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Miyaji N, Shimizu M, Takasaki-Yasuda T, Dennis ES, Fujimoto R. The transcriptional response to salicylic acid plays a role in Fusarium yellows resistance in Brassica rapa L. PLANT CELL REPORTS 2021; 40:605-619. [PMID: 33459838 DOI: 10.1007/s00299-020-02658-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/16/2020] [Accepted: 12/30/2020] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
Fusarium yellows resistant and susceptible lines in Brassica rapa showed different salicylic acid responses; the resistant line showed a similar response to previous reports, but the susceptible line differed. Fusarium yellows caused by Fusarium oxysporum f. sp. conglutinans (Foc) is an important disease. Previous studies showed that genes related to salicylic acid (SA) response were more highly induced following Foc infection in Brassica rapa Fusarium yellows resistant lines than susceptible lines. However, SA-induced genes have not been identified at the whole genome level and it was unclear whether they were up-regulated by Foc inoculation. Transcriptome analysis with and without SA treatment in the B. rapa Fusarium yellows susceptible line 'Misugi' and the resistant line 'Nanane' was performed to obtain insights into the relationship between SA sensitivity/response and Fusarium yellows resistance. 'Nanane's up-regulated genes were related to SA response and down-regulated genes were related to jasmonic acid (JA) or ethylene (ET) response, but differentially expressed genes in 'Misugi' were not. This result suggests that Fusarium yellows resistant and susceptible lines have a different SA response and that an antagonistic transcription between SA and JA/ET responses was found only in a Fusarium yellows resistant line. SA-responsive genes were induced by Foc inoculation in Fusarium yellows resistant (RJKB-T23) and susceptible lines (RJKB-T24). By contrast, 39 SA-induced genes specific to RJKB-T23 might function in the defense response to Foc. In this study, SA-induced genes were identified at the whole genome level, and the possibility, the defense response to Foc observed in a resistant line could be mediated by SA-induced genes, is suggested. These results will be useful for future research concerning the SA importance in Foc or other diseases resistance in B. rapa.
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Affiliation(s)
- Naomi Miyaji
- Graduate School of Agricultural Science, Kobe University, Rokkodai, Nada-ku, Kobe, 657-8501, Japan
| | - Motoki Shimizu
- Iwate Biotechnology Research Center, Narita,, Kitakami, Iwate, 024-0003, Japan
| | - Takeshi Takasaki-Yasuda
- Graduate School of Agricultural Science, Kobe University, Rokkodai, Nada-ku, Kobe, 657-8501, Japan
| | - Elizabeth S Dennis
- CSIRO Agriculture and Food, Canberra, ACT 2601, Australia
- University of Technology, Sydney, Broadway, PO Box 123, Ultimo, NSW, 2007, Australia
| | - Ryo Fujimoto
- Graduate School of Agricultural Science, Kobe University, Rokkodai, Nada-ku, Kobe, 657-8501, Japan.
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Fujiwara A, Togawa S, Hikawa T, Matsuura H, Masuta C, Inukai T. Ascorbic acid accumulates as a defense response to Turnip mosaic virus in resistant Brassica rapa cultivars. JOURNAL OF EXPERIMENTAL BOTANY 2016; 67:4391-402. [PMID: 27255930 PMCID: PMC5301938 DOI: 10.1093/jxb/erw223] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/23/2023]
Abstract
We initially observed that Brassica rapa cultivars containing the Turnip mosaic virus (TuMV) resistance gene, Rnt1-1, accumulated a high level of endogenous ascorbic acid (AS) and dehydroascobic acid (DHA) when infected with TuMV. We here hypothesized a possible contribution of an elevated level of AS+DHA (TAA) to the Rnt1-1-mediated resistance, and conducted a series of experiments using B. rapa and Arabidopsis plants. The application of l-galactose (the key substrate in AS synthesis) to a susceptible cultivar could increase the TAA level ~2-fold, and simultaneously lead to some degree of enhanced viral resistance. To confirm some positive correlation between TAA levels and viral resistance, we analyzed two Arabidopsis knockout mutants (ao and vtc1) in the AS pathways; the TAA levels were significantly increased and decreased in ao and vtc1 plants, respectively. While the ao plants showed enhanced resistance to TuMV, vtc1 plants were more susceptible than the control, supporting our hypothesis. When we analyzed the expression profiles of the genes involved in the AS pathways upon TuMV infection, we found that the observed TAA increase was mainly brought about by the reduction of AS oxidation and activation of AS recycling. We then investigated the secondary signals that regulate endogenous TAA levels in response to viral infection, and found that jasmonic acid (JA) might play an important role in TAA accumulation. In conclusion, we reason that the elevated TAA accumulation in B. rapa plants would be at least partly mediated by the JA-dependent signaling pathway and may significantly contribute to viral resistance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ayaka Fujiwara
- Research Faculty of Agriculture, Hokkaido University, Sapporo 060-8589, Japan
| | - Satoko Togawa
- Research Faculty of Agriculture, Hokkaido University, Sapporo 060-8589, Japan
| | - Takahiro Hikawa
- Research Faculty of Agriculture, Hokkaido University, Sapporo 060-8589, Japan
| | - Hideyuki Matsuura
- Research Faculty of Agriculture, Hokkaido University, Sapporo 060-8589, Japan
| | - Chikara Masuta
- Research Faculty of Agriculture, Hokkaido University, Sapporo 060-8589, Japan
| | - Tsuyoshi Inukai
- Research Faculty of Agriculture, Hokkaido University, Sapporo 060-8589, Japan
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Misra N, Misra R, Mariam A, Yusuf K, Yusuf L. Salicylic acid alters antioxidant and phenolics metabolism in Catharanthus roseus grown under salinity stress. AFRICAN JOURNAL OF TRADITIONAL, COMPLEMENTARY, AND ALTERNATIVE MEDICINES : AJTCAM 2014; 11:118-25. [PMID: 25395715 PMCID: PMC4202528 DOI: 10.4314/ajtcam.v11i5.19] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Salicylic acid (SA) acts as a potential non-enzymatic antioxidant and a plant growth regulator, which plays a major role in regulating various plant physiological mechanisms. The effects of salicylic acid (SA; 0.05 mM) on physiological parameters, antioxidative capacity and phenolic metabolism, lignin, alkaloid accumulation in salt stressed Catharanthus roseus were investigated. MATERIALS AND METHODS Catharanthus roseus seeds were grown for two months in a glass house at 27-30°C in sunlight, and then divided into four different groups and transplanted with each group with the following solutions for one month: group I (non-saline control), group II, 100 mM NaCl, group III, 0.05 mM SA, group IV, 100 mM NaCl+0.05 mM SA and to determine the physiological parameters (DW, FW, WC), chlorophyll contents, carotenoid contents, lipid peroxidation, phenolics, lignin, alkaloid and enzymatic assays in each leaf pairs and roots. RESULTS SA exhibited growth-promoting property, which correlated with the increase of dry weight, water content, photosynthetic pigments and soluble proteins. SA has additive effect on the significant increase in phenylalanine ammonia-lyase (PAL) activity, which is followed by an increase in total soluble phenolics and lignin contents in all leaf pairs and root of C. roseus. SA enhances malondialdehyde content in all leaf pairs and root. The antioxidant enzymes (catalase, glutathione reductase, glutathione-S-tranferase, superoxide dismutase, peroxidase) as well as alkaloid accumulation increased in all treatments over that of non-saline control but the magnitude of increase was found more in root. Further, the magnitude of increase of alkaloid accumulation was significantly higher in 100 mM NaCl, but highly significant was found in presence of 0.05 mM SA and intermediate in presence of both 0.05 mM SA+100 mM NaCl. CONCLUSION We concluded that applied SA to salt stress, antioxidant and phenolic metabolism, and alkaloid accumulation were significantly altered and the extent of alteration varied between the SA and salt stress.
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Affiliation(s)
- Neelam Misra
- College of Natural and Applied Sciences (CONAS), Crescent University. Abeokuta (Ogun State), Km 5, Ayetoro Road, Lafenwa, P.M.B. 2104, Sapon, Abeokuta, Ogun State, Nigeria
| | - Rahul Misra
- College of Natural and Applied Sciences (CONAS), Crescent University. Abeokuta (Ogun State), Km 5, Ayetoro Road, Lafenwa, P.M.B. 2104, Sapon, Abeokuta, Ogun State, Nigeria
| | - Ajiboye Mariam
- College of Natural and Applied Sciences (CONAS), Crescent University. Abeokuta (Ogun State), Km 5, Ayetoro Road, Lafenwa, P.M.B. 2104, Sapon, Abeokuta, Ogun State, Nigeria
| | - Kafayat Yusuf
- College of Natural and Applied Sciences (CONAS), Crescent University. Abeokuta (Ogun State), Km 5, Ayetoro Road, Lafenwa, P.M.B. 2104, Sapon, Abeokuta, Ogun State, Nigeria
| | - Lateefat Yusuf
- College of Natural and Applied Sciences (CONAS), Crescent University. Abeokuta (Ogun State), Km 5, Ayetoro Road, Lafenwa, P.M.B. 2104, Sapon, Abeokuta, Ogun State, Nigeria
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Identification and expression analysis of chitinase genes related to biotic stress resistance in Brassica. Mol Biol Rep 2011; 39:3649-57. [PMID: 21720758 DOI: 10.1007/s11033-011-1139-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/17/2011] [Accepted: 06/24/2011] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
Abstract
Brassica is a very important vegetable group because of its contribution to human nutrition and consequent economic benefits. However, biotic stress is a major concern for these crops and molecular biology techniques offer the most efficient of approaches to address this concern. Chitinase is an important biotic stress resistance-related gene. We identified three genes designated as Brassica chitinase like protein (BrCLP1), BrCLP2 and BrCLP3 from a full-length cDNA library of Brassica rapa cv. Osome. Sequence analysis of these genes confirmed that BrCLP1 was a class IV chitinase, and BrCLP2 and BrCLP3 were class VII chitinases. Also, these genes showed a high degree of homology with other biotic stress resistance-related plant chitinases. In expression analysis, organ-specific expression of all three genes was high except BrCLP1 in all the organs tested and BrCLP2 showed the highest expression compared to the other genes in flower buds. All these genes also showed expression during all developmental growth stages of Chinese cabbage. In addition, BrCLP1 was up-regulated with certain time of infection by Pectobacterium carotovorum subsp. carotovorum in Chinese cabbage plants during microarray expression analysis. On the other hand, expression of BrCLP2 and BrCLP3 were increased after 6 h post inoculation (hpi) but decreased from 12 hpi. All these data suggest that these three chitinase genes may be involved in plant resistance against biotic stresses.
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Singh O, Khanam Z, Misra N, Srivastava MK. Chamomile (Matricaria chamomilla L.): An overview. Pharmacogn Rev 2011; 5:82-95. [PMID: 22096322 PMCID: PMC3210003 DOI: 10.4103/0973-7847.79103] [Citation(s) in RCA: 234] [Impact Index Per Article: 18.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/01/2010] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Chamomile (Matricaria chamomilla L.) is a well-known medicinal plant species from the Asteraceae family often referred to as the "star among medicinal species." Nowadays it is a highly favored and much used medicinal plant in folk and traditional medicine. Its multitherapeutic, cosmetic, and nutritional values have been established through years of traditional and scientific use and research. Chamomile has an established domestic (Indian) and international market, which is increasing day by day. The plant available in the market many a times is adulterated and substituted by close relatives of chamomile. This article briefly reviews the medicinal uses along with botany and cultivation techniques. Since chamomile is a rich source of natural products, details on chemical constituents of essential oil and plant parts as well as their pharmacological properties are included. Furthermore, particular emphasis is given to the biochemistry, biotechnology, market demand, and trade of the plant. This is an attempt to compile and document information on different aspects of chamomile and highlight the need for research and development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ompal Singh
- Department of Biochemistry, Bundelkhand University, Jhansi- 284 128, India
| | - Zakia Khanam
- Department of Chemistry, Aligarh Muslim University, Aligarh - 202 002, India
| | - Neelam Misra
- Department of Biochemistry, Bundelkhand University, Jhansi- 284 128, India
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Sun L, Wang X, Qu S, Liu H, Jia Z, Dong H. HrpN Ea Induces Chinese Cabbage Resistance to Bacterial Soft Rot by Inhibiting the Bacterial Attachment to Root Surfaces. PLANT DISEASE 2010; 94:1441-1447. [PMID: 30743395 DOI: 10.1094/pdis-02-10-0082] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Abstract
HrpNEa is a harpin protein produced by the bacterial plant pathogen Erwinia amylovora. When applied to aerial parts of plants, the protein induces systemic acquired resistance in a variety of plant species. Here, we report that treating Chinese cabbage roots with HrpNEa induces resistance of the plant to Pectobacterium carotovora subsp. carotovora, the pathogen that invades roots and causes bacterial soft rot in cruciferous plants. Treating Chinese cabbage roots with HrpNEa significantly decreased severities of soft rot symptoms on the plant. The root treatment decreased the number of P. carotovora subsp. carotovora cells attached to root surfaces and inhibited the ability of P. carotovora subsp. carotovora to produce quorum-sensing signals, which regulate pathogenicity in a bacterial population-dependent manner. The inhibitory effects of HrpNEa on the root attachment and quorum-sensing signals accompanied the induced expression of several defense response genes. These results suggest that HrpNEa induces Chinese cabbage resistance to bacterial soft rot by inhibiting the bacterial attachment to root surfaces.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lijun Sun
- Key Laboratory of Monitoring and Management of Plant Pathogens and Insect Pests, Ministry of Agriculture of P. R. China, Nanjing Agricultural University, 1 Weigang, Nanjing 210095, and Nanjing Institute for Comprehensive Utilization of Wild Plant, Nanjing, 210042
| | - Xiaomeng Wang
- Key Laboratory of Monitoring and Management of Plant Pathogens and Insect Pests, Ministry of Agriculture of P. R. China, Nanjing Agricultural University, 1 Weigang, Nanjing 210095, China
| | - Shuping Qu
- Key Laboratory of Monitoring and Management of Plant Pathogens and Insect Pests, Ministry of Agriculture of P. R. China, Nanjing Agricultural University, 1 Weigang, Nanjing 210095, China
| | - Huimin Liu
- Key Laboratory of Monitoring and Management of Plant Pathogens and Insect Pests, Ministry of Agriculture of P. R. China, Nanjing Agricultural University, 1 Weigang, Nanjing 210095, China
| | - Zhenhua Jia
- Key Laboratory of Monitoring and Management of Plant Pathogens and Insect Pests, Ministry of Agriculture of P. R. China, Nanjing Agricultural University, 1 Weigang, Nanjing 210095, China
| | - Hansong Dong
- Key Laboratory of Monitoring and Management of Plant Pathogens and Insect Pests, Ministry of Agriculture of P. R. China, Nanjing Agricultural University, 1 Weigang, Nanjing 210095, China
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Tárraga S, Lisón P, López-Gresa MP, Torres C, Rodrigo I, Bellés JM, Conejero V. Molecular cloning and characterization of a novel tomato xylosyltransferase specific for gentisic acid. JOURNAL OF EXPERIMENTAL BOTANY 2010; 61:4325-38. [PMID: 20729481 PMCID: PMC2955746 DOI: 10.1093/jxb/erq234] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/27/2010] [Revised: 07/08/2010] [Accepted: 07/09/2010] [Indexed: 05/08/2023]
Abstract
The importance of salicylic acid (SA) in the signal transduction pathway of plant disease resistance has been well documented in many incompatible plant-pathogen interactions, but less is known about signalling in compatible interactions. In this type of interaction, tomato plants have been found to accumulate high levels of 2,5-dihydroxybenzoic acid (gentisic acid, GA), a metabolic derivative of SA. Exogenous GA treatments induce in tomato plants a set of PR proteins that differ from those induced by salicylic acid. While SA accumulates in tomato plants mainly as 2-O-β-D-glucoside, GA has only been found as 5-O-β-D-xyloside. To characterize this step of the GA signalling pathway further, the present work focuses on the study of the GA-conjugating activity in tomato plants. A gentisate glycosyltransferase (GAGT) cDNA has been isolated and overexpressed in Pichia pastoris, and GA-conjugating activity was confirmed by detecting the xylosylated GA. The purified plant protein is highly specific for GA, showing no activity toward many other phenolic compounds, including SA. In addition, it shows an outstanding selectivity for UDP-xylose as the sugar donor, which differentiates this enzyme from most glycosyltransferases. Both the GA-conjugating activity and the corresponding mRNA show a strong, rapid, and transient induction upon treatment of tomato plants with GA or SA. Furthermore, its expression is rapidly induced by compatible infections. However, neither the gene nor the activity seems to respond to incompatible infections or wounding. The unique properties of this new glycosyltransferase suggest a specific role in regulating the free GA levels in compatible plant-pathogen interactions.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | - Ismael Rodrigo
- Instituto de Biología Molecular y Celular de Plantas (IBMCP), Universidad Politécnica de Valencia (UPV) - Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas (CSIC), Ciudad Politécnica de la Innovación (CPI), Ed. 8E, C/Ingeniero Fausto Elio s/n, E-46022 Valencia, Spain
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Kovácik J, Grúz J, Backor M, Strnad M, Repcák M. Salicylic acid-induced changes to growth and phenolic metabolism in Matricaria chamomilla plants. PLANT CELL REPORTS 2009; 28:135-43. [PMID: 18972114 DOI: 10.1007/s00299-008-0627-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 62] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/01/2008] [Revised: 10/07/2008] [Accepted: 10/09/2008] [Indexed: 05/21/2023]
Abstract
The influence of salicylic acid (SA) doses of 50 and 250 microM, for a period of up to 7 days, on selected physiological aspects and the phenolic metabolism of Matricaria chamomilla plants was studied. SA exhibited both growth-promoting (50 microM) and growth-inhibiting (250 microM) properties, the latter being correlated with decrease of chlorophylls, water content and soluble proteins. In terms of phenolic metabolism, it seems that the higher SA dose has a toxic effect, based on the sharp increase in phenylalanine ammonia-lyase (PAL) activity (24 h after application), which is followed by an increase in total soluble phenolics, lignin accumulation and the majority of the 11 detected phenolic acids. Guaiacol-peroxidase activity was elevated throughout the experiment in 250 microM SA-treated plants. In turn, some responses can be explained by mechanisms associated with oxidative stress tolerance; these mitigate acute SA stress (which is indicated by an increase in malondialdehyde content). However, PAL activity decreased with prolonged exposure to SA, indicating its inhibition. Accumulation of coumarin-related compounds (umbelliferone and herniarin) was not affected by SA treatments, while (Z)- and (E)-2-beta-D: -glucopyranosyloxy-4-methoxycinnamic acids increased in the 250 microM SA-treated rosettes. Free SA content in the rosettes increased significantly only in the 250 microM SA treatment, with levels tending to decrease towards the end of the experiment and the opposite trend was observed in the roots.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jozef Kovácik
- Department of Botany, P. J. Safárik University, Mánesova 23, 041 67, Kosice, Slovak Republic.
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Qi Y, Kawano N, Yamauchi Y, Ling J, Li D, Tanaka K. Identification and cloning of a submergence-induced gene OsGGT (glycogenin glucosyltransferase) from rice (Oryza sativa L.) by suppression subtractive hybridization. PLANTA 2005; 221:437-445. [PMID: 15645304 DOI: 10.1007/s00425-004-1453-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/13/2004] [Accepted: 11/11/2004] [Indexed: 05/24/2023]
Abstract
A submergence-induced gene, OsGGT, was cloned from 7-day submerged rice (Oryza sativa L. plants, FR13A (a submergence-tolerant cultivar, Indica), using suppression subtractive hybridization and both 5'- and 3'-rapid amplification of cDNA ends (RACE). The full-length OsGGT cDNA contains 1,273 bp with an open reading frame of 1,140 bp (17-1,156) that encodes 379 amino acids. Its deduced amino acid sequence is homologous with glycogenin glucosyltransferase. We found that the OsGGT gene is located in the 17,970-20,077 bp region of genome fragment AAAA01002475.1 of the Indica cultivar and in the 53,293-51,186 bp region of genome fragment AC037426.12 of chromosome 10 of the Japanica cultivar. A time-course study showed that OsGGT-gene expression increased in FR13A during submergence but decreased in IR42 (submergence-intolerant cultivar, Indica). The expression of the OsGGT gene in FR13A was induced by salicylic acid and benzyladenine. The accumulation of OsGGT mRNA in FR13A also increased in response to ethylene, gibberellin, abscisic acid, drought and salt treatment, but methyl jasmonate treatment and cold stress had no effect on expression. These results suggest that the OsGGT gene could be related to submergence stress and associated with a general defensive response to various environmental stresses.
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MESH Headings
- Amino Acid Sequence
- Base Sequence
- Blotting, Northern
- Cloning, Molecular
- DNA, Complementary/chemistry
- DNA, Complementary/genetics
- Gene Expression Regulation, Enzymologic/drug effects
- Gene Expression Regulation, Plant/drug effects
- Glucosyltransferases/genetics
- Glucosyltransferases/metabolism
- Glycoproteins/metabolism
- Molecular Sequence Data
- Nucleic Acid Hybridization/methods
- Oryza/enzymology
- Oryza/genetics
- Plant Proteins/genetics
- RNA, Messenger/genetics
- RNA, Messenger/metabolism
- Sequence Alignment
- Sequence Analysis, DNA
- Sequence Homology, Amino Acid
- Water/pharmacology
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Affiliation(s)
- YanHua Qi
- Laboratory of Plant Biotechnology, Faculty of Agriculture, Tottori University, Koyama, Tottori, 680-8553, Japan
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Oh KJ, Park YS, Lee KA, Chung YJ, Cho TJ. Molecular characterization of a thiJ-like gene in Chinese cabbage. BMB Rep 2004; 37:343-50. [PMID: 15469717 DOI: 10.5483/bmbrep.2004.37.3.343] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
A cDNA clone for a salicylic acid-induced gene in Chinese cabbage (Brassica rapa subsp. pekinensis) was isolated and characterized. The cabbage gene encoding a protein of 392 amino acids contained a tandem array of two thiJ-like sequences. ThiJ is a thiamin biosynthesis enzyme that catalyzes the phosphorylation of hydroxymethylpyrimidine (HMP) to HMP monophosphate. Although the cabbage gene shows a similarity to bacterial thiJ genes, it also shares a similarity with the human DJ-1, a multifunctional protein that is involved in transcription regulation, male fertility, and parkinsonism. The cabbage thiJ-like gene is strongly induced by salicylic acid and a nonhost pathogen, Pseudomonas syringae pv. tomato, which elicits a hypersensitive response in Chinese cabbage. Treatment of the cabbage leaves with BTH, methyl jasmonate, or ethephon showed that the cabbage thiJ-like gene expression is also strongly induced by BTH, but not by methyl jasmonate or ethylene. This indicates that the cabbage gene is activated via a salicylic acid-dependent signaling pathway. Examination of the tissue-specific expression revealed that the induction of the cabbage gene expression by BTH occurs in the leaf, stem, and floral tissues but not in the root.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kyung-Jin Oh
- Division of Life Sciences, College of Natural Sciences, Chungbuk National University, Cheongju 360-763, Korea
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Ball L, Accotto GP, Bechtold U, Creissen G, Funck D, Jimenez A, Kular B, Leyland N, Mejia-Carranza J, Reynolds H, Karpinski S, Mullineaux PM. Evidence for a direct link between glutathione biosynthesis and stress defense gene expression in Arabidopsis. THE PLANT CELL 2004; 16:2448-62. [PMID: 15308753 PMCID: PMC520945 DOI: 10.1105/tpc.104.022608] [Citation(s) in RCA: 268] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/15/2004] [Accepted: 05/29/2004] [Indexed: 05/17/2023]
Abstract
The mutant regulator of APX2 1-1 (rax1-1) was identified in Arabidopsis thaliana that constitutively expressed normally photooxidative stress-inducible ASCORBATE PEROXIDASE2 (APX2) and had >/=50% lowered foliar glutathione levels. Mapping revealed that rax1-1 is an allele of gamma-GLUTAMYLCYSTEINE SYNTHETASE 1 (GSH1), which encodes chloroplastic gamma-glutamylcysteine synthetase, the controlling step of glutathione biosynthesis. By comparison of rax1-1 with the GSH1 mutant cadmium hypersensitive 2, the expression of 32 stress-responsive genes was shown to be responsive to changed glutathione metabolism. Under photo-oxidative stress conditions, the expression of a wider set of defense-related genes was altered in the mutants. In wild-type plants, glutathione metabolism may play a key role in determining the degree of expression of defense genes controlled by several signaling pathways both before and during stress. This control may reflect the physiological state of the plant at the time of the onset of an environmental challenge and suggests that changes in glutathione metabolism may be one means of integrating the function of several signaling pathways.
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Affiliation(s)
- Louise Ball
- Department of Disease and Stress Biology, John Ines Centre, Colney, Norwich, NR4 7UH, United Kingdom
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Bandyopadhyay S, Cookson MR. Evolutionary and functional relationships within the DJ1 superfamily. BMC Evol Biol 2004; 4:6. [PMID: 15070401 PMCID: PMC385224 DOI: 10.1186/1471-2148-4-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 123] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/25/2003] [Accepted: 02/19/2004] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Inferences about protein function are often made based on sequence homology to other gene products of known activities. This approach is valuable for small families of conserved proteins but can be difficult to apply to large superfamilies of proteins with diverse function. In this study we looked at sequence homology between members of the DJ-1/ThiJ/PfpI superfamily, which includes a human protein of unclear function, DJ-1, associated with inherited Parkinson's disease. RESULTS DJ-1 orthologs in a variety of eukaryotic species cluster together in a single group. The most closely related group is the bacterial ThiJ genes. These are kinases involved in the biosynthesis of thiamine, a function that has been dispensed with evolutionarily in most eukaryotes where thiamine is an essential nutrient. The similarity with other characterized members of the superfamily, including proteases, is more remote. This is congruent with the recently solved crystal structures that fail to demonstrate the presence of a catalytic triad required for protease activity. CONCLUSION DJ-1 may have evolved from the bacterial gene encoding ThiJ kinase. However, as this function has been dispensed with in eukaryotes it appears that the gene has been co-opted for another function.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sourav Bandyopadhyay
- Laboratory of Neurogenetics, National Institute on Aging, 9000 Rockville Pike, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA
| | - Mark R Cookson
- Laboratory of Neurogenetics, National Institute on Aging, 9000 Rockville Pike, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA
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