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Dong Z, Zhan B, Li S. Selection and Validation of Reference Genes for Gene Expression Studies Using Quantitative Real-Time PCR in Prunus Necrotic Ringspot Virus-Infected Cucumis sativus. Viruses 2022; 14:v14061269. [PMID: 35746740 PMCID: PMC9227502 DOI: 10.3390/v14061269] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/30/2022] [Revised: 06/04/2022] [Accepted: 06/06/2022] [Indexed: 12/10/2022] Open
Abstract
Several members of the genus Ilarvirus infect fruit trees and are distributed worldwide. Prunus necrotic ringspot virus (PNRSV) is one of the most prevalent viruses, causing significant losses. Cucumissativus can be infected by several ilarviruses, leading to obvious symptoms, including PNRSV, which suggests that cucumbers could be good hosts for the study of the pathogenesis of ilarviruses. Real-time quantitative PCR is an optimal choice for studying gene expression because of its simplicity and its fast and high sensitivity, while its accuracy is highly dependent on the stability of the reference genes. In this study, we assessed the stability of eleven reference genes with geNorm, NormFinder, ΔCt method, BestKeeper, and the ranking software, RefFinder. The results indicated that the combined use of EF1α and F-BOX was the most accurate normalization method. In addition, the host genes AGO1, AGO4, and RDR6 were selected to test the reliability of the reference genes. This study provides useful information for gene expression analysis during PNRSV infection and will facilitate gene expression studies associated with ilarvirus infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhenfei Dong
- State Key Laboratory for Biology of Plant Diseases and Insect Pests, Institute of Plant Protection, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing 100193, China;
- Department of Fruit Science, College of Horticulture, China Agricultural University, Beijing 100193, China
| | - Binhui Zhan
- State Key Laboratory for Biology of Plant Diseases and Insect Pests, Institute of Plant Protection, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing 100193, China;
- Correspondence: (B.Z.); (S.L.)
| | - Shifang Li
- State Key Laboratory for Biology of Plant Diseases and Insect Pests, Institute of Plant Protection, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing 100193, China;
- Correspondence: (B.Z.); (S.L.)
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Sahraroo A, Zarei A, Babalar M. In vitro regeneration of the isolated shoot apical meristem of two commercial fig cultivars ‘Sabz’ and ‘Jaami-e-Kan’. BIOCATALYSIS AND AGRICULTURAL BIOTECHNOLOGY 2019. [DOI: 10.1016/j.bcab.2019.01.024] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/27/2022]
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Wang MR, Cui ZH, Li JW, Hao XY, Zhao L, Wang QC. In vitro thermotherapy-based methods for plant virus eradication. PLANT METHODS 2018; 14:87. [PMID: 30323856 PMCID: PMC6173849 DOI: 10.1186/s13007-018-0355-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/10/2018] [Accepted: 10/03/2018] [Indexed: 05/19/2023]
Abstract
Production of virus-free plants is necessary to control viral diseases, import novel cultivars from other countries, exchange breeding materials between countries or regions and preserve plant germplasm. In vitro techniques represent the most successful approaches for virus eradication. In vitro thermotherapy-based methods, including combining thermotherapy with shoot tip culture, chemotherapy, micrografting or shoot tip cryotherapy, have been successfully established for efficient eradication of various viruses from almost all of the most economically important crops. The present study reviewed recent advances in in vitro thermotherapy-based methods for virus eradication since the twenty-first century. Mechanisms as to why thermotherapy-based methods could efficiently eradicate viruses were discussed. Finally, future prospects were proposed to direct further studies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Min-Rui Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Stress Biology for Arid Areas, College of Horticulture, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, 712100 Shaanxi China
| | - Zhen-Hua Cui
- College of Horticulture, Qingdao Agriculture University, Qingdao, 266109 Shandong China
| | - Jing-Wei Li
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Stress Biology for Arid Areas, College of Horticulture, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, 712100 Shaanxi China
| | - Xin-Yi Hao
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Stress Biology for Arid Areas, College of Horticulture, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, 712100 Shaanxi China
| | - Lei Zhao
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Stress Biology for Arid Areas, College of Plant Protection, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, 712100 Shaanxi China
| | - Qiao-Chun Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Stress Biology for Arid Areas, College of Horticulture, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, 712100 Shaanxi China
- College of Horticulture, Qingdao Agriculture University, Qingdao, 266109 Shandong China
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Kidulile CE, Miinda Ateka E, Alakonya AE, Ndunguru JC. Efficacy of chemotherapy and thermotherapy in elimination of East African cassava mosaic virus from Tanzanian cassava landrace. JOURNAL OF PHYTOPATHOLOGY (1986) 2018; 166:739-745. [PMID: 31031544 PMCID: PMC6473628 DOI: 10.1111/jph.12725] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/29/2017] [Revised: 03/02/2018] [Accepted: 06/02/2018] [Indexed: 05/29/2023]
Abstract
Cassava mosaic disease is caused by cassava mosaic begomoviruses (CMBs) and can result in crop losses up to 100% in cassava (Manihot esculenta) in Tanzania. We investigated the efficacy of chemotherapy and thermotherapy for elimination of East African cassava mosaic virus (EACMV) of Tanzanian cassava. In vitro plantlets from EACMV-infected plants obtained from coastal Tanzania were established in the greenhouse. Leaves were sampled from the plants and tested to confirm the presence of EACMV. Plantlets of plants positive for EACMV were initiated in Murashige and Skoog (MS) medium. On the second subculture, they were subjected into chemical treatment in the medium containing salicylic acid (0, 10, 20, 30 and 40 mg/L) and ribavirin (0, 5, 10, 15 and 20 mg/L). In the second experiment, EACMV-infected plantlets were subjected to temperatures between 35 and 40°C with 28°C as the control. After 42 days of growth, DNA was extracted from plant leaves and PCR amplification was performed using EACMV specific primers. It was found that plant survival decreased with increasing levels of both salicylic acid and ribavirin concentrations. In general, plants treated with salicylic acid exhibited a lower plant survival % than those treated with ribavirin. However, the percentage of virus-free plants increased with an increase in the concentration of both ribavirin and salicylic acid. The most effective concentrations were 20 mg/L of ribavirin and 30 mg/L of salicylic acid; these resulted in 85.0% and 88.9% virus-free plantlets, respectively. With regard to thermotherapy, 35°C resulted in 79.5% virus-free plantlets compared to 69.5% at 40°C. Based on virus elimination, ribavirin at 20 mg/L, salicylic acid 30 mg/L and thermotherapy at 35°C are recommended for production of EACMV free cassava plantlets from infected cassava landraces.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christina Edward Kidulile
- Department of BiotechnologyMikocheni Agricultural Research InstituteDar es SalaamTanzania
- Institute for Biotechnology ResearchJomo Kenyatta University of Agriculture and TechnologyNairobiKenya
| | - Elijah Miinda Ateka
- Department of HorticultureJomo Kenyatta University of Agriculture and TechnologyNairobiKenya
| | - Amos Emitati Alakonya
- Institute for Biotechnology ResearchJomo Kenyatta University of Agriculture and TechnologyNairobiKenya
- International Institute of Tropical AgricultureIbadanNigeria
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Quiroz KA, Berríos M, Carrasco B, Retamales JB, Caligari PDS, García-Gonzáles R. Meristem culture and subsequent micropropagation of Chilean strawberry (Fragaria chiloensis (L.) Duch.). Biol Res 2017; 50:20. [PMID: 28578707 PMCID: PMC5455130 DOI: 10.1186/s40659-017-0125-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/03/2016] [Accepted: 05/23/2017] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Vegetative propagation of Fragaria sp. is traditionally carried out using stolons. This system of propagation, in addition to being slow, can spread plant diseases, particularly serious being viral. In vitro culture of meristems and the establishment of micropropagation protocols are important tools for solving these problems. In recent years, considerable effort has been made to develop in vitro propagation of the commercial strawberry in order to produce virus-free plants of high quality. These previous results can serve as the basis for developing in vitro-based propagation technologies in the less studied species Fragaria chiloensis. RESULTS In this context, we studied the cultivation of meristems and establishment of a micropropagation protocol for F. chiloensis. The addition of polyvinylpyrrolidone (PVP) improved the meristem regeneration efficiency of F. chiloensis accessions. Similarly, the use of 6-benzylaminopurine (BAP) in the culture media increased the average rate of multiplication to 3-6 shoots per plant. In addition, the use of 6-benzylaminopurine (BAP), had low levels (near zero) of explant losses due to oxidation. However, plant height as well as number of leaves and roots were higher in media without growth regulators, with average values of 0.5 cm, 9 leaves and 4 roots per plant. CONCLUSIONS For the first time in Chilean strawberry, meristem culture demonstrated to be an efficient tool for eliminating virus from infected plants, giving the possibility to produce disease free propagation material. Also, the addition of PVP into the basal MS medium improved the efficiency of plant recovery from isolated meristems. Farmers can now access to high quality plant material produced by biotech tools which will improve their technological practices.
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Affiliation(s)
- Karla A. Quiroz
- Instituto de Biología Vegetal y Biotecnología, Universidad de Talca, Avenida Lircay s/n., Talca, Chile
- Centro de Biotecnología de los Recursos Naturales (CENBio), Facultad de Ciencias Agrarias y Forestales, Universidad Católica del Maule, Avenida San Miguel, 3605 Talca, Chile
| | - Miguel Berríos
- Centro de Biotecnología de los Recursos Naturales (CENBio), Facultad de Ciencias Agrarias y Forestales, Universidad Católica del Maule, Avenida San Miguel, 3605 Talca, Chile
| | - Basilio Carrasco
- Facultad de Agronomía e Ingeniería Forestal, Pontificia Universidad Católica de Chile, Vicuña Mackenna, Macul, 4860 Santiago, Chile
| | - Jorge B. Retamales
- Centro de Mejoramiento Genético y Fenómica Vegetal, Universidad de Talca, Avenida Lircay s/n., Talca, Chile
| | - Peter D. S. Caligari
- Instituto de Biología Vegetal y Biotecnología, Universidad de Talca, Avenida Lircay s/n., Talca, Chile
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Abstract
Production of virus-tested material of vegetatively propagated crops through national certification schemes has been implemented in many developed countries for more than 60 years and its importance for being the best virus control means is well acknowledged by growers worldwide. The two most important elements of certification schemes are the use of sensitive, reliable, and rapid detection techniques to check the health status of the material produced and effective and simple sanitation procedures for the elimination of viruses if present in candidate material before it enters the scheme. New technologies such as next-generation sequencing platforms are expected to further enhance the efficiency of certification and production of virus-tested material, through the clarification of the unknown etiology of several graft-transmissible diseases. The successful production of virus-tested material is a demanding procedure relying on the close collaboration of researchers, official services, and the private sector. Moreover, considerable efforts have been made by regional plant protection organizations such as the European and Mediterranean Plant Protection Organization (EPPO), the North American Plant Protection Organization (NAPPO), and the European Union and the USA to harmonize procedures, methodologies, and techniques in order to assure the quality, safety, and movement of the vegetatively propagated material produced around the world.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christina Varveri
- Laboratory of Virology, Benaki Phytopathological Institute, Kifissia, Greece.
| | - Varvara I Maliogka
- Faculty of agriculture, Forestry and Natural Environment, School of Agriculture, Plant Pathology Lab, Aristotle University of Thessaloniki, Thessaloniki, Greece
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Jarocka U, Radecka H, Malinowski T, Michalczuk L, Radecki J. Detection of Prunus Necrotic Ringspot Virus in Plant Extracts with Impedimetric Immunosensor based on Glassy Carbon Electrode. ELECTROANAL 2013. [DOI: 10.1002/elan.201200470] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
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Szittya G, Burgyán J. RNA Interference-Mediated Intrinsic Antiviral Immunity in Plants. Curr Top Microbiol Immunol 2013; 371:153-81. [DOI: 10.1007/978-3-642-37765-5_6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 65] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
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Pallas V, Aparicio F, Herranz MC, Amari K, Sanchez-Pina MA, Myrta A, Sanchez-Navarro JA. Ilarviruses of Prunus spp.: a continued concern for fruit trees. PHYTOPATHOLOGY 2012; 102:1108-1120. [PMID: 23148725 DOI: 10.1094/phyto-02-12-0023-rvw] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/01/2023]
Abstract
Prunus spp. are affected by a large number of viruses, causing significant economic losses through either direct or indirect damage, which results in reduced yield and fruit quality. Among these viruses, members of the genus Ilarvirus (isometric labile ringspot viruses) occupy a significant position due to their distribution worldwide. Although symptoms caused by these types of viruses were reported early in the last century, their molecular characterization was not achieved until the 1990s, much later than for other agronomically relevant viruses. This was mainly due to the characteristic liability of virus particles in tissue extracts. In addition, ilarviruses, together with Alfalfa mosaic virus, are unique among plant viruses in that they require a few molecules of the coat protein in the inoculum in order to be infectious, a phenomenon known as genome activation. Another factor that has made the study of this group of viruses difficult is that infectious clones have been obtained only for the type member of the genus, Tobacco streak virus. Four ilarviruses, Prunus necrotic ringspot virus, Prune dwarf virus, Apple mosaic virus, and American plum line pattern virus, are pathogens of the main cultivated fruit trees. As stated in the 9th Report of the International Committee on Taxonomy of Viruses, virions of this genus are "unpromising subjects for the raising of good antisera." With the advent of molecular approaches for their detection and characterization, it has been possible to get a more precise view of their prevalence and genome organization. This review updates our knowledge on the incidence, genome organization and expression, genetic diversity, modes of transmission, and diagnosis, as well as control of this peculiar group of viruses affecting fruit trees.
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Affiliation(s)
- V Pallas
- Instituto de Biologia Celular y Molecular de Plantas, Universidad Politécnica de Valencia-Consejo, Spain.
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Ogwok E, Patil BL, Alicai T, Fauquet CM. Transmission studies with Cassava brown streak Uganda virus (Potyviridae: Ipomovirus) and its interaction with abiotic and biotic factors in Nicotiana benthamiana. J Virol Methods 2010; 169:296-304. [PMID: 20691215 DOI: 10.1016/j.jviromet.2010.07.030] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/18/2010] [Revised: 07/20/2010] [Accepted: 07/26/2010] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
Abstract
Cassava brown streak disease (CBSD), caused by two distinct species, Cassava brown streak Uganda virus (CBSUV) and Cassava brown streak virus (CBSV), is a major constraint to cassava (Manihot esculenta Crantz) production in Africa. Absence of infectious clones of CBSUV or CBSV and the lack of efficient means of mechanical transmission of CBSD has hampered laboratory studies of this disease. Mechanical transmission, achieved mainly by plant sap inoculation, is a widely used technique for characterizing plant viruses. Efficient sap transmission of CBSUV/CBSV to the common laboratory host Nicotiana benthamiana is essential for both basic and applied studies of the virus. We report here the development of an efficient protocol for sap transmission of CBSUV to N. benthamiana and N. debneyi. Several factors affecting transmission efficiency were identified such as the effects of buffer composition, antioxidants, inoculum concentration, plant age and temperature. Higher temperatures (30 °C) favored rapid symptom initiation compared to lower temperatures (21 °C) when sap prepared in phosphate buffer of pH 7.0 was applied on the leaves of N. benthamiana dusted with the abrasive (carborundum). We demonstrated the usefulness of the transmission method in transient evaluation of CBSUV[UG:Nam:04]-derived RNA interference constructs for CBSD resistance and also in studying the interaction of CBSUV[UG:Nam:04] with cassava mosaic geminiviruses, another important group of viruses infecting cassava.
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Affiliation(s)
- Emmanuel Ogwok
- International Laboratory for Tropical Agricultural Biotechnology, Donald Danforth Plant Science Center, 975 N. Warson Road, St. Louis, MO 63132, USA
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Kalinina A, Brown DCW. Micropropagation of ornamental Prunus spp. and GF305 peach, a Prunus viral indicator. PLANT CELL REPORTS 2007; 26:927-35. [PMID: 17323085 DOI: 10.1007/s00299-007-0315-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/26/2006] [Revised: 12/23/2006] [Accepted: 01/24/2007] [Indexed: 05/14/2023]
Abstract
A micropropagation approach was developed for nine ornamental Prunus species, P. americana, P. cistena, P. glandulosa, P. serrulata 'Kwanzan', P. laurocerasus, P. sargentii, P. tomentosa, P. triloba, P. virginiana 'Schubert', commercially important in North America, and GF305 peach, commonly used for Prunus virus indexing. The micropropagation cycle based on proliferation of vegetative tissues includes establishment of tissue culture through introduction of shoot meristems in vitro, shoot proliferation, root induction and plant acclimatization steps and can be completed in 5 months. A meristem sterilization protocol minimized bacterial and fungal contamination. Multiple shoot formation in ornamental Prunus was obtained through the use of 1 mg l(-1) 6-benzyladenine. For GF305 peach, alteration in the sugar composition, fructose instead of sucrose, and addition of 1 mg l(-1 )ferulic acid had a significant impact on the shoot proliferation rate and maintenance of long-term in vitro culture. Rooting and plant acclimatization conditions were improved using a two-step protocol with a 4-day root induction in indole-3-butiric acid (IBA)-containing media with consequent 3-week root elongation in IBA-free media. One-month incubation of rooted shoots in a vermiculite-based medium resulted in additional shoot and root growth and provided better acclimatization and plant recovery. The micropropagation approach can be used for maintenance of the clonal properties for Prunus spp. as well as a protocol to support meristem therapy against viral infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anna Kalinina
- Southern Crop Protection and Food Research Centre, Agriculture and Agri-Food Canada, 1391 Sandford Street, London, ON N5V 4T3, Canada.
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Chellappan P, Vanitharani R, Ogbe F, Fauquet CM. Effect of temperature on geminivirus-induced RNA silencing in plants. PLANT PHYSIOLOGY 2005; 138:1828-41. [PMID: 16040661 PMCID: PMC1183375 DOI: 10.1104/pp.105.066563] [Citation(s) in RCA: 127] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/03/2005] [Revised: 06/13/2005] [Accepted: 06/15/2005] [Indexed: 05/03/2023]
Abstract
Short-interfering RNAs (siRNAs), the molecular markers of posttranscriptional gene silencing (PTGS), are powerful tools that interfere with gene expression and counter virus infection both in plants and animals. Here, we report the effect of temperature on geminivirus-induced gene silencing by quantifying virus-derived siRNAs and by evaluating their distribution along the virus genome for isolates of five species of cassava geminiviruses in cassava (Manihot esculenta, Crantz) and Nicotiana benthamiana. Cassava geminivirus-induced RNA silencing increased by raising the temperature from 25 degrees C to 30 degrees C, with the appearance of less symptomatic newly developed leaves, irrespective of the nature of the virus. Consequently, nonrecovery-type geminiviruses behaved like recovery-type viruses under high temperature. Next, we evaluated the distribution of virus-derived siRNAs on the respective virus genome at three temperatures (25 degrees C, 25 degrees C-30 degrees C, and 30 degrees C). For recovery-type viruses, siRNAs accumulated at moderately higher levels during virus-induced PTGS at higher temperatures, and there was no change in the distribution of the siRNA population along the virus genome. For nonrecovery-type viruses, siRNAs accumulated at strikingly higher levels than those observed for infections with recovery-type viruses at high temperature. As determined for an RNA virus, temperature influences gene silencing for single-stranded DNA geminiviruses. It is possible that other mechanisms besides gene silencing also control geminivirus accumulation at high temperatures. The findings presented here should be taken into consideration when implementing PTGS-based strategies to control plant virus accumulation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Padmanabhan Chellappan
- International Laboratory for Tropical Agricultural Biotechnology, Donald Danforth Plant Science Center, St. Louis, Missouri 63132, USA
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Spillane C, Curtis MD, Grossniklaus U. Apomixis technology development-virgin births in farmers' fields? Nat Biotechnol 2005; 22:687-91. [PMID: 15175691 DOI: 10.1038/nbt976] [Citation(s) in RCA: 127] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Abstract
Apomixis is the process of asexual reproduction through seed, in the absence of meiosis and fertilization, generating clonal progeny of maternal origin. Major benefits to agriculture could result from harnessing apomixis in crop plants. Although >400 apomictic plant species are known, apomixis is rare among crop plants, and the transfer of apomixis to crop varieties by conventional breeding has been largely unsuccessful. Because apomictic and sexual pathways are closely related, de novo engineering of apomixis might be achieved in sexually reproducing crops. Early consideration of issues relating to biosafety and intellectual property (IP) management can facilitate the acceptance and deployment of apomixis technology in agriculture.
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Affiliation(s)
- Charles Spillane
- Institute of Plant Biology & Zürich-Basel Plant Science Center, University of Zürich, CH-8008 Zürich, Switzerland
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