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Velazquez FN, Viscardi V, Montemage J, Zhang L, Trocchia C, Delamont MM, Ahmad R, Hannun YA, Obeid LM, Snider AJ. A Milk-Fat Based Diet Increases Metastasis in the MMTV-PyMT Mouse Model of Breast Cancer. Nutrients 2021; 13:nu13072431. [PMID: 34371939 PMCID: PMC8308868 DOI: 10.3390/nu13072431] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/01/2021] [Revised: 07/01/2021] [Accepted: 07/12/2021] [Indexed: 11/30/2022] Open
Abstract
A high-fat diet (HFD) and obesity are risk factors for many diseases including breast cancer. This is particularly important with close to 40% of the current adult population being overweight or obese. Previous studies have implicated that Mediterranean diets (MDs) partially protect against breast cancer. However, to date, the links between diet and breast cancer progression are not well defined. Therefore, to begin to define and assess this, we used an isocaloric control diet (CD) and two HFDs enriched with either olive oil (OOBD, high in oleate, and unsaturated fatty acid in MDs) or a milk fat-based diet (MFBD, high in palmitate and myristate, saturated fatty acids in Western diets) in a mammary polyomavirus middle T antigen mouse model (MMTV-PyMT) of breast cancer. Our data demonstrate that neither MFBD or OOBD altered the growth of primary tumors in the MMTV-PyMT mice. The examination of lung metastases revealed that OOBD mice exhibited fewer surface nodules and smaller metastases when compared to MFBD and CD mice. These data suggest that different fatty acids found in different sources of HFDs may alter breast cancer metastasis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fabiola N. Velazquez
- Department of Medicine, Stony Brook University, Stony Brook, NY 11794, USA; (F.N.V.); (V.V.); (J.M.); (L.Z.); (C.T.); (Y.A.H.); (L.M.O.)
- Cancer Center, Stony Brook University, Stony Brook, NY 11794, USA
| | - Valentina Viscardi
- Department of Medicine, Stony Brook University, Stony Brook, NY 11794, USA; (F.N.V.); (V.V.); (J.M.); (L.Z.); (C.T.); (Y.A.H.); (L.M.O.)
- Cancer Center, Stony Brook University, Stony Brook, NY 11794, USA
| | - Julia Montemage
- Department of Medicine, Stony Brook University, Stony Brook, NY 11794, USA; (F.N.V.); (V.V.); (J.M.); (L.Z.); (C.T.); (Y.A.H.); (L.M.O.)
- Cancer Center, Stony Brook University, Stony Brook, NY 11794, USA
| | - Leiqing Zhang
- Department of Medicine, Stony Brook University, Stony Brook, NY 11794, USA; (F.N.V.); (V.V.); (J.M.); (L.Z.); (C.T.); (Y.A.H.); (L.M.O.)
- Cancer Center, Stony Brook University, Stony Brook, NY 11794, USA
| | - Carolena Trocchia
- Department of Medicine, Stony Brook University, Stony Brook, NY 11794, USA; (F.N.V.); (V.V.); (J.M.); (L.Z.); (C.T.); (Y.A.H.); (L.M.O.)
- Cancer Center, Stony Brook University, Stony Brook, NY 11794, USA
| | - Megan M. Delamont
- Department of Nutritional Sciences, College of Agriculture and Life Sciences, University of Arizona, Tucson, AZ 85721, USA;
| | - Rasheed Ahmad
- Immunology & Microbiology Department, Dasman Diabetes Institute, Kuwait City 15462, Kuwait;
| | - Yusuf A. Hannun
- Department of Medicine, Stony Brook University, Stony Brook, NY 11794, USA; (F.N.V.); (V.V.); (J.M.); (L.Z.); (C.T.); (Y.A.H.); (L.M.O.)
- Cancer Center, Stony Brook University, Stony Brook, NY 11794, USA
| | - Lina M. Obeid
- Department of Medicine, Stony Brook University, Stony Brook, NY 11794, USA; (F.N.V.); (V.V.); (J.M.); (L.Z.); (C.T.); (Y.A.H.); (L.M.O.)
- Cancer Center, Stony Brook University, Stony Brook, NY 11794, USA
| | - Ashley J. Snider
- Department of Medicine, Stony Brook University, Stony Brook, NY 11794, USA; (F.N.V.); (V.V.); (J.M.); (L.Z.); (C.T.); (Y.A.H.); (L.M.O.)
- Cancer Center, Stony Brook University, Stony Brook, NY 11794, USA
- Immunology & Microbiology Department, Dasman Diabetes Institute, Kuwait City 15462, Kuwait;
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +1-520-621-8093
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McClelland EK, Chan MTT, Lin X, Sakhrani D, Vincelli F, Kim JH, Heath DD, Devlin RH. Loci associated with variation in gene expression and growth in juvenile salmon are influenced by the presence of a growth hormone transgene. BMC Genomics 2020; 21:185. [PMID: 32106818 PMCID: PMC7045383 DOI: 10.1186/s12864-020-6586-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/29/2019] [Accepted: 02/17/2020] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Growth regulation is a complex process influenced by genetic and environmental factors. We examined differences between growth hormone (GH) transgenic (T) and non-transgenic (NT) coho salmon to elucidate whether the same loci were involved in controlling body size and gene expression phenotypes, and to assess whether physiological transformations occurring from GH transgenesis were under the influence of alternative pathways. The following genomic techniques were used to explore differences between size classes within and between transgenotypes (T vs. NT): RNA-Seq/Differentially Expressed Gene (DEG) analysis, quantitative PCR (qPCR) and OpenArray analysis, Genotyping-by-Sequencing, and Genome-Wide Association Study (GWAS). RESULTS DEGs identified in comparisons between the large and small tails of the size distributions of T and NT salmon (NTLarge, NTSmall, TLarge and TSmall) spanned a broad range of biological processes, indicating wide-spread influence of the transgene on gene expression. Overexpression of growth hormone led to differences in regulatory loci between transgenotypes and size classes. Expression levels were significantly greater in T fish at 16 of 31 loci and in NT fish for 10 loci. Eleven genes exhibited different mRNA levels when the interaction of size and transgenotype was considered (IGF1, IGFBP1, GH, C3-4, FAS, FAD6, GLUT1, G6PASE1, GOGAT, MID1IP1). In the GWAS, 649 unique SNPs were significantly associated with at least one study trait, with most SNPs associated with one of the following traits: C3_4, ELA1, GLK, IGF1, IGFBP1, IGFII, or LEPTIN. Only 1 phenotype-associated SNP was found in common between T and NT fish, and there were no SNPs in common between transgenotypes when size was considered. CONCLUSIONS Multiple regulatory loci affecting gene expression were shared between fast-growing and slow-growing fish within T or NT groups, but no such regulatory loci were found to be shared between NT and T groups. These data reveal how GH overexpression affects the regulatory responses of the genome resulting in differences in growth, physiological pathways, and gene expression in T fish compared with the wild type. Understanding the complexity of regulatory gene interactions to generate phenotypes has importance in multiple fields ranging from applications in selective breeding to quantifying influences on evolutionary processes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Erin Kathleen McClelland
- Fisheries and Oceans Canada, 4160 Marine Drive, West Vancouver, BC, V7V 1N6, Canada. .,, EKM Consulting 730 Drake St, Nanaimo, BC, V9S 2T1, Canada.
| | - Michelle T T Chan
- Fisheries and Oceans Canada, 4160 Marine Drive, West Vancouver, BC, V7V 1N6, Canada
| | - Xiang Lin
- Fisheries and Oceans Canada, 4160 Marine Drive, West Vancouver, BC, V7V 1N6, Canada
| | - Dionne Sakhrani
- Fisheries and Oceans Canada, 4160 Marine Drive, West Vancouver, BC, V7V 1N6, Canada
| | - Felicia Vincelli
- Great Lakes Institute for Environmental Research, University of Windsor, 401 Sunset Ave, Windsor, ON, N9B 3P4, Canada
| | - Jin-Hyoung Kim
- Fisheries and Oceans Canada, 4160 Marine Drive, West Vancouver, BC, V7V 1N6, Canada.,Korea Polar Research Institute (KOPRI), 26, Songdomirae-ro, Yeonsu-gu, Incheon, 21990, South Korea
| | - Daniel D Heath
- Great Lakes Institute for Environmental Research, University of Windsor, 401 Sunset Ave, Windsor, ON, N9B 3P4, Canada
| | - Robert H Devlin
- Fisheries and Oceans Canada, 4160 Marine Drive, West Vancouver, BC, V7V 1N6, Canada
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Kodama M, Naish KA, Devlin RH. Influence of a growth hormone transgene on the genetic architecture of growth-related traits: A comparative analysis between transgenic and wild-type coho salmon. Evol Appl 2018; 11:1886-1900. [PMID: 30459836 PMCID: PMC6231474 DOI: 10.1111/eva.12692] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/10/2017] [Revised: 07/26/2018] [Accepted: 07/28/2018] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Genetic engineering has been increasingly applied to many commercially important plant and animal species, generating phenotypic changes that are not observed in natural populations and creating genetic interactions that have not experienced natural selection. The degree to and way in which such human-induced genetic variation interacts with the rest of the genome is currently largely unknown. Integrating such information into ecological and risk assessment frameworks is crucial to understand the potential effects of genetically modified organisms in natural environments. Here, we performed QTL mapping to investigate the genetic architecture of growth-related traits in nontransgenic (NT) and growth hormone transgenic (T) coho salmon with large changes in growth and related physiology, with the aim of identifying how an inserted transgene might influence the opportunity for selection. These fish shared the same parental genetic background, thus allowing us to determine whether the same or different loci influence these traits within the two groups. The use of over 1,700 loci, derived from restriction site-associated DNA sequencing, revealed that different genomic regions were linked with growth over time between the two groups. Additionally, the effect sizes of detected QTL appear to have been influenced by the transgene. Direct comparison of QTL between the T and NT fish during two size-matched periods identified little overlap in their location. Taken together, the results showed that the transgene altered the genetic basis of growth-related traits in this species. The study has important implications for effective conservation and management of wild populations experiencing introduction of transgenes. Evolutionary changes and their ecological consequences may occur at different rates and in different directions in NT versus T individuals in response to selection. Thus, assessments of phenotypic change, and hence ecological risk, should be determined periodically to evaluate whether initial estimates made with founder strains remain valid.
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Affiliation(s)
- Miyako Kodama
- Fisheries and Oceans CanadaWest VancouverBritish ColumbiaCanada
- School of Aquatic and Fishery SciencesUniversity of WashingtonSeattle, Washington
- Present address:
Natural History Museum of DenmarkUniversity of CopenhagenCopenhagenDenmark
- Present address:
Genome Research and Molecular BiomedicineDepartment of BiologyUniversity of CopenhagenCopenhagenDenmark
| | - Kerry A. Naish
- School of Aquatic and Fishery SciencesUniversity of WashingtonSeattle, Washington
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Abstract
Tumour heterogeneity poses a substantial problem for the clinical management of cancer. Somatic evolution of the cancer genome results in genetically distinct subclones in the primary tumour with different biological properties and therapeutic sensitivities. The problem of heterogeneity is compounded in metastatic disease owing to the complexity of the metastatic process and the multiple biological hurdles that the tumour cell must overcome to establish a clinically overt metastatic lesion. New advances in sequencing technology and clinical sample acquisition are providing insights into the phylogenetic relationship of metastases and primary tumours at the level of somatic tumour genetics while also illuminating fundamental mechanisms of the metastatic process. In addition to somatically acquired genetic heterogeneity in the tumour cells, inherited population-based genetic heterogeneity can profoundly modify metastatic biology and further complicate the development of effective, broadly applicable antimetastatic therapies. Here, we examine how genetic heterogeneity impacts metastatic disease and the implications of current knowledge for future research endeavours and therapeutic interventions.
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Cowen S, McLaughlin SL, Hobbs G, Coad J, Martin KH, Olfert IM, Vona-Davis L. High-Fat, High-Calorie Diet Enhances Mammary Carcinogenesis and Local Inflammation in MMTV-PyMT Mouse Model of Breast Cancer. Cancers (Basel) 2015; 7:1125-42. [PMID: 26132316 PMCID: PMC4586761 DOI: 10.3390/cancers7030828] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/15/2015] [Revised: 06/16/2015] [Accepted: 06/18/2015] [Indexed: 01/26/2023] Open
Abstract
Epidemiological studies provide strong evidence that obesity and the associated adipose tissue inflammation are risk factors for breast cancer; however, the molecular mechanisms are poorly understood. We evaluated the effect of a high-fat/high-calorie diet on mammary carcinogenesis in the immunocompetent MMTV-PyMT murine model. Four-week old female mice (20/group) were randomized to receive either a high-fat (HF; 60% kcal as fat) or a low-fat (LF; 16% kcal) diet for eight weeks. Body weights were determined, and tumor volumes measured by ultrasound, each week. At necropsy, the tumors and abdominal visceral fat were weighed and plasma collected. The primary mammary tumors, adjacent mammary fat, and lungs were preserved for histological and immunohistochemical examination and quantification of infiltrating macrophages, crown-like structure (CLS) formation, and microvessel density. The body weight gains, visceral fat weights, the primary mammary tumor growth rates and terminal weights, were all significantly greater in the HF-fed mice. Adipose tissue inflammation in the HF group was indicated by hepatic steatosis, pronounced macrophage infiltration and CLS formation, and elevations in plasma monocyte chemoattractant protein-1 (MCP-1), leptin and proinflammatory cytokine concentrations. HF intake was also associated with higher tumor-associated microvascular density and the proangiogenic factor MCP-1. This study provides preclinical evidence in a spontaneous model of breast cancer that mammary adipose tissue inflammation induced by diet, enhances the recruitment of macrophages and increases tumor vascular density suggesting a role for obesity in creating a microenvironment favorable for angiogenesis in the progression of breast cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sarah Cowen
- Department of Surgery, West Virginia University Health Sciences Center, Morgantown, WV 26506, USA.
- Mary Babb Randolph Cancer Center, West Virginia University Health Sciences Center, Morgantown, WV 26506, USA.
| | - Sarah L McLaughlin
- Mary Babb Randolph Cancer Center, West Virginia University Health Sciences Center, Morgantown, WV 26506, USA.
| | - Gerald Hobbs
- Mary Babb Randolph Cancer Center, West Virginia University Health Sciences Center, Morgantown, WV 26506, USA.
- Department of Statistics, West Virginia University, Morgantown, WV 26506, USA.
| | - James Coad
- Department of Pathology, West Virginia University Health Sciences Center, Morgantown, WV 26506, USA.
| | - Karen H Martin
- Mary Babb Randolph Cancer Center, West Virginia University Health Sciences Center, Morgantown, WV 26506, USA.
- Department of Neurobiology and Anatomy, West Virginia University Health Sciences Center, Morgantown, WV 26506, USA.
| | - I Mark Olfert
- Mary Babb Randolph Cancer Center, West Virginia University Health Sciences Center, Morgantown, WV 26506, USA.
- Department of Human Performance and Exercise Physiology, West Virginia University Health Sciences Center, Morgantown, WV 26506, USA.
| | - Linda Vona-Davis
- Department of Surgery, West Virginia University Health Sciences Center, Morgantown, WV 26506, USA.
- Mary Babb Randolph Cancer Center, West Virginia University Health Sciences Center, Morgantown, WV 26506, USA.
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Sundaram S, Le TL, Essaid L, Freemerman AJ, Huang MJ, Galanko JA, McNaughton KK, Bendt KM, Darr DB, Troester MA, Makowski L. Weight Loss Reversed Obesity-Induced HGF/c-Met Pathway and Basal-Like Breast Cancer Progression. Front Oncol 2014; 4:175. [PMID: 25072025 PMCID: PMC4085881 DOI: 10.3389/fonc.2014.00175] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/10/2014] [Accepted: 06/22/2014] [Indexed: 01/01/2023] Open
Abstract
Epidemiologic studies demonstrate that obesity is associated with an aggressive subtype of breast cancer called basal-like breast cancer (BBC). Using the C3(1)-TAg murine model of BBC, we previously demonstrated that mice displayed an early onset of tumors when fed obesogenic diets in the adult window of susceptibility. Obesity was also shown to elevate mammary gland expression and activation of hepatocyte growth factor (HGF)/c-Met compared to lean controls, a pro-tumorigenic pathway associated with BBC in patients. Epidemiologic studies estimate that weight loss could prevent a large proportion of BBC. We sought to investigate whether weight loss in adulthood prior to tumor onset would protect mice from accelerated tumorigenesis observed in obese mice. Using a life-long model of obesity, C3(1)-TAg mice were weaned onto and maintained on an obesogenic high-fat diet. Obese mice displayed significant elevations in tumor progression, but not latency or burden. Tumor progression was significantly reversed when obese mice were induced to lose weight by switching to a control low-fat diet prior to tumor onset compared to mice maintained on obesogenic diet. We investigated the HGF/c-Met pathway known to regulate tumorigenesis. Importantly, HGF/c-Met expression in normal mammary glands and c-Met in tumors was elevated with obesity and was significantly reversed with weight loss. Changes in tumor growth could not be explained by measures of HGF action including phospho-AKT or phospho-S6. Other mediators associated with oncogenesis such as hyperinsulinemia and a high leptin:adiponectin ratio were elevated by obesity and reduced with weight loss. In sum, weight loss significantly blunted the obesity-responsive pro-tumorigenic HGF/c-Met pathway and improved several metabolic risk factors associated with BBC, which together may have contributed to the dramatic reversal of obesity-driven tumor progression. Future research aims to evaluate the role of obesity and the HGF/c-Met pathway in basal-like breast cancer progression.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sneha Sundaram
- Department of Nutrition, Gillings School of Global Public Health and School of Medicine, The University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill , Chapel Hill, NC , USA ; Lineberger Comprehensive Cancer Center, The University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill , Chapel Hill, NC , USA
| | - Trinh L Le
- Department of Nutrition, Gillings School of Global Public Health and School of Medicine, The University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill , Chapel Hill, NC , USA
| | - Luma Essaid
- Department of Nutrition, Gillings School of Global Public Health and School of Medicine, The University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill , Chapel Hill, NC , USA
| | - Alex J Freemerman
- Department of Nutrition, Gillings School of Global Public Health and School of Medicine, The University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill , Chapel Hill, NC , USA
| | - Megan J Huang
- Department of Nutrition, Gillings School of Global Public Health and School of Medicine, The University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill , Chapel Hill, NC , USA
| | - Joseph A Galanko
- Department of Cell Biology and Physiology, The University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill , Chapel Hill, NC , USA ; UNC Nutrition Obesity Research Center, The University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill , Chapel Hill, NC , USA ; Department of Medicine, The University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill , Chapel Hill, NC , USA
| | - Kirk K McNaughton
- Department of Cell Biology and Physiology, The University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill , Chapel Hill, NC , USA
| | - Katharine M Bendt
- Lineberger Comprehensive Cancer Center, The University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill , Chapel Hill, NC , USA ; Mouse Phase I Unit, Lineberger Comprehensive Cancer Center, The University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill , Chapel Hill, NC , USA
| | - David B Darr
- Lineberger Comprehensive Cancer Center, The University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill , Chapel Hill, NC , USA ; Mouse Phase I Unit, Lineberger Comprehensive Cancer Center, The University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill , Chapel Hill, NC , USA
| | - Melissa A Troester
- Lineberger Comprehensive Cancer Center, The University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill , Chapel Hill, NC , USA ; UNC Nutrition Obesity Research Center, The University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill , Chapel Hill, NC , USA ; Department of Epidemiology, The University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill , Chapel Hill, NC , USA ; Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, The University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill , Chapel Hill, NC , USA
| | - Liza Makowski
- Department of Nutrition, Gillings School of Global Public Health and School of Medicine, The University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill , Chapel Hill, NC , USA ; Lineberger Comprehensive Cancer Center, The University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill , Chapel Hill, NC , USA ; UNC Nutrition Obesity Research Center, The University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill , Chapel Hill, NC , USA ; Department of Medicine, The University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill , Chapel Hill, NC , USA
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Brayton CF, Treuting PM, Ward JM. Pathobiology of aging mice and GEM: background strains and experimental design. Vet Pathol 2014; 49:85-105. [PMID: 22215684 DOI: 10.1177/0300985811430696] [Citation(s) in RCA: 116] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
Abstract
The use of induced and spontaneous mutant mice and genetically engineered mice (and combinations thereof) to study cancers and other aging phenotypes to advance improved functional human life spans will involve studies of aging mice. Genetic background contributes to pathology phenotypes and to causes of death as well as to longevity. Increased recognition of expected phenotypes, experimental variables that influence phenotypes and research outcomes, and experimental design options and rationales can maximize the utility of genetically engineered mice (GEM) models to translational research on aging. This review aims to provide resources to enhance the design and practice of chronic and longevity studies involving GEM. C57BL6, 129, and FVB/N strains are emphasized because of their widespread use in the generation of knockout, transgenic, and conditional mutant GEM. Resources are included also for pathology of other inbred strain families, including A, AKR, BALB/c, C3H, C57L, C58, CBA, DBA, GR, NOD.scid, SAMP, and SJL/J, and non-inbred mice, including 4WC, AB6F1, Ames dwarf, B6, 129, B6C3F1, BALB/c,129, Het3, nude, SENCAR, and several Swiss stocks. Experimental strategies for long-term cross-sectional and longitudinal studies to assess causes of or contributors to death, disease burden, spectrum of pathology phenotypes, longevity, and functional healthy life spans (health spans) are compared and discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- C F Brayton
- Johns Hopkins University, 733 North Broadway, BRB Ste 851, Baltimore, MD 21205, USA.
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Belardi V, Gallagher EJ, Novosyadlyy R, LeRoith D. Insulin and IGFs in obesity-related breast cancer. J Mammary Gland Biol Neoplasia 2013; 18:277-89. [PMID: 24154546 DOI: 10.1007/s10911-013-9303-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 66] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/24/2013] [Accepted: 10/02/2013] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Obesity and the Metabolic Syndrome are associated with multiple factors that may cause an increased risk for cancer and cancer-related mortality. Factors involved include hyperinsulinemia, hyperglycemia, hyperlipidemia and IGFs. Insulin resistance is also associated with alterations in the levels of proinflammatory cytokines, chemokines, adipokines (leptin, adiponectin) that may also be contributing factors. The insulin family of proteins is ubiquitously expressed and has pleiotropic effects on metabolism and growth. However insulin, IGF-1 and particularly IGF-2 have been identified as tumor promoters in multiple studies. Mouse models have focused on insulin and IGF-1 and their receptors as being involved in tumor progression and metastases. The role of the insulin receptor as either mediating the effects on tumors or as compensating for the insulin-like growth factor receptor has arisen. Its role has been supported by preclinical studies and the importance of insulin resistance and hyperinsulinemia in obesity and early diabetes. Since the focus of this review is the insulin-family we will focus on insulin, IGF-1 and IGF-2.
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Affiliation(s)
- Valentina Belardi
- Department of Endocrinology, University of Pisa, Via Paradisa 2, 50124, Pisa, Italy
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9
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Sundaram S, Freemerman AJ, Johnson AR, Milner JJ, McNaughton KK, Galanko JA, Bendt KM, Darr DB, Perou CM, Troester MA, Makowski L. Role of HGF in obesity-associated tumorigenesis: C3(1)-TAg mice as a model for human basal-like breast cancer. Breast Cancer Res Treat 2013; 142:489-503. [PMID: 24218051 DOI: 10.1007/s10549-013-2741-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/08/2013] [Accepted: 10/16/2013] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
Obesity is associated with basal-like breast cancer (BBC), an aggressive breast cancer subtype. The objective of this study was to determine whether obesity promotes BBC onset in adulthood and to evaluate the role of stromal-epithelial interactions in obesity-associated tumorigenesis. We hypothesized that hepatocyte growth factor (HGF) plays a promoting role in BBC, which express the HGF receptor, c-Met. In C3(1)-T(Ag) mice, a murine model of BBC, we demonstrated that obesity leads to a significant increase in HGF secretion and an associated decrease in tumor latency. By immunohistochemical analysis, normal mammary gland exhibited obesity-induced HGF, c-Met and phospho-c-Met, indicating that the activation of the cascade was obesity-driven. HGF secretion was also increased from primary mammary fibroblasts isolated from normal mammary glands and tumors of obese mice compared to lean. These results demonstrate that obesity-induced elevation of HGF expression is a stable phenotype, maintained after several passages, and after removal of dietary stimulation. Conditioned media from primary tumor fibroblasts from obese mice drove tumor cell proliferation. In co-culture, neutralization of secreted HGF blunted tumor cell migration, further linking obesity-mediated HGF-dependent effects to in vitro measures of tumor aggressiveness. In sum, these results demonstrate that HGF/c-Met plays an important role in obesity-associated carcinogenesis. Understanding the effects of obesity on risk and progression is important given that epidemiologic studies imply a portion of BBC could be eliminated by reducing obesity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sneha Sundaram
- Department of Nutrition, Gillings School of Global Public Health and School of Medicine, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, CB 7461, 2203 McGavran Greenberg Hall, Chapel Hill, NC, 27599-7461, USA,
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Sundaram S, Johnson AR, Makowski L. Obesity, metabolism and the microenvironment: Links to cancer. J Carcinog 2013; 12:19. [PMID: 24227994 PMCID: PMC3816318 DOI: 10.4103/1477-3163.119606] [Citation(s) in RCA: 72] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/21/2013] [Accepted: 08/06/2013] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Historically, cancer research has focused on identifying mutations or amplification of genes within the tumor, which informed the development of targeted therapies against affected pathways. This work often considers tumor cells in isolation; however, it is becoming increasingly apparent that the microenvironment surrounding tumor cells strongly influences tumor onset and progression. This is the so-called “seed and soil” hypothesis wherein the seed (cancer cell) is fed and molded by the metabolites, growth factors, modifications of the extracellular matrix or angiogenic factors provided by the soil (or stroma). Currently, 65% of the US population is obese or overweight; similarly staggering figures are reported in US children and globally. Obesity mediates and can exacerbate, both normal and tumor microenvironment dysfunction. Many obesity-associated endocrine, metabolic and inflammatory mediators are suspected to play a role in oncogenesis by modifying systemic nutrient metabolism and the nutrient substrates available locally in the stroma. It is vitally important to understand the biological processes linking obesity and cancer to develop better intervention strategies aimed at curbing the carcinogenic events associated with obesity. In this review, obesity-driven changes in both the normal and tumor microenvironment, alterations in metabolism, and release of signaling molecules such as endocrine, growth, and inflammatory mediators will be highlighted. In addition, we will discuss the effects of the timing of obesity onset or particular “windows of susceptibility,” with a focus on breast cancer etiology.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sneha Sundaram
- Department of Nutrition, Nutrition Obesity Research Center, and Lineberger Comprehensive Cancer Center, Gillings School of Global Public Health, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, 135 Dauer Drive, CB #7461, Chapel Hill, NC, 27599, USA
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11
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Leamy LJ, Gordon RR, Pomp D. Epistatic Control of Mammary Cancer Susceptibility in Mice may Depend on the Dietary Environment. HEREDITARY GENETICS : CURRENT RESEARCH 2012; 1:108. [PMID: 24558641 PMCID: PMC3927415 DOI: 10.4172/2161-1041.1000108] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Abstract
Recent studies have linked a high fat diet to the development of breast cancer, but any genetic basis for this association is poorly understood. We investigated this association with an epistatic analysis of seven cancer traits in a segregating population of mice with metastatic mammary cancer that were fed either a control or a high-fat diet. We used an interval mapping approach with single nucleotide polymorphisms to scan all 19 autosomes, and discovered a number of diet-independent epistatic interactions of quantitative trait loci (QTLs) affecting these traits. More importantly, we also discovered significant epistatic by diet interactions affecting some of the traits that suggested these epistatic effects varied depending on the dietary environment. An analysis of these interactions showed some were due to epistasis that occurred in mice fed only the control diet or only the high-fat diet whereas other interactions were generated by differential effects of epistasis in the two dietary environments. Some of the epistatic QTLs appeared to colocalize with cancer QTLs mapped in other mouse populations and with candidate genes identified from eQTLs previously mapped in this population, but others represented novel modifying loci affecting these cancer traits. It was concluded that these diet-dependent epistatic QTLs contribute to a genetic susceptibility of dietary effects on breast cancer, and their identification may eventually lead to a better understanding that will be needed for the design of more effective treatments for this disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Larry J. Leamy
- Department of Biology, University of North Carolina at Charlotte, Charlotte, North Carolina, 28223
| | - Ryan R. Gordon
- Department of Nutrition, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, North Carolina 27599
| | - Daniel Pomp
- Department of Biology, Nutrition, and Cell and Molecular Physiology, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill North Carolina, 27599
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Leamy LJ, Gordon RR, Pomp D. Sex-, diet-, and cancer-dependent epistatic effects on complex traits in mice. Front Genet 2011; 2:71. [PMID: 22303366 PMCID: PMC3268624 DOI: 10.3389/fgene.2011.00071] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/03/2011] [Accepted: 09/29/2011] [Indexed: 01/23/2023] Open
Abstract
The genetic basis of quantitative traits such as body weight and obesity is complex, with several hundred quantitative trait loci (QTLs) known to affect these and related traits in humans and mice. It also has become increasingly evident that the single-locus effects of these QTLs vary considerably depending on factors such as the sex of the individuals and their dietary environment, and we were interested to know whether this context-dependency also applies to two-locus epistatic effects of QTLs as well. We therefore conducted a genome scan to search for epistatic effects on 13 different weight and adiposity traits in an F2 population of mice (created from an original intercross of the FVB strain with M16i, a polygenic obesity model) that were fed either a control or a high-fat diet and half of which harbored a transgene (PyMT) that caused the development of metastatic mammary cancer. We used a conventional interval mapping approach with SNPs to scan all 19 autosomes, and found extensive epistasis affecting all of these traits. More importantly, we also discovered that the majority of these epistatic effects exhibited significant interactions with sex, diet, and/or presence of PyMT. Analysis of these interactions showed that many of them appeared to involve QTLs previously identified as affecting these traits, but whose single-locus effects were variously modified by two-locus epistatic effects of other QTLs depending on the sex, diet, or PyMT environment. It was concluded that this context-dependency of epistatic effects is an important component of the genetic architecture of complex traits such as those contributing to weight and obesity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Larry J Leamy
- Department of Biology, University of North Carolina at Charlotte Charlotte, NC, USA
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Blackburn AC, Jerry DJ. Map making in the 21st century: charting breast cancer susceptibility pathways in rodent models. J Mammary Gland Biol Neoplasia 2011; 16:57-64. [PMID: 21380934 PMCID: PMC5512563 DOI: 10.1007/s10911-011-9201-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/04/2011] [Accepted: 02/10/2011] [Indexed: 01/09/2023] Open
Abstract
Genetic factors play an important role in determining risk and resistance to increased breast cancer. Recent technological advances have made it possible to analyze hundreds of thousands of single nucleotide polymorphisms in large-scale association studies in humans and have resulted in identification of alleles in over 20 genes that influence breast cancer risk. Despite these advances, the challenge remains in identifying what the functional polymorphisms are that confer the increased risk, and how these genetic variants interact with each other and with environmental factors. In rodents, the incidence of mammary tumors varies among strains, such that they can provide alternate ideas for candidate pathways involved in humans. Mapping studies in animals have unearthed numerous loci for breast cancer susceptibility that have been validated in human populations. In a reciprocal manner, knockin and knockout mice have been used to validate the tumorigenicity of risk alleles found in population studies. Rodent studies also underscore the complexity of interactions among alleles. The fact that genes affecting risk and resistance to mammary tumors in rodents depend greatly upon the carcinogenic challenge emphasizes the importance of gene x environment interactions. The challenge to rodent geneticists now is to capitalize on the ability to control the genetics and environment in rodent models of tumorigenesis to better understand the biology of breast cancer development, to identify those polymorphisms most relevant to human susceptibility and to identify compensatory pathways that can be targeted for improved prevention in women at highest risk of developing breast cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anneke C Blackburn
- John Curtin School of Medical Research, Australian National University, Acton, Canberra, ACT, Australia.
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Dietary fat-dependent transcriptional architecture and copy number alterations associated with modifiers of mammary cancer metastasis. Clin Exp Metastasis 2010; 27:279-93. [PMID: 20354763 DOI: 10.1007/s10585-010-9326-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/26/2010] [Accepted: 03/17/2010] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Abstract
Breast cancer is a complex disease resulting from a combination of genetic and environmental factors. Among environmental factors, body composition and intake of specific dietary components like total fat are associated with increased incidence of breast cancer and metastasis. We previously showed that mice fed a high-fat diet have shorter mammary cancer latency, increased tumor growth and more pulmonary metastases than mice fed a standard diet. Subsequent genetic analysis identified several modifiers of metastatic mammary cancer along with widespread interactions between cancer modifiers and dietary fat. To elucidate diet-dependent genetic modifiers of mammary cancer and metastasis risk, global gene expression profiles and copy number alterations from mammary cancers were measured and expression quantitative trait loci (eQTL) identified. Functional candidate genes that colocalized with previously detected metastasis modifiers were identified. Additional analyses, such as eQTL by dietary fat interaction analysis, causality and database evaluations, helped to further refine the candidate loci to produce an enriched list of genes potentially involved in the pathogenesis of metastatic mammary cancer.
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La Merrill M, Gordon RR, Hunter KW, Threadgill DW, Pomp D. Dietary fat alters pulmonary metastasis of mammary cancers through cancer autonomous and non-autonomous changes in gene expression. Clin Exp Metastasis 2010; 27:107-16. [PMID: 20151316 DOI: 10.1007/s10585-009-9302-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/24/2009] [Accepted: 12/02/2009] [Indexed: 01/10/2023]
Abstract
Metastasis virulence, a significant contributor to breast cancer prognosis, is influenced by environmental factors like diet. We previously demonstrated in an F2 mouse population generated from a cross between the M16i polygenic obese and MMTV-PyMT mammary cancer models that high fat diet (HFD) decreases mammary cancer latency and increases pulmonary metastases compared to a matched control diet (MCD). Genetic analysis detected eight modifier loci for pulmonary metastasis, and diet significantly interacted with all eight loci. Here, gene expression microarray analysis was performed on mammary cancers from these mice. Despite the substantial dietary impact on metastasis and its interaction with metastasis modifiers, HFD significantly altered the expression of only five genes in mammary tumors; four of which, including serum amyloid A (Saa), are downstream of the tumor suppressor PTEN. Conversely, HFD altered the expression of 211 hepatic genes in a set of tumor free F2 control mice. Independent of diet, pulmonary metastasis virulence correlates with mammary tumor expression of genes involved in endocrine cancers, inflammation, angiogenesis, and invasion. The most significant virulence-associated network harbored genes also found in human adipose or mammary tissue, and contained upregulated Vegfa as a central node. Additionally, expression of Btn1a1, a gene physically located near a putative cis-acting eQTL on chromosome 13 and one of the metastasis modifiers, correlates with metastasis virulence. These data support the existence of diet-dependent and independent cancer modifier networks underlying differential susceptibility to mammary cancer metastasis and suggest that diet influences cancer metastasis virulence through tumor autonomous and non-autonomous mechanisms.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michele La Merrill
- Department of Preventive Medicine, Mount Sinai School of Medicine, Box 1057, New York, NY 10029, USA.
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La Merrill M, Baston DS, Denison MS, Birnbaum LS, Pomp D, Threadgill DW. Mouse breast cancer model-dependent changes in metabolic syndrome-associated phenotypes caused by maternal dioxin exposure and dietary fat. Am J Physiol Endocrinol Metab 2009; 296:E203-10. [PMID: 18840765 PMCID: PMC2636987 DOI: 10.1152/ajpendo.90368.2008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/15/2008] [Accepted: 10/06/2008] [Indexed: 02/01/2023]
Abstract
Diets high in fat are associated with increased susceptibility to obesity and metabolic syndrome. Increased adipose tissue that is caused by high-fat diets (HFD) results in altered storage of lipophilic toxicants like 2,3,7,8-tetrachlorodibenzo-p-dioxin (TCDD), which may further increase susceptibility to metabolic syndrome. Because both TCDD and HFD are associated with increased breast cancer risk, we examined their effects on metabolic syndrome-associated phenotypes in three mouse models of breast cancer: 7,12-dimethylbenz[a]anthracene (DMBA), Tg(MMTV-Neu)202Mul/J (HER2), and TgN(MMTV-PyMT)634Mul/J (PyMT), all on an FVB/N genetic background. Pregnant mice dosed with 1 microg/kg of TCDD or vehicle on gestational day 12.5 were placed on a HFD or low-fat diet (LFD) at parturition. Body weights, percent body fat, and fasting blood glucose were measured longitudinally, and triglycerides were measured at study termination. On HFD, all cancer models reached the pubertal growth spurt ahead of FVB controls. Among mice fed HFD, the HER2 model had a greater increase in body weight and adipose tissue from puberty through adulthood compared with the PyMT and DMBA models. However, the DMBA model consistently had higher fasting blood glucose levels than the PyMT and HER2 models. TCDD only impacted serum triglycerides in the PyMT model maintained on HFD. Because the estrogenic activity of the HFD was three times lower than that of the LFD, differential dietary estrogenic activities did not drive the observed phenotypic differences. Rather, the HFD-dependent changes were cancer model dependent. These results show that cancer models can have differential effects on metabolic syndrome-associated phenotypes even before cancers arise.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michele La Merrill
- Curriculum in Toxicology, Carolina Center for Genome Sciences, University of North Carolina Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC 27599, USA
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Gordon RR, Hunter KW, Sørensen P, Pomp D. Genotype X diet interactions in mice predisposed to mammary cancer. I. Body weight and fat. Mamm Genome 2008; 19:163-78. [PMID: 18286334 DOI: 10.1007/s00335-008-9095-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/06/2007] [Accepted: 12/19/2007] [Indexed: 12/01/2022]
Abstract
High dietary fat intake and obesity may increase susceptibility to certain forms of cancer. To study the interactions of dietary fat, obesity, and metastatic mammary cancer, we created a population of F(2) mice cosegregating obesity QTL and the MMTV-PyMT transgene. We fed the F(2) mice either a very-high-fat or a matched-control-fat diet and measured growth, body composition, age at mammary tumor onset, tumor number and severity, and formation of pulmonary metastases. SNP genotyping across the genome facilitated analyses of QTL and QTL x diet interaction effects. Here we describe development of the F(2) population (n = 615) which resulted from a cross between the polygenic obesity model M16i and FVB/NJ-TgN (MMTV-PyMT)(634Mul), effects of diet on growth and body composition, and QTL and QTL x diet and/or gender interaction effects for growth and obesity-related phenotypes. We identified 38 QTL for body composition traits that were significant at the genome-wide 0.05 level, likely representing nine distinct loci after accounting for pleiotropic effects. QTL x diet and/or gender interactions were present at 15 of these QTL, indicating that such interactions play a significant role in defining the genetic architecture of complex traits such as body weight and obesity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ryan R Gordon
- Department of Nutrition, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, NC 27599, USA
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