergosterol, which can lead to the alteration of drug susceptibilities such as AmB. In this review, we mainly summarize the role of sphingolipid molecules and their regulators in AmB resistance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kashish Madaan
- Department of Biochemistry, School of Basic Sciences, Central University of Punjab, Bathinda, India
| | - Vinay Kumar Bari
- Department of Biochemistry, School of Basic Sciences, Central University of Punjab, Bathinda, India
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14
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Silvestre ALP, Dos Santos AM, de Oliveira AB, Ferrisse TM, Brighenti FL, Meneguin AB, Chorilli M. Evaluation of photodynamic therapy on nanoparticles and films loaded-nanoparticles based on chitosan/alginate for curcumin delivery in oral biofilms. Int J Biol Macromol 2023; 240:124489. [PMID: 37076077 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijbiomac.2023.124489] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/28/2022] [Revised: 04/02/2023] [Accepted: 04/13/2023] [Indexed: 04/21/2023]
Abstract
Nanoparticles and nanoparticle-loaded films based on chitosan/sodium alginate with curcumin (CUR) are promising strategies to improve the efficacy of antimicrobial photodynamic therapy (aPDT) for the treatment of oral biofilms. This work aimed to develop and evaluate the nanoparticles based on chitosan and sodium alginate encapsulated with CUR dispersed in polymeric films associated with aPDT in oral biofilms. The NPs were obtained by polyelectrolytic complexation, and the films were prepared by solvent evaporation. The photodynamic effect was evaluated by counting Colony Forming Units (CFU/mL). Both systems showed adequate characterization parameters for CUR release. Nanoparticles controlled the release of CUR for a longer period than the nanoparticle-loaded films in simulated saliva media. Control and CUR-loaded nanoparticles showed a significant reduction of 3 log10 CFU/mL against S. mutans biofilms, compared to treatment without light. However, biofilms of S. mutans showed no photoinactivation effect using films loaded with nanoparticles even in the presence of light. These results demonstrate the potential of chitosan/sodium alginate nanoparticles associated with aPDT as carriers for the oral delivery of CUR, offering new possibilities to improve the treatment of dental caries and infections. This work will contribute to advances in the search for innovative delivery systems in dentistry.
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Affiliation(s)
- Amanda Letícia Polli Silvestre
- UNESP, São Paulo State University, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Department of Drugs and Pharmaceutics, Araraquara, SP 14800-903, Brazil
| | - Aline Martins Dos Santos
- UNESP, São Paulo State University, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Department of Drugs and Pharmaceutics, Araraquara, SP 14800-903, Brazil
| | - Analú Barros de Oliveira
- UNESP, São Paulo State University, School of Dentistry, Department of Restorative Dentistry, 14801-385 Araraquara, SP, Brazil
| | - Túlio Morandin Ferrisse
- UNESP, São Paulo State University, School of Dentistry, Department of Dental Materials and Prosthodontics, 14801-385 Araraquara, SP, Brazil
| | - Fernanda Lourenção Brighenti
- UNESP, São Paulo State University, School of Dentistry, Department of Restorative Dentistry, 14801-385 Araraquara, SP, Brazil
| | - Andréia Bagliotti Meneguin
- UNESP, São Paulo State University, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Department of Drugs and Pharmaceutics, Araraquara, SP 14800-903, Brazil
| | - Marlus Chorilli
- UNESP, São Paulo State University, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Department of Drugs and Pharmaceutics, Araraquara, SP 14800-903, Brazil.
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15
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Transcript profiling reveals the role of PDB1, a subunit of the pyruvate dehydrogenase complex, in Candida albicans biofilm formation. Res Microbiol 2023; 174:104014. [PMID: 36535619 DOI: 10.1016/j.resmic.2022.104014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/24/2022] [Revised: 12/09/2022] [Accepted: 12/12/2022] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Abstract
Candida albicans, the most prevalent fungal pathogen in the human microbiota can form biofilms on implanted medical devices. These biofilms are tolerant to conventional antifungal drugs and the host immune system as compared to the free-floating planktonic cells. Several in vitro models of biofilm formation have been used to determine the C. albicans biofilm-forming process, regulatory networks, and their properties. Here, we performed a genome-wide transcript profiling with C. albicans cells grown in YPD medium both in planktonic and biofilm condition. Transcript profiling of YPD-grown biofilms was further compared with published Spider medium-grown biofilm transcriptome data. This comparative analysis highlighted the differentially expressed genes and the pathways altered during biofilm formation. In addition, we demonstrated that overexpression of the PDB1 gene encoding a subunit of the pyruvate dehydrogenase resulted in defective biofilm formation. Altogether, this comparative analysis of transcript profiles from two different studies provides a robust reading on biofilm-altered genes and pathways during C. albicans biofilm development.
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16
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Antifungal activity and potential mechanism of action of caspofungin in combination with ribavirin against Candida albicans. Int J Antimicrob Agents 2023; 61:106709. [PMID: 36640848 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijantimicag.2023.106709] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/24/2022] [Revised: 12/12/2022] [Accepted: 01/03/2023] [Indexed: 01/13/2023]
Abstract
The number of invasive fungal infections has increased dramatically, resulting in high morbidity and mortality among immunocompromised patients. With increasing use of caspofungin (CAS), resistant strains have emerged frequently and led to limitations in the treatment of patients with severe invasive Candida albicans infections. Combination therapy is an important method to deal with this issue. As such, this study investigated the activity of CAS in combination with ribavirin (RBV) against C. albicans. The results of this in-vitro study showed that the minimum inhibitory concentrations (MICs) of CAS and RBV when they were used as monotherapy were 0.5-1 μg/mL and 2-8 μg/mL, respectively, while the MIC of CAS decreased from 0.5-1 μg/mL to 0.0625-0.25 μg/mL when used in combination with RBV, with a fractional inhibitory concentration index (FICI) ≤0.5. In addition, the RBV + CAS combination group displayed synergistic effects against C. albicans biofilm over 4 h; the sessile MIC (sMIC) of CAS decreased from 0.5-1 µg/mL to 0.0625-0.25µg/mL and the sMIC of RBV decreased from 4-16 µg/mL to 1-2 µg/mL, with FICI <0.5. The survival of C. albicans-infected Galleria mellonella was prolonged, the fungal burden was decreased, and the area of tissue damage was reduced after combination therapy. Further study showed that the mechanisms of action of the synergistic effect were related to the inhibition of biofilm formation, the inhibition of hyphal growth, and the activation of metacaspases, but were not related to the accumulation of reactive oxygen species. It is hoped that these findings will contribute to the understanding of drug resistance in C. albicans, and provide new insights for the application of RBV.
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17
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Kaur J, Nobile CJ. Antifungal drug-resistance mechanisms in Candida biofilms. Curr Opin Microbiol 2023; 71:102237. [PMID: 36436326 DOI: 10.1016/j.mib.2022.102237] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 33.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/14/2022] [Revised: 10/23/2022] [Accepted: 10/27/2022] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Abstract
Infections caused by the Candida species of human fungal pathogens are a significant medical problem because they can disseminate to nearly every organ of the body. In addition, there are only a few classes of antifungal drugs available to treat patients with invasive fungal infections. Candida infections that are associated with biofilms can withstand much higher concentrations of antifungal drugs compared with infections caused by planktonic cells, thus making biofilm infections particularly challenging to treat. Candida albicans is among the most prevalent fungal species of the human microbiota, asymptomatically colonizing several niches of the body, including the gastrointestinal tract, genitourinary tract, mouth, and skin. Immunocompromised health conditions, dysbiosis of the microbiota, or environmental changes, however, can lead to C. albicans overgrowth, causing infections that range from superficial mucosal infections to severe hematogenously disseminated infections. Here, we review the current knowledge of antifungal drug-resistance mechanisms occurring in Candida biofilms.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jaspreet Kaur
- Department of Molecular and Cell Biology, School of Natural Sciences, University of California Merced, Merced, CA, USA
| | - Clarissa J Nobile
- Department of Molecular and Cell Biology, School of Natural Sciences, University of California Merced, Merced, CA, USA; Health Sciences Research Institute, University of California Merced, Merced, CA, USA.
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18
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Vanreppelen G, Wuyts J, Van Dijck P, Vandecruys P. Sources of Antifungal Drugs. J Fungi (Basel) 2023; 9:jof9020171. [PMID: 36836286 PMCID: PMC9965926 DOI: 10.3390/jof9020171] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/31/2022] [Revised: 01/22/2023] [Accepted: 01/26/2023] [Indexed: 01/31/2023] Open
Abstract
Due to their eukaryotic heritage, the differences between a fungal pathogen's molecular makeup and its human host are small. Therefore, the discovery and subsequent development of novel antifungal drugs are extremely challenging. Nevertheless, since the 1940s, researchers have successfully uncovered potent candidates from natural or synthetic sources. Analogs and novel formulations of these drugs enhanced the pharmacological parameters and improved overall drug efficiency. These compounds ultimately became the founding members of novel drug classes and were successfully applied in clinical settings, offering valuable and efficient treatment of mycosis for decades. Currently, only five different antifungal drug classes exist, all characterized by a unique mode of action; these are polyenes, pyrimidine analogs, azoles, allylamines, and echinocandins. The latter, being the latest addition to the antifungal armamentarium, was introduced over two decades ago. As a result of this limited arsenal, antifungal resistance development has exponentially increased and, with it, a growing healthcare crisis. In this review, we discuss the original sources of antifungal compounds, either natural or synthetic. Additionally, we summarize the existing drug classes, potential novel candidates in the clinical pipeline, and emerging non-traditional treatment options.
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The Pga59 cell wall protein is an amyloid forming protein involved in adhesion and biofilm establishment in the pathogenic yeast Candida albicans. NPJ Biofilms Microbiomes 2023; 9:6. [PMID: 36697414 PMCID: PMC9877000 DOI: 10.1038/s41522-023-00371-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/12/2022] [Accepted: 01/09/2023] [Indexed: 01/26/2023] Open
Abstract
The human commensal fungus Candida albicans can attach to epithelia or indwelling medical devices and form biofilms, that are highly tolerant to antifungal drugs and can evade the immune response. The cell surface protein Pga59 has been shown to influence adhesion and biofilm formation. Here, we present evidence that Pga59 displays amyloid properties. Using electron microscopy, staining with an amyloid fibre-specific dye and X-ray diffraction experiments, we showed that the predicted amyloid-forming region of Pga59 is sufficient to build up an amyloid fibre in vitro and that recombinant Pga59 can also adopt a cross-β amyloid fibre architecture. Further, mutations impairing Pga59 amyloid assembly led to diminished adhesion to substrates and reduced biofilm production. Immunogold labelling on amyloid structures extracted from C. albicans revealed that Pga59 is used by the fungal cell to assemble amyloids within the cell wall in response to adhesion. Altogether, our results suggest that Pga59 amyloid properties are used by the fungal cell to mediate cell-substrate interactions and biofilm formation.
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Behbehani JM, Irshad M, Shreaz S, Karched M. Anticandidal Activity of Capsaicin and Its Effect on Ergosterol Biosynthesis and Membrane Integrity of Candida albicans. Int J Mol Sci 2023; 24:ijms24021046. [PMID: 36674560 PMCID: PMC9860720 DOI: 10.3390/ijms24021046] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/25/2022] [Revised: 11/22/2022] [Accepted: 12/05/2022] [Indexed: 01/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Oral candidiasis is an infection of the oral cavity commonly caused by Candida albicans. Endodontic treatment failure has also been found to be persistent from C. albicans in the root canal system. Despite the availability of antifungal drugs, the management of Candida oral infection is difficult as it exhibits resistance to a different class of antifungal drugs. Therefore, it is necessary to discover new antifungal compounds to cure fungal infections. This study aimed to examine the antifungal susceptibility of Capsaicin, an active compound of chili pepper. The susceptibility of Capsaicin and Fluconazole was tested against the Candida species by the CLSI (M27-A3) method. The effect of Capsaicin on the fungal cell wall was examined by the ergosterol inhibitory assay and observed by the scanning electron micrograph. The MIC range of Capsaicin against Candida isolates from oral (n = 30), endodontic (n = 8), and ATCC strains (n = 2) was 12.5−50 µg/mL. The MIC range of Fluconazole (128- 4 µg/mL) significantly decreased (2- to 4-fold) after the combination with Capsaicin (MIC/4) (p < 0.05). Capsaicin (at MIC) significantly reduced the mature biofilm of C. albicans by 70 to 89% (p < 0.01). The ergosterol content of the cell wall decreased significantly with the increase in the Capsaicin dose (p < 0.01). Capsaicin showed high sensitivity against the hyphae formation and demonstrated a more than 71% reduction in mature biofilm. A fluorescence microscopy revealed the membrane disruption of Capsaicin-treated C. albicans cells, whereas a micrograph of electron microscopy showed the distorted cells’ shape, ruptured cell walls, and shrinkage of cells after the release of intracellular content. The results conclude that Capsaicin had a potential antifungal activity that inhibits the ergosterol biosynthesis in the cell wall, and therefore, the cells’ structure and integrity were disrupted. More importantly, Capsaicin synergistically enhanced the Fluconazole antifungal activity, and the synergistic effect might be helpful in the prevention of Fluconazole resistance development and reduced drug-dosing.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jawad M. Behbehani
- Department of Restorative Sciences, Faculty of Dentistry, Kuwait University, Kuwait City 13060, Kuwait
| | - Mohammad Irshad
- Department of Bioclinical Sciences, Faculty of Dentistry, Kuwait University, Kuwait City 13060, Kuwait
- Dasman Diabetes Institute, Dasman 15462, Kuwait
| | - Sheikh Shreaz
- Department of Bioclinical Sciences, Faculty of Dentistry, Kuwait University, Kuwait City 13060, Kuwait
| | - Maribasappa Karched
- Department of Bioclinical Sciences, Faculty of Dentistry, Kuwait University, Kuwait City 13060, Kuwait
- Correspondence: ; Fax: +965-25326049
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Li X, Xu Y, Ouyang D, Ye K, Chen Y, Li Q, Xia Q, Wu X, Yang Y. Copper- and Iodine-Doped Nanozymes with Simulated Enzyme Activity and Efficient Antifungal Activity against Candida albicans. Biochem Eng J 2022. [DOI: 10.1016/j.bej.2022.108791] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
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22
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Macias-Paz IU, Pérez-Hernández S, Tavera-Tapia A, Luna-Arias JP, Guerra-Cárdenas JE, Reyna-Beltrán E. Candida albicans the main opportunistic pathogenic fungus in humans. Rev Argent Microbiol 2022:S0325-7541(22)00084-0. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ram.2022.08.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/18/2022] [Revised: 07/03/2022] [Accepted: 08/23/2022] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
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In vitro antimicrobial effects of chitosan on microcosm biofilms of oral candidiasis. J Dent 2022; 125:104246. [PMID: 35914573 DOI: 10.1016/j.jdent.2022.104246] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/08/2022] [Revised: 07/23/2022] [Accepted: 07/29/2022] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVE This study assessed the effects of chitosan (CS) on microcosm biofilms derived from saliva of patients with Candida-associated denture stomatitis. METHODS Five removable denture wearers with denture stomatitis were included in the study. The minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) of CS against clinical isolates of Candida albicans was determined according to the broth microdilution method. Pooled saliva from the donors was used as an inoculum for the formation of biofilms, which were developed during 72 h on acrylic surfaces in the Amsterdam Active Attachment model. The biofilms were then treated with different concentrations of CS, and the antibiofilm effects were evaluated through the quantification of colony-forming units (CFUs), total biomass (TB), metabolic activity (MA), lactic acid production (LAP), and cell viability (by confocal laser scanning microscopy). Chlorhexidine, miconazole, and nystatin were tested as positive controls, while the negative control (NC) was the untreated biofilm. Data were analyzed by 1-way ANOVA and Fischer LSD's post hoc test (α=0.05). RESULTS MIC values of CS ranged from 500 to 800 µg/mL. For CFUs, 2500 µg/mL CS was the most effective treatment in reducing total anaerobes, mutans streptococci, and Lactobacillus spp., significantly differing from the controls. For C. albicans CFUs, CS and positive controls did not differ from each other but led to significant reductions compared to NC. Regarding TB, MA, LAP, and cell viability, 2500 µg/mL CS promoted the greatest reductions compared to NC. CONCLUSION CS has similar or superior effects to conventional active principles on important parameters of oral candidiasis microcosm biofilms. CLINICAL RELEVANCE The antibiofilm effects of CS show that this compound has great potential to improve the clinical condition of denture stomatitis patients, and formulations containing this natural polymer could be useful for controlling oral candidiasis.
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Targeting Virulence Factors of Candida albicans with Natural Products. Foods 2022; 11:foods11192951. [PMID: 36230026 PMCID: PMC9562657 DOI: 10.3390/foods11192951] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/22/2022] [Revised: 09/11/2022] [Accepted: 09/16/2022] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Natural products derived from natural resources, including nutritional functional food, play an important role in human health. In recent years, the study of anti-fungal and other properties of agri-foods and derived functional compounds has been a hot research topic. Candida albicans is a parasitic fungus that thrives on human mucosal surfaces, which are colonized through opportunistic infection. It is the most prevalent cause of invasive fungal infection in immunocompromised individuals, resulting in a wide variety of clinical symptoms. Moreover, the efficacy of classical therapeutic medications such as fluconazole is often limited by the development of resistance. There is an ongoing need for the development of novel and effective antifungal therapy and medications. Infection of C. albicans is influenced by a great quantity of virulence factors, like adhesion, invasion-promoting enzymes, mycelial growth, and phenotypic change, and among others. Furthermore, various natural products especially from food sources that target C. albicans virulence factors have been researched, providing promising prospects for C. albicans prevention and treatment. In this review, we discuss the virulence factors of C. albicans and how functional foods and derived functional compounds affect them. Our hope is that this review will stimulate additional thoughts and suggestions regarding nutritional functional food and therapeutic development for patients afflicted with C. albicans.
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Gong Y, Yin S, Sun S, Li M. Chelerythrine reverses the drug resistance of resistant Candida albicans and the biofilm to fluconazole. Future Microbiol 2022; 17:1325-1333. [DOI: 10.2217/fmb-2021-0203] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Aim: To evaluate the antifungal activity of chelerythrine in combination with fluconazole against planktonic Candida albicans strains and preformed biofilm. Materials & methods: A broth microdilution assay was used to reveal the antifungal activity of chelerythrine combined with fluconazole against C. albicans and the preformed biofilm. A fractional inhibitory concentration index model was used to evaluate the interaction. Results: Chelerythrine strongly synergized with fluconazole against fluconazole-resistant C. albicans and the biofilm preformed for less than 12 h. In addition, chelerythrine combined with fluconazole exhibited a synergistic effect against C. albicans morphogenesis. Conclusion: Chelerythrine could reverse the drug resistance of resistant C. albicans and its biofilm to fluconazole, providing new insights for overcoming the drug resistance of C. albicans.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ying Gong
- Department of Pharmacy, The Affiliated Wuxi People's Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, Wuxi, 214023, People's Republic of China
| | - Shulin Yin
- Medical Engineering Section, Weihai Municipal Hosptital, Cheeloo College of Medicine, Shandong University, Weihai, 264200, People's Republic of China
| | - Shujuan Sun
- Department of Pharmacy, Shandong Second Provincial General Hospital, Shandong Provincial ENT Hospital, Jinan, 250022, People's Republic of China
| | - Min Li
- Department of Clinical Pharmacy, The First Affiliated Hospital of Shandong First Medical University, Jinan, 250014, People's Republic of China
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Biofilm Alterations on the Stepwise Acquisition of Fluconazole-resistant Candida Albicans Isolates. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF DERMATOLOGY AND VENEREOLOGY 2022; 5:132-139. [PMID: 36199677 PMCID: PMC9521591 DOI: 10.1097/jd9.0000000000000223] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/25/2021] [Revised: 12/24/2021] [Accepted: 01/11/2022] [Indexed: 12/05/2022]
Abstract
By assessing and comparing the phenotypic changes on the stepwise acquisition of fluconazole resistant Candida albicans isolates, we could find and describe the relationship between drug resistance and biofilm formation ability in a series of clonal strains.
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Mourer T, Sachse M, Gazi AD, d’Enfert C, Bachellier-Bassi S. A protocol for ultrastructural study of Candida albicans biofilm using transmission electron microscopy. STAR Protoc 2022; 3:101514. [PMID: 35779259 PMCID: PMC9256947 DOI: 10.1016/j.xpro.2022.101514] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/01/2022] [Revised: 05/10/2022] [Accepted: 06/09/2022] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
This protocol describes how to analyze C.albicans biofilm using transmission electron microscopy. We present two approaches to observe the ultrastructure of fungal cells within unperturbed biofilms, as well as an immunogold labeling procedure. This approach maintains the architecture of the fungal biofilm close to its native state by growing C. albicans biofilm on a plastic surface. After the freeze substitution procedure, classical transmission electron microscopy or electron tomography will allow the ultrastructural analysis of the microbial community. A protocol to study the ultrastructure of unperturbed biofilms of C. albicans Suitable for contrasting, immunogold labeling, and electron tomography Maintain cellular junctions between fungal cells from the microbial community The protocol may be applicable to other microorganisms able to form biofilms
Publisher’s note: Undertaking any experimental protocol requires adherence to local institutional guidelines for laboratory safety and ethics.
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Jafari M, Abolmaali SS, Borandeh S, Najafi H, Zareshahrabadi Z, Heidari R, Azarpira N, Zomorodian K, Tamaddon AM. Amphiphilic hyperbranched polyglycerol nanoarchitectures for Amphotericin B delivery in Candida infections. BIOMATERIALS ADVANCES 2022; 139:212996. [PMID: 35891600 DOI: 10.1016/j.bioadv.2022.212996] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/05/2022] [Revised: 05/23/2022] [Accepted: 06/17/2022] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
Although Amphotericin B (AMB) is considered the most effective anti-mycotic agent for treating Candida infections, its clinical use is limited due to its high toxicity. To address this issue, we developed cholesterol-based dendritic micelles of hyperbranched polyglycerol (HPG), including cholesterol-cored HPG (Chol-HPG) and cholesterol end-capped HPG (HPG@Chol), for AMB delivery. The findings suggested that the presence of cholesterol moieties could control AMB loading and release properties. Dendritic micelles inhibited AMB hemolysis and cytotoxicity in HEK 293 and RAW 264.7 cell lines while increasing antifungal activity against C. albicans biofilm formation. Furthermore, significantly lower levels of renal and liver toxicity biomarkers compared to Fungizone® ensured AMB-incorporated dendritic micelle biosafety, which was confirmed by histopathological evaluations. Overall, the Chol-HPG and HPG@Chol dendritic micelles may be a viable alternative to commercially available AMB formulations as well as an effective delivery system for other poorly soluble antifungal agents.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mahboobeh Jafari
- Pharmaceutical Nanotechnology Department, Shiraz University of Medical Sciences, Shiraz, PO Box 71345-1583, Iran
| | - Samira Sadat Abolmaali
- Pharmaceutical Nanotechnology Department, Shiraz University of Medical Sciences, Shiraz, PO Box 71345-1583, Iran; Center for Nanotechnology in Drug Delivery, Shiraz University of Medical Sciences, Shiraz, PO Box 71345-1583, Iran
| | - Sedigheh Borandeh
- Center for Nanotechnology in Drug Delivery, Shiraz University of Medical Sciences, Shiraz, PO Box 71345-1583, Iran
| | - Haniyeh Najafi
- Pharmaceutical Nanotechnology Department, Shiraz University of Medical Sciences, Shiraz, PO Box 71345-1583, Iran
| | - Zahra Zareshahrabadi
- Department of Parasitology & Mycology, School of Medicines, Shiraz University of Medical Sciences, Shiraz, PO Box 713484-5794, Iran
| | - Reza Heidari
- Pharmaceutical Sciences Research Center, Shiraz University of Medical Sciences, Shiraz, PO Box 71345-1583, Iran
| | - Negar Azarpira
- Transplant Research Center, Shiraz University of Medical Sciences, Mohammad Rasoul-allah Research Tower, Shiraz, PO Box 7193711351, Iran
| | - Kamiar Zomorodian
- Department of Parasitology & Mycology, School of Medicines, Shiraz University of Medical Sciences, Shiraz, PO Box 713484-5794, Iran; Basic Sciences in Infectious Diseases Research Center, School of Medicine, Shiraz University of Medical Sciences, Shiraz, PO Box 713484-5794, Iran.
| | - Ali Mohammad Tamaddon
- Pharmaceutical Nanotechnology Department, Shiraz University of Medical Sciences, Shiraz, PO Box 71345-1583, Iran; Center for Nanotechnology in Drug Delivery, Shiraz University of Medical Sciences, Shiraz, PO Box 71345-1583, Iran.
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Fayez MM, Swelum AA, Alharbi NK, AlRokban AH, Almubarak A, Almubarak AH, Alaql F, Ahmed AE. Multilocus Sequence Typing and Antifungal Susceptibility of Candida albicans Isolates From Milk and Genital Tract of Dromedary Camel. Front Vet Sci 2022; 9:905962. [PMID: 35873700 PMCID: PMC9305711 DOI: 10.3389/fvets.2022.905962] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/19/2022] [Accepted: 06/02/2022] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Multilocus sequence typing (MLST) was used to study the genetic diversity and population structure of 48 Candida albicans (C. albicans) isolates from the udder or genital tract of apparently healthy or diseased camels. This study aimed also to determine the frequency of C. albicans isolates in the genital tract and udder of healthy or diseased female dromedary camels. A total of 240 mature dromedary camels (230 females and 10 males) were categorized based on the clinical examination of gentile tract and udder into five groups [fertile females (n = 70), infertile females (n = 115), healthy udder (n = 15), mastitis (n = 30), and fertile males (n = 10)]. Swabs were collected from male and female genital tracts of dromedary camels and milk samples were collected from healthy and diseased udders. C. albicans was isolated from 20% of the samples. The frequency of isolation was significantly higher (p < 0.00001) in disease camels (75%) compared with apparently healthy camels (25%). Most of C. albicans was isolated from infertile female genitalia (62.50%) which was significantly higher than that isolated from fertile female genitalia (16.67%). Multilocus sequence (MLS) analysis identified seven different diploid sequence types (DSTs) including DST2, DST50, DST62, DST69, DST124, DST142, and DST144. The most frequently identified DTS was DST69 (13/48) which significantly higher (p ≤ 0.05) than DST2, DST62, and DST124. The frequency of identification of DST50, DST142, and DST 144 was significantly higher (p ≤ 0.05) than DST62. DST62 and DST124 were isolated only from diseased camels. DST62 was isolated only from mastitic milk. DST124 was isolated only from infertile female genitalia. The percentage of DST50 and DST 142 was significantly higher in diseased camels (infertile females) than in the apparently healthy ones (fertile females). DST2 and DST50 were isolated only from female genitalia of apparent health and diseased camels. The C. albicans isolated from diseased camels had significantly higher biofilm formation, hydrophobicity, phospholipase, proteinase, and hemolysin activities compared with the isolates from apparent healthy camels. All isolates were sensitive to amphotericin B, itraconazole, micafungin, posaconazole and voriconazole. In conclusion, the present study represents the first molecular typing of C. albicans in samples isolated from milk and the genital tract of the dromedary camel. MLST is a useful tool for studying the epidemiology and evolution of C. albicans. Early identification of Candida species and attention to Candida virulence factors and their antifungal susceptibility patterns is very important for establishing strategies to control and/or prevent candidiasis by novel therapeutic management. Amphotericin B, itraconazole, micafungin, posaconazole, or voriconazole can be efficient in treatment of candidiasis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mahmoud M. Fayez
- Department of Bacteriology, Veterinary Serum and Vaccine Research Institute, Ministry of Agriculture, Cairo, Egypt
- Al Ahsa Laboratory, Ministry of Agriculture Kingdom of Saudi Arabia, Al Ahsa, Saudi Arabia
| | - Ayman A. Swelum
- Department of Theriogenology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Zagazig University, Zagazig, Egypt
- *Correspondence: Ayman A. Swelum
| | - Nada K. Alharbi
- Department of Biology, College of Science, Princess Nourah bint Abdulrahman University, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia
| | - Ahlam H. AlRokban
- Department of Biology, College of Science, Princess Nourah bint Abdulrahman University, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia
| | - Abdullah Almubarak
- Al Ahsa Laboratory, Ministry of Agriculture Kingdom of Saudi Arabia, Al Ahsa, Saudi Arabia
| | - Ameen H. Almubarak
- Al Ahsa Laboratory, Ministry of Agriculture Kingdom of Saudi Arabia, Al Ahsa, Saudi Arabia
| | - Fanan Alaql
- Riyadh Veterinary Diagnostic Lab, Ministry of Environment, Water and Agriculture, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia
| | - Ahmed E. Ahmed
- Biology Department, College of Science, King Khalid University, Abha, Saudi Arabia
- Department of Theriogenology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, South Valley University, Qena, Egypt
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Molecular Mapping of Antifungal Mechanisms Accessing Biomaterials and New Agents to Target Oral Candidiasis. Int J Mol Sci 2022; 23:ijms23147520. [PMID: 35886869 PMCID: PMC9320712 DOI: 10.3390/ijms23147520] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/08/2022] [Revised: 07/01/2022] [Accepted: 07/04/2022] [Indexed: 02/04/2023] Open
Abstract
Oral candidiasis has a high rate of development, especially in immunocompromised patients. Immunosuppressive and cytotoxic therapies in hospitalized HIV and cancer patients are known to induce the poor management of adverse reactions, where local and systemic candidiasis become highly resistant to conventional antifungal therapy. The development of oral candidiasis is triggered by several mechanisms that determine oral epithelium imbalances, resulting in poor local defense and a delayed immune system response. As a result, pathogenic fungi colonies disseminate and form resistant biofilms, promoting serious challenges in initiating a proper therapeutic protocol. Hence, this study of the literature aimed to discuss possibilities and new trends through antifungal therapy for buccal drug administration. A large number of studies explored the antifungal activity of new agents or synergic components that may enhance the effect of classic drugs. It was of significant interest to find connections between smart biomaterials and their activity, to find molecular responses and mechanisms that can conquer the multidrug resistance of fungi strains, and to transpose them into a molecular map. Overall, attention is focused on the nanocolloids domain, nanoparticles, nanocomposite synthesis, and the design of polymeric platforms to satisfy sustained antifungal activity and high biocompatibility with the oral mucosa.
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Bacterial Colonization Incidence before and after Indwelling Double-J Ureteral Stents. Antibiotics (Basel) 2022; 11:antibiotics11070850. [PMID: 35884104 PMCID: PMC9312341 DOI: 10.3390/antibiotics11070850] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/04/2022] [Revised: 06/21/2022] [Accepted: 06/22/2022] [Indexed: 02/01/2023] Open
Abstract
The upper urinary tract stenting allows to restore the ureteral patency in various situations. However, one of the main disadvantages of stenting is bacterial contamination, which can be a source of persistent infections that hardly respond to antibiotic therapy. The aim of this study was to investigate the local spectrum of bacterial pathogens and their susceptibility to antibiotics in order to optimize antibacterial therapy after upper urinary tract stenting. A prospective observational study was conducted in which 140 urine samples were examined (70 before stenting and 70 after stenting). Bacterial growth was detected in 37 patients (52.8%) before stenting and in 43 patients (61.4%) after stenting. E. coli (13 (28.8%)) and Streptococcus spp. (8 (17.6%)) strains were more commonly detected before stenting; P. aeruginosa (15 (31.2%)) and E. coli (8 (16.6%)) were usually revealed after stenting. The proportion of P. aeruginosa strains after stenting grew from 4.4% up to 31.2%. E. coli strains were resistant to ampicillin (92.3% before and 100% after stenting). Three strains of E. coli (23.1%) and six strains of P. aeruginosa (40%) were multidrug-resistant. Determination of the bacterial sensitivity to antibiotics and identification of antibiotic-resistant forms of bacteria is a factor in reducing the risk of complications and optimizing antibiotic therapy during the upper urinary tract stenting.
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A Review on Biogenic Synthesis of Selenium Nanoparticles and Its Biological Applications. J Inorg Organomet Polym Mater 2022. [DOI: 10.1007/s10904-022-02366-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
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Poly(methyl methacrylate) with Oleic Acid as an Efficient Candida albicans Biofilm Repellent. MATERIALS 2022; 15:ma15113750. [PMID: 35683049 PMCID: PMC9181749 DOI: 10.3390/ma15113750] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/01/2022] [Revised: 05/17/2022] [Accepted: 05/20/2022] [Indexed: 02/05/2023]
Abstract
Poly(methyl methacrylate) (PMMA), widely used in dentistry, is unfortunately a suitable substrate for Candida (C.) albicans colonization and biofilm formation. The key step for biofilm formation is C. albicans ability to transit from yeast to hypha (filamentation). Since oleic acid (OA), a natural compound, prevents filamentation, we modified PMMA with OA aiming the antifungal PMMA_OA materials. Physico-chemical properties of the novel PMMA_OA composites obtained by incorporation of 3%, 6%, 9%, and 12% OA into PMMA were characterized by Fourier-transform infrared spectroscopy and water contact angle measurement. To test antifungal activity, PMMA_OA composites were incubated with C. albicans and the metabolic activity of both biofilm and planktonic cells was measured with a XTT test, 0 and 6 days after composites preparation. The effect of OA on C. albicans morphology was observed after 24 h and 48 h incubation in agar loaded with 0.0125% and 0.4% OA. The results show that increase of OA significantly decreased water contact angle. Metabolic activity of both biofilm and planktonic cells were significantly decreased in the both time points. Therefore, modification of PMMA with OA is a promising strategy to reduce C. albicans biofilm formation on denture.
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Yang L, Zhong L, Ma Z, Sui Y, Xie J, Liu X, Ma T. Antifungal effects of alantolactone on Candida albicans: An in vitro study. Biomed Pharmacother 2022; 149:112814. [PMID: 35290888 DOI: 10.1016/j.biopha.2022.112814] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/13/2022] [Revised: 02/24/2022] [Accepted: 03/08/2022] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
The human fungal pathogen Candida albicans can cause many kinds of infections, including biofilm infections on medical devices, while the available antifungal drugs are limited to only a few. In this study, alantolactone (Ala) demonstrated antifungal activities against C. albicans, as well as other Candida species, with a MIC of 72 μg/mL. Ala could also inhibit the adhesion, yeast-to-hyphal transition, biofilm formation and development of C. albicans. The exopolysaccharide of biofilm matrix and extracellular phospholipase production could also be reduced by Ala treatment. Ala could increase permeability of C. albicans cell membrane and ROS contribute to the anti-biofilm activity of Ala. Overall, the present study suggests that Ala may provide a promising candidate for developing antifungal drugs against C. albicans infections.
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Affiliation(s)
- Longfei Yang
- Jilin Provincial Key Laboratory on Molecular and Chemical Genetics, The Second Hospital of Jilin University, Changchun 130041, China
| | - Lili Zhong
- Jilin Provincial Key Laboratory on Molecular and Chemical Genetics, The Second Hospital of Jilin University, Changchun 130041, China
| | - Zhiming Ma
- Department of Gastrointestinal Nutrition and Hernia Surgery, The Second Hospital of Jilin University, Changchun 130041, China
| | - Yujie Sui
- Jilin Provincial Key Laboratory on Molecular and Chemical Genetics, The Second Hospital of Jilin University, Changchun 130041, China
| | - Jia'nan Xie
- Eye Center, The Second Hospital of Jilin University, Changchun 130024, China
| | - Xin Liu
- Eye Center, The Second Hospital of Jilin University, Changchun 130024, China.
| | - Tonghui Ma
- Jilin Provincial Key Laboratory on Molecular and Chemical Genetics, The Second Hospital of Jilin University, Changchun 130041, China.
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Haghighi F, Andriasian L, Tran NC, Lux R. Effect of Cigarette and E-Cigarette Smoke Condensates on Candida albicans Biofilm Formation and Gene Expression. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH AND PUBLIC HEALTH 2022; 19:4626. [PMID: 35457494 PMCID: PMC9029603 DOI: 10.3390/ijerph19084626] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/16/2022] [Revised: 04/04/2022] [Accepted: 04/05/2022] [Indexed: 02/04/2023]
Abstract
Smoking triggers environmental changes in the oral cavity and increases the risk of mucosal infections caused by Candida albicans such as oral candidiasis. While cigarette smoke has a significant impact on C. albicans, how e-cigarettes affect this oral pathogen is less clear. Here, we investigated the effect of cigarette and e-cigarette smoke condensates (CSC and ECSC) on C. albicans growth, biofilm formation, and gene expression. Whereas pure nicotine (N) at the minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC, 4 mg/mL) prevented C. albicans growth, enhanced biofilm formation was observed at 0.1 mg/mL. In contrast, at this nicotine sub-MIC (0.1 mg/mL) concentration, CSC and ECSC had no significant effect on C. albicans biofilm formation. Additionally, N, CSC, and ECSC increased the expression of HWP1 and SAP2 genes. The ECSC group exhibited elevated expression levels of the EAP1 and ALS3 genes, compared to the nicotine-free ECSC (-) control. Moreover, our in vitro study illustrated that the antifungal drugs, fluconazole and amphotericin B, alleviated the effect of nicotine on C. albicans gene expression. Overall, the results of the study indicated nicotine from different sources may affect the pathogenic characteristics of C. albicans, including hyphal growth, biofilm formation, and particularly the expression of virulence-related genes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Farnoosh Haghighi
- Section of Biosystems and Function, Division of Oral and Systematic Health Sciences, School of Dentistry, University of California Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA 90095-1668, USA;
| | - Leah Andriasian
- School of Dentistry, University of California Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA 90095-1668, USA;
| | - Nini Chaichanasakul Tran
- Section of Pediatric Dentistry, University of California Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA 90095-1668, USA;
| | - Renate Lux
- Section of Biosystems and Function, Division of Oral and Systematic Health Sciences, School of Dentistry, University of California Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA 90095-1668, USA;
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The antifungal and antibiofilm activity of Cymbopogon nardus essential oil and citronellal on clinical strains of Candida albicans. Braz J Microbiol 2022; 53:1231-1240. [PMID: 35386096 PMCID: PMC9433487 DOI: 10.1007/s42770-022-00740-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/14/2021] [Accepted: 03/19/2022] [Indexed: 11/02/2022] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVE This study investigated the antifungal and antibiofilm activity of Cymbopogon nardus essential oil (EO) and its major compound, citronellal, in association with miconazole and chlorhexidine on clinical strains of Candida albicans. The likely mechanism(s) of action of C. nardus EO and citronellal was further determined. MATERIALS AND METHODS The EO was chemically characterized by gas chromatography coupled with mass spectrometry (GC-MS). The antifungal activity (MIC/MFC) and antibiofilm effects of C. nardus EO and citronellal were determined by the microdilution method, and their likely mechanism(s) of action was determined by the sorbitol and ergosterol assays. Then, the samples were tested for a potential association with standard drugs through the checkerboard technique. Miconazole and chlorhexidine were used as positive controls and the assays were performed in triplicate. RESULTS The GC-MS analysis tentatively identified citronellal as the major compound in C. nardus EO. Both samples showed antifungal activity, with MIC of 256 µg/mL, as compared to 128 µg/mL and 8 µg/mL of miconazole and chlorhexidine, respectively. C. nardus EO and citronellal effectively inhibited biofilm formation (p < 0.05) and disrupted preformed biofilms (p < 0.0001). They most likely interact with the cell membrane, but not the cell wall, and did not present any synergistic activity when associated with standard drugs. CONCLUSION C. nardus EO and citronellal showed strong in vitro antifungal and antibiofilm activity on C. albicans. CLINICAL RELEVANCE Natural products have been historically bioprospected for novel solutions to control fungal biofilms. Our data provide relevant insights into the potential of C. nardus EO and citronellal for further clinical testing. However, additional bioavailability and toxicity studies must be carried out before these products can be used for the chemical control of oral biofilms.
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Handayani S, Nurdiana N, Winarsih S, Endharti AT. Holothurin Compound from Sea Cucumber (Holothuria sp.) as Antifungal Alternative against Candida Infections. Open Access Maced J Med Sci 2022. [DOI: 10.3889/oamjms.2022.8086] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/05/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND: The previous studies have identified chemical compounds in sea cucumbers that have antifungal properties. However, further information on the underlying antifungal needed to be updated.
AIM: This study aimed to discover efficient antifungal treatments against candidiasis disease.
MATERIALS AND METHODS: This study analyzed the antifungal activity from Holothurin against Candida albicans in silico using molecular docking and minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC).
RESULTS: The results revealed that holothurin has a binding affinity of −7.9 kcal/mol and MIC value of 1.5 mg/ml.
CONCLUSION: Holothurin may inhibit the infection of C. albicans. Furthermore, additional research is required to validate the activity of this compound.
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Rashid S, Correia-Mesquita TO, Godoy P, Omran RP, Whiteway M. SAGA Complex Subunits in Candida albicans Differentially Regulate Filamentation, Invasiveness, and Biofilm Formation. Front Cell Infect Microbiol 2022; 12:764711. [PMID: 35350439 PMCID: PMC8957876 DOI: 10.3389/fcimb.2022.764711] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/25/2021] [Accepted: 02/11/2022] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
Abstract
SAGA (Spt-Ada-Gcn5-acetyltransferase) is a highly conserved, multiprotein co-activator complex that consists of five distinct modules. It has two enzymatic functions, a histone acetyltransferase (HAT) and a deubiquitinase (DUB) and plays a central role in processes such as transcription initiation, elongation, protein stability, and telomere maintenance. We analyzed conditional and null mutants of the SAGA complex module components in the fungal pathogen Candida albicans; Ngg1, (the HAT module); Ubp8, (the DUB module); Tra1, (the recruitment module), Spt7, (the architecture module) and Spt8, (the TBP interaction unit), and assessed their roles in a variety of cellular processes. We observed that spt7Δ/Δ and spt8Δ/Δ strains have a filamentous phenotype, and both are highly invasive in yeast growing conditions as compared to the wild type, while ngg1Δ/Δ and ubp8Δ/Δ are in yeast-locked state and non-invasive in both YPD media and filamentous induced conditions compared to wild type. RNA-sequencing-based transcriptional profiling of SAGA mutants reveals upregulation of hyphal specific genes in spt7Δ/Δ and spt8Δ/Δ strains and downregulation of ergosterol metabolism pathway. As well, spt7Δ/Δ and spt8Δ/Δ confer susceptibility to antifungal drugs, to acidic and alkaline pH, to high temperature, and to osmotic, oxidative, cell wall, and DNA damage stresses, indicating that these proteins are important for genotoxic and cellular stress responses. Despite having similar morphological phenotypes (constitutively filamentous and invasive) spt7 and spt8 mutants displayed variation in nuclear distribution where spt7Δ/Δ cells were frequently binucleate and spt8Δ/Δ cells were consistently mononucleate. We also observed that spt7Δ/Δ and spt8Δ/Δ mutants were quickly engulfed by macrophages compared to ngg1Δ/Δ and ubp8Δ/Δ strains. All these findings suggest that the SAGA complex modules can have contrasting functions where loss of Spt7 or Spt8 enhances filamentation and invasiveness while loss of Ngg1 or Ubp8 blocks these processes.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | - Malcolm Whiteway
- Department of Biology, Concordia University, Montreal, QC, Canada
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Ambati S, Pham T, Lewis ZA, Lin X, Meagher RB. DectiSomes: Glycan Targeting of Liposomal Drugs Improves the Treatment of Disseminated Candidiasis. Antimicrob Agents Chemother 2022; 66:e0146721. [PMID: 34633846 PMCID: PMC8765427 DOI: 10.1128/aac.01467-21] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/26/2021] [Accepted: 09/22/2021] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Candida albicans causes life-threatening disseminated candidiasis. Individuals at greatest risk have weakened immune systems. An outer cell wall, exopolysaccharide matrix, and biofilm rich in oligoglucans and oligomannans help Candida spp. evade host defenses. Even after antifungal treatment, the 1-year mortality rate exceeds 25%. Undoubtedly, there is room to improve drug performance. The mammalian C-type lectin pathogen receptors Dectin-1 and Dectin-2 bind to fungal oligoglucans and oligomannans, respectively. We previously coated amphotericin B-loaded liposomes, AmB-LLs, pegylated analogs of AmBisome, with the ligand binding domains of these two Dectins. DectiSomes, DEC1-AmB-LLs and DEC2-AmB-LLs, showed two distinct patterns of binding to the exopolysaccharide matrix surrounding C. albicans hyphae grown in vitro. Here we showed that DectiSomes were preferentially associated with fungal colonies in the kidneys. In a neutropenic mouse model of candidiasis, DEC1-AmB-LLs and DEC2-AmB-LLs delivering only one dose of 0.2 mg/kg AmB reduced the kidney fungal burden several fold relative to AmB-LLs. DEC1-AmB-LLs and DEC2-AmB-LLs increased the percent of surviving mice 2.5-fold and 8.3-fold, respectively, relative to AmB-LLs. Dectin-2 targeting of anidulafungin loaded liposomes, DEC2-AFG-LLs, and of commercial AmBisome, DEC2-AmBisome, reduced fungal burden in the kidneys several fold over their untargeted counterparts. The data herein suggest that targeting of a variety of antifungal drugs to fungal glycans may achieve lower safer effective doses and improve drug efficacy against a variety of invasive fungal infections.
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Affiliation(s)
- Suresh Ambati
- Department of Genetics, University of Georgia, Athens, Georgia, USA
| | - Tuyetnhu Pham
- Department of Microbiology, University of Georgia, Athens, Georgia, USA
| | - Zachary A. Lewis
- Department of Microbiology, University of Georgia, Athens, Georgia, USA
| | - Xiaorong Lin
- Department of Microbiology, University of Georgia, Athens, Georgia, USA
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Application of proper orthogonal decomposition for evaluation of coherent structures and energy contents in microbial biofilms. METHODS IN MICROBIOLOGY 2022; 194:106420. [DOI: 10.1016/j.mimet.2022.106420] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/22/2021] [Revised: 01/24/2022] [Accepted: 01/24/2022] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
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Xu Z, Huang T, Du M, Soteyome T, Lan H, Hong W, Peng F, Fu X, Peng G, Liu J, Kjellerup BV. Regulatory network controls microbial biofilm development, with Candida albicans as a representative: from adhesion to dispersal. Bioengineered 2022; 13:253-267. [PMID: 34709974 PMCID: PMC8805954 DOI: 10.1080/21655979.2021.1996747] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/27/2021] [Accepted: 10/19/2021] [Indexed: 02/05/2023] Open
Abstract
Microorganisms mainly exist in the form of biofilm in nature. Biofilm can contaminate food and drinking water system, as well as cause chronic wound infections, thereby posing a potential threat to public health safety. In the last two decades, researchers have made efforts to investigate the genetic contributors control different stages of biofilm development (adherence, initiation, maturation, and dispersal). As an opportunistic pathogen, C. albicans causes severe superficial or systemic infections with high morbidity and mortality under conditions of immune dysfunction. It has been reported that 80% of C. albicans infections are directly or indirectly associated with biofilm formation on host or abiotic surfaces including indwelling medical devices, resulting in high morbidity and mortality. Significantly, the outcome of C. albicans biofilm development includes enhanced invasion, exacerbated inflammatory responses and intrinsic resistance to antimicrobial chemotherapy. Thus, this review aimed at providing a comprehensive overview of the regulatory network controls microbial biofilm development, with C. albicans as a representative, served as reference for therapeutic targets.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhenbo Xu
- School of Food Science and Engineering, Guangdong Province Key Laboratory for Green Processing of Natural Products and Product Safety, Engineering Research Center of Starch and Vegetable Protein Processing Ministry of Education, South China University of Technology, Guangzhou 510640, China
- State Key Laboratory of Applied Microbiology China Southern; Insititue of Microbiology, Guangdong Academy of Sciences 510070, China
- Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, University of Maryland, College Park, MD20742,USA
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, the Second Affiliated Hospital of Shantou University Medical College, Shantou, China
- Home Economics Technology, Rajamangala University of Technology Phra Nakhon, Bangkok, Thailand
- National Institute of Fundamental Studies, Hantana road, Kandy, Sri Lanka
| | - Tengyi Huang
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, the Second Affiliated Hospital of Shantou University Medical College, Shantou, China
| | - Min Du
- GMU-GIBH Joint School of Life Sciences, Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou, Guangdong, China
| | - Thanapop Soteyome
- Home Economics Technology, Rajamangala University of Technology Phra Nakhon, Bangkok, Thailand
| | - Haifeng Lan
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, The Third Affiliated Hospital of Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou, Guangdong, China
| | - Wei Hong
- GMU-GIBH Joint School of Life Sciences, Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou, Guangdong, China
| | - Fang Peng
- Department of Critical Care Medicine, The Third Affiliated Hospital of Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou, Guangdong, China
| | - Xin Fu
- GMU-GIBH Joint School of Life Sciences, Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou, Guangdong, China
| | - Gongyong Peng
- State Key Laboratory of Respiratory Diseases, National Clinical Research Center for Respiratory Diseases, National Center for Respiratory Medicine, Guangzhou Institute of Respiratory Health, the First Affiliated Hospital of Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou, Guangdong, China
| | - Junyan Liu
- Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, University of Maryland, College Park, MD20742,USA
| | - Birthe V. Kjellerup
- Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, University of Maryland, College Park, MD20742,USA
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Casagrande Pierantoni D, Corte L, Casadevall A, Robert V, Cardinali G, Tascini C. How does temperature trigger biofilm adhesion and growth in Candida albicans and two non-Candida albicans Candida species? Mycoses 2021; 64:1412-1421. [PMID: 33894074 PMCID: PMC8597170 DOI: 10.1111/myc.13291] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/19/2021] [Revised: 04/12/2021] [Accepted: 04/15/2021] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Biofilm formation on biotic and abiotic surfaces is finely regulated by genetic factors but also by oxygen concentration, pH, temperature and other environmental factors, already extensively explored for bacterial biofilms. Much less is known about fungal biofilm, that is considered a virulence factor for Candida pathogenic species among the few fungal species able to grow and survive at high temperatures such as 37°C as well as those induced by fever. The resistance to high temperatures coupled with the ability to form biofilm are threatening factors of these fungal species that could severely impact at an epidemiological level. OBJECTIVES In this framework, we decided to study the thermal tolerance of biofilms formed by three medical relevant species such as Candida albicans and two non-Candida albicans Candida species. METHODS Thirty nosocomial strains were investigated for their ability to adhere and grow in proximity and over body temperature (from 31 to 43°C), mimicking different environmental conditions or severe febrile-like reactions. RESULTS Candida sessile cells reacted to different temperatures showing a strain-specific response. It was observed that the attachment and growth respond differently to the temperature and that mechanism of adhesion has different outputs at high temperature than the growth. CONCLUSIONS This strain-dependent response is probably instrumental to guarantee the best success to cells for the infection, attachment and growth to occur. These observations reinforce the concept of temperature as a major trigger in the evolution of these species especially in this period of increasing environmental temperatures and excessive domestic heating.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Laura Corte
- Department of Pharmaceutical SciencesUniversity of PerugiaPerugiaItaly
| | - Arturo Casadevall
- Johns Hopkins Bloomberg School of Public HealthJHSPH Molecular, Microbiology & Immunology; JHUSOM,BaltimoreMDUSA
| | - Vincent Robert
- Westerdijk Fungal Biodiversity InstituteAD UtrechtThe Netherlands
| | | | - Carlo Tascini
- University Hospital "S. Maria della Misericordia" – Clinic of Infectious DiseasesUdineItaly
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D’Ercole S, Di Lodovico S, Iezzi G, Pierfelice TV, D’Amico E, Cipollina A, Piattelli A, Cellini L, Petrini M. Complex Electromagnetic Fields Reduce Candida albicans Planktonic Growth and Its Adhesion to Titanium Surfaces. Biomedicines 2021; 9:biomedicines9091261. [PMID: 34572449 PMCID: PMC8466218 DOI: 10.3390/biomedicines9091261] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/16/2021] [Revised: 09/14/2021] [Accepted: 09/17/2021] [Indexed: 12/29/2022] Open
Abstract
This study evaluates the effects of different programs of complex electromagnetic fields (C.M.F.s) on Candida albicans, in planktonic and sessile phase and on human gingival fibroblasts (HGF cells). In vitro cultures of C. albicans ATCC 10231 and HGF cells were exposed to different cycles of C.M.F.s defined as: oxidative stress, oxidative stress/antibacterial, antibacterial, antibacterial/oxidative stress. Colony forming units (CFUs), metabolic activity, cells viability (live/dead), cell morphology, filamentation analysis, and cytotoxicity assay were performed. The broth cultures, exposed to the different C.M.F.s, were grown on titanium discs for 48 h. The quantity comparisons of adhered C. albicans on surfaces were determined by CFUs and scanning electron microscopy. The C. albicans growth could be readily controlled with C.M.F.s reducing the number of cultivable planktonic cells vs. controls, independently by the treatment applied. In particular, the antibacterial program was associated with lower levels of CFUs. The quantification of the metabolic activity was significantly lower by using the oxidative stress program. Live/dead images showed that C.M.F.s significantly decreased the viability of C. albicans. C.M.F.s inhibited C. albicans virulence traits reducing hyphal morphogenesis, adhesion, and biofilm formation on titanium discs. The MTS assay showed no negative effects on the viability of HGF. Independent of the adopted protocol, C.M.F.s exert antifungal and anti-virulence action against C. albicans, no cytotoxicity effects on HGF and can be useful in the prevention and treatment of yeast biofilm infections.
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Affiliation(s)
- Simonetta D’Ercole
- Department of Medical, Oral and Biotechnological Sciences, University “G. d’Annunzio” Chieti-Pescara, Via dei Vestini 31, 66013 Chieti, Italy; (G.I.); (T.V.P.); (E.D.); (A.P.); (M.P.)
- Correspondence:
| | - Silvia Di Lodovico
- Department of Pharmacy, University “G. d’Annunzio” Chieti-Pescara, 66013 Chieti, Italy; (S.D.L.); (L.C.)
| | - Giovanna Iezzi
- Department of Medical, Oral and Biotechnological Sciences, University “G. d’Annunzio” Chieti-Pescara, Via dei Vestini 31, 66013 Chieti, Italy; (G.I.); (T.V.P.); (E.D.); (A.P.); (M.P.)
| | - Tania Vanessa Pierfelice
- Department of Medical, Oral and Biotechnological Sciences, University “G. d’Annunzio” Chieti-Pescara, Via dei Vestini 31, 66013 Chieti, Italy; (G.I.); (T.V.P.); (E.D.); (A.P.); (M.P.)
| | - Emira D’Amico
- Department of Medical, Oral and Biotechnological Sciences, University “G. d’Annunzio” Chieti-Pescara, Via dei Vestini 31, 66013 Chieti, Italy; (G.I.); (T.V.P.); (E.D.); (A.P.); (M.P.)
| | | | - Adriano Piattelli
- Department of Medical, Oral and Biotechnological Sciences, University “G. d’Annunzio” Chieti-Pescara, Via dei Vestini 31, 66013 Chieti, Italy; (G.I.); (T.V.P.); (E.D.); (A.P.); (M.P.)
- Faculty of Medicine and Odontology, University of Valencia, 46004 Valencia, Spain
- Biomaterial Engineering, Catholic University of San Antonio de Murcia (UCAM), Av. de los Jerónimos, 135, 30107 Murcia, Spain
- Villa Serena Foundation for Research, Via Leonardo Petruzzi 42, 65013 Città Sant’Angelo, Italy
- Casa di Cura Villa Serena del Dott. L. Petruzzi, Via Leonardo Petruzzi 42, 65013 Città Sant’Angelo, Italy
| | - Luigina Cellini
- Department of Pharmacy, University “G. d’Annunzio” Chieti-Pescara, 66013 Chieti, Italy; (S.D.L.); (L.C.)
| | - Morena Petrini
- Department of Medical, Oral and Biotechnological Sciences, University “G. d’Annunzio” Chieti-Pescara, Via dei Vestini 31, 66013 Chieti, Italy; (G.I.); (T.V.P.); (E.D.); (A.P.); (M.P.)
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Lin W, Zhang J, Xu JF, Pi J. The Advancing of Selenium Nanoparticles Against Infectious Diseases. Front Pharmacol 2021; 12:682284. [PMID: 34393776 PMCID: PMC8361478 DOI: 10.3389/fphar.2021.682284] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/18/2021] [Accepted: 07/19/2021] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Infectious diseases, caused by the direct exposure of cellular or acellular pathogens, are found to be closely associated with multiple inflammation and immune responses, keeping one of the top threats to human health. As an indispensable trace element, Selenium (Se) plays important roles in antioxidant defence and redox state regulation along with a variety of specific metabolic pathways. In recent decades, with the development of novel nanotechnology, Selenium nanoparticles (Se NPs) emerged as a promising agent for biomedical uses due to their low toxicity, degradability and high bioavailability. Taking the advantages of the strong ability to trigger apoptosis or autophagy by regulating reactive oxygen species (ROS), Se NPs have been widely used for direct anticancer treatments and pathogen killing/clearance in host cells. With excellent stability and drug encapsulation capacity, Se NPs are now serving as a kind of powerful nano-carriers for anti-cancer, anti-inflammation and anti-infection treatments. Notably, Se NPs are also found to play critical roles in immunity regulations, such as macrophage and T effector cell activation, which thus provides new possibilities to achieve novel nano-immune synergetic strategy for anti-cancer and anti-infection therapies. In this review, we summarized the progress of preparation methods for Se NPs, followed by the advances of their biological functions and mechanisms for biomedical uses, especially in the field of anti-infection treatments. Moreover, we further provide some prospects of Se NPs in anti-infectious diseases, which would be helpful for facilitating their future research progress for anti-infection therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wensen Lin
- Department of Clinical Immunology, Institute of Laboratory Medicine, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Medical Molecular Diagnostics, School of Medical Technology, Guangdong Medical University, Dongguan, China
| | - Junai Zhang
- Department of Clinical Immunology, Institute of Laboratory Medicine, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Medical Molecular Diagnostics, School of Medical Technology, Guangdong Medical University, Dongguan, China
| | - Jun-Fa Xu
- Department of Clinical Immunology, Institute of Laboratory Medicine, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Medical Molecular Diagnostics, School of Medical Technology, Guangdong Medical University, Dongguan, China
| | - Jiang Pi
- Department of Clinical Immunology, Institute of Laboratory Medicine, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Medical Molecular Diagnostics, School of Medical Technology, Guangdong Medical University, Dongguan, China
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[AmBisome, three challenges: Candida auris infection, central nervous system infection, and biofilm-associated infection]. Rev Iberoam Micol 2021; 38:84-90. [PMID: 34144836 DOI: 10.1016/j.riam.2021.03.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/04/2021] [Revised: 03/21/2021] [Accepted: 03/31/2021] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
The treatment of invasive fungal infections remains a challenge, both for the diagnosis and for the need of providing the appropriate antifungal therapy. Candida auris is a pathogenic yeast that is responsible for hospital outbreaks, especially in intensive care units; it is characterized by a high resistance to the antifungal agents and can become multidrug-resistant. At present, the recommended antifungal agents for the invasive infections with this pathogen are echinocandins, always after carrying out an antifungal susceptibility testing. In case of no clinical response or persistent candidemia, the addition of liposomal amphotericin B or isavuconazole may be considered. Both fungal infection of the central nervous system and that associated with biomedical devices remain rare entities affecting mainly immunocompromised patients. However, an increase in their incidence in recent years, along with high morbidity and mortality, has been shown. The treatment of these infections is conditioned by the limited knowledge of the pharmacokinetic properties of antifungals. A better understanding of the pharmacokinetic and pharmacodynamic parameters of the different antifungals is essential to determine the efficacy of the antifungal agents in the treatment of these infections.
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Judan Cruz KG, Alfonso ED, Fernando SID, Watanabe K. Candida albicans Biofilm Inhibition by Ethnobotanicals and Ethnobotanically-Synthesized Gold Nanoparticles. Front Microbiol 2021; 12:665113. [PMID: 34108950 PMCID: PMC8180598 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2021.665113] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/07/2021] [Accepted: 04/20/2021] [Indexed: 01/12/2023] Open
Abstract
The virulence and drug resistance of globally prevalent Candida albicans has presented complications toward its control while advances in effective antivirulence drugs remain critical. Emerging methods are now being evaluated to facilitate development of novel therapeutic approaches against this pathogen. This study focuses on the biofilm formation inhibition of ethnobotanical crude extracts and the use of nanotechnology through the ethnobotanically-synthesized gold nanoparticles to control C. albicans. Control on biofilm formation was compared using crude extracts (CEs) and biologically synthesized gold nanoparticles (CEs + AuNPs). Significantly lower biofilm formation was exhibited in thirteen (13) CEs and fourteen (14) CEs + AuNPs. Biofilm-linked genes Bcr1 and HSP90 expression were consequently downregulated. Higher biofilm inhibition activity was noted in some CEs + AuNPs compared to its counterpart CEs. This study emphasizes the biofilm inhibition activity of ethnobotanicals and the use of nanoparticles to enhance delivery of compounds, and points to its prospects for developing anti-pathogenic drugs without evolving resistance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Khristina G Judan Cruz
- Department of Biological Sciences, College of Science, Central Luzon State University, Science City of Muñoz, Nueva Ecija, Philippines
| | - Eleonor D Alfonso
- College of Agriculture, Nueva Ecija University of Science and Technology, Nueva Ecija, Philippines
| | - Somar Israel D Fernando
- Department of Biological Sciences, College of Science, Central Luzon State University, Science City of Muñoz, Nueva Ecija, Philippines
| | - Kozo Watanabe
- Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, Ehime University, Matsuyama, Japan.,Center for Marine Environmental Studies (CMES), Ehime University, Matsuyama, Japan
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Casagrande Pierantoni D, Roscini L, Corte L, Bernardo M, Bassetti M, Tascini C, Cardinali G. Qualitative and quantitative change of the tolerance to liposomal amphotericin B triggered by biofilm maturation in C. parapsilosis. Med Mycol 2021; 58:827-834. [PMID: 31758171 DOI: 10.1093/mmy/myz113] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/06/2019] [Revised: 10/16/2019] [Accepted: 10/24/2019] [Indexed: 11/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Candida parapsilosis is an emerging opportunistic pathogen present in both clinical and natural environment, with a strong frequency of biofilm forming strains. While the drugs active against biofilm are rare, liposomal amphotericin B is credited with an antibiofilm activity in some opportunistic species of the genus Candida. Using freshly isolated strains from hospital environment, in this paper we could show the prevalence of biofilm forming vs. nonbiofilm forming strains. The former displayed a large variability in terms of biofilm biomass and metabolic activity. Liposomal amphotericin B minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) of planktonic cells was below the breakpoint, whereas the sessile cells MIC (SMIC) was 1 or 2 orders of magnitude above the planktonic MIC. When the drug was applied to freshly attached cells, that is, biofilm in formation, the MIC (called SDMIC) was even below the MIC value. All resistance metrics (MIC, SMIC, and SDMIC) were quite variable although no correlation could be detected between them and the metrics used to quantify biofilm activity and biomass production. These findings demonstrate that young biofilm cells are even more susceptible than planktonic cells and that early treatments with this drug can be beneficial in cases of prosthesis implantation or especially when there is the necessity of a CVC reimplantation during a sepsis.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - L Roscini
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences-Microbiology, University of Perugia, Perugia, Italy
| | - L Corte
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences-Microbiology, University of Perugia, Perugia, Italy
| | - M Bernardo
- Microbiology Unit-Monaldi Hospital, Azienda Ospedaliera dei Colli, Naples, Italy
| | - M Bassetti
- Infectious Diseases Clinic, Department of Medicine University of Udine and Azienda Sanitaria Universitaria Integrata di Udine, Udine, Italy
| | - C Tascini
- First Division Infectious Diseases-Monaldi Hospial, Azienda Ospedaliera dei Colli, Naples, Italy
| | - G Cardinali
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences-Microbiology, University of Perugia, Perugia, Italy.,Affiliated to CEMIN, Centre of Excellence on Nanostructured Innovative Materials, Department of Chemistry, Biology and Biotechnology, University of Perugia, Italy
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Grinevich VB, Kravchuk YA, Ped VI, Sas EI, Salikova SP, Gubonina IV, Tkachenko EI, Sitkin SI, Lazebnik LB, Golovanova EV, Belousova EA, Makarchuk PA, Eremina EY, Sarsenbaeva AS, Abdulganieva DI, Tarasova LV, Gromova OA, Ratnikov VA, Kozlov KV, Ratnikova AK. Management of patients with digestive diseases during the COVID-19 pandemic. Clinical Practice Guidelines by the Russian scientific medical society of internal medicine (RSMSIM) and the Gastroenterological Scientific Society of Russia (2nd edition). EXPERIMENTAL AND CLINICAL GASTROENTEROLOGY 2021:5-82. [DOI: 10.31146/1682-8658-ecg-187-3-5-82] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 09/26/2023]
Abstract
The presented clinical practice guidelines of the Gastroenterological Scientific Society of Russia (GSSR), diagnostic, and therapeutic approaches for patients with digestive diseases during the COVID-19 pandemic. The guidelines were approved by the XXIII Congress of the GSSR and the 22nd International Slavonic-Baltic Scientifi c Forum “St. Petersburg - Gastro-2020 ON-LINE” (St. Petersburg, June 11, 2020). The presented clinical practice guidelines of the Russian Scientific Medical Society of Internal Medicine (RSMSIM) and the Gastroenterological Scientific Society of Russia (GSSR), diagnostic, and therapeutic approaches for patients with digestive diseases during the COVID-19 pandemic. The recommendations were approved at the XV National Congress of Internal Medicine, XXIII Congress of NOGR on the basis of the 1st edition, adopted at the 22nd International Slavic- Baltic Scientific Forum “St. Petersburg - Gastro-2020 ON-LINE”.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - V. I. Ped
- Military Medical Academy named after S. M. Kirov
| | - E. I. Sas
- Military Medical Academy named after S. M. Kirov
| | | | | | | | - S. I. Sitkin
- State Research Institute of Highly Pure Biopreparations of FMBA of Russia; Almazov National Medical Research Centre; North-Western state medical University named after I. I. Mechnikov, Ministry of health of the Russian Federation
| | - L. B. Lazebnik
- Moscow state University of Medicine a. Densitry named after A. I. Yevdokimov of the Ministry of Health of Russia
| | - E. V. Golovanova
- Moscow state University of Medicine a. Densitry named after A. I. Yevdokimov of the Ministry of Health of Russia
| | - E. A. Belousova
- State Budgetary Institution of Moscow Region “Moscow Regional Research Clinical Institute n.a. M. F. Vladimirsky”
| | - P. A. Makarchuk
- State Budgetary Institution of Moscow Region “Moscow Regional Research Clinical Institute n.a. M. F. Vladimirsky”
| | - E. Yu. Eremina
- Federal State Budgetary Educational Institution of Higher Education “National Research Ogarev Mordovia State University”
| | - A. S. Sarsenbaeva
- FSBEI HE SUSMU MOH Russia, st. Vorovskogo, 64, Ural Federal District
| | | | - L. V. Tarasova
- FSBEI of HE “The Chuvash State University n.a. I. N. Ulyanov”; BI of HE “The Surgut State University”
| | - O. A. Gromova
- Federal Research Center “Informatics and Management” of the Russian Academy of Sciences; Federal State Educational Institution of Higher Education Lomonosov Moscow State University
| | - V. A. Ratnikov
- Federal state budgetary institution “North-West District Scientific and Clinical Center named after L. G. Sokolov Federal Medical and Biological Agency“
| | - K. V. Kozlov
- Military Medical Academy named after S. M. Kirov
| | - A. K. Ratnikova
- Military Medical Academy named after S. M. Kirov; Federal state budgetary institution “North-West District Scientific and Clinical Center named after L. G. Sokolov Federal Medical and Biological Agency“
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49
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Atriwal T, Azeem K, Husain FM, Hussain A, Khan MN, Alajmi MF, Abid M. Mechanistic Understanding of Candida albicans Biofilm Formation and Approaches for Its Inhibition. Front Microbiol 2021; 12:638609. [PMID: 33995297 PMCID: PMC8121174 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2021.638609] [Citation(s) in RCA: 49] [Impact Index Per Article: 16.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/07/2020] [Accepted: 03/30/2021] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
In recent years, the demand for novel antifungal therapies has increased several- folds due to its potential to treat severe biofilm-associated infections. Biofilms are made by the sessile microorganisms attached to the abiotic or biotic surfaces, enclosed in a matrix of exopolymeric substances. This results in new phenotypic characteristics and intrinsic resistance from both host immune response and antimicrobial drugs. Candida albicans biofilm is a complex association of hyphal cells that are associated with both abiotic and animal tissues. It is an invasive fungal infection and acts as an important virulent factor. The challenges linked with biofilm-associated diseases have urged scientists to uncover the factors responsible for the formation and maturation of biofilm. Several strategies have been developed that could be adopted to eradicate biofilm-associated infections. This article presents an overview of the role of C. albicans biofilm in its pathogenicity, challenges it poses and threats associated with its formation. Further, it discusses strategies that are currently available or under development targeting prostaglandins, quorum-sensing, changing surface properties of biomedical devices, natural scaffolds, and small molecule-based chemical approaches to combat the threat of C. albicans biofilm. This review also highlights the recent developments in finding ways to increase the penetration of drugs into the extracellular matrix of biofilm using different nanomaterials against C. albicans.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tanu Atriwal
- Medicinal Chemistry Laboratory, Department of Biosciences, Jamia Millia Islamia, New Delhi, India
| | - Kashish Azeem
- Medicinal Chemistry Laboratory, Department of Biosciences, Jamia Millia Islamia, New Delhi, India
| | - Fohad Mabood Husain
- Department of Food Science and Nutrition, College of Food and Agriculture Science, King Saud University, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia
| | - Afzal Hussain
- Department of Pharmacognosy, College of Pharmacy, King Saud University, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia
| | - Muhammed Nadeem Khan
- Department of Tashreehul Badan, Faculty of Unani Medicine, Aligarh Muslim University, Aligarh, India
| | - Mohamed F Alajmi
- Department of Pharmacognosy, College of Pharmacy, King Saud University, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia
| | - Mohammad Abid
- Medicinal Chemistry Laboratory, Department of Biosciences, Jamia Millia Islamia, New Delhi, India
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50
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Costa AF, Silva LDC, Amaral AC. Farnesol: An approach on biofilms and nanotechnology. Med Mycol 2021; 59:958-969. [PMID: 33877362 DOI: 10.1093/mmy/myab020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/09/2020] [Revised: 03/04/2021] [Accepted: 03/19/2021] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Biofilms are important virulence factor in infections caused by microorganisms because of its complex structure, which provide resistance to conventional antimicrobials. Strategies involving the use of molecules capable of inhibiting their formation and also act synergistically with conventional drugs have been explored. Farnesol is a molecule present in essential oils and produced by Candida albicans as a quorum sensing component. This sesquiterpene presents inhibitory properties in the formation of microbial biofilms and synergism with antimicrobials used in clinical practice, and can be exploited even for eradication of biofilms formed by drug-resistant microorganisms. Despite this, farnesol has physical and chemical characteristics that can limit its use, such as high hydrophobicity and volatility. Therefore, nanotechnology may represent an option to improve the efficiency of this molecule in high complex environments such as biofilms. Nanostructured systems present important results in the improvement of treatment with different commercial drugs and molecules with therapeutic or preventive potential. The formation of nanoparticles offers advantages such as protection of the incorporated drugs against degradation, improved biodistribution and residence time in specific treatment sites. The combination of farnesol with nanotechnology may be promising for the development of more effective antibiofilm therapies, as it can improve its solubility, reduce volatility, and increase bioavailability. This review summarizes existing data about farnesol, its action on biofilms, and discusses its encapsulation in nanostructured systems. LAY SUMMARY Farnesol is a natural compound that inhibits the formation of biofilms from different microbial species. The encapsulation of this molecule in nanoparticles is a promising alternative for the development of more effective therapies against biofilms.
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Affiliation(s)
- Adelaide Fernandes Costa
- Biological Science Institute, Universidade Federal de Goiás, Goiânia, 74690-900, Brazil.,Biotechnology, Institute of Tropical Pathology and Public Health, Universidade Federal de Goiás, Goiânia, 74605-050, Brazil
| | - Lívia do Carmo Silva
- Biotechnology, Institute of Tropical Pathology and Public Health, Universidade Federal de Goiás, Goiânia, 74605-050, Brazil
| | - Andre Correa Amaral
- Biotechnology, Institute of Tropical Pathology and Public Health, Universidade Federal de Goiás, Goiânia, 74605-050, Brazil
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