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Han D, Park KT, Kim H, Kim TH, Jeong MK, Nam SI. Interaction between phytoplankton and heterotrophic bacteria in Arctic fjords during the glacial melting season as revealed by eDNA metabarcoding. FEMS Microbiol Ecol 2024; 100:fiae059. [PMID: 38621717 PMCID: PMC11067963 DOI: 10.1093/femsec/fiae059] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/30/2024] [Revised: 04/07/2024] [Accepted: 04/13/2024] [Indexed: 04/17/2024] Open
Abstract
The hydrographic variability in the fjords of Svalbard significantly influences water mass properties, causing distinct patterns of microbial diversity and community composition between surface and subsurface layers. However, surveys on the phytoplankton-associated bacterial communities, pivotal to ecosystem functioning in Arctic fjords, are limited. This study investigated the interactions between phytoplankton and heterotrophic bacterial communities in Svalbard fjord waters through comprehensive eDNA metabarcoding with 16S and 18S rRNA genes. The 16S rRNA sequencing results revealed a homogenous community composition including a few dominant heterotrophic bacteria across fjord waters, whereas 18S rRNA results suggested a spatially diverse eukaryotic plankton distribution. The relative abundances of heterotrophic bacteria showed a depth-wise distribution. By contrast, the dominant phytoplankton populations exhibited variable distributions in surface waters. In the network model, the linkage of phytoplankton (Prasinophytae and Dinophyceae) to heterotrophic bacteria, particularly Actinobacteria, suggested the direct or indirect influence of bacterial contributions on the fate of phytoplankton-derived organic matter. Our prediction of the metabolic pathways for bacterial activity related to phytoplankton-derived organic matter suggested competitive advantages and symbiotic relationships between phytoplankton and heterotrophic bacteria. Our findings provide valuable insights into the response of phytoplankton-bacterial interactions to environmental changes in Arctic fjords.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dukki Han
- Department of Marine Molecular Bioscience, Gangneung-Wonju National University, Gangneung 25457, Republic of Korea
| | - Ki-Tae Park
- Korea Polar Research Institute, Incheon 21990, Republic of Korea
- Department of Environmental Sciences and Biotechnology, Hallym University, Chuncheon 24252, Republic of Korea
| | - Haryun Kim
- East Sea Research Institute, Korea Institute of Ocean Science & Technology, Uljin 36315, Republic of Korea
| | - Tae-Hoon Kim
- Department of Oceanography, Faculty of Earth Systems and Environmental Sciences, Chonnam National University, Gwangju 61186, Republic of Korea
| | - Man-Ki Jeong
- Department of Smart Fisheries Resources Management, Chonnam National University, Yeosu 59626, Republic of Korea
| | - Seung-Il Nam
- Korea Polar Research Institute, Incheon 21990, Republic of Korea
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2
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Zhang Y, Zhuang Y, Ji Z, Chen J, Bai Y, Wang B, Jin H. Impacts of Atlantic water intrusion on interannual variability of the phytoplankton community structure in the summer season of Kongsfjorden, Svalbard under rapid Arctic change. MARINE ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH 2023; 192:106195. [PMID: 37769556 DOI: 10.1016/j.marenvres.2023.106195] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/06/2023] [Revised: 09/13/2023] [Accepted: 09/20/2023] [Indexed: 10/03/2023]
Abstract
Atlantification, known as impacts of high-latitude Atlantic water inflows on the Arctic Ocean has strengthened owing to climate change, corresponding to the rapid ice retreat in the Arctic. The relationship between phytoplankton and environmental changes in the Arctic on the interannual scale is unclear because of the lack of long-time series data. In this study, we discuss the ecological response to Atlantic water intrusion in the Kongsfjorden,Svalbard. We measured chlorophyll a and photosynthesis pigments for the water column samples from a fixed section along the Kongsfjorden to study the response of phytoplankton biomass and communities to Atlantic water intrusion in the summer season from 2007 to 2018. The results showed that dinoflagellates, prasinophytes, cryptophytes, and chlorophytes consistently accounted for over 50% of the total biomass, with the distinct annual variation of chlorophyll a. Bioavailable nitrogen was the main limiting factor on phytoplankton growth in the study area, as inferred by its concentration and nutrients ratios. The relationship between phytoplankton and water mass analysis suggested that the intrusion of Atlantic water in Kongsfjorden may cause interannual variability of the phytoplankton biomass and community structure by influencing the nutrient supply and water stratification in the fjord region. Our study provides insights into the ongoing impact of Atlantification on the phytoplankton community in the Arctic fjord.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yang Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Marine Ecosystem Dynamics, Second Institute of Oceanography, Ministry of Natural Resources, Hangzhou, 310012, China; Ocean College, Zhejiang University, Zhoushan, 316000, China
| | - Yanpei Zhuang
- Polar and Marine Research Institute, Jimei University, Xiamen, 361000, China; Southern Marine Science and Engineering Guangdong Laboratory, Zhuhai, 519000, China
| | - Zhongqiang Ji
- Key Laboratory of Marine Ecosystem Dynamics, Second Institute of Oceanography, Ministry of Natural Resources, Hangzhou, 310012, China.
| | - Jianfang Chen
- Key Laboratory of Marine Ecosystem Dynamics, Second Institute of Oceanography, Ministry of Natural Resources, Hangzhou, 310012, China; State Key Laboratory of Satellite Ocean Environment Dynamics, Second Institute of Oceanography, Ministry of Natural Resources, Hangzhou, 310012, China
| | - Youcheng Bai
- Key Laboratory of Marine Ecosystem Dynamics, Second Institute of Oceanography, Ministry of Natural Resources, Hangzhou, 310012, China
| | - Bin Wang
- Key Laboratory of Marine Ecosystem Dynamics, Second Institute of Oceanography, Ministry of Natural Resources, Hangzhou, 310012, China
| | - Haiyan Jin
- Key Laboratory of Marine Ecosystem Dynamics, Second Institute of Oceanography, Ministry of Natural Resources, Hangzhou, 310012, China; Ocean College, Zhejiang University, Zhoushan, 316000, China; Southern Marine Science and Engineering Guangdong Laboratory, Zhuhai, 519000, China.
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3
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Bhaskar JT, Parli BV, Tripathy SC, Jawak SD, Varunan T. Does suspended sediment affect the phytoplankton community composition and diversity in an Arctic fjord? A comparative study during summer. ENVIRONMENTAL MONITORING AND ASSESSMENT 2022; 195:168. [PMID: 36450883 DOI: 10.1007/s10661-022-10734-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/02/2022] [Accepted: 11/05/2022] [Indexed: 06/17/2023]
Abstract
The Arctic regions experience strong seasonality and are largely affected by increasing temperature. This is particularly evident in the Kongsfjorden, which is surrounded by glaciers and is affected by seasonal and annual changes in temperature. It is largely influenced by glacial meltwater bringing in fluvial inputs such as total suspended matter (TSM) and warm Atlantic waters, which could alter the phytoplankton community. Seven stations in the Kongsfjorden representing glacier-influenced head (KF7, KF6, KF5), mid (KF4, KF3), and open region of the fjord (KF2 and KF1) were considered to evaluate the effect of TSM on phytoplankton community structure, abundance, chlorophyll a (Chl a), diversity index, evenness, and richness during summer 2011 (June) and 2018 (August) and related with atmospheric and hydrological parameters. The annual average atmospheric temperature (AAAT) over Ny-Ålesund showed an increase in temperature by a degree from -3.52 °C in 2011 to -2.44 °C in 2018, while the summer average atmospheric temperature (SAAT) over the same period increased from 5.80 to 6.16 °C. Increased freshening of the fjord led to an increase in TSM during 2018 which coincided with a decrease in Chl a by an order of magnitude. Although sea surface temperature (SST) was warmer in 2011, TSM was higher in 2018. The number of phytoplankton groups identified decreased from 11 in 2011 to 4 in 2018. A distinct alteration in phytoplankton community structure was observed from head fjord to open fjord with higher diversity observed during 2011 compared to 2018. This work highlights the effect of TSM on the phytoplankton community in the Kongsfjorden.
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Affiliation(s)
- J T Bhaskar
- National Centre for Polar and Ocean Research, Ministry of Earth Sciences, Headland Sada, Vasco-da-Gama, Goa, 403 804, India.
| | - B V Parli
- National Centre for Polar and Ocean Research, Ministry of Earth Sciences, Headland Sada, Vasco-da-Gama, Goa, 403 804, India
| | - S C Tripathy
- National Centre for Polar and Ocean Research, Ministry of Earth Sciences, Headland Sada, Vasco-da-Gama, Goa, 403 804, India
| | - S D Jawak
- Svalbard Integrated Arctic Earth Observing System, SIOS Knowledge Centre, Postboks 156, Longyearbyen, 9171, Norway
| | - T Varunan
- Ocean Optics and Imaging Laboratory, Department of Ocean Engineering, Indian Institute of Technology Madras, Chennai, Tamil Nadu, 600036, India
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Dark plumes of glacial meltwater affect vertical distribution of zooplankton in the Arctic. Sci Rep 2022; 12:17953. [PMID: 36289274 PMCID: PMC9606300 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-022-22475-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/05/2022] [Accepted: 10/14/2022] [Indexed: 01/24/2023] Open
Abstract
In polar regions, the release of glacial meltwater resulting in turbid plumes is expected to transform coastal waters with numerous consequences on the marine ecosystem. This study aimed to determine the influence of turbidity regimes on the vertical distribution of copepods together with their potential food (chlorophyll a fluorescence) and non-visual predators (gelatinous zooplankton). Hydrography, turbidity, suspended particulate matter and chlorophyll a were studied in July and August 2019 in West Spitsbergen waters (European Arctic). Fine-scale vertical distribution patterns of zooplankton were assessed by an optical counter (LOPC) and underwater camera (UVP) and verified by plankton nets. In waters with the shallow impact of dark plumes, Calanus spp. and gelatinous zooplankton were concentrated in the upper water layers, whereas in areas with a thick turbid layer, they were distributed evenly in the water column. However, chlorophyll a peaks were found to be restricted to the surface in the turbid waters and there were subsurface maxima in the shallow turbidity regime. Regardless of the region, the turbidity regime was a significant factor shaping the vertical distribution of Calanus spp. We speculate that similar trends might be observed in other rapidly emerging turbid ecosystems and urge that future plankton research should also include relatively simple turbidity measurements.
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Pouch A, Zaborska A, Dąbrowska AM, Pazdro K. Bioaccumulation of PCBs, HCB and PAHs in the summer plankton from West Spitsbergen fjords. MARINE POLLUTION BULLETIN 2022; 177:113488. [PMID: 35276612 DOI: 10.1016/j.marpolbul.2022.113488] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/23/2021] [Revised: 02/19/2022] [Accepted: 02/22/2022] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
Concentrations of seven polychlorinated biphenyls (PCBs), hexachlorobenzene (HCB), and twelve polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) were examined in plankton collected in summer from different Arctic fjords (Hornsund, Kongsfjorden, Adventfjorden). The levels of all target contaminants in arctic protists have been analyzed for the first time. This is also the first report on PAH levels in arctic fjords zooplankton. ∑7 PCB, HCB and ∑12 PAH concentrations were up to 3.58 ng/g w.w., 0.28 ng/g w.w. and 249 ng/g w.w., respectively. Among the zooplankton species, the highest concentrations of the most analyzed contaminants were detected in Themisto abyssorum. This could be explained by the predatory feeding strategy of this species. The importance of diet was confirmed by the low concentrations of contaminants detected in the herbivorous copepod Calanus spp. Depending on contaminant, bioaccumulation occurred in 50 to 100% studied cases. Studies have shown significant biomagnification of PCBs and PAHs in zooplankton predator-prey pairs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anna Pouch
- Institute of Oceanology, Polish Academy of Sciences, Powstańców Warszawy 55, 81-712 Sopot, Poland.
| | - Agata Zaborska
- Institute of Oceanology, Polish Academy of Sciences, Powstańców Warszawy 55, 81-712 Sopot, Poland
| | - Anna Maria Dąbrowska
- Institute of Oceanology, Polish Academy of Sciences, Powstańców Warszawy 55, 81-712 Sopot, Poland
| | - Ksenia Pazdro
- Institute of Oceanology, Polish Academy of Sciences, Powstańców Warszawy 55, 81-712 Sopot, Poland
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Spatiotemporal Variations in Antarctic Protistan Communities Highlight Phytoplankton Diversity and Seasonal Dominance by a Novel Cryptophyte Lineage. mBio 2021; 12:e0297321. [PMID: 34903046 PMCID: PMC8669470 DOI: 10.1128/mbio.02973-21] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/25/2022] Open
Abstract
The Andvord fjord in the West Antarctic Peninsula (WAP) is known for its productivity and abundant megafauna. Nevertheless, seasonal patterns of the molecular diversity and abundance of protistan community members underpinning WAP productivity remain poorly resolved. We performed spring and fall expeditions pursuing protistan diversity, abundance of photosynthetic taxa, and the connection to changing conditions. 18S rRNA amplicon sequence variant (ASV) profiles revealed diverse predatory protists spanning multiple eukaryotic supergroups, alongside enigmatic heterotrophs like the Picozoa. Among photosynthetic protists, cryptophyte contributions were notable. Analysis of plastid-derived 16S rRNA ASVs supported 18S ASV results, including a dichotomy between cryptophytes and diatom contributions previously reported in other Antarctic regions. We demonstrate that stramenopile and cryptophyte community structures have distinct attributes. Photosynthetic stramenopiles exhibit high diversity, with the polar diatom Fragilariopsis cylindrus, unidentified Chaetoceros species, and others being prominent. Conversely, ASV analyses followed by environmental full-length rRNA gene sequencing, electron microscopy, and flow cytometry revealed that a novel alga dominates the cryptophytes. Phylogenetic analyses established that TPG clade VII, as named here, is evolutionarily distinct from cultivated cryptophyte lineages. Additionally, cryptophyte cell abundance correlated with increased water temperature. Analyses of global data sets showed that clade VII dominates cryptophyte ASVs at Southern Ocean sites and appears to be endemic, whereas in the Arctic and elsewhere, Teleaulax amphioxeia and Plagioselmis prolonga dominate, although both were undetected in Antarctic waters. Collectively, our studies provide baseline data against which future change can be assessed, identify different diversification patterns between stramenopiles and cryptophytes, and highlight an evolutionarily distinct cryptophyte clade that thrives under conditions enhanced by warming.
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Balazy K, Boehnke R, Trudnowska E, Søreide JE, Błachowiak-Samołyk K. Phenology of Oithona similis demonstrates that ecological flexibility may be a winning trait in the warming Arctic. Sci Rep 2021; 11:18599. [PMID: 34545157 PMCID: PMC8452673 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-021-98068-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/28/2021] [Accepted: 09/01/2021] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Rapidly warming Arctic is facing significant shifts in the zooplankton size-spectra manifested as increasing numbers of the small-sized copepod Oithona similis. Here we present a unique continuous data set covering 22 months, on its copepodite structure along with environmental drivers in the Atlantic-influenced high Arctic fjord Isfjorden (Spitsbergen). Abundance maxima of O. similis were observed in September when the highest seawater temperature was recorded. A high concentration of the indicator species of Atlantification Oithona atlantica was also observed at that time. The clear dominance of O. similis in the zooplankton community during the dark, theoretically unproductive season emphasizes its substantial role in sustaining a continuous carbon flow, when most of the large herbivorous copepods fall into sleeping state. The high sex ratio observed twice in both years during periods of high primary production suggests two main reproductive events per year. O. similis reproduced even in very low temperatures (< 0 °C) previously thought to limit their fecundity, which proves its unique thermal tolerance. Our study provides a new insight on ecology of this key copepod of marine ecosystems across the globe, and thus confirm the Climatic Variability Hypothesis assuming that natural selection favour species with such flexible adaptive traits as O. similis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kaja Balazy
- Department of Marine Ecology, Institute of Oceanology, Polish Academy of Sciences, Powst. Warszawy 55, 81-712, Sopot, Poland.
| | - Rafał Boehnke
- Department of Marine Ecology, Institute of Oceanology, Polish Academy of Sciences, Powst. Warszawy 55, 81-712, Sopot, Poland
| | - Emilia Trudnowska
- Department of Marine Ecology, Institute of Oceanology, Polish Academy of Sciences, Powst. Warszawy 55, 81-712, Sopot, Poland
| | - Janne E Søreide
- Department of Arctic Biology, The University Centre in Svalbard (UNIS), PB 156, 9171, Longyearbyen, Norway
| | - Katarzyna Błachowiak-Samołyk
- Department of Marine Ecology, Institute of Oceanology, Polish Academy of Sciences, Powst. Warszawy 55, 81-712, Sopot, Poland
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8
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Szeligowska M, Trudnowska E, Boehnke R, Dąbrowska AM, Dragańska-Deja K, Deja K, Darecki M, Błachowiak-Samołyk K. The interplay between plankton and particles in the Isfjorden waters influenced by marine- and land-terminating glaciers. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2021; 780:146491. [PMID: 34030341 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2021.146491] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/01/2020] [Revised: 03/08/2021] [Accepted: 03/11/2021] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
Climate-induced glacial retreat in the Arctic results in an increased supply of meltwater with suspended terrigenous material into the marine environment. Despite increasing research efforts, effects of glacial retreat on functioning of plankton are not well documented and understood. Thus, we studied a hydro-optical seawater regime along with particle/plankton concentrations and composition structure in a high Arctic fjord (Isfjorden, West Spitsbergen) during mid-summer in 2019. This comprehensive study of the upper 50 m water layer presented a sharp distinction between 'muddy' waters influenced by glacial and river runoff and 'clear' open fjordic waters in the form of a notable difference in chlorophyll a concentrations, extent of euphotic zone depth, turbidity, inorganic/organic particle concentrations, and water colour. In this study, we present that the effects of glacial retreat on Arctic pelagial depend not only on different types of glaciers (marine- and land-terminating), but presumably, also on fjord topography and exposure to oceanic water inflow. The contrasting glacial, hydrological, and topographical conditions had different effects on the share of zooplankton and marine snow. Despite adaptation of the planktonic communities in the Arctic to high sediment loads and resultant light limitations, our study shows that continuing retreat of tidewater glaciers will have negative effect on planktonic communities especially in enclosed shallow fjord branches. Moreover, seawater darkening due to high turbidity could negatively affect tactile predators, such as gelatinous zooplankton. Additional division of plankton into functional groups typically used in the biogeochemical models demonstrated that diatoms, flagellates and mesozooplankton are influenced by suspended matter, whereas microzooplankton are highly adaptive to increased sediment loads. Since we investigated the largest Svalbard fjord system and incorporated multiple components of the pelagic realm, the current study delivers important recommendations for including marine snow and gelatinous zooplankton in ecosystem models applied in polar regions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marlena Szeligowska
- Pelagic Biocenosis Functioning Laboratory, Marine Ecology Department, Institute of Oceanology Polish Academy of Sciences, Sopot, Poland.
| | - Emilia Trudnowska
- Pelagic Biocenosis Functioning Laboratory, Marine Ecology Department, Institute of Oceanology Polish Academy of Sciences, Sopot, Poland
| | - Rafał Boehnke
- Pelagic Biocenosis Functioning Laboratory, Marine Ecology Department, Institute of Oceanology Polish Academy of Sciences, Sopot, Poland
| | - Anna Maria Dąbrowska
- Marine Protists Laboratory, Marine Ecology Department, Institute of Oceanology Polish Academy of Sciences, Sopot, Poland
| | - Katarzyna Dragańska-Deja
- Remote Sensing Laboratory, Department of Marine Physics, Institute of Oceanology Polish Academy of Sciences, Sopot, Poland
| | - Kajetan Deja
- Benthic Ecology Laboratory, Marine Ecology Department, Institute of Oceanology Polish Academy of Sciences, Sopot, Poland
| | - Mirosław Darecki
- Remote Sensing Laboratory, Department of Marine Physics, Institute of Oceanology Polish Academy of Sciences, Sopot, Poland
| | - Katarzyna Błachowiak-Samołyk
- Pelagic Biocenosis Functioning Laboratory, Marine Ecology Department, Institute of Oceanology Polish Academy of Sciences, Sopot, Poland
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Feltracco M, Barbaro E, Spolaor A, Vecchiato M, Callegaro A, Burgay F, Vardè M, Maffezzoli N, Dallo F, Scoto F, Zangrando R, Barbante C, Gambaro A. Year-round measurements of size-segregated low molecular weight organic acids in Arctic aerosol. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2021; 763:142954. [PMID: 33498125 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2020.142954] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/07/2020] [Revised: 10/07/2020] [Accepted: 10/09/2020] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
Organic acids in aerosols Earth's atmosphere are ubiquitous and they have been extensively studied across urban, rural and polar environments. However, little is known about their properties, transport, source and seasonal variations in the Svalbard Archipelago. Here, we present the annual trend of organic acids in the aerosol collected at Ny-Ålesund and consider their size-distributions to infer their possible sources and relative contributions. A series of carboxylic acids were detected with a predominance of C2-oxalic acid. Pinic acid and cis-pinonic acid were studied in order to better understand the oxidative and gas-to-particle processes occurred in the Arctic atmosphere. Since the water-soluble organic fraction is mainly composed by organic acids and ions, we investigated how the seasonal variation leads to different atmospheric transport mechanisms, focusing on the chemical variations between the polar night and boreal summer. Using major ions, levoglucosan and MSA, the Positive Matrix Factorization (PMF) identified five different possible sources: a) sea spray; b) marine primary production; c) biomass burning; d) sea ice related process and e) secondary products.
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Affiliation(s)
- Matteo Feltracco
- Department of Environmental Sciences, Informatics and Statistics, Ca' Foscari University of Venice, Via Torino 155, 30172 Venice, Italy.
| | - Elena Barbaro
- Institute of Polar Sciences - National Research Council of Italy (ISP-CNR), Via Torino 155, 30172 Venice, Italy; Department of Environmental Sciences, Informatics and Statistics, Ca' Foscari University of Venice, Via Torino 155, 30172 Venice, Italy
| | - Andrea Spolaor
- Institute of Polar Sciences - National Research Council of Italy (ISP-CNR), Via Torino 155, 30172 Venice, Italy; Department of Environmental Sciences, Informatics and Statistics, Ca' Foscari University of Venice, Via Torino 155, 30172 Venice, Italy
| | - Marco Vecchiato
- Institute of Polar Sciences - National Research Council of Italy (ISP-CNR), Via Torino 155, 30172 Venice, Italy
| | - Alice Callegaro
- Institute of Polar Sciences - National Research Council of Italy (ISP-CNR), Via Torino 155, 30172 Venice, Italy
| | - François Burgay
- Department of Environmental Sciences, Informatics and Statistics, Ca' Foscari University of Venice, Via Torino 155, 30172 Venice, Italy; Laboratory of Environmental Chemistry, Paul Scherrer Institute, 5232 Villigen, Switzerland
| | - Massimiliano Vardè
- Institute of Polar Sciences - National Research Council of Italy (ISP-CNR), Via Torino 155, 30172 Venice, Italy; Department of Chemical and Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Ferrara, via L. Borsari 46, Ferrara 44121, Italy
| | - Niccolò Maffezzoli
- Department of Environmental Sciences, Informatics and Statistics, Ca' Foscari University of Venice, Via Torino 155, 30172 Venice, Italy
| | - Federico Dallo
- Institute of Polar Sciences - National Research Council of Italy (ISP-CNR), Via Torino 155, 30172 Venice, Italy
| | - Federico Scoto
- Institute of Atmospheric Sciences and Climate, National Research Council of Italy (ISAC-CNR), SP Lecce-Monteroni Km 1.2, 73100 Lecce, Italy
| | - Roberta Zangrando
- Institute of Polar Sciences - National Research Council of Italy (ISP-CNR), Via Torino 155, 30172 Venice, Italy
| | - Carlo Barbante
- Department of Environmental Sciences, Informatics and Statistics, Ca' Foscari University of Venice, Via Torino 155, 30172 Venice, Italy; Institute of Polar Sciences - National Research Council of Italy (ISP-CNR), Via Torino 155, 30172 Venice, Italy
| | - Andrea Gambaro
- Department of Environmental Sciences, Informatics and Statistics, Ca' Foscari University of Venice, Via Torino 155, 30172 Venice, Italy; Institute of Polar Sciences - National Research Council of Italy (ISP-CNR), Via Torino 155, 30172 Venice, Italy
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Spectral Characterization of Dissolved Organic Matter in Seawater and Sediment Pore Water from the Arctic Fjords (West Svalbard) in Summer. WATER 2021. [DOI: 10.3390/w13020202] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
Fjords in the high Arctic, as aquatic critical zones at the interface of land-ocean continuum, are undergoing rapid changes due to glacier retreat and climate warming. Yet, little is known about the biogeochemical processes in the Arctic fjords. We measured the nutrients and the optical properties of dissolved organic matter (DOM) in both seawater and sediment pore water, along with the remote sensing data of the ocean surface, from three West Svalbard fjords. A cross-fjord comparison of fluorescence fingerprints together with downcore trends of salinity, Cl−, and PO43− revealed higher impact of terrestrial inputs (fluorescence index: ~1.2–1.5 in seawaters) and glaciofluvial runoffs (salinity: ~31.4 ± 2.4 psu in pore waters) to the southern fjord of Hornsund as compared to the northern fjords of Isfjorden and Van Mijenfjorden, tallying with heavier annual runoff to the southern fjord of Hornsund. Extremely high levels of protein-like fluorescence (up to ~4.5 RU) were observed at the partially sea ice-covered fjords in summer, in line with near-ubiquity ice-edge blooms observed in the Arctic. The results reflect an ongoing or post-phytoplankton bloom, which is also supported by the higher levels of chlorophyll a fluorescence at the ocean surface, the very high apparent oxygen utilization through the water column, and the nutrient drawdown at the ocean surface. Meanwhile, a characteristic elongated fluorescence fingerprint was observed in the fjords, presumably produced by ice-edge blooms in the Arctic ecosystems. Furthermore, alkalinity and the humic-like peaks showed a general downcore accumulation trend, which implies the production of humic-like DOM via a biological pathway also in the glaciomarine sediments from the Arctic fjords.
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Pouch A, Zaborska A, Pazdro K. Levels of dioxins and dioxin-like polychlorinated biphenyls in seawater from the Hornsund fjord (SW Svalbard). MARINE POLLUTION BULLETIN 2021; 162:111917. [PMID: 33321304 DOI: 10.1016/j.marpolbul.2020.111917] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/02/2020] [Revised: 12/02/2020] [Accepted: 12/03/2020] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
Knowledge of contaminant distribution is important, particularly in the vulnerable first results about the occurrence of seventeen polychlorinated dibenzo-p-dioxins and polychlorinated dibenzofurans and twelve dioxin-like polychlorinated biphenyls in arctic fjord seawater are reported. The contaminants were measured in 10 samples of suspended particulate matter collected in Hornsund (Svalbard). The ∑PCDD/F and ∑dl-PCB concentrations ranged from 0.066 to 231.47 pg/L and from 2.43 to 46.43 pg/L respectively. In terms of total PCDD/Fs, in general highly chlorinated PCDFs constituted the most significant fraction. Among dl-PCB compounds, PCB118 was the dominant congener. The toxicity equivalent for the samples ranged from 0.0008 to 1.90 pg I-TEQ/L for ∑PCDD/Fs, while for ∑dl-PCB it ranged from 0.0002 to 0.024 pg WHO05-TEQ/L. High concentrations of dioxins and dl-PCBs in some samples indicated that those contaminants could pose a threat to marine biota.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anna Pouch
- Institute of Oceanology, Polish Academy of Sciences, Powstańców Warszawy 55, 81-712 Sopot, Poland.
| | - Agata Zaborska
- Institute of Oceanology, Polish Academy of Sciences, Powstańców Warszawy 55, 81-712 Sopot, Poland
| | - Ksenia Pazdro
- Institute of Oceanology, Polish Academy of Sciences, Powstańców Warszawy 55, 81-712 Sopot, Poland
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Iglikowska A, Krzemińska M, Renaud PE, Berge J, Hop H, Kukliński P. Summer and winter MgCO 3 levels in the skeletons of Arctic bryozoans. MARINE ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH 2020; 162:105166. [PMID: 33049544 DOI: 10.1016/j.marenvres.2020.105166] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/12/2020] [Revised: 09/30/2020] [Accepted: 10/01/2020] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
In the Arctic, seasonal patterns in seawater biochemical conditions are shaped by physical, chemical, and biological processes related to the alternation of seasons, i.e. winter polar night and summer midnight sun. In summertime, CO2 concentration is driven by photosynthetic activity of autotrophs which raises seawater pH and carbonate saturation state (Ω). In addition, restriction of photosynthetic activity to the euphotic zone and establishment of seasonal stratification often leads to depth gradients in pH and Ω. In winter, however, severely reduced primary production along with respiration processes lead to higher CO2 concentrations which consequently decrease seawater pH and Ω. Many calcifying invertebrates incorporate other metals, in addition to calcium, into their skeletons, with potential consequences for stability of the mineral matrix and vulnerability to abrasion of predators. We tested whether changes in seawater chemistry due to light-driven activities of marine biota can influence the uptake of Mg into calcified skeletons of Arctic Bryozoa, a dominant faunal group in polar hard-bottom habitats. Our results indicate no clear differences between summer and winter levels of skeletal MgCO3 in five bryozoan species despite differences in Ω between these two seasons. Furthermore, we could not detect any depth-related differences in MgCO3 content in skeletons of selected bryozoans. These results may indicate that Arctic bryozoans are able to control MgCO3 skeletal concentrations biologically. Yet recorded spatial variability in MgCO3 content in skeletons from stations exhibiting different seawater parameters suggests that environmental factors can also, to some extent, shape the skeletal chemistry of Arctic bryozoans.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anna Iglikowska
- Laboratory of Biosystematics and Ecology of Aquatic Invertebrates, Department of Genetics and Biosystematics, Faculty of Biology, University of Gdańsk, Wita Stwosza 59, 80-308 Gdańsk, Poland.
| | - Małgorzata Krzemińska
- Marine Ecology Department, Institute of Oceanology Polish Academy of Sciences, Powstańców Warszawy 55, 81-712 Sopot, Poland
| | - Paul E Renaud
- The University Centre in Svalbard, N-9171 Longyearbyen, Norway; Akvaplan-niva, Fram Centre, N-9296 Tromsø, Norway
| | - Jørgen Berge
- The University Centre in Svalbard, N-9171 Longyearbyen, Norway; Department of Arctic and Marine Biology, Faculty of Biosciences, Fisheries and Economics, UiT The Arctic University of Norway, N-9037 Tromsø, Norway; Centre for Autonomous Marine Operations and Systems, Department of Biology, Norwegian University of Science and Technology, N-7491 Trondheim, Norway
| | - Haakon Hop
- Norwegian Polar Institute, Fram Centre, N-9296 Tromsø, Norway
| | - Piotr Kukliński
- Marine Ecology Department, Institute of Oceanology Polish Academy of Sciences, Powstańców Warszawy 55, 81-712 Sopot, Poland
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Trudnowska E, Balazy K, Stoń‐Egiert J, Smolina I, Brown T, Gluchowska M. In a comfort zone and beyond-Ecological plasticity of key marine mediators. Ecol Evol 2020; 10:14067-14081. [PMID: 33391702 PMCID: PMC7771121 DOI: 10.1002/ece3.6997] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/15/2020] [Revised: 10/03/2020] [Accepted: 10/16/2020] [Indexed: 01/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Copepods of the genus Calanus are the key components of zooplankton. Understanding their response to a changing climate is crucial to predict the functioning of future warmer high-latitude ecosystems. Although specific Calanus species are morphologically very similar, they have different life strategies and roles in ecosystems. In this study, C. finmarchicus and C. glacialis were thoroughly studied with regard to their plasticity in morphology and ecology both in their preferred original water mass (Atlantic vs. Arctic side of the Polar Front) and in suboptimal conditions (due to, e.g., temperature, turbidity, and competition in Hornsund fjord). Our observations show that "at the same place and time," both species can reach different sizes, take on different pigmentation, be in different states of population development, utilize different reproductive versus lipid accumulation strategies, and thrive on different foods. Size was proven to be a very mutable morphological trait, especially with regard to reduced length of C. glacialis. Both species exhibited pronounced red pigmentation when inhabiting their preferred water mass. In other domains, C. finmarchicus individuals tended to be paler than C. glacialis individuals. Gonad maturation and population development indicated mixed reproductive strategies, although a surprisingly similar population age structure of the two co-occurring species in the fjord was observed. Lipid accumulation was high and not species-specific, and its variability was due to diet differences of the populations. According to the stable isotope composition, both species had a more herbivorous diatom-based diet in their original water masses. While the diet of C. glacialis was rather consistent among the domains studied, C. finmarchicus exhibited much higher variability in its feeding history (based on lipid composition). Our results show that the plasticity of both Calanus species is indeed impressive and may be regulated differently, depending on whether they live in their "comfort zone" or beyond it.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Kaja Balazy
- Institute of Oceanology Polish Academy of SciencesSopotPoland
| | | | | | - Thomas Brown
- The Scottish Association for Marine ScienceObanUK
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Microbial Abundance and Enzyme Activity Patterns: Response to Changing Environmental Characteristics along a Transect in Kongsfjorden (Svalbard Islands). JOURNAL OF MARINE SCIENCE AND ENGINEERING 2020. [DOI: 10.3390/jmse8100824] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
Abstract
Svalbard archipelago is experiencing the effects of climate changes (i.e., glaciers’ thickness reduction and glacier front retreat), but how ice melting affects water biogeochemistry is still unknown. Microbial communities often act as environmental sentinels, modulating their distribution and activity in response to environmental variability. To assess microbial response to climate warming, within the ARctic: present Climatic change and pAst extreme events (ARCA) project, a survey was carried out along a transect in Konsfjorden from off-shore stations towards the Kronebreen glacier. Total bacterial abundance and the fraction of actively respiring cells (labelled by cyanotetrazolium chloride, CTC), cultivable heterotrophic bacterial abundance, and extracellular enzymatic activities (leucine aminopeptidase (LAP), beta-glucosidase (GLU), and alkaline phosphatase (AP)) were measured. In addition, water temperature, salinity, dissolved oxygen, turbidity, total suspended matter (TSM), particulate and chromophoric dissolved organic matter (CDOM), chlorophyll-a (Chl-a), and inorganic compounds were determined, in order to evaluate whether variations in microbial abundance and metabolism were related with changes in environmental variables. Colder waters at surface (3.5–5 m) depths and increased turbidity, TSM, and inorganic compounds found at some hydrological stations close to the glacier were signals of ice melting. CDOM absorption slope values (275–295 nm) varied from 0.0077 to 0.0109 nm−1, and total bacterial cell count and cultivable heterotrophic bacterial abundance were in the order of 106 cells/mL and 103 colony forming units/mL, respectively. Enzymatic rates <1.78, 1.25, and 0.25 nmol/L/h were recorded for AP, LAP, and GLU, respectively. Inorganic compounds, TSM, and turbidity correlated inversely with temperature; AP was significantly related with CDOM absorption spectra and heterotrophic bacteria (r = 0.59, 0.71, p < 0.05); and LAP with Chl-a, Particulate Organic Carbon (POC) and Particulate Organic Nitrogen (PON) (0.97, 0.780, 0.734, p < 0.01), suggesting that fresh material from ice melting stimulated the metabolism of the cultivable fraction.
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In Situ Rates of Carbon and Nitrogen Uptake by Phytoplankton and the Contribution of Picophytoplankton in Kongsfjorden, Svalbard. WATER 2020. [DOI: 10.3390/w12102903] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Rapid climate warming and the associated melting of glaciers in high-latitude open fjord systems can have a significant impact on biogeochemical cycles. In this study, the uptake rates of carbon and nitrogen (nitrate and ammonium) of total phytoplankton and picophytoplankton (<2 μm) were measured in Kongsfjorden in early May 2017 using the dual stable isotope technique. The daily uptake rates of total carbon and nitrogen ranged from 0.3 to 1.1 g C m−2 day−1, with a mean of 0.7 ± 0.3 g C m−2 day−1, and 0.13 to 0.17 g N m−2 day−1, with a mean of 0.16 ± 0.02 g N m−2 day−1. Microphytoplankton (20–200 μm) accounted for 68.1% of the total chlorophyll a (chl-a) concentration, while picophytoplankton (<2 μm) accounted for 19.6% of the total chl-a, with a high contribution to the carbon uptake rate (42.9%) due to its higher particulate organic carbon-to-chl-a ratio. The contributions of picophytoplankton to the total nitrogen uptake rates were 47.1 ± 10.6% for nitrate and 74.0 ± 16.7% for ammonium. Our results indicated that picophytoplankton preferred regenerated nitrogen, such as ammonium, for growth and pointed to the importance of the role played by picophytoplankton in the local carbon uptake rate during the early springtime in 2017. Although the phytoplankton community, in terms of biovolume, in all samples was dominated by diatoms and Phaeocystis sp., a higher proportion of nano- and picophytoplankton chl-a (mean ± SD = 71.3 ± 16.4%) was observed in the relatively cold and turbid surface water in the inner fjord. Phytoplankton production (carbon uptake) decreased towards the inner fjord, while nitrogen uptake increased. The contrast in carbon and nitrogen uptake is likely caused by the gradient in glacial meltwater which affects both the light regime and nutrient availability. Therefore, global warming-enhanced glacier melting might support lower primary production (carbon fixation) with higher degrees of regeneration processes in fjord systems.
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16
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Ren Z, Martyniuk N, Oleksy IA, Swain A, Hotaling S. Ecological Stoichiometry of the Mountain Cryosphere. Front Ecol Evol 2019. [DOI: 10.3389/fevo.2019.00360] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
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17
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18
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Pavlova O, Gerland S, Hop H. Changes in Sea-Ice Extent and Thickness in Kongsfjorden, Svalbard (2003–2016). THE ECOSYSTEM OF KONGSFJORDEN, SVALBARD 2019. [DOI: 10.1007/978-3-319-46425-1_4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/03/2022]
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19
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Kumar V, Tiwari M, Rengarajan R. Warming in the Arctic Captured by productivity variability at an Arctic Fjord over the past two centuries. PLoS One 2018; 13:e0201456. [PMID: 30110352 PMCID: PMC6093672 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0201456] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/03/2017] [Accepted: 07/16/2018] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Arctic fjords feature among some of the most climate-sensitive regions on the planet. The site of this study–Kongsfjorden–is one such fjord in which sedimentation and sediment geochemistry reflect climate-mediated changes in glacial melt and marine primary productivity. Here, we have shown that the fjord is particularly sensitive to the changing melt dynamics of the surrounding glaciers which are a direct consequence of warming/cooling in the region and is reflected in the productivity at the fjord. Warming increases meltwater influx into the fjord leading to enhanced turbidity which results in lower productivity. A multi-proxy study (sedimentary organic matter content, carbon and nitrogen isotope ratios, and microfossil abundance) using a 21 cm long sediment core from the Kongsfjorden helped us reconstruct warming driven melt-dynamics history for the past two centuries. Proxy data show a general decreasing trend in productivity along with a few excursions over the last two centuries. Warming driven glacial-melt dynamics appears to be the dominant control on productivity throughout the span of the core.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vikash Kumar
- National Centre for Antarctic & Ocean Research, Vasco-da-Gama, Goa, India
| | - Manish Tiwari
- National Centre for Antarctic & Ocean Research, Vasco-da-Gama, Goa, India
- * E-mail:
| | - R. Rengarajan
- Physical Research Laboratory, Navrangpura, Ahmedabad, India
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20
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Shunatova N, Nikishina D, Ivanov M, Berge J, Renaud PE, Ivanova T, Granovitch A. The longer the better: the effect of substrate on sessile biota in Arctic kelp forests. Polar Biol 2018. [DOI: 10.1007/s00300-018-2263-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
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21
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Arimitsu ML, Hobson KA, Webber DN, Piatt JF, Hood EW, Fellman JB. Tracing biogeochemical subsidies from glacier runoff into Alaska's coastal marine food webs. GLOBAL CHANGE BIOLOGY 2018; 24:387-398. [PMID: 28833910 DOI: 10.1111/gcb.13875] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/05/2017] [Accepted: 08/04/2017] [Indexed: 06/07/2023]
Abstract
Nearly half of the freshwater discharge into the Gulf of Alaska originates from landscapes draining glacier runoff, but the influence of the influx of riverine organic matter on the trophodynamics of coastal marine food webs is not well understood. We quantified the ecological impact of riverine organic matter subsidies to glacier-marine habitats by developing a multi-trophic level Bayesian three-isotope mixing model. We utilized large gradients in stable (δ13 C, δ15 N, δ2 H) and radiogenic (Δ14 C) isotopes that trace riverine and marine organic matter sources as they are passed from lower to higher trophic levels in glacial-marine habitats. We also compared isotope ratios between glacial-marine and more oceanic habitats. Based on isotopic measurements of potential baseline sources, ambient water and tissues of marine consumers, estimates of the riverine organic matter source contribution to upper trophic-level species including fish and seabirds ranged from 12% to 44%. Variability in resource use among similar taxa corresponded to variation in species distribution and life histories. For example, riverine organic matter assimilation by the glacier-nesting seabirds Kittlitz's murrelet (Brachyramphus brevirostris) was greater than that of the forest-nesting marbled murrelet (B. marmoratus). The particulate and dissolved organic carbon in glacial runoff and near surface coastal waters was aged (12100-1500 years BP 14 C-age) but dissolved inorganic carbon and biota in coastal waters were young (530 years BP 14 C-age to modern). Thus terrestrial-derived subsidies in marine food webs were primarily composed of young organic matter sources released from glacier ecosystems and their surrounding watersheds. Stable isotope compositions also revealed a divergence in food web structure between glacial-marine and oceanic sites. This work demonstrates linkages between terrestrial and marine ecosystems, and facilitates a greater understanding of how climate-driven changes in freshwater runoff have the potential to alter food web dynamics within coastal marine ecosystems in Alaska.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Keith A Hobson
- Environment and Climate Change Canada, Saskatoon, SK, Canada
| | | | - John F Piatt
- U.S. Geological Survey Alaska Science Center, Anchorage, AK, USA
| | - Eran W Hood
- University of Alaska Southeast, Juneau, AK, USA
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22
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Jain A, Krishnan KP. Differences in free-living and particle-associated bacterial communities and their spatial variation in Kongsfjorden, Arctic. J Basic Microbiol 2017; 57:827-838. [DOI: 10.1002/jobm.201700216] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/12/2017] [Revised: 06/16/2017] [Accepted: 07/07/2017] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Anand Jain
- Cryobiology Laboratory; National Centre for Antarctic and Ocean Research; Vasco-da-Gama, Goa India
| | - Kottekkatu P. Krishnan
- Cryobiology Laboratory; National Centre for Antarctic and Ocean Research; Vasco-da-Gama, Goa India
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23
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Gluchowska M, Trudnowska E, Goszczko I, Kubiszyn AM, Blachowiak-Samolyk K, Walczowski W, Kwasniewski S. Variations in the structural and functional diversity of zooplankton over vertical and horizontal environmental gradients en route to the Arctic Ocean through the Fram Strait. PLoS One 2017; 12:e0171715. [PMID: 28178320 PMCID: PMC5298267 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0171715] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/05/2016] [Accepted: 01/23/2017] [Indexed: 12/05/2022] Open
Abstract
A multi-scale approach was used to evaluate which spatial gradient of environmental variability is the most important in structuring zooplankton diversity in the West Spitsbergen Current (WSC). The WSC is the main conveyor of warm and biologically rich Atlantic water to the Arctic Ocean through the Fram Strait. The data set included 85 stratified vertical zooplankton samples (obtained from depths up to 1000 metres) covering two latitudinal sections (76°30’N and 79°N) located across the multi-path WSC system. The results indicate that the most important environmental variables shaping the zooplankton structural and functional diversity and standing stock variability are those associated with depth, whereas variables acting in the horizontal dimension are of lesser importance. Multivariate analysis of the zooplankton assemblages, together with different univariate descriptors of zooplankton diversity, clearly illustrated the segregation of zooplankton taxa in the vertical plane. The epipelagic zone (upper 200 m) hosted plentiful, Oithona similis-dominated assemblages with a high proportion of filter-feeding zooplankton. Although total zooplankton abundance declined in the mesopelagic zone (200–1000 m), zooplankton assemblages in that zone were more diverse and more evenly distributed, with high contributions from both herbivorous and carnivorous taxa. The vertical distribution of integrated biomass (mg DW m-2) indicated that the total zooplankton biomass in the epipelagic and mesopelagic zones was comparable. Environmental gradients acting in the horizontal plane, such as the ones associated with different ice cover and timing of the spring bloom, were reflected in the latitudinal variability in protist community structure and probably caused differences in succession in the zooplankton community. High abundances of Calanus finmarchicus in the WSC core branch suggest the existence of mechanisms advantageous for higher productivity or/and responsible for physical concentration of zooplankton. Our results indicate that regional hydrography plays a primary role in shaping zooplankton variability in the WSC on the way to the Arctic Ocean, with additional effects caused by biological factors related to seasonality in pelagic ecosystem development, resulting in regional differences in food availability or biological production between the continental slope and the deep ocean regions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marta Gluchowska
- Institute of Oceanology Polish Academy of Sciences, Powstancow Warszawy Sopot, Poland
- * E-mail:
| | - Emilia Trudnowska
- Institute of Oceanology Polish Academy of Sciences, Powstancow Warszawy Sopot, Poland
| | - Ilona Goszczko
- Institute of Oceanology Polish Academy of Sciences, Powstancow Warszawy Sopot, Poland
| | - Anna Maria Kubiszyn
- Institute of Oceanology Polish Academy of Sciences, Powstancow Warszawy Sopot, Poland
| | | | - Waldemar Walczowski
- Institute of Oceanology Polish Academy of Sciences, Powstancow Warszawy Sopot, Poland
| | - Slawomir Kwasniewski
- Institute of Oceanology Polish Academy of Sciences, Powstancow Warszawy Sopot, Poland
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Kubiszyn AM, Wiktor JM. The Gymnodinium and Gyrodinium (Dinoflagellata: Gymnodiniaceae) of the West Spitsbergen waters (1999–2010): biodiversity and morphological description of unidentified species. Polar Biol 2016. [DOI: 10.1007/s00300-015-1764-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
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25
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Lipid composition of the three co-existing Calanus species in the Arctic: impact of season, location and environment. Polar Biol 2016. [DOI: 10.1007/s00300-015-1725-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
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26
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27
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Late winter-to-summer change in ocean acidification state in Kongsfjorden, with implications for calcifying organisms. Polar Biol 2016. [DOI: 10.1007/s00300-016-1955-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
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28
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Drewnik A, Węsławski JM, Włodarska-Kowalczuk M, Łącka M, Promińska A, Zaborska A, Gluchowska M. From the worm’s point of view. I: Environmental settings of benthic ecosystems in Arctic fjord (Hornsund, Spitsbergen). Polar Biol 2016. [DOI: 10.1007/s00300-015-1867-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
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29
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SOMMARUGA RUBEN. When glaciers and ice sheets melt: consequences for planktonic organisms. JOURNAL OF PLANKTON RESEARCH 2015; 37:509-518. [PMID: 26869738 PMCID: PMC4747089 DOI: 10.1093/plankt/fbv027] [Citation(s) in RCA: 54] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/07/2023]
Abstract
The current melting of glaciers and ice sheets is a consequence of climatic change and their turbid meltwaters are filling and enlarging many new proglacial and ice-contact lakes around the world, as well as affecting coastal areas. Paradoxically, very little is known on the ecology of turbid glacier-fed aquatic ecosystems even though they are at the origin of the most common type of lakes on Earth. Here, I discuss the consequences of those meltwaters for planktonic organisms. A remarkable characteristic of aquatic ecosystems receiving the discharge of meltwaters is their high content of mineral suspensoids, so-called glacial flour that poses a real challenge for filter-feeding planktonic taxa such as Daphnia and phagotrophic groups such as heterotrophic nanoflagellates. The planktonic food-web structure in highly turbid meltwater lakes seems to be truncated and microbially dominated. Low underwater light levels leads to unfavorable conditions for primary producers, but at the same time, cause less stress by UV radiation. Meltwaters are also a source of inorganic and organic nutrients that could stimulate secondary prokaryotic production and in some cases (e.g. in distal proglacial lakes) also phytoplankton primary production. How changes in turbidity and in other related environmental factors influence diversity, community composition and adaptation have only recently begun to be studied. Knowledge of the consequences of glacier retreat for glacier-fed lakes and coasts will be crucial to predict ecosystem trajectories regarding changes in biodiversity, biogeochemical cycles and function.
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Piwosz K, Spich K, Całkiewicz J, Weydmann A, Kubiszyn AM, Wiktor JM. Distribution of small phytoflagellates along an Arctic fjord transect. Environ Microbiol 2015; 17:2393-406. [PMID: 25384623 DOI: 10.1111/1462-2920.12705] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/18/2013] [Revised: 10/27/2014] [Accepted: 10/28/2014] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
Phytoflagellates <10 μm substantially contribute to the abundance, biomass and primary production in polar waters, but information on the distribution of specific groups is scarce. We applied catalysed reporter deposition-fluorescence in situ hybridization to investigate the distribution of total phytoflagellates and of eight specific groups along a 100 km transect west off Kongsfjorden (Spitsbergen) from 29 to 31 July 2010. Phytoflagellates contributed to >75% of the depth-integrated abundance and biomass of total eukaryotes <10 μm at all stations. Their depth-integrated abundance and biomass decreased along the transect from 1.5 × 10(12) cells m(-2) (6.6 × 10(12) pgC m(-2) ) at the outermost station to 1.7 × 10(10) cells m(-2) (4.7 × 10(10) pgC m(-2) ) at the innermost station. Chlorophytes contributed to the total abundance of phytoflagellates with a range from 13% to 87% (0.7-30.5 × 10(3) cells ml(-1) ), and predominated in open waters. The contribution of haptophytes was < 1-38% (10-4500 cells ml(-1) ). The other groups represented <10%. The temperature and salinity positively correlated with the total abundance of phytoflagellates, chlorophytes, haptophytes, bolidophytes and pelagophytes. Cryptophytes, pedinellids and pavlovophytes were negatively associated with the nutrient concentrations. The community composition of phytoflagellates changed along the transect, which could have implications on food web dynamics and biogeochemical cycles between the open ocean environment and Kongsfjorden investigated here.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kasia Piwosz
- Department of Fisheries Oceanography and Marine Ecology, National Marine Fisheries Research Institute, Gdynia, 81-332, Poland
| | - Katarzyna Spich
- Department of Fisheries Oceanography and Marine Ecology, National Marine Fisheries Research Institute, Gdynia, 81-332, Poland
| | - Joanna Całkiewicz
- Department of Fisheries Oceanography and Marine Ecology, National Marine Fisheries Research Institute, Gdynia, 81-332, Poland
| | - Agata Weydmann
- Department of Marine Ecology, Institute of Oceanology of the Polish Academy of Sciences, Sopot, 81-712, Poland.,Institute of Oceanography, University of Gdańsk, Piłsudskiego 46, 81-378, Gdynia, Poland
| | - Anna M Kubiszyn
- Department of Marine Ecology, Institute of Oceanology of the Polish Academy of Sciences, Sopot, 81-712, Poland
| | - Józef M Wiktor
- Department of Marine Ecology, Institute of Oceanology of the Polish Academy of Sciences, Sopot, 81-712, Poland
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31
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Trophic structure of the macrobenthic community of Hornsund, Spitsbergen, based on the determination of stable carbon and nitrogen isotopic signatures. Polar Biol 2014. [DOI: 10.1007/s00300-014-1517-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
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32
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Kędra M, Pabis K, Gromisz S, Węsławski JM. Distribution patterns of polychaete fauna in an Arctic fjord (Hornsund, Spitsbergen). Polar Biol 2013. [DOI: 10.1007/s00300-013-1366-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
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33
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De Corte D, Sintes E, Yokokawa T, Herndl GJ. Comparison between MICRO–CARD–FISH and 16S rRNA gene clone libraries to assess the active versus total bacterial community in the coastal Arctic. ENVIRONMENTAL MICROBIOLOGY REPORTS 2013; 5:272-81. [PMID: 23565124 PMCID: PMC3615173 DOI: 10.1111/1758-2229.12013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/02/2012] [Accepted: 10/23/2012] [Indexed: 06/02/2023]
Abstract
We collected surface- and deep-water samples (maximum depth 300 m) during the spring–summer transition in the coastal Arctic along a transect in the Kongsfjorden (Ny-Ålesund, Spitsbergen, Norway) to determine the structure of the active versus total marine bacterioplankton community using different approaches. Catalysed reporter deposition– fluorescence in situ hybridization combined with microautoradiography (MICRO–CARD–FISH) was used to determine the abundance and activity of different bacterial groups. The bacterial communities were dominated by members of Alphaproteobacteria followed by Bacteroidetes, whereas Gammaproteobacteria were present at low abundance but exhibited a high percentage of active cells taking up leucine. The clone libraries of 16S rRNA genes (16S rDNA) and 16S rRNA from two different depths were used to decipher the bacterial community structure. Independently of the type of clone libraries analysed (16S rDNA- or 16S rRNA-based), four major and four minor taxonomic groups were detected. The bacterioplankton community was mainly dominated at both the DNA and the RNA levels by Alphaproteobacteria followed by Gammaproteobacteria. The Rhodobacteriaceae were the most abundant members of the Alphaproteobacteria in both DNA and RNA clone libraries, followed by the SAR11 clade, which was only detectable at the 16S
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Affiliation(s)
- Daniele De Corte
- Department of Biological Oceanography, Royal Netherlands Institute for Sea Research (NIOZ)PO Box 59, 1790 AB, Den Burg, The Netherlands
- Center for Ecological and Evolutionary Studies, University of GroningenPO Box 11103, NL-9700 CC, Groningen, The Netherlands
| | - Eva Sintes
- Department of Biological Oceanography, Royal Netherlands Institute for Sea Research (NIOZ)PO Box 59, 1790 AB, Den Burg, The Netherlands
| | - Taichi Yokokawa
- Department of Biological Oceanography, Royal Netherlands Institute for Sea Research (NIOZ)PO Box 59, 1790 AB, Den Burg, The Netherlands
| | - Gerhard J Herndl
- Department of Biological Oceanography, Royal Netherlands Institute for Sea Research (NIOZ)PO Box 59, 1790 AB, Den Burg, The Netherlands
- Department Marine Biology, Faculty Center of Ecology, University of ViennaAlthanstrasse 14, A-1090, Vienna, Austria
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The adaptation of Arctic phytoplankton to low light and salinity in Kongsfjorden (Spitsbergen). ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2013. [DOI: 10.3724/sp.j.1085.2012.00019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
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35
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Seasonality of occurrence and recruitment of Arctic marine benthic invertebrate larvae in relation to environmental variables. Polar Biol 2013. [DOI: 10.1007/s00300-012-1283-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/27/2022]
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36
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Feeding ecology and trophic impact of the hydroid Obelia dichotoma in the Kongsfjorden (Spitsbergen, Arctic). Polar Biol 2012. [DOI: 10.1007/s00300-012-1239-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/27/2022]
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37
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38
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Hodal H, Falk-Petersen S, Hop H, Kristiansen S, Reigstad M. Spring bloom dynamics in Kongsfjorden, Svalbard: nutrients, phytoplankton, protozoans and primary production. Polar Biol 2011. [DOI: 10.1007/s00300-011-1053-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 110] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
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39
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Seasonal microbial processes in a high-latitude fjord (Kongsfjorden, Svalbard): I. Heterotrophic bacteria, picoplankton and nanoflagellates. Polar Biol 2010. [DOI: 10.1007/s00300-010-0929-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 90] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
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40
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Microphytobenthos of Arctic Kongsfjorden (Svalbard, Norway): biomass and potential primary production along the shore line. Polar Biol 2010. [DOI: 10.1007/s00300-010-0813-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
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41
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Piwosz K, Pernthaler J. Seasonal population dynamics and trophic role of planktonic nanoflagellates in coastal surface waters of the Southern Baltic Sea. Environ Microbiol 2010; 12:364-77. [DOI: 10.1111/j.1462-2920.2009.02074.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 46] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
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42
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Logares R, Bråte J, Heinrich F, Shalchian-Tabrizi K, Bertilsson S. Infrequent transitions between saline and fresh waters in one of the most abundant microbial lineages (SAR11). Mol Biol Evol 2009; 27:347-57. [PMID: 19808864 DOI: 10.1093/molbev/msp239] [Citation(s) in RCA: 55] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/25/2023] Open
Abstract
The aquatic bacterial group SAR11 is one of the most abundant organisms on Earth, with an estimated global population size of 2.4 x 10(28) cells in the oceans. Members of SAR11 have also been detected in brackish and fresh waters, but the evolutionary relationships between the species present in the different environments have been ambiguous. In particular, it was not clear how frequently this lineage has crossed the saline-freshwater boundary during its evolutionary diversification. Due to the huge population size of SAR11 and the potential of microbes for long-distance dispersal, we hypothesized that environmental transitions could have occurred repeatedly during the evolutionary diversification of this group. Here, we have constructed extensive 16S rDNA-based molecular phylogenies and undertaken metagenomic data analyses to assess the frequency of saline-freshwater transitions in SAR11 and to investigate the evolutionary implications of this process. Our analyses indicated that very few saline-freshwater transitions occurred during the evolutionary diversification of SAR11, generating genetically distinct saline and freshwater lineages that do not appear to exchange genes extensively via horizontal gene transfer. In contrast to lineages from saline environments, extant freshwater taxa from diverse, and sometimes distant, geographic locations were very closely related. This points to a rapid diversification and dispersal in fresh waters or to slower evolutionary rates in fresh water SAR11 when compared with marine counterparts. In addition, the colonization of both saline and fresh waters appears to have occurred early in the evolution of SAR11. We conclude that the different biogeochemical conditions that prevail in saline and fresh waters have likely prevented the environmental transitions in SAR11, promoting the evolution of clearly distinct lineages in each environment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ramiro Logares
- Limnology/Department of Ecology and Evolution, Uppsala University, Sweden.
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Zajączkowski M, Nygård H, Hegseth EN, Berge J. Vertical flux of particulate matter in an Arctic fjord: the case of lack of the sea-ice cover in Adventfjorden 2006–2007. Polar Biol 2009. [DOI: 10.1007/s00300-009-0699-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 46] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
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44
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Buchholz F, Buchholz C, Weslawski JM. Ten years after: krill as indicator of changes in the macro-zooplankton communities of two Arctic fjords. Polar Biol 2009. [DOI: 10.1007/s00300-009-0688-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 47] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
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