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Kang MJ, Ioannou S, Lougheide Q, Dittmar M, Hsu Y, Pastor-Soler NM. The study of intercalated cells using ex vivo techniques: primary cell culture, cell lines, kidney slices, and organoids. Am J Physiol Cell Physiol 2024; 326:C229-C251. [PMID: 37899748 DOI: 10.1152/ajpcell.00479.2022] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/27/2022] [Revised: 10/23/2023] [Accepted: 10/24/2023] [Indexed: 10/31/2023]
Abstract
This review summarizes methods to study kidney intercalated cell (IC) function ex vivo. While important for acid-base homeostasis, IC dysfunction is often not recognized clinically until it becomes severe. The advantage of using ex vivo techniques is that they allow for the differential evaluation of IC function in controlled environments. Although in vitro kidney tubular perfusion is a classical ex vivo technique to study IC, here we concentrate on primary cell cultures, immortalized cell lines, and ex vivo kidney slices. Ex vivo techniques are useful in evaluating IC signaling pathways that allow rapid responses to extracellular changes in pH, CO2, and bicarbonate (HCO3-). However, these methods for IC work can also be challenging, as cell lines that recapitulate IC do not proliferate easily in culture. Moreover, a "pure" IC population in culture does not necessarily replicate its collecting duct (CD) environment, where ICs are surrounded by the more abundant principal cells (PCs). It is reassuring that many findings obtained in ex vivo IC systems signaling have been largely confirmed in vivo. Some of these newly identified signaling pathways reveal that ICs are important for regulating NaCl reabsorption, thus suggesting new frontiers to target antihypertensive treatments. Moreover, recent single-cell characterization studies of kidney epithelial cells revealed a dual developmental origin of IC, as well as the presence of novel CD cell types with certain IC characteristics. These exciting findings present new opportunities for the study of IC ex vivo and will likely rediscover the importance of available tools in this field.NEW & NOTEWORTHY The study of kidney intercalated cells has been limited by current cell culture and kidney tissue isolation techniques. This review is to be used as a reference to select ex vivo techniques to study intercalated cells. We focused on the use of cell lines and kidney slices as potential useful models to study membrane transport proteins. We also review how novel collecting duct organoids may help better elucidate the role of these intriguing cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Min Ju Kang
- Division of Nephrology and Hypertension, Department of Medicine, Keck School of Medicine of USC, Los Angeles, California, United States
| | - Silvia Ioannou
- Division of Nephrology and Hypertension, Department of Medicine, Keck School of Medicine of USC, Los Angeles, California, United States
| | - Quinn Lougheide
- Division of Nephrology and Hypertension, Department of Medicine, Keck School of Medicine of USC, Los Angeles, California, United States
| | - Michael Dittmar
- Division of Nephrology and Hypertension, Department of Medicine, Keck School of Medicine of USC, Los Angeles, California, United States
| | - Young Hsu
- Division of Nephrology and Hypertension, Department of Medicine, Keck School of Medicine of USC, Los Angeles, California, United States
| | - Nuria M Pastor-Soler
- Division of Nephrology and Hypertension, Department of Medicine, Keck School of Medicine of USC, Los Angeles, California, United States
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Cheung PY, Harrison PT, Davidson AJ, Hollywood JA. In Vitro and In Vivo Models to Study Nephropathic Cystinosis. Cells 2021; 11:6. [PMID: 35011573 PMCID: PMC8750259 DOI: 10.3390/cells11010006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/06/2021] [Revised: 12/17/2021] [Accepted: 12/19/2021] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
The development over the past 50 years of a variety of cell lines and animal models has provided valuable tools to understand the pathophysiology of nephropathic cystinosis. Primary cultures from patient biopsies have been instrumental in determining the primary cause of cystine accumulation in the lysosomes. Immortalised cell lines have been established using different gene constructs and have revealed a wealth of knowledge concerning the molecular mechanisms that underlie cystinosis. More recently, the generation of induced pluripotent stem cells, kidney organoids and tubuloids have helped bridge the gap between in vitro and in vivo model systems. The development of genetically modified mice and rats have made it possible to explore the cystinotic phenotype in an in vivo setting. All of these models have helped shape our understanding of cystinosis and have led to the conclusion that cystine accumulation is not the only pathology that needs targeting in this multisystemic disease. This review provides an overview of the in vitro and in vivo models available to study cystinosis, how well they recapitulate the disease phenotype, and their limitations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pang Yuk Cheung
- Department of Molecular Medicine and Pathology, The University of Auckland, Auckland 1142, New Zealand; (P.Y.C.); (A.J.D.)
| | - Patrick T. Harrison
- Department of Physiology, BioSciences Institute, University College Cork, T12 XF62 Cork, Ireland;
| | - Alan J. Davidson
- Department of Molecular Medicine and Pathology, The University of Auckland, Auckland 1142, New Zealand; (P.Y.C.); (A.J.D.)
| | - Jennifer A. Hollywood
- Department of Molecular Medicine and Pathology, The University of Auckland, Auckland 1142, New Zealand; (P.Y.C.); (A.J.D.)
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3
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King J, Giselbrecht S, Truckenmüller R, Carlier A. Mechanistic Computational Models of Epithelial Cell Transporters-the Adorned Heroes of Pharmacokinetics. Front Pharmacol 2021; 12:780620. [PMID: 34803720 PMCID: PMC8599978 DOI: 10.3389/fphar.2021.780620] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/21/2021] [Accepted: 10/20/2021] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Epithelial membrane transporter kinetics portray an irrefutable role in solute transport in and out of cells. Mechanistic models are used to investigate the transport of solutes at the organ, tissue, cell or membrane scale. Here, we review the recent advancements in using computational models to investigate epithelial transport kinetics on the cell membrane. Various methods have been employed to develop transport phenomena models of solute flux across the epithelial cell membrane. Interestingly, we noted that many models used lumped parameters, such as the Michaelis-Menten kinetics, to simplify the transporter-mediated reaction term. Unfortunately, this assumption neglects transporter numbers or the fact that transport across the membrane may be affected by external cues. In contrast, more recent mechanistic transporter kinetics models account for the transporter number. By creating models closer to reality researchers can investigate the downstream effects of physical or chemical disturbances on the system. Evidently, there is a need to increase the complexity of mechanistic models investigating the solute flux across a membrane to gain more knowledge of transporter-solute interactions by assigning individual parameter values to the transporter kinetics and capturing their dependence on each other. This change results in better pharmacokinetic predictions in larger scale platforms. More reliable and efficient model predictions can be made by creating mechanistic computational models coupled with dedicated in vitro experiments. It is also vital to foster collaborative efforts among transporter kinetics researchers in the modeling, material science and biological fields.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jasia King
- Department of Cell Biology-Inspired Tissue Engineering, MERLN Institute for Technology-Inspired Regenerative Medicine, Maastricht University, Maastricht, Netherlands.,Department of Instructive Biomaterials Engineering, MERLN Institute for Technology-Inspired Regenerative Medicine, Maastricht University, Maastricht, Netherlands
| | - Stefan Giselbrecht
- Department of Instructive Biomaterials Engineering, MERLN Institute for Technology-Inspired Regenerative Medicine, Maastricht University, Maastricht, Netherlands
| | - Roman Truckenmüller
- Department of Instructive Biomaterials Engineering, MERLN Institute for Technology-Inspired Regenerative Medicine, Maastricht University, Maastricht, Netherlands
| | - Aurélie Carlier
- Department of Cell Biology-Inspired Tissue Engineering, MERLN Institute for Technology-Inspired Regenerative Medicine, Maastricht University, Maastricht, Netherlands
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4
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King J, Swapnasrita S, Truckenmüller R, Giselbrecht S, Masereeuw R, Carlier A. Modeling indoxyl sulfate transport in a bioartificial kidney: Two-step binding kinetics or lumped parameters model for uremic toxin clearance? Comput Biol Med 2021; 138:104912. [PMID: 34628208 DOI: 10.1016/j.compbiomed.2021.104912] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/16/2021] [Revised: 09/20/2021] [Accepted: 09/28/2021] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
Abstract
Toxin removal by the kidney is deficient in a patient suffering from end-stage kidney disease (ESKD), and current dialysis therapies are insufficient in subsidizing this loss. A bioartificial kidney (BAK) aspires to offer ESKD patients a more effective alternative to dialysis. Mathematical models are necessary to support further developments and improve designs for the BAK before clinical trials. The BAK differentiates itself from dialysis by incorporating a living proximal tubule cell monolayer to account for the active transport of protein-bound uremic toxins, namely indoxyl sulfate (IS) in this study. Optimizing such a device is far from trivial due to the non-intuitive spatiotemporal dynamics of the IS removal process. This study used mathematical models to compare two types of active transport kinetics. i.e., two-step binding and lumped parameter. The modeling results indicated that the transporter density is the most influential parameter for the IS clearance. Moreover, a uniform distribution of transporters increases the IS clearance, highlighting the need for a high-quality, functional proximal tubule monolayer in the BAK. In summary, this study contributed to an improved understanding of IS transport in the BAK, which can be used along with laboratory experiments to develop promising renal replacement therapies in the future.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jasia King
- MERLN Institute for Technology-Inspired Regenerative Medicine, Maastricht University, 6229 ER Maastricht, the Netherlands
| | - Sangita Swapnasrita
- MERLN Institute for Technology-Inspired Regenerative Medicine, Maastricht University, 6229 ER Maastricht, the Netherlands
| | - Roman Truckenmüller
- MERLN Institute for Technology-Inspired Regenerative Medicine, Maastricht University, 6229 ER Maastricht, the Netherlands
| | - Stefan Giselbrecht
- MERLN Institute for Technology-Inspired Regenerative Medicine, Maastricht University, 6229 ER Maastricht, the Netherlands
| | - Rosalinde Masereeuw
- Division of Pharmacology, Utrecht Institute for Pharmaceutical Sciences, Utrecht University, 3584 CG Utrecht, the Netherlands
| | - Aurélie Carlier
- MERLN Institute for Technology-Inspired Regenerative Medicine, Maastricht University, 6229 ER Maastricht, the Netherlands.
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5
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Bondue T, Arcolino FO, Veys KRP, Adebayo OC, Levtchenko E, van den Heuvel LP, Elmonem MA. Urine-Derived Epithelial Cells as Models for Genetic Kidney Diseases. Cells 2021; 10:cells10061413. [PMID: 34204173 PMCID: PMC8230018 DOI: 10.3390/cells10061413] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/04/2021] [Revised: 05/28/2021] [Accepted: 06/02/2021] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Epithelial cells exfoliated in human urine can include cells anywhere from the urinary tract and kidneys; however, podocytes and proximal tubular epithelial cells (PTECs) are by far the most relevant cell types for the study of genetic kidney diseases. When maintained in vitro, they have been proven extremely valuable for discovering disease mechanisms and for the development of new therapies. Furthermore, cultured patient cells can individually represent their human sources and their specific variants for personalized medicine studies, which are recently gaining much interest. In this review, we summarize the methodology for establishing human podocyte and PTEC cell lines from urine and highlight their importance as kidney disease cell models. We explore the well-established and recent techniques of cell isolation, quantification, immortalization and characterization, and we describe their current and future applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tjessa Bondue
- Department of Development and Regeneration, KU Leuven, 3000 Leuven, Belgium; (T.B.); (F.O.A.); (K.R.P.V.); (O.C.A.); (E.L.); (L.P.v.d.H.)
| | - Fanny O. Arcolino
- Department of Development and Regeneration, KU Leuven, 3000 Leuven, Belgium; (T.B.); (F.O.A.); (K.R.P.V.); (O.C.A.); (E.L.); (L.P.v.d.H.)
| | - Koenraad R. P. Veys
- Department of Development and Regeneration, KU Leuven, 3000 Leuven, Belgium; (T.B.); (F.O.A.); (K.R.P.V.); (O.C.A.); (E.L.); (L.P.v.d.H.)
- Department of Pediatrics, Division of Pediatric Nephrology, University Hospitals Leuven, 3000 Leuven, Belgium
| | - Oyindamola C. Adebayo
- Department of Development and Regeneration, KU Leuven, 3000 Leuven, Belgium; (T.B.); (F.O.A.); (K.R.P.V.); (O.C.A.); (E.L.); (L.P.v.d.H.)
- Centre for Molecular and Vascular Biology, Department of Cardiovascular Sciences, KU Leuven, 3000 Leuven, Belgium
| | - Elena Levtchenko
- Department of Development and Regeneration, KU Leuven, 3000 Leuven, Belgium; (T.B.); (F.O.A.); (K.R.P.V.); (O.C.A.); (E.L.); (L.P.v.d.H.)
- Department of Pediatrics, Division of Pediatric Nephrology, University Hospitals Leuven, 3000 Leuven, Belgium
| | - Lambertus P. van den Heuvel
- Department of Development and Regeneration, KU Leuven, 3000 Leuven, Belgium; (T.B.); (F.O.A.); (K.R.P.V.); (O.C.A.); (E.L.); (L.P.v.d.H.)
- Department of Pediatric Nephrology, Radboud University Medical Center, 6500 Nijmegen, The Netherlands
| | - Mohamed A. Elmonem
- Department of Clinical and Chemical Pathology, Faculty of Medicine, Cairo University, Cairo 11628, Egypt
- Correspondence:
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Abstract
Drug induced kidney injury is one of the leading causes of failure of drug development programs in the clinic. Early prediction of renal toxicity potential of drugs is crucial to the success of drug candidates in the clinic. The dynamic nature of the functioning of the kidney and the presence of drug uptake proteins introduce additional challenges in the prediction of renal injury caused by drugs. Renal injury due to drugs can be caused by a wide variety of mechanisms and can be broadly classified as toxic or obstructive. Several biomarkers are available for in vitro and in vivo detection of renal injury. In vitro static and dynamic (microfluidic) cellular models and preclinical models can provide valuable information regarding the toxicity potential of drugs. Differences in pharmacology and subsequent disconnect in biomarker response, differences in the expression of transporter and enzyme proteins between in vitro to in vivo systems and between preclinical species and humans are some of the limitations of current experimental models. The progress in microfluidic (kidney-on-chip) platforms in combination with the ability of 3-dimensional cell culture can help in addressing some of these issues in the future. Finally, newer in silico and computational techniques like physiologically based pharmacokinetic modeling and machine learning have demonstrated potential in assisting prediction of drug induced kidney injury.
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Affiliation(s)
- Priyanka Kulkarni
- Department of Drug Metabolism and Pharmacokinetics, Millennium Pharmaceuticals, a fully owned subsidiary of Takeda Pharmaceuticals, Cambridge, MA, USA
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7
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Mizuguchi K, Aoki H, Aoyama M, Kawaguchi Y, Waguri-Nagaya Y, Ohte N, Asai K. Three-dimensional spheroid culture induces apical-basal polarity and the original characteristics of immortalized human renal proximal tubule epithelial cells. Exp Cell Res 2021; 404:112630. [PMID: 33971195 DOI: 10.1016/j.yexcr.2021.112630] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/19/2021] [Revised: 04/21/2021] [Accepted: 04/27/2021] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
Abstract
The proximal tubules, which are part of the kidney, maintain blood homeostasis by absorbing amino acids, glucose, water, and ions such as sodium (Na), potassium, and bicarbonate. Proximal tubule dysfunction is associated with the pathogenesis of many kidney diseases. Renal proximal tubular epithelial cells (RPTECs) are responsible for the main functions of the proximal tubules. Therefore, in vitro experiments using RPTECs would greatly enhance our understanding of nephron physiology and pathobiology. It is preferable to use immortalized cell lines, such as human kidney-2 (HK-2) cells, because they are derived from humans and maintain growth indefinitely. However, tissue-specific RPTEC phenotypes, including apical-basal polarization, are frequently lost in conventional two-dimensional culture methods in part due to microenvironmental deficiencies. To overcome this limitation, we developed a three-dimensional (3D) spheroid culture method for HK-2 cells using an extracellular matrix. HK-2 spheroids in 3D culture formed a tubule-like architecture with cellular polarity and showed markedly restored Na transport function. 3D culture of HK-2 cells also increased expression of kidney development-related genes, including WNT9B. Models of human renal tubules using HK-2 spheroids will greatly improve our understanding of the physiology and pathobiology of the kidney.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ken Mizuguchi
- Department of Glial Cell Biology, Nagoya City University Graduate School of Medical Sciences, 1 Kawasumi, Mizuho-cho, Mizuho-ku, Nagoya, 467-8601, Japan; Department of Cardiology, Nagoya City University Graduate School of Medical Sciences, 1 Kawasumi, Mizuho-cho, Mizuho-ku, Nagoya, 467-8601, Japan.
| | - Hiromasa Aoki
- Department of Pathobiology, Nagoya City University Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, 3-1 Tanabe-dori, 25 Mizuho-ku, Nagoya, 467-8603, Japan
| | - Mineyoshi Aoyama
- Department of Pathobiology, Nagoya City University Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, 3-1 Tanabe-dori, 25 Mizuho-ku, Nagoya, 467-8603, Japan
| | - Yohei Kawaguchi
- Department of Glial Cell Biology, Nagoya City University Graduate School of Medical Sciences, 1 Kawasumi, Mizuho-cho, Mizuho-ku, Nagoya, 467-8601, Japan; Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Nagoya City University Graduate School of Medical Sciences, 1 Kawasumi, Mizuho-cho, Mizuho-ku, Nagoya, 467-8601, Japan
| | - Yuko Waguri-Nagaya
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Nagoya City University Graduate School of Medical Sciences, 1 Kawasumi, Mizuho-cho, Mizuho-ku, Nagoya, 467-8601, Japan
| | - Nobuyuki Ohte
- Department of Cardiology, Nagoya City University Graduate School of Medical Sciences, 1 Kawasumi, Mizuho-cho, Mizuho-ku, Nagoya, 467-8601, Japan
| | - Kiyofumi Asai
- Department of Glial Cell Biology, Nagoya City University Graduate School of Medical Sciences, 1 Kawasumi, Mizuho-cho, Mizuho-ku, Nagoya, 467-8601, Japan.
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8
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Kang HM, Lim JH, Noh KH, Park D, Cho HS, Susztak K, Jung CR. Effective reconstruction of functional organotypic kidney spheroid for in vitro nephrotoxicity studies. Sci Rep 2019; 9:17610. [PMID: 31772214 PMCID: PMC6879515 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-019-53855-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/17/2019] [Accepted: 11/01/2019] [Indexed: 01/05/2023] Open
Abstract
Stable and reproducible kidney cellular models could accelerate our understanding of diseases, help therapeutics development, and improve nephrotoxicity screenings. Generation of a reproducible in vitro kidney models has been challenging owing to the cellular heterogeneity and structural complexity of the kidney. We generated mixed immortalized cell lines that stably maintained their characteristic expression of renal epithelial progenitor markers for the different lineages of kidney cellular compartments via the BMP7 signaling pathway from a mouse and a human whole kidney. These cells were used to generate functional and matured kidney spheroids containing multiple renal lineages, such as the proximal tubule, loop of Henle, distal tubules, and podocytes, using extracellular matrix and physiological force, named spheroid-forming unit (SFU). They expressed all apical and basolateral transporters that are important for drug metabolism and displayed key functional aspects of the proximal tubule, including protein endocytosis and increased gamma-glutamyltransferase activity, and cyclic AMP responded to external cues, such as parathyroid hormone. Following exposure, cells fluxed and took up drugs via proximal tubule-specific apical or basolateral transporters, and displayed increased cell death and expression of renal injury marker. Here, we developed a new differentiation method to generate kidney spheroids that structurally recapitulate important features of the kidney effectively and reproducibly using mixed immortalized renal cells, and showed their application for renal toxicity studies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hyun Mi Kang
- Laboratory of Disease Modeling and Therapeutics, Korea Research Institute of Bioscience and Biotechnology, Daejeon, Republic of Korea
| | - Jung Hwa Lim
- Laboratory of Disease Modeling and Therapeutics, Korea Research Institute of Bioscience and Biotechnology, Daejeon, Republic of Korea
| | - Kyung Hee Noh
- Laboratory of Disease Modeling and Therapeutics, Korea Research Institute of Bioscience and Biotechnology, Daejeon, Republic of Korea
| | - Dongmin Park
- Laboratory of Disease Modeling and Therapeutics, Korea Research Institute of Bioscience and Biotechnology, Daejeon, Republic of Korea
| | - Hyun-Soo Cho
- Stem Cell Research Center, Korea Research Institute of Bioscience and Biotechnology, Daejeon, Republic of Korea
| | - Katalin Susztak
- Division of Nephrology, Department of Medicine, Department of Genetics, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, USA.
| | - Cho-Rok Jung
- Laboratory of Disease Modeling and Therapeutics, Korea Research Institute of Bioscience and Biotechnology, Daejeon, Republic of Korea. .,Department of Functional Genomics, Korea University of Science and Technology, Daejeon, Republic of Korea.
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9
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Establishment of renal proximal tubule cell lines derived from the kidney of p53 knockout mice. Cytotechnology 2019; 71:45-56. [PMID: 30603921 DOI: 10.1007/s10616-018-0261-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/05/2018] [Accepted: 09/19/2018] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
The human cell line HK-2 is most commonly used as a model of renal proximal tubular epithelial cells (PTECs) for various studies despite the absence or low expression of transporters characteristic of parental PTECs. In an effort to develop reliable PTEC models, several human cell lines have been newly established over the last decade. In contrast, reliable mouse PTEC models are still unavailable. In this study, we established immortalized renal cortex tubule cell lines derived from p53 knockout mice and evaluated various PTEC characteristics toward the development of reliable mouse PTEC models. Here, we focus on MuRTE61, one of 13 newly established clonal cell lines. Albumin uptake in MuRTE61 cells was verified by incubation with fluorescent dye-labeled albumin. RT-PCR confirmed the expression of efflux transporter genes characteristic of PTECs in the MuRTE61 cells. MuRTE61 cells exhibited high sensitivity to treatment with cisplatin, a nephrotoxic agent, accompanied by upregulated expression of the uptake transporter Slc22a2 gene. Furthermore, MuRTE61 cells consistently formed spheroids with a lumen and apicobasal polarity in three-dimensional Matrigel cultures. Apical brush border microvilli were also observed in the spheroids by transmission electron microscopy. These data validate that MuRTE61 can be characterized as a reliable mouse PTEC line. In future, detailed analysis of reliable mouse and human PTEC lines will provide an accurate extrapolation of results of experiments using mice and humans, and may help resolve apparent inconsistencies between mouse and human nephrotoxicity.
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Abstract
The ex vivo kidney slice technique has been used extensively in the fields of kidney physiology and cell biology. Our group and others have used this method to study epithelial traffic of transport proteins in situ in kidney tissue. In this methodology chapter, we summarize our adaptation of this classic protocol for the study of the effect of AMPK in the modulation of transport protein regulation, especially in kidney epithelial cells. Briefly, slices were obtained by sectioning freshly harvested rodent (rat or mouse) kidneys using a Stadie-Riggs tissue slicer. The harvested kidney and the kidney slices are kept in a physiological buffer equilibrated with 5% CO2 at body temperature (37 °C) in the presence of different AMPK activating agents vs. vehicle control followed by rapid freezing or fixation of the slices to prevent non-specific AMPK activation. Thus, homogenates of these frozen slices can be used to study AMPK activation status in the tissue as well as the downstream effects of AMPK on kidney proteins via biochemical techniques, such as immunoblotting and immunoprecipitation. Alternatively, the fixed slices can be used to evaluate AMPK-mediated subcellular traffic changes of epithelial transport proteins via immunolabeling followed by confocal microscopy. The resulting micrographs can then be used for systematic quantification of AMPK-induced changes in subcellular localization of transport proteins.
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11
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Abstract
The Lush Science Prize 2016 was awarded to Daniele Zink and Lit-Hsin Loo for the interdisciplinary and collaborative work between their research groups in developing alternative methods for the prediction of nephrotoxicity in humans. The collaboration has led to the establishment of a series of pioneering alternative methods for nephrotoxicity prediction, which includes: predictive gene expression markers based on pro-inflammatory responses; predictive in vitro cellular models based on pluripotent stem cell-derived proximal tubular-like cells; and predictive cellular phenotypic markers based on chromatin and cytoskeletal changes. A high-throughput method was established for chemical testing, which is currently being used to predict the potential human nephrotoxicity of ToxCast compounds in collaboration with the US Environmental Protection Agency. Similar high-throughput imaging-based methodologies are currently being developed and adapted by the Zink and Loo groups, to include other human organs and cell types. The ultimate goal is to develop a portfolio of methods accepted for the accurate prediction of human organ-specific toxicity and the consequent replacement of animal experiments.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lit-Hsin Loo
- Bioinformatics Institute (BII), Singapore and Department of Pharmacology, Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, National University of Singapore, Singapore
| | - Daniele Zink
- Institute of Bioengineering and Nanotechnology (IBN), Singapore
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12
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Kuo KT, Yang CW, Yu MJ. Dexamethasone enhances vasopressin-induced aquaporin-2 gene expression in the mpkCCD cells. Am J Physiol Renal Physiol 2017; 314:F219-F229. [PMID: 29070569 DOI: 10.1152/ajprenal.00218.2017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/30/2022] Open
Abstract
The mouse cortical collecting duct cell (mpkCCD) has been an instrumental cell model for studying vasopressin-mediated aquaporin-2 regulation. This cell line was first developed by Vandewalle's group from a transgenic mouse carrying the transforming SV40 antigens driven by the pyruvate kinase promoter. To immortalize the cells, four hormone supplements (dexamethasone, epidermal growth factor, insulin, and triiodothyronine) were used to enhance SV40 antigen expression; however, these hormones appear to have various effects on aquaporin-2 gene expression in the cells. Here, we evaluated the effects of each hormone supplement and found that dexamethasone enhanced vasopressin-induced aquaporin-2 gene expression at both mRNA and protein levels in a dose- and time-dependent manner, without affecting mRNA or protein stability. The effects of dexamethasone were attributed largely to enhanced aquaporin-2 mRNA transcription in association with an enhanced aquaporin-2 promoter activity. Dexamethasone did not affect vasopressin-regulated aquaporin-2 phosphorylation and trafficking. In summary, we optimized the conditions to enhance vasopressin-induced endogenous aquaporin-2 gene expression in the mpkCCD cells. By increasing the amount of aquaporin-2 protein in the cells, our method will facilitate the study of aquaporin-2 cell physiology regulated by vasopressin.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kuang-Ting Kuo
- Institute of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, National Taiwan University College of Medicine , Taipei , Taiwan
| | - Chan-Wei Yang
- Institute of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, National Taiwan University College of Medicine , Taipei , Taiwan
| | - Ming-Jiun Yu
- Institute of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, National Taiwan University College of Medicine , Taipei , Taiwan
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13
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Czarnecka AM, Matak D, Szymanski L, Czarnecka KH, Lewicki S, Zdanowski R, Brzezianska-Lasota E, Szczylik C. Triiodothyronine regulates cell growth and survival in renal cell cancer. Int J Oncol 2016; 49:1666-78. [PMID: 27632932 DOI: 10.3892/ijo.2016.3668] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/20/2016] [Accepted: 07/25/2016] [Indexed: 11/05/2022] Open
Abstract
Triiodothyronine plays an important role in the regulation of kidney cell growth, differentiation and metabolism. Patients with renal cell cancer who develop hypothyreosis during tyrosine kinase inhibitor (TKI) treatment have statistically longer survival. In this study, we developed cell based model of triiodothyronine (T3) analysis in RCC and we show the different effects of T3 on renal cell cancer (RCC) cell growth response and expression of the thyroid hormone receptor in human renal cell cancer cell lines from primary and metastatic tumors along with human kidney cancer stem cells. Wild-type thyroid hormone receptor is ubiquitously expressed in human renal cancer cell lines, but normalized against healthy renal proximal tube cell expression its level is upregulated in Caki-2, RCC6, SKRC-42, SKRC-45 cell lines. On the contrary the mRNA level in the 769-P, ACHN, HKCSC, and HEK293 cells is significantly decreased. The TRβ protein was abundant in the cytoplasm of the 786-O, Caki-2, RCC6, and SKRC-45 cells and in the nucleus of SKRC-42, ACHN, 769-P and cancer stem cells. T3 has promoting effect on the cell proliferation of HKCSC, Caki-2, ASE, ACHN, SK-RC-42, SMKT-R2, Caki-1, 786-0, and SK-RC-45 cells. Tyrosine kinase inhibitor, sunitinib, directly inhibits proliferation of RCC cells, while thyroid hormone receptor antagonist 1-850 (CAS 251310‑57-3) has less significant inhibitory impact. T3 stimulation does not abrogate inhibitory effect of sunitinib. Renal cancer tumor cells hypostimulated with T3 may be more responsive to tyrosine kinase inhibition. Moreover, some tumors may be considered as T3-independent and present aggressive phenotype with thyroid hormone receptor activated independently from the ligand. On the contrary proliferation induced by deregulated VHL and or c-Met pathways may transgress normal T3 mediated regulation of the cell cycle.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anna M Czarnecka
- Department of Oncology with Laboratory of Molecular Oncology, Military Institute of Medicine, Warsaw, Poland
| | - Damian Matak
- Department of Oncology with Laboratory of Molecular Oncology, Military Institute of Medicine, Warsaw, Poland
| | - Lukasz Szymanski
- Department of Oncology with Laboratory of Molecular Oncology, Military Institute of Medicine, Warsaw, Poland
| | - Karolina H Czarnecka
- Department of Molecular Bases of Medicine, Medical University of Lodz, Lodz, Poland
| | - Slawomir Lewicki
- Department of Regenerative Medicine, Military Institute of Hygiene and Epidemiology, Warsaw, Poland
| | - Robert Zdanowski
- Department of Regenerative Medicine, Military Institute of Hygiene and Epidemiology, Warsaw, Poland
| | | | - Cezary Szczylik
- Department of Oncology with Laboratory of Molecular Oncology, Military Institute of Medicine, Warsaw, Poland
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14
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Scotcher D, Jones C, Posada M, Rostami-Hodjegan A, Galetin A. Key to Opening Kidney for In Vitro-In Vivo Extrapolation Entrance in Health and Disease: Part I: In Vitro Systems and Physiological Data. AAPS JOURNAL 2016; 18:1067-1081. [PMID: 27365096 DOI: 10.1208/s12248-016-9942-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/09/2016] [Accepted: 06/02/2016] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
The programme for the 2015 AAPS Annual Meeting and Exhibition (Orlando, FL; 25-29 October 2015) included a sunrise session presenting an overview of the state-of-the-art tools for in vitro-in vivo extrapolation (IVIVE) and mechanistic prediction of renal drug disposition. These concepts are based on approaches developed for prediction of hepatic clearance, with consideration of scaling factors physiologically relevant to kidney and the unique and complex structural organisation of this organ. Physiologically relevant kidney models require a number of parameters for mechanistic description of processes, supported by quantitative information on renal physiology (system parameters) and in vitro/in silico drug-related data. This review expands upon the themes raised during the session and highlights the importance of high quality in vitro drug data generated in appropriate experimental setup and robust system-related information for successful IVIVE of renal drug disposition. The different in vitro systems available for studying renal drug metabolism and transport are summarised and recent developments involving state-of-the-art technologies highlighted. Current gaps and uncertainties associated with system parameters related to human kidney for the development of physiologically based pharmacokinetic (PBPK) model and quantitative prediction of renal drug disposition, excretion, and/or metabolism are identified.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daniel Scotcher
- Centre for Applied Pharmacokinetic Research, Manchester Pharmacy School, University of Manchester, Stopford Building, Oxford Road, Manchester, M13 9PT, UK
| | - Christopher Jones
- DMPK, Oncology iMed, AstraZeneca R&D Alderley Park, Macclesfield, Cheshire, UK
| | - Maria Posada
- Drug Disposition, Lilly Research Laboratories, Indianapolis, Indiana, 46203, USA
| | - Amin Rostami-Hodjegan
- Centre for Applied Pharmacokinetic Research, Manchester Pharmacy School, University of Manchester, Stopford Building, Oxford Road, Manchester, M13 9PT, UK.,Simcyp Limited (a Certara Company), Blades Enterprise Centre, Sheffield, UK
| | - Aleksandra Galetin
- Centre for Applied Pharmacokinetic Research, Manchester Pharmacy School, University of Manchester, Stopford Building, Oxford Road, Manchester, M13 9PT, UK.
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15
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Khan MI, Dębski KJ, Dabrowski M, Czarnecka AM, Szczylik C. Gene set enrichment analysis and ingenuity pathway analysis of metastatic clear cell renal cell carcinoma cell line. Am J Physiol Renal Physiol 2016; 311:F424-36. [PMID: 27279483 DOI: 10.1152/ajprenal.00138.2016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/08/2016] [Accepted: 06/06/2016] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
In recent years, genome-wide RNA expression analysis has become a routine tool that offers a great opportunity to study and understand the key role of genes that contribute to carcinogenesis. Various microarray platforms and statistical approaches can be used to identify genes that might serve as prognostic biomarkers and be developed as antitumor therapies in the future. Metastatic renal cell carcinoma (mRCC) is a serious, life-threatening disease, and there are few treatment options for patients. In this study, we performed one-color microarray gene expression (4×44K) analysis of the mRCC cell line Caki-1 and the healthy kidney cell line ASE-5063. A total of 1,921 genes were differentially expressed in the Caki-1 cell line (1,023 upregulated and 898 downregulated). Gene Set Enrichment Analysis (GSEA) and Ingenuity Pathway Analysis (IPA) approaches were used to analyze the differential-expression data. The objective of this research was to identify complex biological changes that occur during metastatic development using Caki-1 as a model mRCC cell line. Our data suggest that there are multiple deregulated pathways associated with metastatic clear cell renal cell carcinoma (mccRCC), including integrin-linked kinase (ILK) signaling, leukocyte extravasation signaling, IGF-I signaling, CXCR4 signaling, and phosphoinositol 3-kinase/AKT/mammalian target of rapamycin signaling. The IPA upstream analysis predicted top transcriptional regulators that are either activated or inhibited, such as estrogen receptors, TP53, KDM5B, SPDEF, and CDKN1A. The GSEA approach was used to further confirm enriched pathway data following IPA.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mohammed I Khan
- Molecular Oncology Laboratory, Department of Oncology, Military Institute of Medicine, Warsaw, Poland; and
| | - Konrad J Dębski
- Bioinformatics Laboratory, Center of Neurobiology, Nencki Institute of Experimental Biology PAS, Warsaw, Poland
| | - Michał Dabrowski
- Bioinformatics Laboratory, Center of Neurobiology, Nencki Institute of Experimental Biology PAS, Warsaw, Poland
| | - Anna M Czarnecka
- Molecular Oncology Laboratory, Department of Oncology, Military Institute of Medicine, Warsaw, Poland; and
| | - Cezary Szczylik
- Molecular Oncology Laboratory, Department of Oncology, Military Institute of Medicine, Warsaw, Poland; and
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16
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Eneman B, van den Heuvel L, Freson K, Van Geet C, Willemsen B, Dijkman H, Levtchenko E. Distribution and Function of PACAP and Its Receptors in the Healthy and Nephrotic Kidney. Nephron Clin Pract 2016; 132:301-11. [PMID: 27050435 DOI: 10.1159/000445035] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/29/2015] [Accepted: 02/20/2016] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND/AIMS Plasma deficiency of pituitary adenylate cyclase-activating polypeptide (PACAP) was recently demonstrated in children with nephrotic syndrome (NS). Previous studies have reported an important protective effect of PACAP on kidney proximal tubules. The aim of this study was to explore the expression of PACAP and its receptors PAC1, VPAC1 and VPAC2 in the healthy and nephrotic kidney and to determine if PACAP has an effect on renal proximal tubular cells exposed to albumin. METHODS Expression of PACAP and its receptors was studied using kidney tissue from healthy and nephrotic children, and in 3 human renal cell lines (glomerular microvascular endothelial cells, podocytes and proximal tubular epithelial HK-2 cells). The functionality of the VPAC1 receptor was tested in HK-2 cells, measuring cyclic adenosine monophosphate levels after PACAP exposure. The influence of PACAP on cell viability and transforming growth factor-β1 (TGF-β1) expression was measured in HK-2 cells exposed to albumin, mimicking proteinuria related damage. RESULTS VPAC1 expression was detected in the tubular proximal epithelial cells and in the glomerular podocytes of renal tissue from healthy and nephrotic children. Increased staining for PACAP was found in the proximal tubules of renal sections from children with NS compared to healthy renal sections. Expression and functionality of VPAC1 were demonstrated in HK-2 cells. Finally, PACAP did not alter cell viability or TGF-β1 expression of HK-2 cells exposed to albumin. CONCLUSION VPAC1 is the predominant receptor in the human kidney. The enhanced presence of PACAP in proximal tubular epithelial cells in nephrotic kidneys points to the reabsorption of filtered PACAP. On short term, PACAP has no in vitro effect on cell viability and TGF-β1 expression of proximal tubular epithelial cells exposed to high concentrations of albumin.
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Affiliation(s)
- Benedicte Eneman
- Pediatric Nephrology, Department of Development and Regeneration, University Hospitals of Leuven, Leuven, Belgium
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17
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Knops N, van den Heuvel LP, Masereeuw R, Bongaers I, de Loor H, Levtchenko E, Kuypers D. The Functional Implications of Common Genetic Variation in CYP3A5 and ABCB1 in Human Proximal Tubule Cells. Mol Pharm 2015; 12:758-68. [DOI: 10.1021/mp500590s] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Noël Knops
- Department of Pediatric Nephrology and Solid Organ Transplantation and ‡Department of Nephrology
and Renal Transplantation, University Hospitals Leuven, B-3000 Leuven, Belgium
- Laboratory for Pediatrics, Department of Development & Regeneration and ⊥Laboratory of Nephrology, KU Leuven, 3000 Leuven, Belgium
- Laboratory for Genetic, Endocrine, and Metabolic Disorders and ∥Department of Pharmacology
and Toxicology, Radboud University Medical Center, 6525 GA Nijmegen, The Netherlands
| | - Lambertus P. van den Heuvel
- Department of Pediatric Nephrology and Solid Organ Transplantation and ‡Department of Nephrology
and Renal Transplantation, University Hospitals Leuven, B-3000 Leuven, Belgium
- Laboratory for Pediatrics, Department of Development & Regeneration and ⊥Laboratory of Nephrology, KU Leuven, 3000 Leuven, Belgium
- Laboratory for Genetic, Endocrine, and Metabolic Disorders and ∥Department of Pharmacology
and Toxicology, Radboud University Medical Center, 6525 GA Nijmegen, The Netherlands
| | - Rosalinde Masereeuw
- Department of Pediatric Nephrology and Solid Organ Transplantation and ‡Department of Nephrology
and Renal Transplantation, University Hospitals Leuven, B-3000 Leuven, Belgium
- Laboratory for Pediatrics, Department of Development & Regeneration and ⊥Laboratory of Nephrology, KU Leuven, 3000 Leuven, Belgium
- Laboratory for Genetic, Endocrine, and Metabolic Disorders and ∥Department of Pharmacology
and Toxicology, Radboud University Medical Center, 6525 GA Nijmegen, The Netherlands
| | - Inge Bongaers
- Department of Pediatric Nephrology and Solid Organ Transplantation and ‡Department of Nephrology
and Renal Transplantation, University Hospitals Leuven, B-3000 Leuven, Belgium
- Laboratory for Pediatrics, Department of Development & Regeneration and ⊥Laboratory of Nephrology, KU Leuven, 3000 Leuven, Belgium
- Laboratory for Genetic, Endocrine, and Metabolic Disorders and ∥Department of Pharmacology
and Toxicology, Radboud University Medical Center, 6525 GA Nijmegen, The Netherlands
| | - Henriëtte de Loor
- Department of Pediatric Nephrology and Solid Organ Transplantation and ‡Department of Nephrology
and Renal Transplantation, University Hospitals Leuven, B-3000 Leuven, Belgium
- Laboratory for Pediatrics, Department of Development & Regeneration and ⊥Laboratory of Nephrology, KU Leuven, 3000 Leuven, Belgium
- Laboratory for Genetic, Endocrine, and Metabolic Disorders and ∥Department of Pharmacology
and Toxicology, Radboud University Medical Center, 6525 GA Nijmegen, The Netherlands
| | - Elena Levtchenko
- Department of Pediatric Nephrology and Solid Organ Transplantation and ‡Department of Nephrology
and Renal Transplantation, University Hospitals Leuven, B-3000 Leuven, Belgium
- Laboratory for Pediatrics, Department of Development & Regeneration and ⊥Laboratory of Nephrology, KU Leuven, 3000 Leuven, Belgium
- Laboratory for Genetic, Endocrine, and Metabolic Disorders and ∥Department of Pharmacology
and Toxicology, Radboud University Medical Center, 6525 GA Nijmegen, The Netherlands
| | - Dirk Kuypers
- Department of Pediatric Nephrology and Solid Organ Transplantation and ‡Department of Nephrology
and Renal Transplantation, University Hospitals Leuven, B-3000 Leuven, Belgium
- Laboratory for Pediatrics, Department of Development & Regeneration and ⊥Laboratory of Nephrology, KU Leuven, 3000 Leuven, Belgium
- Laboratory for Genetic, Endocrine, and Metabolic Disorders and ∥Department of Pharmacology
and Toxicology, Radboud University Medical Center, 6525 GA Nijmegen, The Netherlands
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18
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Expression profiles of genes involved in xenobiotic metabolism and disposition in human renal tissues and renal cell models. Toxicol Appl Pharmacol 2014; 279:409-418. [DOI: 10.1016/j.taap.2014.07.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/07/2014] [Revised: 06/17/2014] [Accepted: 07/08/2014] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
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19
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Feng B, Varma MV, Costales C, Zhang H, Tremaine L. In vitroandin vivoapproaches to characterize transporter-mediated disposition in drug discovery. Expert Opin Drug Discov 2014; 9:873-90. [DOI: 10.1517/17460441.2014.922540] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
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20
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Abstract
Abstract Many epithelial cells form polarized monolayers under in vivo and in vitro conditions. Typically, epithelial cells are cultured for differentiation on insert systems where cells are plated on a porous filter membrane. Although the cultured monolayers have been a standard system to study epithelial physiology, there are some limits: The epithelial cells growing inside the commercial inserts are not optimal to visualize directly through lenses on inverted microscopes. The cell images are optically distorted and background fluorescence is bright due to the filter membrane positioned between the cells and the lens. In addition, the cells are not easily accessible by electrodes due to the presence of tall side walls. Here, we present the design, fabrication, and practical applications of an improved system for analysis of polarized epithelial monolayers. This new system allows (1) direct imaging of cells without an interfering filter membrane, (2) electrophysiological measurements, and (3) detection of apical secretion with minimal dilution. Therefore, our culture method is optimized to study differentiated epithelial cells at the single-cell and subcellular levels, and can be extended to other cell types with minor modifications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jong Bae Seo
- Department of Physiology and Biophysics, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington
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21
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Tiong HY, Huang P, Xiong S, Li Y, Vathsala A, Zink D. Drug-induced nephrotoxicity: clinical impact and preclinical in vitro models. Mol Pharm 2014; 11:1933-48. [PMID: 24502545 DOI: 10.1021/mp400720w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 116] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
The kidney is a major target for drug-induced toxicity. Drug-induced nephrotoxicity remains a major problem in the clinical setting, where the use of nephrotoxic drugs is often unavoidable. This leads frequently to acute kidney injury, and current problems are discussed. One strategy to avoid such problems would be the development of drugs with decreased nephrotoxic potential. However, the prediction of nephrotoxicity during preclinical drug development is difficult and nephrotoxicity is typically detected only late. Also, the nephrotoxic potential of newly approved drugs is often underestimated. Regulatory approved or validated in vitro models for the prediction of nephrotoxicity are currently not available. Here, we will review current approaches on the development of such models. This includes a discussion of three-dimensional and microfluidic models and recently developed stem cell based approaches. Most in vitro models have been tested with a limited number of compounds and are of unclear predictivity. However, some studies have tested larger numbers of compounds and the predictivity of the respective in vitro model had been determined. The results showed that high predictivity can be obtained by using primary or stem cell derived human renal cells in combination with appropriate end points.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ho Yee Tiong
- Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, National University Health System , 1E Kent Ridge Road, NUHS Tower Block, Singapore 119228, Singapore
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22
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Li Y, Kandasamy K, Chuah JKC, Lam YN, Toh WS, Oo ZY, Zink D. Identification of Nephrotoxic Compounds with Embryonic Stem-Cell-Derived Human Renal Proximal Tubular-Like Cells. Mol Pharm 2014; 11:1982-90. [DOI: 10.1021/mp400637s] [Citation(s) in RCA: 56] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Yao Li
- Institute of Bioengineering
and Nanotechnology, 31
Biopolis Way, The Nanos, Singapore 138669, Singapore
| | - Karthikeyan Kandasamy
- Institute of Bioengineering
and Nanotechnology, 31
Biopolis Way, The Nanos, Singapore 138669, Singapore
| | - Jacqueline Kai Chin Chuah
- Institute of Bioengineering
and Nanotechnology, 31
Biopolis Way, The Nanos, Singapore 138669, Singapore
| | - Yue Ning Lam
- Institute of Bioengineering
and Nanotechnology, 31
Biopolis Way, The Nanos, Singapore 138669, Singapore
| | - Wei Seong Toh
- Institute of Bioengineering
and Nanotechnology, 31
Biopolis Way, The Nanos, Singapore 138669, Singapore
| | - Zay Yar Oo
- Institute of Bioengineering
and Nanotechnology, 31
Biopolis Way, The Nanos, Singapore 138669, Singapore
| | - Daniele Zink
- Institute of Bioengineering
and Nanotechnology, 31
Biopolis Way, The Nanos, Singapore 138669, Singapore
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23
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Szaszi K, Amoozadeh Y. New Insights into Functions, Regulation, and Pathological Roles of Tight Junctions in Kidney Tubular Epithelium. INTERNATIONAL REVIEW OF CELL AND MOLECULAR BIOLOGY 2014; 308:205-71. [DOI: 10.1016/b978-0-12-800097-7.00006-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
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24
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Van der Hauwaert C, Savary G, Gnemmi V, Glowacki F, Pottier N, Bouillez A, Maboudou P, Zini L, Leroy X, Cauffiez C, Perrais M, Aubert S. Isolation and characterization of a primary proximal tubular epithelial cell model from human kidney by CD10/CD13 double labeling. PLoS One 2013; 8:e66750. [PMID: 23799132 PMCID: PMC3682988 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0066750] [Citation(s) in RCA: 66] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/13/2012] [Accepted: 05/11/2013] [Indexed: 11/27/2022] Open
Abstract
Renal proximal tubular epithelial cells play a central role in renal physiology and are among the cell types most sensitive to ischemia and xenobiotic nephrotoxicity. In order to investigate the molecular and cellular mechanisms underlying the pathophysiology of kidney injuries, a stable and well-characterized primary culture model of proximal tubular cells is required. An existing model of proximal tubular cells is hampered by the cellular heterogeneity of kidney; a method based on cell sorting for specific markers must therefore be developed. In this study, we present a primary culture model based on the mechanical and enzymatic dissociation of healthy tissue obtained from nephrectomy specimens. Renal epithelial cells were sorted using co-labeling for CD10 and CD13, two renal proximal tubular epithelial markers, by flow cytometry. Their purity, phenotypic stability and functional properties were evaluated over several passages. Our results demonstrate that CD10/CD13 double-positive cells constitute a pure, functional and stable proximal tubular epithelial cell population that displays proximal tubule markers and epithelial characteristics over the long term, whereas cells positive for either CD10 or CD13 alone appear to be heterogeneous. In conclusion, this study describes a method for establishing a robust renal proximal tubular epithelial cell model suitable for further experimentation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cynthia Van der Hauwaert
- EA4483, Département de Biochimie et Biologie Moléculaire, Faculté de Médecine de Lille, Pôle Recherche, Lille, France
| | - Grégoire Savary
- EA4483, Département de Biochimie et Biologie Moléculaire, Faculté de Médecine de Lille, Pôle Recherche, Lille, France
| | - Viviane Gnemmi
- Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale, U837, Centre de Recherche Jean-Pierre Aubert, Equipe 5 Mucines, Différentiation et Cancérogenèse Épithéliales, Lille, France
- Service d'Anatomie Pathologique, Centre de Biologie et Pathologie, CHRU Lille, Lille, France
- Faculté de Médecine de Lille, Université Lille 2, Lille, France
| | - François Glowacki
- EA4483, Département de Biochimie et Biologie Moléculaire, Faculté de Médecine de Lille, Pôle Recherche, Lille, France
- Faculté de Médecine de Lille, Université Lille 2, Lille, France
- Service de Néphrologie, Hôpital Huriez, CHRU Lille, Lille, France
| | - Nicolas Pottier
- EA4483, Département de Biochimie et Biologie Moléculaire, Faculté de Médecine de Lille, Pôle Recherche, Lille, France
- Faculté de Médecine de Lille, Université Lille 2, Lille, France
| | - Audrey Bouillez
- Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale, U837, Centre de Recherche Jean-Pierre Aubert, Equipe 5 Mucines, Différentiation et Cancérogenèse Épithéliales, Lille, France
| | - Patrice Maboudou
- Service de Biochimie, Centre de Biologie et Pathologie, CHRU Lille, Lille, France
| | - Laurent Zini
- Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale, U837, Centre de Recherche Jean-Pierre Aubert, Equipe 5 Mucines, Différentiation et Cancérogenèse Épithéliales, Lille, France
- Faculté de Médecine de Lille, Université Lille 2, Lille, France
- Service d'Urologie, Hôpital Huriez, CHRU Lille, Lille, France
| | - Xavier Leroy
- Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale, U837, Centre de Recherche Jean-Pierre Aubert, Equipe 5 Mucines, Différentiation et Cancérogenèse Épithéliales, Lille, France
- Service d'Anatomie Pathologique, Centre de Biologie et Pathologie, CHRU Lille, Lille, France
- Faculté de Médecine de Lille, Université Lille 2, Lille, France
| | - Christelle Cauffiez
- EA4483, Département de Biochimie et Biologie Moléculaire, Faculté de Médecine de Lille, Pôle Recherche, Lille, France
- Faculté de Médecine de Lille, Université Lille 2, Lille, France
| | - Michaël Perrais
- Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale, U837, Centre de Recherche Jean-Pierre Aubert, Equipe 5 Mucines, Différentiation et Cancérogenèse Épithéliales, Lille, France
- Faculté de Médecine de Lille, Université Lille 2, Lille, France
| | - Sébastien Aubert
- Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale, U837, Centre de Recherche Jean-Pierre Aubert, Equipe 5 Mucines, Différentiation et Cancérogenèse Épithéliales, Lille, France
- Service d'Anatomie Pathologique, Centre de Biologie et Pathologie, CHRU Lille, Lille, France
- Faculté de Médecine de Lille, Université Lille 2, Lille, France
- * E-mail:
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25
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Li Y, Oo ZY, Chang SY, Huang P, Eng KG, Zeng JL, Kaestli AJ, Gopalan B, Kandasamy K, Tasnim F, Zink D. An in vitro method for the prediction of renal proximal tubular toxicity in humans. Toxicol Res (Camb) 2013. [DOI: 10.1039/c3tx50042j] [Citation(s) in RCA: 48] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
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26
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Abstract
The kidneys are the major organs affected in diarrhea-associated hemolytic uremic syndrome (D(+)HUS). The pathophysiology of renal disease in D(+)HUS is largely the result of the interaction between bacterial virulence factors such as Shiga toxin and lipopolysaccharide and host cells in the kidney and in the blood circulation. This chapter describes in detail the current knowledge of how these bacterial toxins may lead to kidney disease and renal failure. The toxin receptors expressed by specific blood and resident renal cell types are also discussed as are the actions of the toxins on these cells.
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27
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Valente MJ, Henrique R, Costa VL, Jerónimo C, Carvalho F, Bastos ML, de Pinho PG, Carvalho M. A rapid and simple procedure for the establishment of human normal and cancer renal primary cell cultures from surgical specimens. PLoS One 2011; 6:e19337. [PMID: 21573239 PMCID: PMC3087760 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0019337] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/23/2010] [Accepted: 03/28/2011] [Indexed: 01/31/2023] Open
Abstract
The kidney is a target organ for the toxicity of several xenobiotics and is also highly susceptible to the development of malignant tumors. In both cases, in vitro studies provide insight to cellular damage, and represent adequate models to study either the mechanisms underlying the toxic effects of several nephrotoxicants or therapeutic approaches in renal cancer. The development of efficient methods for the establishment of human normal and tumor renal cell models is hence crucial. In this study, a technically simple and rapid protocol for the isolation and culture of human proximal tubular epithelial cells and human renal tumor cells from surgical specimens is presented. Tumor and normal tissues were processed by using the same methodology, based on mechanical disaggregation of tissue followed by enzymatic digestion and cell purification by sequential sieving. The overall procedure takes roughly one hour. The resulting cell preparations have excellent viabilities and yield. Establishment of primary cultures from all specimens was achieved successfully. The origin of primary cultured cells was established through morphological evaluation. Normal cells purity was confirmed by immunofluorescent staining and reverse transcription-polymerase chain reaction analysis for expression of specific markers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maria João Valente
- REQUIMTE - Laboratório de Toxicologia, Departamento de Ciências Biológicas, Faculdade de Farmácia, Universidade do Porto, Porto, Portugal
- * E-mail: (MJV); (MC)
| | - Rui Henrique
- Department of Pathology, Portuguese Oncology Institute-Porto, Porto, Portugal
- Department of Pathology and Molecular Immunology, Institute of Biomedical Sciences Abel Salazar (ICBAS), University of Porto, Porto, Portugal
- Cancer Epigenetics Group – Research Center, Portuguese Oncology Institute-Porto, Porto, Portugal
| | - Vera L. Costa
- Cancer Epigenetics Group – Research Center, Portuguese Oncology Institute-Porto, Porto, Portugal
| | - Carmen Jerónimo
- Department of Pathology and Molecular Immunology, Institute of Biomedical Sciences Abel Salazar (ICBAS), University of Porto, Porto, Portugal
- Cancer Epigenetics Group – Research Center, Portuguese Oncology Institute-Porto, Porto, Portugal
| | - Félix Carvalho
- REQUIMTE - Laboratório de Toxicologia, Departamento de Ciências Biológicas, Faculdade de Farmácia, Universidade do Porto, Porto, Portugal
| | - Maria L. Bastos
- REQUIMTE - Laboratório de Toxicologia, Departamento de Ciências Biológicas, Faculdade de Farmácia, Universidade do Porto, Porto, Portugal
| | - Paula Guedes de Pinho
- REQUIMTE - Laboratório de Toxicologia, Departamento de Ciências Biológicas, Faculdade de Farmácia, Universidade do Porto, Porto, Portugal
| | - Márcia Carvalho
- REQUIMTE - Laboratório de Toxicologia, Departamento de Ciências Biológicas, Faculdade de Farmácia, Universidade do Porto, Porto, Portugal
- Faculty of Health Sciences, University Fernando Pessoa, Porto, Portugal
- * E-mail: (MJV); (MC)
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Kakiashvili E, Dan Q, Vandermeer M, Zhang Y, Waheed F, Pham M, Szászi K. The epidermal growth factor receptor mediates tumor necrosis factor-alpha-induced activation of the ERK/GEF-H1/RhoA pathway in tubular epithelium. J Biol Chem 2011; 286:9268-79. [PMID: 21212278 PMCID: PMC3059019 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.m110.179903] [Citation(s) in RCA: 57] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/29/2010] [Revised: 01/05/2011] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
Abstract
Tumor necrosis factor (TNF)-α induces cytoskeleton and intercellular junction remodeling in tubular epithelial cells; the underlying mechanisms, however, are incompletely explored. We have previously shown that ERK-mediated stimulation of the RhoA GDP/GTP exchange factor GEF-H1/Lfc is critical for TNF-α-induced RhoA stimulation. Here we investigated the upstream mechanisms of ERK/GEF-H1 activation. Surprisingly, TNF-α-induced ERK and RhoA stimulation in tubular cells were prevented by epidermal growth factor receptor (EGFR) inhibition or silencing. TNF-α also enhanced phosphorylation of the EGFR. EGF treatment mimicked the effects of TNF-α, as it elicited potent, ERK-dependent GEF-H1 and RhoA activation. Moreover, EGF-induced RhoA activation was prevented by GEF-H1 silencing, indicating that GEF-H1 is a key downstream effector of the EGFR. The TNF-α-elicited EGFR, ERK, and RhoA stimulation were mediated by the TNF-α convertase enzyme (TACE) that can release EGFR ligands. Further, EGFR transactivation also required the tyrosine kinase Src, as Src inhibition prevented TNF-α-induced activation of the EGFR/ERK/GEF-H1/RhoA pathway. Importantly, a bromodeoxyuridine (BrdU) incorporation assay and electric cell substrate impedance-sensing (ECIS) measurements revealed that TNF-α stimulated cell growth in an EGFR-dependent manner. In contrast, TNF-α-induced NFκB activation was not prevented by EGFR or Src inhibition, suggesting that TNF-α exerts both EGFR-dependent and -independent effects. In summary, in the present study we show that the TNF-α-induced activation of the ERK/GEF-H1/RhoA pathway in tubular cells is mediated through Src- and TACE-dependent EGFR activation. Such a mechanism could couple inflammatory and proliferative stimuli and, thus, may play a key role in the regulation of wound healing and fibrogenesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eli Kakiashvili
- From the Keenan Research Centre in the Li Ka Shing Knowledge Institute, St. Michael's Hospital, and Department of Surgery, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario M5B 1W8, Canada
| | - Qinghong Dan
- From the Keenan Research Centre in the Li Ka Shing Knowledge Institute, St. Michael's Hospital, and Department of Surgery, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario M5B 1W8, Canada
| | - Matthew Vandermeer
- From the Keenan Research Centre in the Li Ka Shing Knowledge Institute, St. Michael's Hospital, and Department of Surgery, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario M5B 1W8, Canada
| | - Yuqian Zhang
- From the Keenan Research Centre in the Li Ka Shing Knowledge Institute, St. Michael's Hospital, and Department of Surgery, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario M5B 1W8, Canada
| | - Faiza Waheed
- From the Keenan Research Centre in the Li Ka Shing Knowledge Institute, St. Michael's Hospital, and Department of Surgery, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario M5B 1W8, Canada
| | - Monica Pham
- From the Keenan Research Centre in the Li Ka Shing Knowledge Institute, St. Michael's Hospital, and Department of Surgery, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario M5B 1W8, Canada
| | - Katalin Szászi
- From the Keenan Research Centre in the Li Ka Shing Knowledge Institute, St. Michael's Hospital, and Department of Surgery, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario M5B 1W8, Canada
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Steinbacher JL, Lathrop SA, Cheng K, Hillegass JM, Butnor KJ, Kauppinen RA, Mossman BT, Landry CC. Gd-labeled microparticles in MRI: in vivo imaging of microparticles after intraperitoneal injection. SMALL (WEINHEIM AN DER BERGSTRASSE, GERMANY) 2010; 6:2678-82. [PMID: 21069757 PMCID: PMC3045770 DOI: 10.1002/smll.201001447] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/12/2023]
Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Kai Cheng
- Department of Chemistry, University of Vermont, Burlington, VT 05405-0125 (USA)
| | - Jedd M. Hillegass
- Department of Pathology, University of Vermont, Burlington, VT 05405 (USA)
| | - Kelly J. Butnor
- Department of Pathology, University of Vermont, Burlington, VT 05405 (USA)
| | - Risto A. Kauppinen
- Biomedical NMR Research Center, Dartmouth-Hitchcock Medical Center, Lebanon, NH 03756 (USA)
| | - Brooke T. Mossman
- Department of Pathology, University of Vermont, Burlington, VT 05405 (USA)
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Abstract
Shiga toxin-producing Escherichia coli is a contaminant of food and water that in humans causes a diarrheal prodrome followed by more severe disease of the kidneys and an array of symptoms of the central nervous system. The systemic disease is a complex referred to as diarrhea-associated hemolytic uremic syndrome (D+HUS). D+HUS is characterized by thrombocytopenia, microangiopathic hemolytic anemia, and acute renal failure. This review focuses on the renal aspects of D+HUS. Current knowledge of this renal disease is derived from a combination of human samples, animal models of D+HUS, and interaction of Shiga toxin with isolated renal cell types. Shiga toxin is a multi-subunit protein complex that binds to a glycosphingolipid receptor, Gb3, on select eukaryotic cell types. Location of Gb3 in the kidney is predictive of the sites of action of Shiga toxin. However, the toxin is cytotoxic to some, but not all cell types that express Gb3. It also can cause apoptosis or generate an inflammatory response in some cells. Together, this myriad of results is responsible for D+HUS disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tom G Obrig
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, School of Medicine, University of Maryland, 685 W. Baltimore St., HSF I Suite 380, Baltimore, MD 21201, USA; ; Tel.: +1-410-706-6917
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31
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Christensen BM, Zuber AM, Loffing J, Stehle JC, Deen PMT, Rossier BC, Hummler E. alphaENaC-mediated lithium absorption promotes nephrogenic diabetes insipidus. J Am Soc Nephrol 2010; 22:253-61. [PMID: 21051735 DOI: 10.1681/asn.2010070734] [Citation(s) in RCA: 63] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/03/2022] Open
Abstract
Lithium-induced nephrogenic diabetes insipidus (NDI) is accompanied by polyuria, downregulation of aquaporin 2 (AQP2), and cellular remodeling of the collecting duct (CD). The amiloride-sensitive epithelial sodium channel (ENaC) is a likely candidate for lithium entry. Here, we subjected transgenic mice lacking αENaC specifically in the CD (knockout [KO] mice) and littermate controls to chronic lithium treatment. In contrast to control mice, KO mice did not markedly increase their water intake. Furthermore, KO mice did not demonstrate the polyuria and reduction in urine osmolality induced by lithium treatment in the control mice. Lithium treatment reduced AQP2 protein levels in the cortex/outer medulla and inner medulla (IM) of control mice but only partially reduced AQP2 levels in the IM of KO mice. Furthermore, lithium induced expression of H(+)-ATPase in the IM of control mice but not KO mice. In conclusion, the absence of functional ENaC in the CD protects mice from lithium-induced NDI. These data support the hypothesis that ENaC-mediated lithium entry into the CD principal cells contributes to the pathogenesis of lithium-induced NDI.
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Affiliation(s)
- Birgitte Mønster Christensen
- Water and Salt Research Center, Department of Anatomy, Aarhus University, Wilhelm Meyers Allé 3, 8000 Aarhus C, Denmark.
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Wilmer MJ, Emma F, Levtchenko EN. The pathogenesis of cystinosis: mechanisms beyond cystine accumulation. Am J Physiol Renal Physiol 2010; 299:F905-16. [PMID: 20826575 DOI: 10.1152/ajprenal.00318.2010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 77] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Renal proximal tubules are highly sensitive to ischemic and toxic insults and are affected in diverse genetic disorders, of which nephropathic cystinosis is the most common. The disease is caused by mutations in the CTNS gene, encoding the lysosomal cystine transporter cystinosin, and is characterized by accumulation of cystine in the lysosomes throughout the body. In the majority of the patients, this leads to generalized proximal tubular dysfunction (also called DeToni-Debré-Fanconi syndrome) in the first year and progressive renal failure during the first decade. Extrarenal organs are affected by cystinosis as well, with clinical symptoms manifesting mostly after 10 yr of age. The cystine-depleting agent cysteamine significantly improves life expectancy of patients with cystinosis, but offers no cure, pointing to the complexity of the disease mechanism. In this review, current knowledge on the pathogenesis of cystinosis is described and placed in perspective of future research.
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Affiliation(s)
- Martijn J Wilmer
- Dept. of Pediatric Nephrology, Univ. Hospitals Leuven, Herestraat 49, 3000 Leuven, Belgium
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Novel conditionally immortalized human proximal tubule cell line expressing functional influx and efflux transporters. Cell Tissue Res 2009; 339:449-57. [PMID: 19902259 PMCID: PMC2817082 DOI: 10.1007/s00441-009-0882-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 142] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/09/2009] [Accepted: 09/09/2009] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
Reabsorption of filtered solutes from the glomerular filtrate and excretion of waste products and xenobiotics are the main functions of the renal proximal tubular (PT) epithelium. A human PT cell line expressing a range of functional transporters would help to augment current knowledge in renal physiology and pharmacology. We have established and characterized a conditionally immortalized PT epithelial cell line (ciPTEC) obtained by transfecting and subcloning cells exfoliated in the urine of a healthy volunteer. The PT origin of this line has been confirmed morphologically and by the expression of aminopeptidase N, zona occludens 1, aquaporin 1, dipeptidyl peptidase IV and multidrug resistance protein 4 together with alkaline phosphatase activity. ciPTEC assembles in a tight monolayer with limited diffusion of inulin-fluorescein-isothiocyanate. Concentration and time-dependent reabsorption of albumin via endocytosis has been demonstrated, together with sodium-dependent phosphate uptake. The expression and activity of apical efflux transporter p-glycoprotein and of baso-lateral influx transporter organic cation transporter 2 have been shown in ciPTEC. This established human ciPTEC expressing multiple endogenous organic ion transporters mimicking renal reabsorption and excretion represents a powerful tool for future in vitro transport studies in pharmacology and physiology.
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