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Frankenreiter S, Bednarczyk P, Kniess A, Bork NI, Straubinger J, Koprowski P, Wrzosek A, Mohr E, Logan A, Murphy MP, Gawaz M, Krieg T, Szewczyk A, Nikolaev VO, Ruth P, Lukowski R. cGMP-Elevating Compounds and Ischemic Conditioning Provide Cardioprotection Against Ischemia and Reperfusion Injury via Cardiomyocyte-Specific BK Channels. Circulation 2017; 136:2337-2355. [PMID: 29051185 DOI: 10.1161/circulationaha.117.028723] [Citation(s) in RCA: 114] [Impact Index Per Article: 16.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/04/2017] [Accepted: 10/02/2017] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND The nitric oxide-sensitive guanylyl cyclase/cGMP-dependent protein kinase type I signaling pathway can afford protection against the ischemia/reperfusion injury that occurs during myocardial infarction. Reportedly, voltage and Ca2+-activated K+ channels of the BK type are stimulated by cGMP/cGMP-dependent protein kinase type I, and recent ex vivo studies implicated that increased BK activity favors the survival of the myocardium at ischemia/reperfusion. It remains unclear, however, whether the molecular events downstream of cGMP involve BK channels present in cardiomyocytes or in other cardiac cell types. METHODS Gene-targeted mice with a cardiomyocyte- or smooth muscle cell-specific deletion of the BK (CMBK or SMBK knockouts) were subjected to the open-chest model of myocardial infarction. Infarct sizes of the conditional mutants were compared with litter-matched controls, global BK knockout, and wild-type mice. Cardiac damage was assessed after mechanical conditioning or pharmacological stimulation of the cGMP pathway and by using direct modulators of BK. Long-term outcome was studied with respect to heart functions and cardiac fibrosis in a chronic myocardial infarction model. RESULTS Global BK knockouts and CMBK knockouts, in contrast with SMBK knockouts, exhibited significantly larger infarct sizes compared with their respective controls. Ablation of CMBK resulted in higher serum levels of cardiac troponin I and elevated amounts of reactive oxygen species, lower phosphorylated extracellular receptor kinase and phosphorylated AKT levels and an increase in myocardial apoptosis. Moreover, CMBK was required to allow beneficial effects of both nitric oxide-sensitive guanylyl cyclase activation and inhibition of the cGMP-degrading phosphodiesterase-5, ischemic preconditioning, and postconditioning regimens. To this end, after 4 weeks of reperfusion, fibrotic tissue increased and myocardial strain echocardiography was significantly compromised in CMBK-deficient mice. CONCLUSIONS Lack of CMBK channels renders the heart more susceptible to ischemia/reperfusion injury, whereas the pathological events elicited by ischemia/reperfusion do not involve BK in vascular smooth muscle cells. BK seems to permit the protective effects triggered by cinaciguat, riociguat, and different phosphodiesterase-5 inhibitors and beneficial actions of ischemic preconditioning and ischemic postconditioning by a mechanism stemming primarily from cardiomyocytes. This study establishes mitochondrial CMBK channels as a promising target for limiting acute cardiac damage and adverse long-term events that occur after myocardial infarction.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sandra Frankenreiter
- Department of Pharmacology, Toxicology and Clinical Pharmacy, Institute of Pharmacy, University of Tuebingen, Germany (S.F., A.K., J.S., E.M., P.R., R.L.)
| | - Piotr Bednarczyk
- Department of Biophysics, Warsaw University of Life Sciences, Poland (P.B.)
| | - Angelina Kniess
- Department of Pharmacology, Toxicology and Clinical Pharmacy, Institute of Pharmacy, University of Tuebingen, Germany (S.F., A.K., J.S., E.M., P.R., R.L.)
| | - Nadja I Bork
- Institute of Experimental Cardiovascular Research, University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, Germany (N.I.B., V.O.N.)
| | - Julia Straubinger
- Department of Pharmacology, Toxicology and Clinical Pharmacy, Institute of Pharmacy, University of Tuebingen, Germany (S.F., A.K., J.S., E.M., P.R., R.L.)
| | - Piotr Koprowski
- Laboratory of Intracellular Ion Channels, Nencki Institute of Experimental Biology, Warsaw, Poland (P.K., A.W., A.S.)
| | - Antoni Wrzosek
- Laboratory of Intracellular Ion Channels, Nencki Institute of Experimental Biology, Warsaw, Poland (P.K., A.W., A.S.)
| | - Eva Mohr
- Department of Pharmacology, Toxicology and Clinical Pharmacy, Institute of Pharmacy, University of Tuebingen, Germany (S.F., A.K., J.S., E.M., P.R., R.L.)
| | | | | | - Meinrad Gawaz
- University of Cambridge, Cambridge Biomedical Campus, United Kingdom. Internal Medicine III, Cardiology and Cardiovascular Medicine, University Hospital Tuebingen, Germany (M.G.)
| | | | - Adam Szewczyk
- Laboratory of Intracellular Ion Channels, Nencki Institute of Experimental Biology, Warsaw, Poland (P.K., A.W., A.S.)
| | - Viacheslav O Nikolaev
- Institute of Experimental Cardiovascular Research, University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, Germany (N.I.B., V.O.N.)
| | - Peter Ruth
- Department of Pharmacology, Toxicology and Clinical Pharmacy, Institute of Pharmacy, University of Tuebingen, Germany (S.F., A.K., J.S., E.M., P.R., R.L.)
| | - Robert Lukowski
- Department of Pharmacology, Toxicology and Clinical Pharmacy, Institute of Pharmacy, University of Tuebingen, Germany (S.F., A.K., J.S., E.M., P.R., R.L.)
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Irie T, Sips PY, Kai S, Kida K, Ikeda K, Hirai S, Moazzami K, Jiramongkolchai P, Bloch DB, Doulias PT, Armoundas AA, Kaneki M, Ischiropoulos H, Kranias E, Bloch KD, Stamler JS, Ichinose F. S-Nitrosylation of Calcium-Handling Proteins in Cardiac Adrenergic Signaling and Hypertrophy. Circ Res 2015; 117:793-803. [PMID: 26259881 DOI: 10.1161/circresaha.115.307157] [Citation(s) in RCA: 48] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/06/2015] [Accepted: 08/10/2015] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Abstract
RATIONALE The regulation of calcium (Ca(2+)) homeostasis by β-adrenergic receptor (βAR) activation provides the essential underpinnings of sympathetic regulation of myocardial function, as well as a basis for understanding molecular events that result in hypertrophic signaling and heart failure. Sympathetic stimulation of the βAR not only induces protein phosphorylation but also activates nitric oxide-dependent signaling, which modulates cardiac contractility. Nonetheless, the role of nitric oxide in βAR-dependent regulation of Ca(2+) handling has not yet been explicated fully. OBJECTIVE To elucidate the role of protein S-nitrosylation, a major transducer of nitric oxide bioactivity, on βAR-dependent alterations in cardiomyocyte Ca(2+) handling and hypertrophy. METHODS AND RESULTS Using transgenic mice to titrate the levels of protein S-nitrosylation, we uncovered major roles for protein S-nitrosylation, in general, and for phospholamban and cardiac troponin C S-nitrosylation, in particular, in βAR-dependent regulation of Ca(2+) homeostasis. Notably, S-nitrosylation of phospholamban consequent upon βAR stimulation is necessary for the inhibitory pentamerization of phospholamban, which activates sarcoplasmic reticulum Ca(2+)-ATPase and increases cytosolic Ca(2+) transients. Coincident S-nitrosylation of cardiac troponin C decreases myocardial sensitivity to Ca(2+). During chronic adrenergic stimulation, global reductions in cellular S-nitrosylation mitigate hypertrophic signaling resulting from Ca(2+) overload. CONCLUSIONS S-Nitrosylation operates in concert with phosphorylation to regulate many cardiac Ca(2+)-handling proteins, including phospholamban and cardiac troponin C, thereby playing an essential and previously unrecognized role in cardiac Ca(2+) homeostasis. Manipulation of the S-nitrosylation level may prove therapeutic in heart failure.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tomoya Irie
- From the Anesthesia Center for Critical Care Research, Department of Anesthesia, Critical Care and Pain Medicine (T.I., P.Y.S., S.K., K.K., K.I., S.H., P.J., D.B.B., M.K., K.D.B., F.I.), Cardiovascular Research Center, Division of Cardiology, Department of Medicine (K.M., A.A.A., K.D.B.), and Division of Rheumatology Allergy and Immunology, Department of Medicine (D.B.B.), Massachusetts General Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston; Cardiovascular Division, Department of Medicine, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Boston, MA (P.Y.S.); Children's Hospital of Philadelphia Research Institute, Department of Pediatrics and Systems Pharmacology and Translational Therapeutics, Perelman School of Medicine at the University of Pennsylvania (P.-T.D., H.I.); Department of Research, Shriners Hospitals for Children (M.K.) and Department of Pharmacology (E.K.), University of Cincinnati College of Medicine, OH; and Institute for Transformative Molecular Medicine, Case Western Reserve University, Harrington Discovery Institute University Hospitals, Cleveland, OH (J.S.S.)
| | - Patrick Y Sips
- From the Anesthesia Center for Critical Care Research, Department of Anesthesia, Critical Care and Pain Medicine (T.I., P.Y.S., S.K., K.K., K.I., S.H., P.J., D.B.B., M.K., K.D.B., F.I.), Cardiovascular Research Center, Division of Cardiology, Department of Medicine (K.M., A.A.A., K.D.B.), and Division of Rheumatology Allergy and Immunology, Department of Medicine (D.B.B.), Massachusetts General Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston; Cardiovascular Division, Department of Medicine, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Boston, MA (P.Y.S.); Children's Hospital of Philadelphia Research Institute, Department of Pediatrics and Systems Pharmacology and Translational Therapeutics, Perelman School of Medicine at the University of Pennsylvania (P.-T.D., H.I.); Department of Research, Shriners Hospitals for Children (M.K.) and Department of Pharmacology (E.K.), University of Cincinnati College of Medicine, OH; and Institute for Transformative Molecular Medicine, Case Western Reserve University, Harrington Discovery Institute University Hospitals, Cleveland, OH (J.S.S.)
| | - Shinichi Kai
- From the Anesthesia Center for Critical Care Research, Department of Anesthesia, Critical Care and Pain Medicine (T.I., P.Y.S., S.K., K.K., K.I., S.H., P.J., D.B.B., M.K., K.D.B., F.I.), Cardiovascular Research Center, Division of Cardiology, Department of Medicine (K.M., A.A.A., K.D.B.), and Division of Rheumatology Allergy and Immunology, Department of Medicine (D.B.B.), Massachusetts General Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston; Cardiovascular Division, Department of Medicine, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Boston, MA (P.Y.S.); Children's Hospital of Philadelphia Research Institute, Department of Pediatrics and Systems Pharmacology and Translational Therapeutics, Perelman School of Medicine at the University of Pennsylvania (P.-T.D., H.I.); Department of Research, Shriners Hospitals for Children (M.K.) and Department of Pharmacology (E.K.), University of Cincinnati College of Medicine, OH; and Institute for Transformative Molecular Medicine, Case Western Reserve University, Harrington Discovery Institute University Hospitals, Cleveland, OH (J.S.S.)
| | - Kotaro Kida
- From the Anesthesia Center for Critical Care Research, Department of Anesthesia, Critical Care and Pain Medicine (T.I., P.Y.S., S.K., K.K., K.I., S.H., P.J., D.B.B., M.K., K.D.B., F.I.), Cardiovascular Research Center, Division of Cardiology, Department of Medicine (K.M., A.A.A., K.D.B.), and Division of Rheumatology Allergy and Immunology, Department of Medicine (D.B.B.), Massachusetts General Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston; Cardiovascular Division, Department of Medicine, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Boston, MA (P.Y.S.); Children's Hospital of Philadelphia Research Institute, Department of Pediatrics and Systems Pharmacology and Translational Therapeutics, Perelman School of Medicine at the University of Pennsylvania (P.-T.D., H.I.); Department of Research, Shriners Hospitals for Children (M.K.) and Department of Pharmacology (E.K.), University of Cincinnati College of Medicine, OH; and Institute for Transformative Molecular Medicine, Case Western Reserve University, Harrington Discovery Institute University Hospitals, Cleveland, OH (J.S.S.)
| | - Kohei Ikeda
- From the Anesthesia Center for Critical Care Research, Department of Anesthesia, Critical Care and Pain Medicine (T.I., P.Y.S., S.K., K.K., K.I., S.H., P.J., D.B.B., M.K., K.D.B., F.I.), Cardiovascular Research Center, Division of Cardiology, Department of Medicine (K.M., A.A.A., K.D.B.), and Division of Rheumatology Allergy and Immunology, Department of Medicine (D.B.B.), Massachusetts General Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston; Cardiovascular Division, Department of Medicine, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Boston, MA (P.Y.S.); Children's Hospital of Philadelphia Research Institute, Department of Pediatrics and Systems Pharmacology and Translational Therapeutics, Perelman School of Medicine at the University of Pennsylvania (P.-T.D., H.I.); Department of Research, Shriners Hospitals for Children (M.K.) and Department of Pharmacology (E.K.), University of Cincinnati College of Medicine, OH; and Institute for Transformative Molecular Medicine, Case Western Reserve University, Harrington Discovery Institute University Hospitals, Cleveland, OH (J.S.S.)
| | - Shuichi Hirai
- From the Anesthesia Center for Critical Care Research, Department of Anesthesia, Critical Care and Pain Medicine (T.I., P.Y.S., S.K., K.K., K.I., S.H., P.J., D.B.B., M.K., K.D.B., F.I.), Cardiovascular Research Center, Division of Cardiology, Department of Medicine (K.M., A.A.A., K.D.B.), and Division of Rheumatology Allergy and Immunology, Department of Medicine (D.B.B.), Massachusetts General Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston; Cardiovascular Division, Department of Medicine, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Boston, MA (P.Y.S.); Children's Hospital of Philadelphia Research Institute, Department of Pediatrics and Systems Pharmacology and Translational Therapeutics, Perelman School of Medicine at the University of Pennsylvania (P.-T.D., H.I.); Department of Research, Shriners Hospitals for Children (M.K.) and Department of Pharmacology (E.K.), University of Cincinnati College of Medicine, OH; and Institute for Transformative Molecular Medicine, Case Western Reserve University, Harrington Discovery Institute University Hospitals, Cleveland, OH (J.S.S.)
| | - Kasra Moazzami
- From the Anesthesia Center for Critical Care Research, Department of Anesthesia, Critical Care and Pain Medicine (T.I., P.Y.S., S.K., K.K., K.I., S.H., P.J., D.B.B., M.K., K.D.B., F.I.), Cardiovascular Research Center, Division of Cardiology, Department of Medicine (K.M., A.A.A., K.D.B.), and Division of Rheumatology Allergy and Immunology, Department of Medicine (D.B.B.), Massachusetts General Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston; Cardiovascular Division, Department of Medicine, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Boston, MA (P.Y.S.); Children's Hospital of Philadelphia Research Institute, Department of Pediatrics and Systems Pharmacology and Translational Therapeutics, Perelman School of Medicine at the University of Pennsylvania (P.-T.D., H.I.); Department of Research, Shriners Hospitals for Children (M.K.) and Department of Pharmacology (E.K.), University of Cincinnati College of Medicine, OH; and Institute for Transformative Molecular Medicine, Case Western Reserve University, Harrington Discovery Institute University Hospitals, Cleveland, OH (J.S.S.)
| | - Pawina Jiramongkolchai
- From the Anesthesia Center for Critical Care Research, Department of Anesthesia, Critical Care and Pain Medicine (T.I., P.Y.S., S.K., K.K., K.I., S.H., P.J., D.B.B., M.K., K.D.B., F.I.), Cardiovascular Research Center, Division of Cardiology, Department of Medicine (K.M., A.A.A., K.D.B.), and Division of Rheumatology Allergy and Immunology, Department of Medicine (D.B.B.), Massachusetts General Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston; Cardiovascular Division, Department of Medicine, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Boston, MA (P.Y.S.); Children's Hospital of Philadelphia Research Institute, Department of Pediatrics and Systems Pharmacology and Translational Therapeutics, Perelman School of Medicine at the University of Pennsylvania (P.-T.D., H.I.); Department of Research, Shriners Hospitals for Children (M.K.) and Department of Pharmacology (E.K.), University of Cincinnati College of Medicine, OH; and Institute for Transformative Molecular Medicine, Case Western Reserve University, Harrington Discovery Institute University Hospitals, Cleveland, OH (J.S.S.)
| | - Donald B Bloch
- From the Anesthesia Center for Critical Care Research, Department of Anesthesia, Critical Care and Pain Medicine (T.I., P.Y.S., S.K., K.K., K.I., S.H., P.J., D.B.B., M.K., K.D.B., F.I.), Cardiovascular Research Center, Division of Cardiology, Department of Medicine (K.M., A.A.A., K.D.B.), and Division of Rheumatology Allergy and Immunology, Department of Medicine (D.B.B.), Massachusetts General Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston; Cardiovascular Division, Department of Medicine, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Boston, MA (P.Y.S.); Children's Hospital of Philadelphia Research Institute, Department of Pediatrics and Systems Pharmacology and Translational Therapeutics, Perelman School of Medicine at the University of Pennsylvania (P.-T.D., H.I.); Department of Research, Shriners Hospitals for Children (M.K.) and Department of Pharmacology (E.K.), University of Cincinnati College of Medicine, OH; and Institute for Transformative Molecular Medicine, Case Western Reserve University, Harrington Discovery Institute University Hospitals, Cleveland, OH (J.S.S.)
| | - Paschalis-Thomas Doulias
- From the Anesthesia Center for Critical Care Research, Department of Anesthesia, Critical Care and Pain Medicine (T.I., P.Y.S., S.K., K.K., K.I., S.H., P.J., D.B.B., M.K., K.D.B., F.I.), Cardiovascular Research Center, Division of Cardiology, Department of Medicine (K.M., A.A.A., K.D.B.), and Division of Rheumatology Allergy and Immunology, Department of Medicine (D.B.B.), Massachusetts General Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston; Cardiovascular Division, Department of Medicine, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Boston, MA (P.Y.S.); Children's Hospital of Philadelphia Research Institute, Department of Pediatrics and Systems Pharmacology and Translational Therapeutics, Perelman School of Medicine at the University of Pennsylvania (P.-T.D., H.I.); Department of Research, Shriners Hospitals for Children (M.K.) and Department of Pharmacology (E.K.), University of Cincinnati College of Medicine, OH; and Institute for Transformative Molecular Medicine, Case Western Reserve University, Harrington Discovery Institute University Hospitals, Cleveland, OH (J.S.S.)
| | - Antonis A Armoundas
- From the Anesthesia Center for Critical Care Research, Department of Anesthesia, Critical Care and Pain Medicine (T.I., P.Y.S., S.K., K.K., K.I., S.H., P.J., D.B.B., M.K., K.D.B., F.I.), Cardiovascular Research Center, Division of Cardiology, Department of Medicine (K.M., A.A.A., K.D.B.), and Division of Rheumatology Allergy and Immunology, Department of Medicine (D.B.B.), Massachusetts General Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston; Cardiovascular Division, Department of Medicine, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Boston, MA (P.Y.S.); Children's Hospital of Philadelphia Research Institute, Department of Pediatrics and Systems Pharmacology and Translational Therapeutics, Perelman School of Medicine at the University of Pennsylvania (P.-T.D., H.I.); Department of Research, Shriners Hospitals for Children (M.K.) and Department of Pharmacology (E.K.), University of Cincinnati College of Medicine, OH; and Institute for Transformative Molecular Medicine, Case Western Reserve University, Harrington Discovery Institute University Hospitals, Cleveland, OH (J.S.S.)
| | - Masao Kaneki
- From the Anesthesia Center for Critical Care Research, Department of Anesthesia, Critical Care and Pain Medicine (T.I., P.Y.S., S.K., K.K., K.I., S.H., P.J., D.B.B., M.K., K.D.B., F.I.), Cardiovascular Research Center, Division of Cardiology, Department of Medicine (K.M., A.A.A., K.D.B.), and Division of Rheumatology Allergy and Immunology, Department of Medicine (D.B.B.), Massachusetts General Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston; Cardiovascular Division, Department of Medicine, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Boston, MA (P.Y.S.); Children's Hospital of Philadelphia Research Institute, Department of Pediatrics and Systems Pharmacology and Translational Therapeutics, Perelman School of Medicine at the University of Pennsylvania (P.-T.D., H.I.); Department of Research, Shriners Hospitals for Children (M.K.) and Department of Pharmacology (E.K.), University of Cincinnati College of Medicine, OH; and Institute for Transformative Molecular Medicine, Case Western Reserve University, Harrington Discovery Institute University Hospitals, Cleveland, OH (J.S.S.)
| | - Harry Ischiropoulos
- From the Anesthesia Center for Critical Care Research, Department of Anesthesia, Critical Care and Pain Medicine (T.I., P.Y.S., S.K., K.K., K.I., S.H., P.J., D.B.B., M.K., K.D.B., F.I.), Cardiovascular Research Center, Division of Cardiology, Department of Medicine (K.M., A.A.A., K.D.B.), and Division of Rheumatology Allergy and Immunology, Department of Medicine (D.B.B.), Massachusetts General Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston; Cardiovascular Division, Department of Medicine, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Boston, MA (P.Y.S.); Children's Hospital of Philadelphia Research Institute, Department of Pediatrics and Systems Pharmacology and Translational Therapeutics, Perelman School of Medicine at the University of Pennsylvania (P.-T.D., H.I.); Department of Research, Shriners Hospitals for Children (M.K.) and Department of Pharmacology (E.K.), University of Cincinnati College of Medicine, OH; and Institute for Transformative Molecular Medicine, Case Western Reserve University, Harrington Discovery Institute University Hospitals, Cleveland, OH (J.S.S.)
| | - Evangelia Kranias
- From the Anesthesia Center for Critical Care Research, Department of Anesthesia, Critical Care and Pain Medicine (T.I., P.Y.S., S.K., K.K., K.I., S.H., P.J., D.B.B., M.K., K.D.B., F.I.), Cardiovascular Research Center, Division of Cardiology, Department of Medicine (K.M., A.A.A., K.D.B.), and Division of Rheumatology Allergy and Immunology, Department of Medicine (D.B.B.), Massachusetts General Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston; Cardiovascular Division, Department of Medicine, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Boston, MA (P.Y.S.); Children's Hospital of Philadelphia Research Institute, Department of Pediatrics and Systems Pharmacology and Translational Therapeutics, Perelman School of Medicine at the University of Pennsylvania (P.-T.D., H.I.); Department of Research, Shriners Hospitals for Children (M.K.) and Department of Pharmacology (E.K.), University of Cincinnati College of Medicine, OH; and Institute for Transformative Molecular Medicine, Case Western Reserve University, Harrington Discovery Institute University Hospitals, Cleveland, OH (J.S.S.)
| | - Kenneth D Bloch
- From the Anesthesia Center for Critical Care Research, Department of Anesthesia, Critical Care and Pain Medicine (T.I., P.Y.S., S.K., K.K., K.I., S.H., P.J., D.B.B., M.K., K.D.B., F.I.), Cardiovascular Research Center, Division of Cardiology, Department of Medicine (K.M., A.A.A., K.D.B.), and Division of Rheumatology Allergy and Immunology, Department of Medicine (D.B.B.), Massachusetts General Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston; Cardiovascular Division, Department of Medicine, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Boston, MA (P.Y.S.); Children's Hospital of Philadelphia Research Institute, Department of Pediatrics and Systems Pharmacology and Translational Therapeutics, Perelman School of Medicine at the University of Pennsylvania (P.-T.D., H.I.); Department of Research, Shriners Hospitals for Children (M.K.) and Department of Pharmacology (E.K.), University of Cincinnati College of Medicine, OH; and Institute for Transformative Molecular Medicine, Case Western Reserve University, Harrington Discovery Institute University Hospitals, Cleveland, OH (J.S.S.)
| | - Jonathan S Stamler
- From the Anesthesia Center for Critical Care Research, Department of Anesthesia, Critical Care and Pain Medicine (T.I., P.Y.S., S.K., K.K., K.I., S.H., P.J., D.B.B., M.K., K.D.B., F.I.), Cardiovascular Research Center, Division of Cardiology, Department of Medicine (K.M., A.A.A., K.D.B.), and Division of Rheumatology Allergy and Immunology, Department of Medicine (D.B.B.), Massachusetts General Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston; Cardiovascular Division, Department of Medicine, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Boston, MA (P.Y.S.); Children's Hospital of Philadelphia Research Institute, Department of Pediatrics and Systems Pharmacology and Translational Therapeutics, Perelman School of Medicine at the University of Pennsylvania (P.-T.D., H.I.); Department of Research, Shriners Hospitals for Children (M.K.) and Department of Pharmacology (E.K.), University of Cincinnati College of Medicine, OH; and Institute for Transformative Molecular Medicine, Case Western Reserve University, Harrington Discovery Institute University Hospitals, Cleveland, OH (J.S.S.)
| | - Fumito Ichinose
- From the Anesthesia Center for Critical Care Research, Department of Anesthesia, Critical Care and Pain Medicine (T.I., P.Y.S., S.K., K.K., K.I., S.H., P.J., D.B.B., M.K., K.D.B., F.I.), Cardiovascular Research Center, Division of Cardiology, Department of Medicine (K.M., A.A.A., K.D.B.), and Division of Rheumatology Allergy and Immunology, Department of Medicine (D.B.B.), Massachusetts General Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston; Cardiovascular Division, Department of Medicine, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Boston, MA (P.Y.S.); Children's Hospital of Philadelphia Research Institute, Department of Pediatrics and Systems Pharmacology and Translational Therapeutics, Perelman School of Medicine at the University of Pennsylvania (P.-T.D., H.I.); Department of Research, Shriners Hospitals for Children (M.K.) and Department of Pharmacology (E.K.), University of Cincinnati College of Medicine, OH; and Institute for Transformative Molecular Medicine, Case Western Reserve University, Harrington Discovery Institute University Hospitals, Cleveland, OH (J.S.S.).
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