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Sui B, Zheng J, Fu Z, Zhao L, Zhou M. TRIM72 restricts lyssavirus infection by inducing K48-linked ubiquitination and proteasome degradation of the matrix protein. PLoS Pathog 2024; 20:e1011718. [PMID: 38408103 PMCID: PMC10919858 DOI: 10.1371/journal.ppat.1011718] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/29/2023] [Revised: 03/07/2024] [Accepted: 02/19/2024] [Indexed: 02/28/2024] Open
Abstract
The tripartite motif (TRIM) protein family is the largest subfamily of E3 ubiquitin ligases, playing a crucial role in the antiviral process. In this study, we found that TRIM72, a member of the TRIM protein family, was increased in neuronal cells and mouse brains following rabies lyssavirus (RABV) infection. Over-expression of TRIM72 significantly reduced the viral titer of RABV in neuronal cells and mitigated the pathogenicity of RABV in mice. Furthermore, we found that TRIM72 over-expression effectively prevents the assembly and/or release of RABV. In terms of the mechanism, TRIM72 promotes the K48-linked ubiquitination of RABV Matrix protein (M), leading to the degradation of M through the proteasome pathway. TRIM72 directly interacts with M and the interaction sites were identified and confirmed through TRIM72-M interaction model construction and mutation analysis. Further investigation revealed that the degradation of M induced by TRIM72 was attributed to TRIM72's promotion of ubiquitination at site K195 in M. Importantly, the K195 site was found to be partially conserved among lyssavirus's M proteins, and TRIM72 over-expression induced the degradation of these lyssavirus M proteins. In summary, our study has uncovered a TRIM family protein, TRIM72, that can restrict lyssavirus replication by degrading M, and we have identified a novel ubiquitination site (K195) in lyssavirus M.
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Affiliation(s)
- Baokun Sui
- State Key Laboratory of Agricultural Microbiology, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, China
- Key Laboratory of Preventive Veterinary Medicine of Hubei Province, College of Veterinary Medicine, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, China
| | - Jiaxin Zheng
- State Key Laboratory of Agricultural Microbiology, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, China
- Key Laboratory of Preventive Veterinary Medicine of Hubei Province, College of Veterinary Medicine, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, China
| | - Zhenfang Fu
- State Key Laboratory of Agricultural Microbiology, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, China
- Key Laboratory of Preventive Veterinary Medicine of Hubei Province, College of Veterinary Medicine, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, China
| | - Ling Zhao
- State Key Laboratory of Agricultural Microbiology, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, China
- Key Laboratory of Preventive Veterinary Medicine of Hubei Province, College of Veterinary Medicine, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, China
- Frontiers Science Center for Animal Breeding and Sustainable Production, Wuhan China
- Hubei Hongshan Laboratory, Wuhan, China
| | - Ming Zhou
- State Key Laboratory of Agricultural Microbiology, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, China
- Key Laboratory of Preventive Veterinary Medicine of Hubei Province, College of Veterinary Medicine, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, China
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2
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Kim S, Larrous F, Varet H, Legendre R, Feige L, Dumas G, Matsas R, Kouroupi G, Grailhe R, Bourhy H. Early Transcriptional Changes in Rabies Virus-Infected Neurons and Their Impact on Neuronal Functions. Front Microbiol 2021; 12:730892. [PMID: 34970230 PMCID: PMC8713068 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2021.730892] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/25/2021] [Accepted: 10/25/2021] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Rabies is a zoonotic disease caused by rabies virus (RABV). As rabies advances, patients develop a variety of severe neurological symptoms that inevitably lead to coma and death. Unlike other neurotropic viruses that can induce symptoms of a similar range, RABV-infected post-mortem brains do not show significant signs of inflammation nor the structural damages on neurons. This suggests that the observed neurological symptoms possibly originate from dysfunctions of neurons. However, many aspects of neuronal dysfunctions in the context of RABV infection are only partially understood, and therefore require further investigation. In this study, we used differentiated neurons to characterize the RABV-induced transcriptomic changes at the early time-points of infection. We found that the genes modulated in response to the infection are particularly involved in cell cycle, gene expression, immune response, and neuronal function-associated processes. Comparing a wild-type RABV to a mutant virus harboring altered matrix proteins, we found that the RABV matrix protein plays an important role in the early down-regulation of host genes, of which a significant number is involved in neuronal functions. The kinetics of differentially expressed genes (DEGs) are also different between the wild type and mutant virus datasets. The number of modulated genes remained constant upon wild-type RABV infection up to 24 h post-infection, but dramatically increased in the mutant condition. This result suggests that the intact viral matrix protein is important to control the size of host gene modulation. We then examined the signaling pathways previously studied in relation to the innate immune responses against RABV, and found that these pathways contribute to the changes in neuronal function-associated processes. We further examined a set of regulated genes that could impact neuronal functions collectively, and demonstrated in calcium imaging that indeed the spontaneous activity of neurons is influenced by RABV infection. Overall, our findings suggest that neuronal function-associated genes are modulated by RABV early on, potentially through the viral matrix protein-interacting signaling molecules and their downstream pathways.
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Affiliation(s)
- Seonhee Kim
- Technology Development Platform, Institut Pasteur Korea, Seongnam, South Korea
- Institut Pasteur, Université de Paris, Lyssavirus Epidemiology and Neuropathology Unit, Paris, France
- Université de Paris, Doctoral School Bio Sorbonne Paris Cité, Paris, France
| | - Florence Larrous
- Institut Pasteur, Université de Paris, Lyssavirus Epidemiology and Neuropathology Unit, Paris, France
| | - Hugo Varet
- Institut Pasteur, Université de Paris, Hub de Bioinformatique et Biostatistique, Département Biologie Computationnelle, Paris, France
- Institut Pasteur, Université de Paris, Plate-Forme Technologique Biomics, Centre de Ressources et Recherches Technologiques (C2RT), Paris, France
| | - Rachel Legendre
- Institut Pasteur, Université de Paris, Hub de Bioinformatique et Biostatistique, Département Biologie Computationnelle, Paris, France
- Institut Pasteur, Université de Paris, Plate-Forme Technologique Biomics, Centre de Ressources et Recherches Technologiques (C2RT), Paris, France
| | - Lena Feige
- Technology Development Platform, Institut Pasteur Korea, Seongnam, South Korea
- Institut Pasteur, Université de Paris, Lyssavirus Epidemiology and Neuropathology Unit, Paris, France
- Université de Paris, Doctoral School Bio Sorbonne Paris Cité, Paris, France
| | - Guillaume Dumas
- Department of Psychiatry, CHU Sainte-Justine Research Center, University of Montreal, Montreal, QC, Canada
- Mila, Quebec Artificial Intelligence Institute, University of Montreal, Montreal, QC, Canada
| | - Rebecca Matsas
- Laboratory of Cellular and Molecular Neurobiology-Stem Cells, Department of Neurobiology, Hellenic Pasteur Institute, Athens, Greece
| | - Georgia Kouroupi
- Laboratory of Cellular and Molecular Neurobiology-Stem Cells, Department of Neurobiology, Hellenic Pasteur Institute, Athens, Greece
| | - Regis Grailhe
- Technology Development Platform, Institut Pasteur Korea, Seongnam, South Korea
| | - Hervé Bourhy
- Institut Pasteur, Université de Paris, Lyssavirus Epidemiology and Neuropathology Unit, Paris, France
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3
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Feige L, Zaeck LM, Sehl-Ewert J, Finke S, Bourhy H. Innate Immune Signaling and Role of Glial Cells in Herpes Simplex Virus- and Rabies Virus-Induced Encephalitis. Viruses 2021; 13:2364. [PMID: 34960633 PMCID: PMC8708193 DOI: 10.3390/v13122364] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/24/2021] [Revised: 11/12/2021] [Accepted: 11/18/2021] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
The environment of the central nervous system (CNS) represents a double-edged sword in the context of viral infections. On the one hand, the infectious route for viral pathogens is restricted via neuroprotective barriers; on the other hand, viruses benefit from the immunologically quiescent neural environment after CNS entry. Both the herpes simplex virus (HSV) and the rabies virus (RABV) bypass the neuroprotective blood-brain barrier (BBB) and successfully enter the CNS parenchyma via nerve endings. Despite the differences in the molecular nature of both viruses, each virus uses retrograde transport along peripheral nerves to reach the human CNS. Once inside the CNS parenchyma, HSV infection results in severe acute inflammation, necrosis, and hemorrhaging, while RABV preserves the intact neuronal network by inhibiting apoptosis and limiting inflammation. During RABV neuroinvasion, surveilling glial cells fail to generate a sufficient type I interferon (IFN) response, enabling RABV to replicate undetected, ultimately leading to its fatal outcome. To date, we do not fully understand the molecular mechanisms underlying the activation or suppression of the host inflammatory responses of surveilling glial cells, which present important pathways shaping viral pathogenesis and clinical outcome in viral encephalitis. Here, we compare the innate immune responses of glial cells in RABV- and HSV-infected CNS, highlighting different viral strategies of neuroprotection or Neuroinflamm. in the context of viral encephalitis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lena Feige
- Institut Pasteur, Université de Paris, Lyssavirus Epidemiology and Neuropathology, 28 Rue Du Docteur Roux, 75015 Paris, France;
| | - Luca M. Zaeck
- Institute of Molecular Virology and Cell Biology, Friedrich-Loeffler-Institut (FLI), Federal Institute of Animal Health, Südufer 10, 17493 Greifswald-Insel Riems, Germany; (L.M.Z.); (S.F.)
| | - Julia Sehl-Ewert
- Department of Experimental Animal Facilities and Biorisk Management, Friedrich-Loeffler-Institut (FLI), Federal Institute of Animal Health, Südufer 10, 17493 Greifswald-Insel Riems, Germany;
| | - Stefan Finke
- Institute of Molecular Virology and Cell Biology, Friedrich-Loeffler-Institut (FLI), Federal Institute of Animal Health, Südufer 10, 17493 Greifswald-Insel Riems, Germany; (L.M.Z.); (S.F.)
| | - Hervé Bourhy
- Institut Pasteur, Université de Paris, Lyssavirus Epidemiology and Neuropathology, 28 Rue Du Docteur Roux, 75015 Paris, France;
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4
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Beier KT. The Serendipity of Viral Trans-Neuronal Specificity: More Than Meets the Eye. Front Cell Neurosci 2021; 15:720807. [PMID: 34671244 PMCID: PMC8521040 DOI: 10.3389/fncel.2021.720807] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/05/2021] [Accepted: 09/07/2021] [Indexed: 12/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Trans-neuronal viruses are frequently used as neuroanatomical tools for mapping neuronal circuits. Specifically, recombinant one-step rabies viruses (RABV) have been instrumental in the widespread application of viral circuit mapping, as these viruses have enabled labs to map the direct inputs onto defined cell populations. Within the neuroscience community, it is widely believed that RABV spreads directly between neurons via synaptic connections, a hypothesis based principally on two observations. First, the virus labels neurons in a pattern consistent with known anatomical connectivity. Second, few glial cells appear to be infected following RABV injections, despite the fact that glial cells are abundant in the brain. However, there is no direct evidence that RABV can actually be transmitted through synaptic connections. Here we review the immunosubversive mechanisms that are critical to RABV’s success for infiltration of the central nervous system (CNS). These include interfering with and ultimately killing migratory T cells while maintaining levels of interferon (IFN) signaling in the brain parenchyma. Finally, we critically evaluate studies that support or are against synaptically-restricted RABV transmission and the implications of viral-host immune responses for RABV transmission in the brain.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kevin Thomas Beier
- Department of Physiology & Biophysics, University of California, Irvine, Irvine, CA, United States
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5
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Scott TP, Nel LH. Subversion of the Immune Response by Rabies Virus. Viruses 2016; 8:v8080231. [PMID: 27548204 PMCID: PMC4997593 DOI: 10.3390/v8080231] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/25/2016] [Revised: 08/11/2016] [Accepted: 08/12/2016] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Rabies has affected mankind for several centuries and is one of the oldest known zoonoses. It is peculiar how little is known regarding the means by which rabies virus (RABV) evades the immune response and kills its host. This review investigates the complex interplay between RABV and the immune system, including the various means by which RABV evades, or advantageously utilizes, the host immune response in order to ensure successful replication and spread to another host. Different factors that influence immune responses—including age, sex, cerebral lateralization and temperature—are discussed, with specific reference to RABV and the effects on host morbidity and mortality. We also investigate the role of apoptosis and discuss whether it is a detrimental or beneficial mechanism of the host’s response to infection. The various RABV proteins and their roles in immune evasion are examined in depth with reference to important domains and the downstream effects of these interactions. Lastly, an overview of the means by which RABV evades important immune responses is provided. The research discussed in this review will be important in determining the roles of the immune response during RABV infections as well as to highlight important therapeutic target regions and potential strategies for rabies treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Terence P Scott
- Department of Microbiology and Plant Pathology, University of Pretoria, Pretoria 0002, South Africa.
| | - Louis H Nel
- Department of Microbiology and Plant Pathology, University of Pretoria, Pretoria 0002, South Africa.
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6
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Deubelbeiss AN, Trachsel C, Bachli EB, Kuffer A, Budka H, Eniseyskiy P, Zimmermann H, Wallace RM, Farley S, Zanoni RG. Imported human rabies in Switzerland, 2012: a diagnostic conundrum. J Clin Virol 2013; 57:178-81. [PMID: 23485347 DOI: 10.1016/j.jcv.2013.02.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/16/2012] [Revised: 01/30/2013] [Accepted: 02/01/2013] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
Abstract
Human rabies is rare in Western Europe. It is not easily recognized in the absence of a history of exposure. We describe the clinical course, diagnosis and follow-up of an imported human rabies case in Switzerland. The patient, a U.S. citizen, presented at an outpatient clinic in Iraq with pain in his right shoulder on July 5, 2012. On July 8 he was transferred to a hospital in the United Arab Emirates, where he exhibited progressive encephalitis with coma. On July 29, he was transferred to a hospital in Switzerland, where he died on July 31, 2012. The autopsy showed severe encephalitis. Rabies was diagnosed by the rapid fluorescent focus inhibition test (RFFIT) and confirmed by fluorescence antibody testing (FAT) in brain smears and immunohistochemistry on paraffin-embedded brain sections. The viral strain was characterized by RT-PCR followed by sequencing and phylogenetic analysis as an American bat rabies strain associated with Tadarida brasiliensis. Close contacts and exposed health care workers received postexposure prophylaxis (PEP).
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Affiliation(s)
- A N Deubelbeiss
- Institute of Veterinary Virology, Laenggass-Strasse 122, CH-3012 Berne, Switzerland
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7
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Co-infection of HIV and tropical infectious agents that affect the nervous system. Rev Neurol (Paris) 2012; 168:270-82. [PMID: 22405463 DOI: 10.1016/j.neurol.2012.02.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/04/2012] [Accepted: 02/03/2012] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
Tropical infections refer to a group of diseases usually located in regions with a warm climate, particularly affecting developing countries, partly because of the conditions that allow them to thrive. However, due to the increased international travel, infectious agents that were previously limited to tropical regions pose an increasing threat to populations at risk for opportunistic infection (OI), especially those infected with the HIV. Tropical infections can facilitate HIV transmission and accelerate the progression of asymptomatic HIV infection to AIDS. Some have the potential to alter the epidemiology, natural history, and/or response to treatment of the other. The introduction of highly active antiretroviral therapy has provided a huge benefit for the vast majority of patients infected with the HIV, by allowing the immune system to recover, improving the clinical and radiological results and reducing the number of OI. On the other hand, some patients have developed various disorders of immune reconstitution, resulting in either hyper-immune inflammatory response to an exogenous antigen or autoimmunity. A significant proportion of these cases have been reported in immigrants from tropical countries to high-income countries, therefore awareness of these phenomena is needed since clinical presentations are often atypical and pose diagnostic challenges. This article reviews some of the key diagnostic aspects of tropical infections associated with HIV infection.
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8
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Suja MS, Mahadevan A, Madhusudana SN, Shankar SK. Role of apoptosis in rabies viral encephalitis: a comparative study in mice, canine, and human brain with a review of literature. PATHOLOGY RESEARCH INTERNATIONAL 2011; 2011:374286. [PMID: 21876844 PMCID: PMC3163028 DOI: 10.4061/2011/374286] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/16/2010] [Accepted: 06/09/2011] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
To evaluate the role of apoptosis in rabies encephalitis in humans and canines infected with wild-type street virus, in comparison with rodent model infected with street and laboratory passaged CVS strain, we studied postmortem brain tissue from nine humans, six canines infected with street rabies virus, and Swiss albino mice inoculated intramuscularly (IM) and intracerebrally (IC) with street and CVS strains. Encephalitis and high rabies antigen load were prominent in canine and human brains compared to rodents inoculated with street virus. Neuronal apoptosis was detectable only in sucking mice inoculated with CVS strain and minimal in street virus inoculated mice. In a time point study in suckling mice, DNA laddering was noted only terminally (7 days p.i.) following IC inoculation with CVS strain but not with street virus. In weanling and adult mice, apoptosis was restricted to inflammatory cells and absent in neurons similar to human and canine rabies-infected brains. Absence of neuronal apoptosis in wild-type rabies may facilitate intraneuronal survival and replication while apoptosis in inflammatory cells prevents elimination of the virus by abrogation of host inflammatory response.
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Affiliation(s)
- M. S. Suja
- Department of Neuropathology, National Institute of Mental Health and Neurosciences (NIMHANS), Bangalore 560 029, India
| | - Anita Mahadevan
- Department of Neuropathology, National Institute of Mental Health and Neurosciences (NIMHANS), Bangalore 560 029, India
| | - S. N. Madhusudana
- Department Neurovirology, National Institute of Mental Health and Neurosciences (NIMHANS), Bangalore 560 029, India
| | - S. K. Shankar
- Department of Neuropathology, National Institute of Mental Health and Neurosciences (NIMHANS), Bangalore 560 029, India
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9
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Fernandes ER, de Andrade HF, Lancellotti CLP, Quaresma JAS, Demachki S, da Costa Vasconcelos PF, Duarte MIS. In situ apoptosis of adaptive immune cells and the cellular escape of rabies virus in CNS from patients with human rabies transmitted by Desmodus rotundus. Virus Res 2011; 156:121-6. [PMID: 21255623 DOI: 10.1016/j.virusres.2011.01.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/09/2010] [Revised: 01/12/2011] [Accepted: 01/13/2011] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Elaine Raniero Fernandes
- Faculdade de Medicina da Universidade de São Paulo, Laboratório da Disciplina de Patologia de Moléstias Transmissíveis, Departamento de Patologia, São Paulo, Brazil.
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10
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Karp CL, Mahanty S. Approach to the Patient with HIV and Coinfecting Tropical Infectious Diseases. TROPICAL INFECTIOUS DISEASES: PRINCIPLES, PATHOGENS AND PRACTICE 2011. [PMCID: PMC7150329 DOI: 10.1016/b978-0-7020-3935-5.00139-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
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11
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Jackson AC, Randle E, Lawrance G, Rossiter JP. Neuronal apoptosis does not play an important role in human rabies encephalitis. J Neurovirol 2008; 14:368-75. [PMID: 19023689 DOI: 10.1080/13550280802216502] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
Abstract
It is generally accepted that there are not prominent features of neuronal cell death in rabies encephalitis. However, Hemachudha and coworkers recently reported widespread apoptosis in the central nervous system of several human rabies cases (BMC Infect Dis 5: 104, 2005). In this study we have evaluated morphological features and markers of neuronal apoptosis in postmortem brain tissue from 12 cases of human rabies who died in four different countries. Histopathological analysis, TUNEL (terminal deoxynucleotidyl transferase-mediated dUTP-biotin nick end labeling) staining, and immunostaining for cleaved (activated) caspase-3 were performed on paraffin-embedded tissues from the cerebral cortex, hippocampus, and brainstem, and additional regional areas from one of the cases. We did not find morphological evidence of neuronal apoptosis or TUNEL staining in any of the cases of rabies encephalitis. Similarly, immunostained cleaved caspase-3 was not seen in neurons, but prominent staining was observed in microglial processes. We conclude that neuronal apoptosis does not play an important pathogenetic role in human rabies encephalitis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alan C Jackson
- Department of Internal Medicine, University of Manitoba, Winnipeg, Manitoba, Canada.
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12
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Gholami A, Kassis R, Real E, Delmas O, Guadagnini S, Larrous F, Obach D, Prevost MC, Jacob Y, Bourhy H. Mitochondrial dysfunction in lyssavirus-induced apoptosis. J Virol 2008; 82:4774-84. [PMID: 18321977 PMCID: PMC2346764 DOI: 10.1128/jvi.02651-07] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/13/2007] [Accepted: 02/22/2008] [Indexed: 12/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Lyssaviruses are highly neurotropic viruses associated with neuronal apoptosis. Previous observations have indicated that the matrix proteins (M) of some lyssaviruses induce strong neuronal apoptosis. However, the molecular mechanism(s) involved in this phenomenon is still unknown. We show that for Mokola virus (MOK), a lyssavirus of low pathogenicity, the M (M-MOK) targets mitochondria, disrupts the mitochondrial morphology, and induces apoptosis. Our analysis of truncated M-MOK mutants suggests that the information required for efficient mitochondrial targeting and dysfunction, as well as caspase-9 activation and apoptosis, is held between residues 46 and 110 of M-MOK. We used a yeast two-hybrid approach, a coimmunoprecipitation assay, and confocal microscopy to demonstrate that M-MOK physically associates with the subunit I of the cytochrome c (cyt-c) oxidase (CcO) of the mitochondrial respiratory chain; this is in contrast to the M of the highly pathogenic Thailand lyssavirus (M-THA). M-MOK expression induces a significant decrease in CcO activity, which is not the case with M-THA. M-MOK mutations (K77R and N81E) resulting in a similar sequence to M-THA at positions 77 and 81 annul cyt-c release and apoptosis and restore CcO activity. As expected, the reverse mutations, R77K and E81N, introduced in M-THA induce a phenotype similar to that due to M-MOK. These features indicate a novel mechanism for energy depletion during lyssavirus-induced apoptosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alireza Gholami
- Unité Postulante de Recherche et d'Expertise Dynamique des Lyssavirus et Adaptation à l'Hôte, Institut Pasteur, 25 rue du Docteur Roux, 75724 Paris Cedex 15, France
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13
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Peigue-Lafeuille H, Bourhy H, Abiteboul D, Astoul J, Cliquet F, Goudal M, Lerasle S, Mailles A, Montagne MC, Morer I, Rotivel Y, Floret D. [Human rabies in France in 2004: update and management]. Med Mal Infect 2005; 34:551-60. [PMID: 15603930 DOI: 10.1016/j.medmal.2004.07.031] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/12/2004] [Accepted: 07/23/2004] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
Twenty people died of rabies in France between 1970 and 2003 (compared to 55,000 yearly worldwide), 80% on returning from Africa. Dogs were the contaminating animals in 90% of the cases and children were the most common victims. The last instance of rabies in a native French animal was reported in 1998. However the illegal importation of animals still poses a risk. The disease is transmitted by saliva, even before the appearance of clinical symptoms, through a bite, scratch, or licks of mucous membranes or broken skin. Person-to-person transmission has only been observed in cases of grafts (cornea). The mean incubation time of 1 to 3 months is long enough to allow passive immunization and vaccination. After its onset, the disease presents as encephalitis or a paralytic syndrome the outcome of which is always fatal. Clinical diagnosis may be difficult in the early stages of the disease. If rabies is suspected, the National Reference Centre is responsible for the sampling and proper transportation of these samples so as to ensure assessment results within 5 days. If stringent hygiene rules are complied to, there is no risk of contamination for those in close contact. Vaccination, which is performed in official rabies centers, is only performed after a diagnosis based on laboratory evidence, and solely for exposed persons or those for whom a reliable history cannot be established (children under 6 years). Prevention is based on information. People traveling abroad, particularly to Africa, are warned not to approach unknown animals (especially dogs) nor to try to import them, and are advised to comply with vaccinal recommendations for travelers, particularly for toddlers.
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Affiliation(s)
- H Peigue-Lafeuille
- Service de virologie, faculté de médecine, 28, place Henri-Dunant, 63001 Clermont-Ferrand cedex, France.
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14
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Kassis R, Larrous F, Estaquier J, Bourhy H. Lyssavirus matrix protein induces apoptosis by a TRAIL-dependent mechanism involving caspase-8 activation. J Virol 2004; 78:6543-55. [PMID: 15163747 PMCID: PMC416538 DOI: 10.1128/jvi.78.12.6543-6555.2004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 60] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/04/2023] Open
Abstract
Lyssaviruses, which are members of the Rhabdoviridae family, induce apoptosis, which plays an important role in the neuropathogenesis of rabies. However, the mechanisms by which these viruses mediate neuronal apoptosis have not been elucidated. Here we demonstrate that the early induction of apoptosis in a model of lyssavirus-infected neuroblastoma cells involves a TRAIL-dependent pathway requiring the activation of caspase-8 but not of caspase-9 or caspase-10. The activation of caspase-8 results in the activation of caspase-3 and caspase-6, as shown by an increase in the cleavage of the specific caspase substrate in lyssavirus-infected cells. However, neither caspase-1 nor caspase-2 activity was detected during the early phase of infection. Lyssavirus-mediated cell death involves an interaction between TRAIL receptors and TRAIL, as demonstrated by experiments using neutralizing antibodies and soluble decoy TRAIL-R1/R2 receptors. We also demonstrated that the decapsidation and replication of lyssavirus are essential for inducing apoptosis, as supported by UV inactivation, cycloheximide treatment, and the use of bafilomycin A1 to inhibit endosomal acidification. Transfection of cells with the matrix protein induced apoptosis using pathways similar to those described in the context of viral infection. Furthermore, our data suggest that the matrix protein of lyssaviruses plays a major role in the early induction of TRAIL-mediated apoptosis by the release of a soluble, active form of TRAIL. In our model, Fas ligand (CD95L) appears to play a limited role in lyssavirus-mediated neuroblastoma cell death. Similarly, tumor necrosis factor alpha does not appear to play an important role.
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Affiliation(s)
- Raïd Kassis
- Laboratoire de la Rage, Institut Pasteur, 25 rue du Docteur Roux, 75724 Paris Cedex 15, France
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15
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Abstract
Viral-induced apoptosis is recognized as a common method utilized by viruses to overcome the host. Recent evidence indicates that infection by rhabdoviruses such as vesicular stomatitis virus (VSV), spring viremia of carp virus (SVCV), and rabies virus results in apoptotic cell death. Similar morphological changes and host cell proteins are induced in cells infected with these different viruses; however, the viral proteins responsible for these changes vary. In addition, the molecular mechanism(s) utilized by these viruses to induce apoptosis are on the brink of discovery. This article serves to summarize our current understanding of the apoptotic process during rhabdovirus infection and to illustrate forthcoming areas of study in the field
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Affiliation(s)
- Jillian M Licata
- Department of Pathobiology, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, 3800 Spruce Street, Philadelphia, PA 19104-6049, USA
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16
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Fazakerley JK, Allsopp TE. Programmed cell death in virus infections of the nervous system. Curr Top Microbiol Immunol 2001; 253:95-119. [PMID: 11417141 DOI: 10.1007/978-3-662-10356-2_5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/20/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- J K Fazakerley
- Laboratory for Clinical and Molecular Virology and Fujisawa Institute of Neuroscience, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, UK.
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17
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Abstract
People with HIV are at risk for a variety of infections both at home and abroad. Recent studies have reported conflicting data concerning potential harmful effects following several inactivated vaccines. Antigenic stimulation by vaccines designed to prevent secondary infections may promote HIV-1 replication in certain patients. In HIV-positive subjects, immune response worsens with progression of the HIV infection. When vaccination is considered, administration of the vaccine must be performed as early as possible in the course of HIV infection because an HIV-infected patient's response to inactivated vaccines is closely related to HIV infection stage. A minority of subjects have a protective antibody response to vaccination. Consequently, specific antibody titers should be measured after vaccination to ensure immune protection. Immune response is improved by highly active antiretroviral therapy. Some live attenuated vaccines are considered as beneficial in some specific indications and if administered in the early stages of AIDS. However, viral load variations following administration of live attenuated vaccines have not been studied yet.
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Affiliation(s)
- M C Rousseau
- Department of Infectious Diseases, Center for training and research in Tropical Medicine, University Hospital Houphouet-Boigny, 415 Chemin de la Madrague Ville 13015, Marseille, France
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18
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Ubol S, Sukwattanapan C, Utaisincharoen P. Rabies virus replication induces Bax-related, caspase dependent apoptosis in mouse neuroblastoma cells. Virus Res 1998; 56:207-15. [PMID: 9783470 DOI: 10.1016/s0168-1702(98)00078-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/09/2023]
Abstract
Rabies virus has been shown to induce apoptosis in infected cells, but the intracellular pathway of cell killing is unknown. In this report, we show that rabies virus infected mouse neuroblastoma cells underwent chromatin condensation and DNA fragmentation within 48 h post-infection. An increased level of the apoptotic enhancer, Bax, was detected within 24 h after infection. In contrast to Bax, the production of the apoptotic antagonist, Bcl-2, remained unchanged. Shortly after detection of Bax, caspase 1 (ICE) was upregulated. Reduction of DNA fragmentation in rabies virus infected cultures pretreated with YVAD and DEVD suggested that more than one subfamily of caspase functioned in the death process. Significant degradation of the DNA repair enzyme, poly ADP-ribose polymerase (PARP), was revealed after caspase upregulation. This study showed that replication of rabies viruses in mouse neuroblastoma cells induced the Bax-related death program leading to destruction of the DNA repair system probably by caspase activity.
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Affiliation(s)
- S Ubol
- Department of Microbiology, Faculty of Science, Mahidol University, Bangkok, Thailand.
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19
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Abstract
Compromised travelers represent a diverse and challenging group of individuals. They include HIV-infected patients who are at risk for potentially adverse reactions to immunizations, and new exposures to enteric water-borne opportunistic pathogens associated with chronic infections. Such travelers may encounter unfamiliar opportunistic fungi and classical tropical infections, such as leishmaniasis, whose pathogenesis can be enhanced by the presence of prior HIV infection. Other immunocompromised groups include those who are functionally or anatomically asplenic, and patients who are iatrogenically immunosuppressed from medications utilized for solid organ transplantation, chemotherapy, or treatment of malignancies. This population of travelers also includes those with diabetes mellitus who may require adjustments in their dosing, administration, and possibly even the types of insulin used on their trips. These patients are also at greater risk for acquisition of tuberculosis, severe community-acquired pneumonia, urinary tract infections, and pyomyositis. Older travelers present both the infectious disease and travel medicine specialist with issues such events, malignancy-related infections, myocardial infarction, and other forms of cardiopulmonary compromise, which the authors address in this article.
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Affiliation(s)
- M D Mileno
- Department of Medicine, Brown University, Providence, Rhode Island, USA
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20
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Crepin P, Audry L, Rotivel Y, Gacoin A, Caroff C, Bourhy H. Intravitam diagnosis of human rabies by PCR using saliva and cerebrospinal fluid. J Clin Microbiol 1998; 36:1117-21. [PMID: 9542950 PMCID: PMC104702 DOI: 10.1128/jcm.36.4.1117-1121.1998] [Citation(s) in RCA: 131] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/03/1997] [Accepted: 01/15/1998] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
An optimized reverse transcription (RT)-PCR protocol for the intravitam detection of rabies virus genomic RNA was tested with clinical samples obtained from 28 patients suspected of having rabies, 9 of whom were confirmed to have had rabies by postmortem examination. RT-PCR using saliva combined with an immunofluorescence assay performed with skin biopsy samples allowed detection of rabies in the nine patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- P Crepin
- Rabies Unit, Institut Pasteur, Paris, France
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21
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Hamir AN, Summers BA, Rupprecht CE. Concurrent rabies and canine distemper encephalitis in a raccoon (Procyon lotor). J Vet Diagn Invest 1998; 10:194-6. [PMID: 9576354 DOI: 10.1177/104063879801000218] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- A N Hamir
- Department of Pathobiology, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, New Bolton Center, Kennett Square 19348, USA
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22
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Abstract
Cultured rat prostatic adenocarcinoma (AT3) cells infected with the challenge virus standard (CVS) strain of fixed rabies virus showed characteristic morphologic features of apoptosis, evidence of oligonucleosomal DNA fragmentation, and expression of the Bax protein. CVS-infected Bcl-2-transfected AT3 cells did not demonstrate these features. Adult ICR mice inoculated intracerebrally with CVS showed morphologic changes of apoptosis, DNA fragmentation, and increased Bax expression in neurons, with changes most marked in the hippocampus and cerebral cortex. Ultrastructurally, some neurons demonstrated morphologic features more typical of necrosis. These studies provide evidence that apoptosis plays an important role in the pathogenesis of rabies virus infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- A C Jackson
- Department of Medicine, Queen's University, Kingston, Ontario, Canada.
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