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Haapala EA, Leppänen MH, Lee E, Savonen K, Laukkanen JA, Kähönen M, Brage S, Lakka TA. Accumulating Sedentary Time and Physical Activity From Childhood to Adolescence and Cardiac Function in Adolescence. J Am Heart Assoc 2024; 13:e031837. [PMID: 38497441 PMCID: PMC11010014 DOI: 10.1161/jaha.123.031837] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/18/2023] [Accepted: 02/16/2024] [Indexed: 03/19/2024]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Increased physical activity (PA) may mitigate the negative cardiovascular health effects of sedentary behavior in adolescents. However, the relationship of PA and sedentary time from childhood with cardiac function in adolescence remains underexplored. Therefore, we investigated the associations of cumulative sedentary time and PA from childhood to adolescence with cardiac function in adolescence. METHODS AND RESULTS Participants were 153 adolescents (69 girls) who were aged 6 to 8 years at baseline, 8 to 10 years at 2-year follow-up, and 15 to 17 years at 8-year follow-up. Cumulative sedentary time and PA exposure between baseline and 2-year follow-up and between baseline and 8-year follow-up were measured using a combined accelerometer and heart rate monitor. Cardiac function was assessed using impedance cardiography at 8-year follow-up. The data were analyzed using linear regression analyses adjusted for age and sex. Cumulative moderate to vigorous PA (standardized regression coefficient [β]=-0.323 [95% CI, -0.527 to -0.119]) and vigorous PA (β=-0.295 [95% CI, -0.508 to -0.083]) from baseline to 8-year follow-up were inversely associated with cardiac work at 8-year follow-up. Conversely, cumulative sedentary time had a positive association (β=0.245 [95% CI, 0.092-0.398]). Cumulative vigorous PA from baseline to 8-year follow-up was inversely associated with cardiac work index at 8-year follow-up (β=-0.218 [95% CI, -0.436 to 0.000]). CONCLUSIONS Higher levels of sedentary time and lower levels of PA during childhood were associated with higher cardiac work in adolescence, highlighting the importance of increasing PA and reducing sedentary time from childhood.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eero A. Haapala
- Faculty of Sport and Health SciencesUniversity of JyväskyläJyväskyläFinland
- Institute of Biomedicine, School of MedicineUniversity of Eastern FinlandKuopioFinland
| | - Marja H. Leppänen
- Institute of Biomedicine, School of MedicineUniversity of Eastern FinlandKuopioFinland
- Faculty of MedicineUniversity of HelsinkiFinland
| | - Earric Lee
- Faculty of Sport and Health SciencesUniversity of JyväskyläJyväskyläFinland
| | - Kai Savonen
- Foundation for Research in Health Exercise and NutritionKuopio Research Institute of Exercise MedicineKuopioFinland
| | - Jari A. Laukkanen
- Institute of Public Health and Clinical NutritionUniversity of Eastern FinlandKuopioFinland
- Department of MedicineWellbeing Services County of Central FinlandJyväskyläFinland
| | - Mika Kähönen
- Department of Clinical Physiology, Tampere University Hospital and Faculty of Medicine and Health TechnologyTampere UniversityTampereFinland
| | - Soren Brage
- MRC Epidemiology UnitUniversity of Cambridge School of Clinical MedicineCambridgeUnited Kingdom
| | - Timo A. Lakka
- Institute of Biomedicine, School of MedicineUniversity of Eastern FinlandKuopioFinland
- Foundation for Research in Health Exercise and NutritionKuopio Research Institute of Exercise MedicineKuopioFinland
- Department of Clinical Physiology and Nuclear ImagingUniversity of Eastern Finland and Kuopio University HospitalKuopioFinland
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Räsänen K, Markula-Patjas K, Kantanen S, Sipilä K, Lakka TA, Arikoski P, Piippo-Savolainen E. Impaired cardiorespiratory and neuromuscular fitness in children and adolescents with juvenile idiopathic arthritis: a cross-sectional case-control study in the era of biologic drug therapies. Pediatr Rheumatol Online J 2023; 21:26. [PMID: 36932386 PMCID: PMC10022213 DOI: 10.1186/s12969-023-00808-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/11/2022] [Accepted: 03/11/2023] [Indexed: 03/19/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND In recent years, biologic drug therapies have altered the course of juvenile idiopathic arthritis (JIA) possibly also improving the patients' physical fitness. However, studies measuring both cardiorespiratory and muscular fitness in children with JIA are sparse and have failed to show consistent results. Our aim was to assess both cardiorespiratory and neuromuscular fitness and contributing factors in children and adolescents with JIA in the era of biologic drug therapies. METHODS This cross-sectional study consisted of 73 JIA patients (25 boys, 48 girls) aged 6.8- 17.5 years and 73 healthy age- and sex-matched controls, investigated in 2017-2019. Cardiorespiratory fitness was assessed by maximal ergospirometry and neuromuscular fitness by speed, agility, balance, and muscle strength tests. RESULTS Means (± SD) of maximal workload (Wmax/kg) and peak oxygen uptake (VO2peak/kg,) were lower in JIA patients than in controls (Wmax/kg: 2.80 ± 0.54 vs. 3.14 ± 0.50 Watts, p < 0.01; VO2peak/kg: 38.7 ± 7.53 vs. 45.8 ± 6.59 ml/min/kg, p < 0.01). Shuttle-run, sit-up and standing long jump test results were lower in JIA patients than in controls (p < 0.01). Mean (± SD) daily activity was lower (89.0 ± 44.7 vs. 112.7 ± 62.1 min/day, p < 0.05), and sedentary time was higher (427 ± 213 vs. 343 ± 211 min/day, p < 0.05) in JIA patients compared to controls. Physical activity and cardiorespiratory or neuromuscular fitness were not associated with disease activity. CONCLUSIONS JIA patients were physically less active and had lower cardiorespiratory and neuromuscular fitness than their same aged controls with no JIA. Therefore, JIA patients should be encouraged to engage in physical activities as a part of their multidisciplinary treatment protocols to prevent adverse health risks of low physical activity and fitness.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kati Räsänen
- Pediatric Research Unit, University of Eastern Finland and Kuopio University Hospital, Kuopio, PL100, 70029 KYS, Finland.
| | - Kati Markula-Patjas
- Center for Child Health Research, Tampere University and Department of Pediatrics, Tampere University Hospital, Tampere, Finland
| | - Saija Kantanen
- Center for Child Health Research, Tampere University and Department of Pediatrics, Tampere University Hospital, Tampere, Finland
| | - Kalle Sipilä
- Department of Clinical Physiology and Nuclear Medicine, Faculty of Medicine and Health Technology, Tampere University and Tampere University Hospital, Tampere, Finland
| | - Timo A Lakka
- Institute of Biomedicine, School of Medicine, University of Eastern Finland, Kuopio Campus, Finland
- Department of Clinical Physiology and Nuclear Medicine, Kuopio University Hospital, Kuopio, Finland
- Foundation for Research in Health Exercise and Nutrition, Kuopio Research Institute of Exercise Medicine, Kuopio, Finland
| | - Pekka Arikoski
- Pediatric Research Unit, University of Eastern Finland and Kuopio University Hospital, Kuopio, PL100, 70029 KYS, Finland
| | - Eija Piippo-Savolainen
- Pediatric Research Unit, University of Eastern Finland and Kuopio University Hospital, Kuopio, PL100, 70029 KYS, Finland
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A Meta-Analysis of Sampled Maximal Aerobic Capacity Data for Boys Aged 11 Years Old or Less Obtained by Cycle Ergometry. Life (Basel) 2023; 13:life13020276. [PMID: 36836634 PMCID: PMC9967809 DOI: 10.3390/life13020276] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/02/2022] [Revised: 12/14/2022] [Accepted: 12/22/2022] [Indexed: 01/20/2023] Open
Abstract
The aim of this study was to develop distributions of VO2max based on measured values that exist in the literature in prepubertal boys using cycle ergometry. PRISMA guidelines were followed in conducting this research. One database was searched for peak and maximal VO2 values in healthy boys with mean age under 11 years old. Data were split into articles reporting absolute and relative VO2max values and analyzed accordingly. Multilevel models grounded in Bayesian principles were used. We investigated associations between VO2max and body mass, year of the study, and country of origin. Differences in "peak" and "maximal" VO2 were assessed. Absolute VO2max (Lmin-1) increases with age (P ~100%) but mean relative VO2max does not change (P ~100%). Absolute VO2max is higher in more recent studies (P = 95.7 ± 0.3%) and mean relative VO2max is lower (P = 99.6 ± 0.1%). Relative VO2max in the USA is lower compared with boys from other countries (P = 98.8 ± 0.2%), but there are no differences in absolute values. Mean aerobic capacity estimates presented as "peak" values are higher than "maximal" values on an absolute basis (P = 97.5 ± 0.3%) but not on a relative basis (P = 99.6 ± 0.1%). Heavier boys have lower cardiorespiratory fitness (P ≈ 100%), and body mass seems to be increasing faster with age in the USA compared with other countries (P = 92.3 ± 0.3%). New reference values for cardiorespiratory fitness are presented for prepubertal boys obtained with cycle ergometry. This is new, as no reference values have been determined so far based on actual measured values in prepubertal boys. Aerobic capacity normalized to body weight does not change with age. Cardiorespiratory fitness in prepubertal boys is declining, which is associated with increasing body mass over the last few decades. Lastly, this study did not find any statistically significant difference in the sample's mean aerobic capacity estimates using the "peak" and "maximum" distinctions identified in the literature.
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Haapala EA, Gao Y, Hartikainen J, Rantalainen T, Finni T. Associations of fitness, motor competence, and adiposity with the indicators of physical activity intensity during different physical activities in children. Sci Rep 2021; 11:12521. [PMID: 34131258 PMCID: PMC8206084 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-021-92040-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/05/2021] [Accepted: 05/26/2021] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
We investigated the associations of peak oxygen uptake (V̇O2peak), ventilatory threshold (VT), muscle strength, motor competence (MC), and adiposity with the indicators of PA intensity during different physical activities used to create absolute PA intensity cut-offs among 35 children 7-11-years-of-age. V̇O2peak was defined as the highest V̇O2 achieved in the maximal cardiopulmonary exercise test (CPET) on a cycle ergometer, self-paced running, or running on a treadmill at 8 km/h. VT was defined from the CPET data. Peak isometric knee extensor and flexor strength was assessed by a dynamometer, MC by the Körperkoordination test für Kinder tests, and body composition by the bioelectrical impedance analysis. PA intensity was assessed using V̇O2 as a % of V̇O2reserve or V̇O2 at VT, mean amplitude deviation (MAD) measured by accelerometry, metabolic equivalent of task (MET), and muscle activity measured by textile electromyography during walking or running on a treadmill at 4, 6, and 8 km/h, playing hopscotch, walking up and down the stairs, self-paced walking, and self-paced running. Children with lower V̇O2peak, V̇O2 at VT, and MC operated at higher intensity level during given physical task than their peers with higher fitness and MC when PA intensity was expressed using relative PA intensity using V̇O2 as a % of V̇O2reserve or V̇O2 at VT (p < 0.05). MAD and METs during different tasks were not able to discriminate PA intensity between children with varying levels of physical fitness or MC. Traditionally used absolute measures of PA intensity based on accelerometry or MET underestimated PA intensity in children with lower V̇O2peak, V̇O2 at VT, and MC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eero A Haapala
- Faculty of Sport and Health Sciences, University of Jyväskylä, PO Box 35, 40014, Jyväskylä, Finland.
- Institute of Biomedicine, School of Medicine, University of Eastern Finland, Kuopio, Finland.
| | - Ying Gao
- Faculty of Sport and Health Sciences, University of Jyväskylä, PO Box 35, 40014, Jyväskylä, Finland
- Department of Sports Science, College of Education, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China
| | - Jani Hartikainen
- Faculty of Sport and Health Sciences, University of Jyväskylä, PO Box 35, 40014, Jyväskylä, Finland
| | - Timo Rantalainen
- Faculty of Sport and Health Sciences, University of Jyväskylä, PO Box 35, 40014, Jyväskylä, Finland
| | - Taija Finni
- Faculty of Sport and Health Sciences, University of Jyväskylä, PO Box 35, 40014, Jyväskylä, Finland
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5
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25-Hydroxyvitamin D and Cardiorespiratory Fitness in Prepubertal Overweight and Obese Children. Nutrients 2021; 13:nu13051597. [PMID: 34064614 PMCID: PMC8151824 DOI: 10.3390/nu13051597] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/30/2021] [Revised: 04/30/2021] [Accepted: 05/05/2021] [Indexed: 01/19/2023] Open
Abstract
Childhood obesity has become a major global health problem. Vitamin D deficiency and poor cardiorespiratory fitness are highly prevalent in children with overweight or obesity, but little is known about their relationships. In this study, we aimed to analyze the relationship between serum 25-hydroxyvitamin D (25(OH)D) and cardiorespiratory fitness parameters in prepubertal obese and overweight children. A cross-sectional design with a sample of 57 prepubertal children, aged 9–11 years, with overweight or obesity was used. The fasting concentration of 25(OH)D was analyzed with a chemiluminescent microparticle immunoassay. Fat and lean body masses were determined by using DXA. Maximal oxygen uptake (VO2max) was measured with the maximal treadmill test. A total of 68.4% of the sample had sufficient levels of 25(OH)D. As expected, their cardiorespiratory fitness was poor compared with that of normal-weight children, but 60% of the group exceeded the median obesity-specific reference values. No differences were found between the sexes for relative VO2max or 25(OH)D levels. Moreover, no correlations were found between 25(OH)D and body composition or cardiorespiratory parameters for sex or vitamin D groups. Vitamin D status seems not to be directly related to body composition or cardiorespiratory fitness in prepubertal overweight or obese children.
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Baptista Teixeira J, Ferreira STBP, Bernardino MEC, Silva Magalhães MG, Bezerra P, Jaguaribe de Lima AM. The three-minute step test showed good construct validity and intra-rater reliability in healthy children aged 7-11 years. Acta Paediatr 2020; 109:2354-2355. [PMID: 32271971 DOI: 10.1111/apa.15296] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | - Priscila Bezerra
- Department of Physical Therapy Federal University of Pernambuco Recife Brazil
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Haapala EA, Gao Y, Vanhala A, Rantalainen T, Finni T. Validity of traditional physical activity intensity calibration methods and the feasibility of self-paced walking and running on individualised calibration of physical activity intensity in children. Sci Rep 2020; 10:11031. [PMID: 32620888 PMCID: PMC7335054 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-020-67983-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/11/2019] [Accepted: 06/10/2020] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
There are no practical and valid methods for the assessment of individualised physical activity (PA) intensity in observational studies. Therefore, we investigated the validity of commonly used metabolic equivalent of tasks (METs) and pre-determined PA intensity classification methods against individualised PA intensity classification in 35 children 7–11-years-of-age. Then, we studied validity of mean amplitude deviation (MAD) measured by accelerometry during self-paced walking and running in assessment of individualised PA intensity. Individualised moderate PA (MPA) was defined as V̇O2 ≥ 40% of V̇O2reserve and V̇O2 < ventilatory threshold (VT) and vigorous PA (VPA) as V̇O2 ≥ VT. We classified > 3–6 (or alternatively > 4–7) METs as MPA and > 6 (> 7) METs as VPA. Task intensities were classified according to previous calibration studies. MET-categories correctly identified 25.9–83.3% of light PA, 85.9–90.3% of MPA, and 56.7–82.2% of VPA. Task-specific categories correctly classified 53.7% of light PA, 90.6% of MPA, and 57.8% of VPA. MAD during self-paced walking discriminated MVPA from light PA (sensitivity = 67.4, specificity = 88.0) and MAD during self-paced running discriminated VPA from MPA (sensitivity = 78.8, specificity = 79.3). In conclusion, commonly used methods may misclassify PA intensity in children. MAD during self-paced running may provide a novel and practical method for determining individualised VPA intensity in children.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eero A Haapala
- Biology of Physical Activity, Faculty of Sport and Health Sciences, University of Jyväskylä, PO Box 35, 40014, Jyväskylä, Finland. .,Physiology, Institute of Biomedicine, School of Medicine, University of Eastern Finland, Kuopio, Finland.
| | - Ying Gao
- Biology of Physical Activity, Faculty of Sport and Health Sciences, University of Jyväskylä, PO Box 35, 40014, Jyväskylä, Finland.,Department of Sports Science, College of Education, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China
| | - Anssi Vanhala
- Biology of Physical Activity, Faculty of Sport and Health Sciences, University of Jyväskylä, PO Box 35, 40014, Jyväskylä, Finland.,Department of Education, Faculty of Educational Sciences, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland
| | - Timo Rantalainen
- Biology of Physical Activity, Faculty of Sport and Health Sciences, University of Jyväskylä, PO Box 35, 40014, Jyväskylä, Finland
| | - Taija Finni
- Biology of Physical Activity, Faculty of Sport and Health Sciences, University of Jyväskylä, PO Box 35, 40014, Jyväskylä, Finland
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The Impact of the Weight Status on Cardiovascular Parameters Related to Physical Effort in Young Athletes. SUSTAINABILITY 2020. [DOI: 10.3390/su12103964] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Excess weight leads to an impaired cardiovascular response to physical exertion even at a young age. Sports training during youth promotes cardiovascular adaptations. The aim of the study is to verify the impact of weight status on cardiovascular parameters related to physical effort in young people who engage in competitive sports. A retrospective study was conducted on 8307 young athletes (5578 males and 2729 females) aged 6–18 years (mean age 13.9 ± 2.2 years). The data concerning graded exercise tests of young athletes in normal weight and overweight were compared. Approximately, 13.4% of the sample had excess weight. Young overweight athletes show a higher resting heart rate as well as systolic and diastolic pressure than young normal weight athletes. Excess weight condition leads to a reduction in the duration of the graded exercise test, reaching higher blood pressure values at the end of the test compared to those with normal weight. After four min from the end of the test, heart rate and systolic/diastolic blood pressure remained higher in the young overweight athletes. Excess weight affects cardiovascular parameters both at rest and in response to physical exertion during youth; however, competitive sport seems to be able to keep these parameters within the normal range even in young overweight athletes.
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Eloranta AM, Sallinen T, Viitasalo A, Lintu N, Väistö J, Jalkanen H, Tompuri TT, Soininen S, Haapala EA, Kiiskinen S, Schnurr TM, Kilpeläinen TO, Mikkonen S, Savonen K, Atalay M, Brage S, Laaksonen DE, Lindi V, Ågren J, Schwab U, Jääskeläinen J, Lakka TA. The effects of a 2-year physical activity and dietary intervention on plasma lipid concentrations in children: the PANIC Study. Eur J Nutr 2020; 60:425-434. [PMID: 32367254 PMCID: PMC7867543 DOI: 10.1007/s00394-020-02260-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/24/2019] [Accepted: 04/24/2020] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE We studied the effects of a physical activity and dietary intervention on plasma lipids in a general population of children. We also investigated how lifestyle changes contributed to the intervention effects. METHODS We carried out a 2-year controlled, non-randomized lifestyle intervention study among 504 mainly prepubertal children aged 6-9 years at baseline. We assigned 306 children to the intervention group and 198 children to the control group. We assessed plasma concentrations of total, LDL, HDL, and VLDL cholesterol, triglycerides, HDL triglycerides, and VLDL triglycerides. We evaluated the consumption of foods using 4-day food records and physical activity using a movement and heart rate sensor. We analyzed data using linear mixed-effect models adjusted for age at baseline, sex, and pubertal stage at both time points. Furthermore, specific lifestyle variables were entered in these models. RESULTS Plasma LDL cholesterol decreased in the intervention group but did not change in the control group ( - 0.05 vs. 0.00 mmol/L, regression coefficient (β) = - 0.0385, p = 0.040 for group*time interaction). This effect was mainly explained by the changes in the consumption of high-fat vegetable oil-based spreads (β = - 0.0203, + 47% change in β) and butter-based spreads (β = - 0.0294, + 30% change in β), moderate-to-vigorous physical activity (β = - 0.0268, + 30% change in β), light physical activity (β = - 0.0274, + 29% change in β) and sedentary time (β = - 0.0270, + 30% change in β). The intervention had no effect on other plasma lipids. CONCLUSION Lifestyle intervention resulted a small decrease in plasma LDL cholesterol concentration in children. The effect was explained by changes in quality and quantity of dietary fat and physical activity. CLINICAL TRIAL REGISTRY NUMBER NCT01803776, ClinicalTrials.gov.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aino-Maija Eloranta
- Institute of Public Health and Clinical Nutrition, School of Medicine, University of Eastern Finland, P.O. Box 1627, 70211, Kuopio, Finland.,Institute of Biomedicine, School of Medicine, University of Eastern Finland, Kuopio, Finland
| | - Taisa Sallinen
- Institute of Public Health and Clinical Nutrition, School of Medicine, University of Eastern Finland, P.O. Box 1627, 70211, Kuopio, Finland. .,Institute of Biomedicine, School of Medicine, University of Eastern Finland, Kuopio, Finland.
| | - Anna Viitasalo
- Institute of Biomedicine, School of Medicine, University of Eastern Finland, Kuopio, Finland
| | - Niina Lintu
- Institute of Biomedicine, School of Medicine, University of Eastern Finland, Kuopio, Finland
| | - Juuso Väistö
- Institute of Biomedicine, School of Medicine, University of Eastern Finland, Kuopio, Finland
| | - Henna Jalkanen
- Institute of Biomedicine, School of Medicine, University of Eastern Finland, Kuopio, Finland
| | - Tuomo T Tompuri
- Institute of Biomedicine, School of Medicine, University of Eastern Finland, Kuopio, Finland.,Department of Clinical Physiology and Nuclear Medicine, School of Medicine, Kuopio University Hospital, University of Eastern Finland, Kuopio, Finland
| | - Sonja Soininen
- Institute of Biomedicine, School of Medicine, University of Eastern Finland, Kuopio, Finland.,Social and Health Center, City of Varkaus, Varkaus, Finland
| | - Eero A Haapala
- Institute of Biomedicine, School of Medicine, University of Eastern Finland, Kuopio, Finland.,Faculty of Sport and Health Sciences, University of Jyväskylä, Jyväskylä, Finland
| | - Sanna Kiiskinen
- Institute of Biomedicine, School of Medicine, University of Eastern Finland, Kuopio, Finland
| | - Theresia M Schnurr
- Novo Nordisk Foundation Center for Basic Metabolic Research, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Tuomas O Kilpeläinen
- Novo Nordisk Foundation Center for Basic Metabolic Research, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Santtu Mikkonen
- Department of Applied Physics, University of Eastern Finland, Kuopio, Finland
| | - Kai Savonen
- Department of Clinical Physiology and Nuclear Medicine, School of Medicine, Kuopio University Hospital, University of Eastern Finland, Kuopio, Finland.,Kuopio Research Institute of Exercise Medicine, Kuopio, Finland
| | - Mustafa Atalay
- Institute of Biomedicine, School of Medicine, University of Eastern Finland, Kuopio, Finland
| | - Soren Brage
- MRC Epidemiology Unit, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK
| | - David E Laaksonen
- Department of Medicine, Endocrinology and Clinical Nutrition, Kuopio University Hospital, Kuopio, Finland
| | - Virpi Lindi
- University of Eastern Finland Library Kuopio, Kuopio, Finland
| | - Jyrki Ågren
- Institute of Biomedicine, School of Medicine, University of Eastern Finland, Kuopio, Finland
| | - Ursula Schwab
- Institute of Public Health and Clinical Nutrition, School of Medicine, University of Eastern Finland, P.O. Box 1627, 70211, Kuopio, Finland.,Department of Medicine, Endocrinology and Clinical Nutrition, Kuopio University Hospital, Kuopio, Finland
| | - Jarmo Jääskeläinen
- Department of Pediatrics, School of Medicine, Kuopio University Hospital and University of Eastern Finland, Kuopio, Finland
| | - Timo A Lakka
- Institute of Biomedicine, School of Medicine, University of Eastern Finland, Kuopio, Finland.,Department of Clinical Physiology and Nuclear Medicine, School of Medicine, Kuopio University Hospital, University of Eastern Finland, Kuopio, Finland.,Kuopio Research Institute of Exercise Medicine, Kuopio, Finland
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10
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Haapala EA, Wiklund P, Lintu N, Tompuri T, Väistö J, Finni T, Tarkka IM, Kemppainen T, Barker AR, Ekelund U, Brage S, Lakka TA. Cardiorespiratory Fitness, Physical Activity, and Insulin Resistance in Children. Med Sci Sports Exerc 2020; 52:1144-1152. [PMID: 31764464 PMCID: PMC7358077 DOI: 10.1249/mss.0000000000002216] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/15/2023]
Abstract
PURPOSE Few studies have investigated the independent and joint associations of cardiorespiratory fitness (CRF) and body fat percentage (BF%) with insulin resistance in children. We investigated the independent and combined associations of CRF and BF% with fasting glycemia and insulin resistance and their interactions with physical activity (PA) and sedentary time among 452 children age 6 to 8 yr. METHODS We assessed CRF with a maximal cycle ergometer exercise test and used allometrically scaled maximal power output (Wmax) for lean body mass (LM) and body mass (BM) as measures of CRF. The BF% and LM were measured by dual-energy X-ray absorptiometry, fasting glycemia by fasting plasma glucose, and insulin resistance by fasting serum insulin and Homeostatic Model Assessment for Insulin Resistance (HOMA-IR). The PA energy expenditure, moderate-to-vigorous PA (MVPA), and sedentary time were assessed by combined movement and heart rate sensor. RESULTS Wmax/LM was not associated with glucose (β = 0.065, 95% confidence interval [CI] = -0.031 to 0.161), insulin (β = -0.079, 95% CI = -0.172 to 0.015), or HOMA-IR (β = -0.065, 95% CI = -0.161 to 0.030). Wmax/BM was inversely associated with insulin (β = -0.289, 95% CI = -0.377 to -0.200) and HOMA-IR (β = -0.269, 95% CI = -0.359 to -0.180). The BF% was directly associated with insulin (β = 0.409, 95% CI = 0.325 to 0.494) and HOMA-IR (β = 0.390, 95% CI = 0.304 to 0.475). Higher Wmax/BM, but not Wmax/LM, was associated with lower insulin and HOMA-IR in children with higher BF%. Children with higher BF% and who had lower levels of MVPA or higher levels of sedentary time had the highest insulin and HOMA-IR. CONCLUSIONS Children with higher BF% together with less MVPA or higher levels of sedentary time had the highest insulin and HOMA-IR. Cardiorespiratory fitness appropriately controlled for body size and composition using LM was not related to insulin resistance among children.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Niina Lintu
- Institute of Biomedicine, School of Medicine, University of Eastern Finland, Kuopio, FINLAND
| | | | - Juuso Väistö
- Institute of Biomedicine, School of Medicine, University of Eastern Finland, Kuopio, FINLAND
| | - Taija Finni
- Faculty of Sport and Health Sciences, University of Jyväskylä, Jyväskylä, FINLAND
| | - Ina M Tarkka
- Faculty of Sport and Health Sciences, University of Jyväskylä, Jyväskylä, FINLAND
| | - Titta Kemppainen
- Faculty of Sport and Health Sciences, University of Jyväskylä, Jyväskylä, FINLAND
| | - Alan R Barker
- Children's Health and Exercise Research Centre, University of Exeter, Exeter, UNITED KINGDOM
| | - Ulf Ekelund
- Norwegian School of Sports Science, Oslo, NORWAY
| | - Soren Brage
- MRC Epidemiology Unit, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UNITED KINGDOM
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Moselakgomo VK, Toriola AL, Onagbiye SO. Relationship between aerobic fitness and cardiometabolic disease risk in South African children. GAZZETTA MEDICA ITALIANA ARCHIVIO PER LE SCIENZE MEDICHE 2020. [DOI: 10.23736/s0393-3660.18.03955-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
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12
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Takken T, Mylius C, Paap D, Broeders W, Hulzebos H, Van Brussel M, Bongers B. Reference values for cardiopulmonary exercise testing in healthy subjects – an updated systematic review. Expert Rev Cardiovasc Ther 2019; 17:413-426. [DOI: 10.1080/14779072.2019.1627874] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/31/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- T. Takken
- Child Development & Exercise Center, Wilhelmina Children’s Hospital, University Medical Center Utrecht, Utrecht, The Netherlands
| | - C.F. Mylius
- Research Group Healthy Ageing, Hanze University of Applied Sciences, Allied Health Care and Nursing, Groningen, The Netherlands
| | - D. Paap
- Department of Rehabilitation Medicine, University of Groningen, University Medical Center Groningen, Groningen, The Netherlands
- Rheumatology and Clinical Immunology, University of Groningen, University Medical Center Groningen, Groningen, The Netherlands
| | - W. Broeders
- Child Development & Exercise Center, Wilhelmina Children’s Hospital, University Medical Center Utrecht, Utrecht, The Netherlands
| | - H.J. Hulzebos
- Child Development & Exercise Center, Wilhelmina Children’s Hospital, University Medical Center Utrecht, Utrecht, The Netherlands
| | - M. Van Brussel
- Child Development & Exercise Center, Wilhelmina Children’s Hospital, University Medical Center Utrecht, Utrecht, The Netherlands
| | - B.C. Bongers
- Department of Nutrition and Movement Sciences, Nutrition and Translational Research in Metabolism (NUTRIM), Faculty of Health, Medicine and Life Sciences, Maastricht University, Maastricht, The Netherlands
- Department of Epidemiology, Care and Public Health Research Institute (CAPHRI), Faculty of Health, Medicine and Life Sciences, Maastricht University, Maastricht, The Netherlands
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13
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von Scheidt F, Meier S, Krämer J, Apitz A, Siaplaouras J, Bride P, Kaestner M, Apitz C. Heart Rate Response During Treadmill Exercise Test in Children and Adolescents With Congenital Heart Disease. Front Pediatr 2019; 7:65. [PMID: 30915321 PMCID: PMC6422868 DOI: 10.3389/fped.2019.00065] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/13/2018] [Accepted: 02/18/2019] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Background: Impaired exercise capacity is a common feature of congenital heart disease (CHD). In adults with CHD, it has been shown that impaired heart rate response during exercise may contribute to exercise limitation. Systematic data in children and adolescents on this topic is limited. We therefore purposed to assess heart rate response during treadmill exercise testing in children and adolescents with CHD compared to healthy controls. Methods: One hundred and sixty three children and adolescents (103 with CHD, median age 15 years and 60 age-matched controls) performed cardiopulmonary exercise testing and were included in this study. Beyond peak oxygen consumption, increase in heart rate from resting level to peak exercise (heart rate reserve) and decrease of heart rate after peak exercise (heart rate recovery) were measured. Chronotropic index was defined as percentage of age predicted maximal heart rate reserve. According to data from adults on bicycle exercise, chronotropic incompetence was assumed for chronotropic index below 0.8. Results: While resting heart rate was similar between both groups, peak heart rate, heart rate reserve as well as chronotropic index were lower in the CHD group than in controls. Chronotropic index was lowest in patients with single ventricle hemodynamics and correlated with peak oxygen consumption. Heart rate recovery was impaired in the CHD group 1 and 2 min after peak exercise compared to controls and correlated with peak oxygen consumption. Chronotropic index below 0.8 was a relatively frequent finding even in the control group suggesting that the threshold of 0.8 appears inadequate for the identification of chronotropic incompetence using treadmill exercise testing in children. After normalizing to the 2.5th chronotropic index percentile of the control group we obtained a chronotropic incompetence threshold of 0.69. Conclusion: As an adjunct to measurement of peak oxygen consumption, heart rate response to exercise appears to be a physiologically important diagnostic parameter in children and adolescents with CHD. However, interpretation of heart rate response needs to consider specific age characteristics and the mode of exercise test. Our data may help future studies on chronotropic incompetence using treadmill ergometer protocols in children and adolescents.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fabian von Scheidt
- Division of Pediatric Cardiology, Children's Hospital, University of Ulm, Ulm, Germany
| | - Stephanie Meier
- Division of Pediatric Cardiology, Children's Hospital, University of Ulm, Ulm, Germany
| | - Johannes Krämer
- Division of Pediatric Cardiology, Children's Hospital, University of Ulm, Ulm, Germany
| | - Anita Apitz
- Division of Pediatric Cardiology, Children's Hospital, University of Ulm, Ulm, Germany
| | - Jannos Siaplaouras
- Division of Pediatric Cardiology, Children's Hospital, University of Ulm, Ulm, Germany
| | - Peter Bride
- Division of Pediatric Cardiology, Children's Hospital, University of Ulm, Ulm, Germany
| | - Michael Kaestner
- Division of Pediatric Cardiology, Children's Hospital, University of Ulm, Ulm, Germany
| | - Christian Apitz
- Division of Pediatric Cardiology, Children's Hospital, University of Ulm, Ulm, Germany
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14
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Aadland E, Anderssen SA, Andersen LB, Resaland GK, Kolle E, Steene-Johannessen J. Aerobic fitness thresholds to define poor cardiometabolic health in children and youth. Scand J Med Sci Sports 2018; 29:240-250. [DOI: 10.1111/sms.13330] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/17/2017] [Revised: 06/27/2018] [Accepted: 10/25/2018] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Eivind Aadland
- Department of Sport, Food and Natural Sciences, Faculty of Education, Arts and Sports; Western Norway University of Applied Sciences; Sogndal Norway
| | - Sigmund Alfred Anderssen
- Department of Sport, Food and Natural Sciences, Faculty of Education, Arts and Sports; Western Norway University of Applied Sciences; Sogndal Norway
- Department of Sports Medicine; Norwegian School of Sport Sciences; Oslo Norway
| | - Lars Bo Andersen
- Department of Sport, Food and Natural Sciences, Faculty of Education, Arts and Sports; Western Norway University of Applied Sciences; Sogndal Norway
- Department of Sports Medicine; Norwegian School of Sport Sciences; Oslo Norway
| | - Geir Kåre Resaland
- Department of Sport, Food and Natural Sciences, Faculty of Education, Arts and Sports; Western Norway University of Applied Sciences; Sogndal Norway
| | - Elin Kolle
- Department of Sports Medicine; Norwegian School of Sport Sciences; Oslo Norway
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15
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Väistö J, Haapala EA, Viitasalo A, Schnurr TM, Kilpeläinen TO, Karjalainen P, Westgate K, Lakka HM, Laaksonen DE, Ekelund U, Brage S, Lakka TA. Longitudinal associations of physical activity and sedentary time with cardiometabolic risk factors in children. Scand J Med Sci Sports 2018; 29:113-123. [PMID: 30276872 DOI: 10.1111/sms.13315] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/15/2018] [Accepted: 09/24/2018] [Indexed: 01/21/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND There are few prospective studies on the associations of changes in objectively measured vigorous physical activity (VPA∆ ), moderate-to-vigorous physical activity (MVPA∆ ), light physical activity (LPA∆ ), and sedentary time (ST∆ ) with changes in cardiometabolic risk factors (∆ ) in children. We therefore investigated these relationships among children. METHODS The participants were a population sample of 258 children aged 6-8 years followed for 2 years. We assessed PA and ST by a combined heart rate and movement sensor; computed continuous age- and sex-adjusted z-scores for waist circumference, blood pressure, and fasting insulin, glucose, triglycerides, and high-density lipoprotein (HDL) cholesterol; and constructed a cardiometabolic risk score (CRS) of these risk factors. Data were analyzed using linear regression models adjusted for age, sex, the explanatory and outcome variables at baseline, and puberty. RESULTS VPA∆ associated inversely with CRS∆ (β = -0.209, P = 0.001), body fat percentage (BF%)∆ (β = -0.244, P = 0.001), insulin∆ (β = -0.220, P = 0.001), and triglycerides∆ (β = -0.164, P = 0.012) and directly with HDL cholesterol∆ (β = 0.159, P = 0.023). MVPA∆ associated inversely with CRS∆ (β = -0.178, P = 0.012), BF%∆ (β = -0.298, P = <0.001), and insulin∆ (β = -0.213, P = 0.006) and directly with HDL cholesterol∆ (β = 0.184, P = 0.022). LPA∆ only associated negatively with CRS∆ (β = -0.163, P = 0.032). ST∆ associated directly with CRS∆ (β = 0.218, P = 0.003), BF%∆ (β = 0.212, P = 0.016), and insulin∆ (β = 0.159, P = 0.049). CONCLUSIONS Increased VPA and MVPA and decreased ST were associated with reduced overall cardiometabolic risk and major individual risk factors. Change in LPA had weaker associations with changes in these cardiometabolic risk factors. Our findings suggest that increasing at least moderate-intensity PA and decreasing ST decrease cardiometabolic risk in children.
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Affiliation(s)
- Juuso Väistö
- Institute of Biomedicine, Physiology, University of Eastern Finland, Kuopio, Finland.,Institute of Dentistry, School of Medicine, University of Eastern Finland, Kuopio, Finland
| | - Eero A Haapala
- Institute of Biomedicine, Physiology, University of Eastern Finland, Kuopio, Finland.,Faculty of Sport and Health Sciences, University of Jyväskylä, Jyväskylä, Finland
| | - Anna Viitasalo
- Institute of Biomedicine, Physiology, University of Eastern Finland, Kuopio, Finland
| | - Theresia M Schnurr
- Novo Nordisk Foundation Center for Basic Metabolic Research, Section of Metabolic Genetics, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Tuomas O Kilpeläinen
- Novo Nordisk Foundation Center for Basic Metabolic Research, Section of Metabolic Genetics, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Panu Karjalainen
- Institute of Biomedicine, Physiology, University of Eastern Finland, Kuopio, Finland
| | - Kate Westgate
- MRC Epidemiology Unit, Institute of Metabolic Science, School of Clinical Medicine, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK
| | - Hanna-Maaria Lakka
- Institute of Biomedicine, Physiology, University of Eastern Finland, Kuopio, Finland
| | - David E Laaksonen
- Institute of Clinical Medicine, Internal Medicine, Kuopio University Hospital, Kuopio, Finland
| | - Ulf Ekelund
- MRC Epidemiology Unit, Institute of Metabolic Science, School of Clinical Medicine, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK.,Department of Sport Medicine, Norwegian School of Sport Sciences, Oslo, Norway
| | - Søren Brage
- MRC Epidemiology Unit, Institute of Metabolic Science, School of Clinical Medicine, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK
| | - Timo A Lakka
- Institute of Biomedicine, Physiology, University of Eastern Finland, Kuopio, Finland.,Department of Clinical Physiology and Nuclear Medicine, Kuopio University Hospital and University of Eastern Finland, Kuopio, Finland.,Kuopio Research Institute of Exercise Medicine, Kuopio, Finland
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16
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Agbaje AO, Haapala EA, Lintu N, Viitasalo A, Barker AR, Takken T, Tompuri T, Lindi V, Lakka TA. Peak oxygen uptake cut-points to identify children at increased cardiometabolic risk - The PANIC Study. Scand J Med Sci Sports 2018; 29:16-24. [PMID: 30230064 DOI: 10.1111/sms.13307] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/01/2018] [Revised: 08/20/2018] [Accepted: 09/13/2018] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Abstract
We aimed to develop cut-points for directly measured peak oxygen uptake ( V ˙ O 2 peak ) to identify boys and girls at increased cardiometabolic risk using different scaling methods to control for body size and composition. Altogether 352 children (186 boys, 166 girls) aged 9-11 years were included in the analyses. We measured V̇O2peak directly during a maximal cycle ergometer exercise test and lean body mass (LM) by bioelectrical impedance. We computed a sex- and age-specific cardiometabolic risk score (CRS) by summing important cardiometabolic risk factors and defined increased cardiometabolic risk as >1 standard deviation above the mean of CRS. Receiver operating characteristics curves were used to detect V̇O2peak cut-points for increased cardiometabolic risk. Boys with V̇O2peak <45.8 mL kg body mass (BM)-1 min-1 (95% confidence interval [CI] = 45.1 to 54.6, area under the curve [AUC] = 0.86, P < 0.001) and <63.2 mL kg LM-1 min-1 (95% CI =52.4 to 67.5, AUC = 0.65, P = 0.006) had an increased CRS. Girls with V̇O2peak <44.1 mL kg BM-1 min-1 (95% CI = 44.0 to 58.6, AUC = 0.67, P = 0.013) had an increased CRS. V̇O2peak scaled by BM-0.49 and LM-0.77 derived from log-linear allometric modeling poorly predicted increased cardiometabolic risk in boys and girls. In conclusion, directly measured V ˙ O 2 peak <45.8 mL kg BM-1 min-1 among boys and <44.1 mL kg BM-1 min-1 among girls were cut-points to identify those at increased cardiometabolic risk. Appropriately controlling for body size and composition reduced the ability of cardiorespiratory fitness to identify children at increased cardiometabolic risk.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andrew O Agbaje
- Institute of Biomedicine, School of Medicine, University of Eastern Finland, Kuopio, Finland
| | - Eero A Haapala
- Institute of Biomedicine, School of Medicine, University of Eastern Finland, Kuopio, Finland.,Faculty of Sport and Health Sciences, University of Jyväskylä, Jyväskylä, Finland
| | - Niina Lintu
- Institute of Biomedicine, School of Medicine, University of Eastern Finland, Kuopio, Finland
| | - Anna Viitasalo
- Institute of Biomedicine, School of Medicine, University of Eastern Finland, Kuopio, Finland
| | - Alan R Barker
- Children's Health and Exercise Research Centre, Sport and Health Sciences, University of Exeter, Exeter, UK
| | - Tim Takken
- Child Development and Exercise Center, Wilhelmina Children's Hospital, University Medical Center Utrecht, Utrecht, The Netherlands
| | - Tuomo Tompuri
- Institute of Biomedicine, School of Medicine, University of Eastern Finland, Kuopio, Finland.,Department of Clinical Physiology and Nuclear Medicine, Kuopio University Hospital, Kuopio, Finland
| | - Virpi Lindi
- Institute of Biomedicine, School of Medicine, University of Eastern Finland, Kuopio, Finland.,University of Eastern Finland Library Kuopio, University of Eastern Finland, Kuopio, Finland
| | - Timo A Lakka
- Institute of Biomedicine, School of Medicine, University of Eastern Finland, Kuopio, Finland.,Department of Clinical Physiology and Nuclear Medicine, Kuopio University Hospital, Kuopio, Finland.,Foundation for Research in Health Exercise and Nutrition, Kuopio Research Institute of Exercise Medicine, Kuopio, Finland
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17
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Köhler A, King R, Bahls M, Groß S, Steveling A, Gärtner S, Schipf S, Gläser S, Völzke H, Felix SB, Markus MRP, Dörr M. Cardiopulmonary fitness is strongly associated with body cell mass and fat-free mass: The Study of Health in Pomerania (SHIP). Scand J Med Sci Sports 2018; 28:1628-1635. [PMID: 29345858 DOI: 10.1111/sms.13057] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 01/04/2018] [Indexed: 01/02/2023]
Abstract
Peak oxygen uptake (VO2peak) is commonly indexed by total body weight (TBW) to determine cardiopulmonary fitness (CPF). This approach may lead to misinterpretation, particularly in obese subjects. We investigated the normalization of VO2peak by different body composition markers. We analyzed combined data of 3848 subjects (1914 women; 49.7%), aged 20-90, from two independent cohorts of the population-based Study of Health in Pomerania (SHIP-2 and SHIP-TREND). VO2peak was assessed by cardiopulmonary exercise testing. Body cell mass (BCM), fat-free mass (FFM), and fat mass (FM) were determined by bioelectrical impedance analysis. The suitability of the different markers as a normalization variable was evaluated by taking into account correlation coefficients (r) and intercept (α-coefficient) values from linear regression models. A combination of high r and low α values was considered as preferable for normalization purposes. BCM was the best normalization variable for VO2peak (r = .72; P ≤ .001; α-coefficient = 63.3 mL/min; 95% confidence interval [CI]: 3.48-123) followed by FFM (r = .63; P ≤ .001; α-coefficient = 19.6 mL/min; 95% CI: -57.9-97.0). On the other hand, a much weaker correlation and a markedly higher intercept were found for TBW (r = .42; P ≤ .001; α-coefficient = 579 mL/min; 95% CI: 483 to 675). Likewise, FM was also identified as a poor normalization variable (r = .10; P ≤ .001; α-coefficient = 2133; 95% CI: 2074-2191). Sex-stratified analyses confirmed the above order for the different normalization variables. Our results suggest that BCM, followed by FFM, might be the most appropriate marker for the normalization of VO2peak when comparing CPF between subjects with different body shape.
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Affiliation(s)
- A Köhler
- University Sports, University of Greifswald, Greifswald, Germany.,DZHK (German Centre for Cardiovascular Research), Greifswald, Germany
| | - R King
- DZHK (German Centre for Cardiovascular Research), Greifswald, Germany.,Department of Internal Medicine B, University Medicine Greifswald, Greifswald, Germany
| | - M Bahls
- DZHK (German Centre for Cardiovascular Research), Greifswald, Germany.,Department of Internal Medicine B, University Medicine Greifswald, Greifswald, Germany
| | - S Groß
- DZHK (German Centre for Cardiovascular Research), Greifswald, Germany.,Department of Internal Medicine B, University Medicine Greifswald, Greifswald, Germany
| | - A Steveling
- Department of Internal Medicine A, University Medicine Greifswald, Greifswald, Germany
| | - S Gärtner
- Department of Internal Medicine A, University Medicine Greifswald, Greifswald, Germany
| | - S Schipf
- Department of Study of Health in Pomerania/Clinical-Epidemiological Research, Institute for Community Medicine, University Medicine Greifswald, Greifswald, Germany.,DZD (German Center for Diabetes Research), Greifswald, Germany
| | - S Gläser
- Department of Internal Medicine B, University Medicine Greifswald, Greifswald, Germany.,Department of Internal Medicine and Pulmonary Diseases, Vivantes Klinikum Spandau, Berlin, Germany
| | - H Völzke
- DZHK (German Centre for Cardiovascular Research), Greifswald, Germany.,Department of Study of Health in Pomerania/Clinical-Epidemiological Research, Institute for Community Medicine, University Medicine Greifswald, Greifswald, Germany
| | - S B Felix
- DZHK (German Centre for Cardiovascular Research), Greifswald, Germany.,Department of Internal Medicine B, University Medicine Greifswald, Greifswald, Germany
| | - M R P Markus
- DZHK (German Centre for Cardiovascular Research), Greifswald, Germany.,Department of Internal Medicine B, University Medicine Greifswald, Greifswald, Germany.,Department of Study of Health in Pomerania/Clinical-Epidemiological Research, Institute for Community Medicine, University Medicine Greifswald, Greifswald, Germany.,DZD (German Center for Diabetes Research), Greifswald, Germany
| | - M Dörr
- DZHK (German Centre for Cardiovascular Research), Greifswald, Germany.,Department of Internal Medicine B, University Medicine Greifswald, Greifswald, Germany
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18
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Associations of Objectively Measured Physical Activity and Sedentary Time With Arterial Stiffness in Pre-Pubertal Children. Pediatr Exerc Sci 2017; 29:326-335. [PMID: 28121246 PMCID: PMC5444524 DOI: 10.1123/pes.2016-0168] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/02/2023]
Abstract
PURPOSE To investigate the relationships of objectively measured physical activity (PA) and sedentary time (ST) to arterial stiffness in prepubertal children. METHOD Altogether 136 children (57 boys, 79 girls) aged 6-8-years participated in the study. Stiffness index (SI) was assessed by pulse contour analysis based on photoplethysmography. ST, light PA, moderate PA, and vigorous PA were assessed using combined acceleration and heart rate monitoring. We investigated the associations of ST (<1.5METs) and time spent in intensity level of PA above 2-7METs in min/d with SI using linear regression analysis. We studied the optimal duration and intensity of PA to identify children being in the highest quarter of SI using Receiver Operating Characteristics curves. RESULTS Moderate PA, vigorous PA, and cumulative time spent in PA above 3 (β=-0.279, p = .002), 4 (β =-0.341, P<0.001), 5 (β =-0.349, P<0.001), 6 (β =-0.312, P<0.001), and 7 (β =-0.254, p = .005) METs were inversely associated with SI after adjustment for age, sex, and monitor wear time. The cutoffs for identifying children being in the highest quarter of SI <68 min/d for PA exceeding 5 METs and <26 min/d for PA exceeding 6 METs. CONCLUSION Lower levels of PA exceeding 3-6 METs were related to higher arterial stiffness in children.
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Ventilatory Efficiency in Children and Adolescents: A Systematic Review. DISEASE MARKERS 2015; 2015:546891. [PMID: 26063959 PMCID: PMC4434182 DOI: 10.1155/2015/546891] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/05/2015] [Revised: 03/27/2015] [Accepted: 04/20/2015] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
Abstract
Introduction. The index of ventilatory efficiency (VE/VCO2) obtained by the progressive exercise test has been considered the gold standard in the prognosis of adults with heart failure, but few studies have evaluated this approach in children. Objective. To verify the scientific evidence about the VE/VCO2 in pediatric and adolescents patients. Methods. A systematic literature review was carried out using the key words VE/VCO2, children, and adolescents using the PEDro and PubMed/MedLine databases. Clinical trials published from 1987 to 2014, including children, adolescents, and young adults up to 25 years, addressing the VE/VCO2 index as a method of evaluation, monitoring, and prognosis were considered. Results. Initially, 95 articles were found; 12 were excluded as the title/abstract did not contain the VE/VCO2 index or because they included patients greater than 25 years of age. From the remaining 83, 58 were repeated between the databases. The final sample consisted of 32 studies including healthy children and children with respiratory and other diseases. Conclusion. There are few studies involving cardiorespiratory assessment by ventilatory efficiency. The studies highlight the fact that high VE/VCO2 values are associated with a worse prognosis of patients due to the relationship with the decrease in pulmonary perfusion and cardiac output.
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