1
|
Lodovici A, Buoso S, Miras-Moreno B, Lucini L, Garcia-Perez P, Tomasi N, Pinton R, Zanin L. Peculiarity of the early metabolomic response in tomato after urea, ammonium or nitrate supply. PLANT PHYSIOLOGY AND BIOCHEMISTRY : PPB 2024; 211:108666. [PMID: 38723490 DOI: 10.1016/j.plaphy.2024.108666] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/16/2024] [Revised: 04/18/2024] [Accepted: 04/24/2024] [Indexed: 05/26/2024]
Abstract
Nitrogen (N) is the nutrient most applied in agriculture as fertilizer (as nitrate, Nit; ammonium, A; and/or urea, U, forms) and its availability strongly constrains the crop growth and yield. To investigate the early response (24 h) of N-deficient tomato plants to these three N forms, a physiological and molecular study was performed. In comparison to N-deficient plants, significant changes in the transcriptional, metabolomic and ionomic profiles were observed. As a probable consequence of N mobility in plants, a wide metabolic modulation occurred in old leaves rather than in young leaves. The metabolic profile of U and A-treated plants was more similar than Nit-treated plant profile, which in turn presented the lowest metabolic modulation with respect to N-deficient condition. Urea and A forms induced some changes at the biosynthesis of secondary metabolites, amino acids and phytohormones. Interestingly, a specific up-regulation by U and down-regulation by A of carbon synthesis occurred in roots. Along with the gene expression, data suggest that the specific N form influences the activation of metabolic pathways for its assimilation (cytosolic GS/AS and/or plastidial GS/GOGAT cycle). Urea induced an up-concentration of Cu and Mn in leaves and Zn in whole plant. This study highlights a metabolic reprogramming depending on the N form applied, and it also provide evidence of a direct relationship between urea nutrition and Zn concentration. The understanding of the metabolic pathways activated by the different N forms represents a milestone in improving the efficiency of urea fertilization in crops.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Arianna Lodovici
- Department of Agricultural, Food, Environmental and Animal Sciences, University of Udine, Via delle Scienze 206 - 33100, Udine, Italy.
| | - Sara Buoso
- Department of Agricultural, Food, Environmental and Animal Sciences, University of Udine, Via delle Scienze 206 - 33100, Udine, Italy.
| | - Begoña Miras-Moreno
- Department for Sustainable Food Process, Research Centre for Nutrigenomics and Proteomics, Università Cattolica del Sacro Cuore, Piacenza, Italy.
| | - Luigi Lucini
- Department for Sustainable Food Process, Research Centre for Nutrigenomics and Proteomics, Università Cattolica del Sacro Cuore, Piacenza, Italy.
| | - Pascual Garcia-Perez
- Department for Sustainable Food Process, Research Centre for Nutrigenomics and Proteomics, Università Cattolica del Sacro Cuore, Piacenza, Italy.
| | - Nicola Tomasi
- Department of Agricultural, Food, Environmental and Animal Sciences, University of Udine, Via delle Scienze 206 - 33100, Udine, Italy.
| | - Roberto Pinton
- Department of Agricultural, Food, Environmental and Animal Sciences, University of Udine, Via delle Scienze 206 - 33100, Udine, Italy.
| | - Laura Zanin
- Department of Agricultural, Food, Environmental and Animal Sciences, University of Udine, Via delle Scienze 206 - 33100, Udine, Italy.
| |
Collapse
|
2
|
Fedeli R, Cruz C, Loppi S, Munzi S. Hormetic Effect of Wood Distillate on Hydroponically Grown Lettuce. PLANTS (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2024; 13:447. [PMID: 38337980 PMCID: PMC10856926 DOI: 10.3390/plants13030447] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/12/2023] [Revised: 01/26/2024] [Accepted: 02/02/2024] [Indexed: 02/12/2024]
Abstract
The addition of biostimulants to nutrient solutions of hydroponically grown crops to speed up plant growth and improve plant yield and quality has been attracting more and more attention. This study investigated the effects of wood distillate (WD) addition to hydroponically grown lettuce (Lactuca sativa L.) plants. Two concentrations of WD, 0.2% and 0.5%, were added to the nutrient solution, and biometric (i.e., leaf fresh weight, root fresh weight, root length and root surface area), photosynthetic (i.e., chlorophyll a, chlorophyll b, and carotenoid content) and biochemical (i.e., electrolyte leakage, total polyphenols, total flavonoids, and total antioxidant power content) parameters were evaluated. The effects of WD were hormetic, as the 0.2% concentration stimulated biometric and biochemical parameters, while the 0.5% concentration inhibited plant growth. Based on these results, it can be suggested that the addition of 0.2% WD to the nutrient solution has a stimulating effect on the growth of lettuce plants, and could be a successful strategy to boost the yield of crops grown hydroponically.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Riccardo Fedeli
- BioAgry Lab, Department of Life Sciences, University of Siena, 53100 Siena, Italy;
| | - Cristina Cruz
- Centre for Ecology, Evolution and Environmental Changes, Faculdade de Ciências, Universidade de Lisboa, 1749-016 Lisbon, Portugal; (C.C.); (S.M.)
| | - Stefano Loppi
- BioAgry Lab, Department of Life Sciences, University of Siena, 53100 Siena, Italy;
- BAT Center—Interuniversity Center for Studies on Bioinspired Agro-Environmental Technology, University of Naples ‘Federico II’, 80138 Napoli, Italy
| | - Silvana Munzi
- Centre for Ecology, Evolution and Environmental Changes, Faculdade de Ciências, Universidade de Lisboa, 1749-016 Lisbon, Portugal; (C.C.); (S.M.)
- Centro Interuniversitário de Historia das Ciências e da Tecnologia Faculdade de Ciências, Universidade de Lisboa, 1749-016 Lisbon, Portugal
| |
Collapse
|
3
|
Mohanasundaram B, Koley S, Allen DK, Pandey S. Physcomitrium patens response to elevated CO 2 is flexible and determined by an interaction between sugar and nitrogen availability. THE NEW PHYTOLOGIST 2024; 241:1222-1235. [PMID: 37929754 DOI: 10.1111/nph.19348] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/21/2023] [Accepted: 10/05/2023] [Indexed: 11/07/2023]
Abstract
Mosses hold a unique position in plant evolution and are crucial for protecting natural, long-term carbon storage systems such as permafrost and bogs. Due to small stature, mosses grow close to the soil surface and are exposed to high levels of CO2 , produced by soil respiration. However, the impact of elevated CO2 (eCO2 ) levels on mosses remains underexplored. We determined the growth responses of the moss Physcomitrium patens to eCO2 in combination with different nitrogen levels and characterized the underlying physiological and metabolic changes. Three distinct growth characteristics, an early transition to caulonema, the development of longer, highly pigmented rhizoids, and increased biomass, define the phenotypic responses of P. patens to eCO2 . Elevated CO2 impacts growth by enhancing the level of a sugar signaling metabolite, T6P. The quantity and form of nitrogen source influences these metabolic and phenotypic changes. Under eCO2 , P. patens exhibits a diffused growth pattern in the presence of nitrate, but ammonium supplementation results in dense growth with tall gametophores, demonstrating high phenotypic plasticity under different environments. These results provide a framework for comparing the eCO2 responses of P. patens with other plant groups and provide crucial insights into moss growth that may benefit climate change models.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
| | - Somnath Koley
- Donald Danforth Plant Science Center, Saint Louis, MO, 63132, USA
| | - Doug K Allen
- Donald Danforth Plant Science Center, Saint Louis, MO, 63132, USA
- USDA-ARS, Saint Louis, MO, 63132, USA
| | - Sona Pandey
- Donald Danforth Plant Science Center, Saint Louis, MO, 63132, USA
| |
Collapse
|
4
|
Hu J, Zheng Q, Neuhäuser B, Dong C, Tian Z, Dai T. Superior glucose metabolism supports NH 4+ assimilation in wheat to improve ammonium tolerance. FRONTIERS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2024; 15:1339105. [PMID: 38318495 PMCID: PMC10839024 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2024.1339105] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/15/2023] [Accepted: 01/05/2024] [Indexed: 02/07/2024]
Abstract
The use of slow-release fertilizers and seed-fertilizers cause localized high-ammonium (NH4 +) environments in agricultural fields, adversely affecting wheat growth and development and delaying its yield. Thus, it is important to investigate the physiological responses of wheat and its tolerance to NH4 + stress to improve the adaptation of wheat to high NH4 + environments. In this study, the physiological mechanisms of ammonium tolerance in wheat (Triticum aestivum) were investigated in depth by comparative analysis of two cultivars: NH4 +-tolerant Xumai25 and NH4 +-sensitive Yangmai20. Cultivation under hydroponic conditions with high NH4 + (5 mM NH4 +, AN) and nitrate (5 mM NO3 -, NN), as control, provided insights into the nuanced responses of both cultivars. Compared to Yangmai20, Xumai25 displayed a comparatively lesser sensitivity to NH4 + stress, as evident by a less pronounced reduction in dry plant biomass and a milder adverse impact on root morphology. Despite similarities in NH4 + efflux and the expression levels of TaAMT1.1 and TaAMT1.2 between the two cultivars, Xumai25 exhibited higher NH4 + influx, while maintaining a lower free NH4 + concentration in the roots. Furthermore, Xumai25 showed a more pronounced increase in the levels of free amino acids, including asparagine, glutamine, and aspartate, suggesting a superior NH4 + assimilation capacity under NH4 + stress compared to Yangmai20. Additionally, the enhanced transcriptional regulation of vacuolar glucose transporter and glucose metabolism under NH4 + stress in Xumai25 contributed to an enhanced carbon skeleton supply, particularly of 2-oxoglutarate and pyruvate. Taken together, our results demonstrate that the NH4 + tolerance of Xumai25 is intricately linked to enhanced glucose metabolism and optimized glucose transport, which contributes to the robust NH4 + assimilation capacity.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Jinling Hu
- Key Laboratory of Crop Physiology Ecology and Production Management of Ministry of Agriculture, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, Jiangsu, China
| | - Qiaomei Zheng
- Key Laboratory of Crop Physiology Ecology and Production Management of Ministry of Agriculture, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, Jiangsu, China
| | - Benjamin Neuhäuser
- Institute of Crop Science, Nutritional Crop Physiology, University of Hohenheim, Stuttgart, Germany
| | - Chaofeng Dong
- Key Laboratory of Crop Physiology Ecology and Production Management of Ministry of Agriculture, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, Jiangsu, China
| | - Zhongwei Tian
- Key Laboratory of Crop Physiology Ecology and Production Management of Ministry of Agriculture, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, Jiangsu, China
| | - Tingbo Dai
- Key Laboratory of Crop Physiology Ecology and Production Management of Ministry of Agriculture, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, Jiangsu, China
| |
Collapse
|
5
|
Chen H, Lv W, Zhang W, Zhao J, Zhang Q, Zhang Z. Integrated comparative transcriptome and physiological analysis reveals the metabolic responses underlying genotype variations in NH 4+ tolerance. FRONTIERS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2023; 14:1286174. [PMID: 38192699 PMCID: PMC10773859 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2023.1286174] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/05/2023] [Accepted: 11/16/2023] [Indexed: 01/10/2024]
Abstract
Several mechanisms have been proposed to explain NH4 + toxicity. However, the core information about the biochemical regulation of plants in response to NH4 + toxicity is still lacking. In this study, the tissue NH4 + concentration is an important factor contributing to variations in plant growth even under nitrate nutrition and NH4 + tolerance under ammonium nutrition. Furthermore, NH4 + led to the reprogramming of the transcriptional profile, as genes related to trehalose-6-phosphate and zeatin biosynthesis were downregulated, whereas genes related to nitrogen metabolism, camalexin, stilbenoid and phenylpropanoid biosynthesis were upregulated. Further analysis revealed that a large number of genes, which enriched in phenylpropanoid and stilbenoid biosynthesis, were uniquely upregulated in the NH4 +- tolerant ecotype Or-1. These results suggested that the NH4 +-tolerant ecotype showed a more intense response to NH4 + by activating defense processes and pathways. Importantly, the tolerant ecotype had a higher 15NH4 + uptake and nitrogen utilization efficiency, but lower NH4 +, indicating the tolerant ecotype maintained a low NH4 + level, mainly by promoting NH4 + assimilation rather than inhibiting NH4 + uptake. The carbon and nitrogen metabolism analysis revealed that the tolerant ecotype had a stronger carbon skeleton production capacity with higher levels of hexokinase, pyruvate kinase, and glutamate dehydrogenase activity to assimilate free NH4 +, Taken together, the results revealed the core mechanisms utilized by plants in response to NH4 +, which are consequently of ecological and agricultural importance.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Haifei Chen
- College of Resources, Hunan Agricultural University, Changsha, China
| | - Wei Lv
- College of Resources, Hunan Agricultural University, Changsha, China
| | - Wenqi Zhang
- College of Resources, Hunan Agricultural University, Changsha, China
| | - Jie Zhao
- College of Resources, Hunan Agricultural University, Changsha, China
| | - Quan Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Agro-ecological Processes in Subtropical Region, Institute of Subtropical Agriculture, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Changsha, China
| | - Zhenhua Zhang
- College of Resources, Hunan Agricultural University, Changsha, China
| |
Collapse
|
6
|
Zhang Q, Shi Y, Hu H, Shi Y, Tang D, Ruan J, Fernie AR, Liu MY. Magnesium promotes tea plant growth via enhanced glutamine synthetase-mediated nitrogen assimilation. PLANT PHYSIOLOGY 2023; 192:1321-1337. [PMID: 36879396 PMCID: PMC10231486 DOI: 10.1093/plphys/kiad143] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/19/2023] [Revised: 02/08/2023] [Accepted: 02/12/2023] [Indexed: 06/01/2023]
Abstract
Acidic tea (Camellia sinensis) plantation soil usually suffers from magnesium (Mg) deficiency, and as such, application of fertilizer containing Mg can substantially increase tea quality by enhancing the accumulation of nitrogen (N)-containing chemicals such as amino acids in young tea shoots. However, the molecular mechanisms underlying the promoting effects of Mg on N assimilation in tea plants remain unclear. Here, both hydroponic and field experiments were conducted to analyze N, Mg, metabolite contents, and gene expression patterns in tea plants. We found that N and amino acids accumulated in tea plant roots under Mg deficiency, while metabolism of N was enhanced by Mg supplementation, especially under a low N fertilizer regime. 15N tracing experiments demonstrated that assimilation of N was induced in tea roots following Mg application. Furthermore, weighted gene correlation network analysis (WGCNA) analysis of RNA-seq data suggested that genes encoding glutamine synthetase isozymes (CsGSs), key enzymes regulating N assimilation, were markedly regulated by Mg treatment. Overexpression of CsGS1.1 in Arabidopsis (Arabidopsis thaliana) resulted in a more tolerant phenotype under Mg deficiency and increased N assimilation. These results validate our suggestion that Mg transcriptionally regulates CsGS1.1 during the enhanced assimilation of N in tea plant. Moreover, results of a field experiment demonstrated that high Mg and low N had positive effects on tea quality. This study deepens our understanding of the molecular mechanisms underlying the interactive effects of Mg and N in tea plants while also providing both genetic and agronomic tools for future improvement of tea production.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Qunfeng Zhang
- Tea Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Hangzhou 310008, China
- Key Laboratory of Biology, Genetics and Breeding of Special Economic Animals and Plants (Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs), Hangzhou 310008, China
| | - Yutao Shi
- Tea Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Hangzhou 310008, China
- College of Tea and Food Science, Wuyi University, Wuyishan 354300, China
| | - Hao Hu
- Department of Botany and Plant Sciences, Institute of Integrative Genome Biology, University of California, Riverside, CA 92521, USA
- Key Laboratory for Biology of Horticultural Plants, Ministry of Education, College of Horticulture & Forestry Sciences, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan 430070, China
| | - Yuanzhi Shi
- Tea Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Hangzhou 310008, China
- Key Laboratory of Biology, Genetics and Breeding of Special Economic Animals and Plants (Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs), Hangzhou 310008, China
| | - Dandan Tang
- Tea Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Hangzhou 310008, China
- College of Horticulture, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu 611130, China
| | - Jianyun Ruan
- Tea Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Hangzhou 310008, China
- Key Laboratory of Biology, Genetics and Breeding of Special Economic Animals and Plants (Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs), Hangzhou 310008, China
| | - Alisdair R Fernie
- Max-Planck-Institute of Molecular Plant Physiology, Am Muehlenberg 1, 14476 Potsdam-Golm, Germany
| | - Mei-Ya Liu
- Tea Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Hangzhou 310008, China
- Key Laboratory of Biology, Genetics and Breeding of Special Economic Animals and Plants (Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs), Hangzhou 310008, China
| |
Collapse
|
7
|
Yan W, Qin J, Jian Y, Liu J, Bian C, Jin L, Li G. Analysis of Potato Physiological and Molecular Adaptation in Response to Different Water and Nitrogen Combined Regimes. PLANTS (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2023; 12:1671. [PMID: 37111894 PMCID: PMC10145361 DOI: 10.3390/plants12081671] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/12/2023] [Revised: 03/24/2023] [Accepted: 04/03/2023] [Indexed: 06/19/2023]
Abstract
Water and nitrogen are essential for potato growth and development. We aim to understand how potato adapts to changes in soil water and nitrogen content. Potato plant adaptations to changes in soil moisture and nitrogen levels were analyzed at the physiological and transcriptomic levels in four treatment groups: adequate nitrogen under drought, adequate nitrogen under sufficient irrigation, limited nitrogen under drought, and limited nitrogen under sufficient irrigation. Many light-capture pigment complex genes and oxygen release complex genes were differentially expressed in leaves when nitrogen levels were increased under drought conditions, and several genes encoding rate-limiting enzymes in the Calvin-Benson-Bassham cycle were up-regulated; furthermore, leaf stomatal conductance decreased, whereas the saturated vapor pressure difference and relative chlorophyll content in the chloroplasts increased. StSP6A, a key gene in potato tuber formation, was down-regulated in response to increased nitrogen application, and the stolon growth time was prolonged. Genes related to root nitrogen metabolism were highly expressed, and protein content in the tuber increased. Weighted gene co-expression network analysis (WGCNA) revealed 32 gene expression modules that responded to changes in water and nitrogen levels. A total of 34 key candidate genes were identified, and a preliminary molecular model of potato responses to alterations in soil water and nitrogen content was constructed.
Collapse
|
8
|
Zhang Y, Li B, Luo P, Xian Y, Xiao R, Wu J. Glutamine synthetase plays an important role in ammonium tolerance of Myriophyllum aquaticum. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2022; 848:157596. [PMID: 35905951 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2022.157596] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/06/2021] [Revised: 06/30/2022] [Accepted: 07/19/2022] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
High-strength ammonium (NH4+), the main characteristic of swine wastewater, poses a significant threat to the rural ecological environment. As a novel phytoremediation technology, Myriophyllum aquaticum wetlands have high tolerance and removal rate of NH4+. Glutamine synthetase (GS), a pivotal enzyme in nitrogen (N) metabolism, is hypothesized to play an important role in the tolerance of M. aquaticum to high NH4+. Herein, the responses of M. aquaticum to GS inhibition by 0.1 mM methionine sulfoximine (MSX) under 15 mM NH4+ were investigated. After 5 days, visible NH4+ toxicity symptoms were observed in MSX-treated plants. Compared with the control, the NH4+ accumulation in the leaves increased by 20.99 times, while that of stems and roots increased by 3.27 times and 47.76 %, suggesting that GS inhibition had a greater impact on the leaves. GS inhibition decreased pigments in the leaves by 8.64 %-41.06 %, triggered oxidative stress, and affected ions concentrations in M. aquaticum. The concentrations of glutamine (Gln) and asparagine decreased by 63.46 %-97.43 % and 12.37 %-76.41 %, respectively, while the concentrations of most other amino acids increased after 5 days of MSX treatment, showing that GS inhibition reprogrammed the amino acids synthesis. A decrease in Gln explains the regulations of N-related genes, including increased expression of AMT in roots and decreased expression of GS, GOGAT, GDH, and AS, which would cause further NH4+ accumulation via promoting NH4+ uptake and decreasing NH4+ assimilation in M. aquaticum. This study revealed for the first time that GS inhibition under high NH4+ condition can lead to phytotoxicity in M. aquaticum due to NH4+ accumulation. The physiological and molecular responses of the leaves, stems, and roots confirmed the importance of GS in the high NH4+ tolerance of M. aquaticum. These findings provide new insights into NH4+ tolerance mechanisms in M. aquaticum and a theoretical foundation for the phytoremediation of high NH4+-loaded swine wastewater.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Ying Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Agro-ecological Processes in Subtropical Region/Changsha Research Station for Agricultural and Environmental Monitoring, Institute of Subtropical Agriculture, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Changsha, Hunan 410125, PR China; College of Resources and Environment, Hunan Agricultural University, Changsha, Hunan 410128, PR China
| | - Baozhen Li
- Key Laboratory of Agro-ecological Processes in Subtropical Region/Changsha Research Station for Agricultural and Environmental Monitoring, Institute of Subtropical Agriculture, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Changsha, Hunan 410125, PR China.
| | - Pei Luo
- Key Laboratory of Agro-ecological Processes in Subtropical Region/Changsha Research Station for Agricultural and Environmental Monitoring, Institute of Subtropical Agriculture, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Changsha, Hunan 410125, PR China
| | - Yingnan Xian
- Key Laboratory of Agro-ecological Processes in Subtropical Region/Changsha Research Station for Agricultural and Environmental Monitoring, Institute of Subtropical Agriculture, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Changsha, Hunan 410125, PR China
| | - Runlin Xiao
- Key Laboratory of Agro-ecological Processes in Subtropical Region/Changsha Research Station for Agricultural and Environmental Monitoring, Institute of Subtropical Agriculture, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Changsha, Hunan 410125, PR China
| | - Jinshui Wu
- Key Laboratory of Agro-ecological Processes in Subtropical Region/Changsha Research Station for Agricultural and Environmental Monitoring, Institute of Subtropical Agriculture, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Changsha, Hunan 410125, PR China
| |
Collapse
|
9
|
Zhang Z, Zhang C, Zhang CS, Wang WB, Feng YL. Differences and related physiological mechanisms in effects of ammonium on the invasive plant Xanthium strumarium and its native congener X. sibiricum. FRONTIERS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2022; 13:999748. [PMID: 36275581 PMCID: PMC9581188 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2022.999748] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/21/2022] [Accepted: 09/13/2022] [Indexed: 06/16/2023]
Abstract
Few studies explore the effects of nitrogen forms on exotic plant invasions, and all of them are conducted from the perspective of nitrogen form utilization without considering the effects of ammonium toxicity. The invasive plant Xanthium strumarium prefers to use nitrate, while its native congener X. sibiricum prefers to use ammonium, and the invader is more sensitive to high ammonium based on our preliminary observations. To further reveal the effects of nitrogen forms on invasiveness of X. strumarium, we studied the difference and related physiological mechanisms in sensitivity to ammonium between these species. With increasing ammonium, total biomass, root to shoot ratio and leaf chlorophyll content of X. strumarium decreased, showing ammonium toxicity. For X. sibiricum, however, ammonium toxicity did not occurr. With increasing ammonium, ammonium concentration increased in leaves and roots of X. strumarium, which is associated with the decreased activities of glutamine synthetase and glutamate synthase and the increased ammonium uptake; and consequently the contents of hydrogen peroxide and malondialdehyde also increased, which is associated with the decreased contents of reduced glutathione and ascorbic acid. By contrast, the abilities of ammonium assimilation and antioxidation of X. sibiricum were less affected by the increase of ammonium, and the contents of ammonium nitrogen, hydrogen peroxide and malondialdehyde in leaves and roots were significantly lower than those in X. strumarium. Our results indicate that ammonium accumulation and oxidative damage may be the physiological mechanisms for the ammonium toxicity of X. strumarium, providing a possible explanation that it generally invades nitrate-dominated and disturbed habitats and a theoretical basis for future studies on the control of invasive plants by regulating soil nitrogen.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Zheng Zhang
- Liaoning Key Laboratory for Biological Invasions and Global Changes, College of Bioscience and Biotechnology, Shenyang Agricultural University, Shenyang, China
| | - Chang Zhang
- Liaoning Key Laboratory for Biological Invasions and Global Changes, College of Bioscience and Biotechnology, Shenyang Agricultural University, Shenyang, China
| | - Chun-Sha Zhang
- Liaoning Key Laboratory for Biological Invasions and Global Changes, College of Bioscience and Biotechnology, Shenyang Agricultural University, Shenyang, China
| | - Wei-Bin Wang
- Liaoning Key Laboratory for Biological Invasions and Global Changes, College of Bioscience and Biotechnology, Shenyang Agricultural University, Shenyang, China
| | - Yu-Long Feng
- Liaoning Key Laboratory for Biological Invasions and Global Changes, College of Bioscience and Biotechnology, Shenyang Agricultural University, Shenyang, China
| |
Collapse
|
10
|
Urra M, Buezo J, Royo B, Cornejo A, López-Gómez P, Cerdán D, Esteban R, Martínez-Merino V, Gogorcena Y, Tavladoraki P, Moran JF. The importance of the urea cycle and its relationships to polyamine metabolism during ammonium stress in Medicago truncatula. JOURNAL OF EXPERIMENTAL BOTANY 2022; 73:5581-5595. [PMID: 35608836 PMCID: PMC9467648 DOI: 10.1093/jxb/erac235] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/27/2022] [Accepted: 05/20/2022] [Indexed: 05/26/2023]
Abstract
The ornithine-urea cycle (urea cycle) makes a significant contribution to the metabolic responses of lower photosynthetic eukaryotes to episodes of high nitrogen availability. In this study, we compared the role of the plant urea cycle and its relationships to polyamine metabolism in ammonium-fed and nitrate-fed Medicago truncatula plants. High ammonium resulted in the accumulation of ammonium and pathway intermediates, particularly glutamine, arginine, ornithine, and putrescine. Arginine decarboxylase activity was decreased in roots, suggesting that the ornithine decarboxylase-dependent production of putrescine was important in situations of ammonium stress. The activity of copper amine oxidase, which releases ammonium from putrescine, was significantly decreased in both shoots and roots. In addition, physiological concentrations of ammonium inhibited copper amine oxidase activity in in vitro assays, supporting the conclusion that high ammonium accumulation favors putrescine synthesis. Moreover, early supplementation of plants with putrescine avoided ammonium toxicity. The levels of transcripts encoding urea-cycle-related proteins were increased and transcripts involved in polyamine catabolism were decreased under high ammonium concentrations. We conclude that the urea cycle and associated polyamine metabolism function as important protective mechanisms limiting ammonium toxicity in M. truncatula. These findings demonstrate the relevance of the urea cycle to polyamine metabolism in higher plants.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Marina Urra
- Present address: Department of Forest Engineering, Forest Management Planning and Terrestrial Measurements, University of Transilvania, 1, Ludwig van Beethoven Str., 500123 Brașov, Romania
| | - Javier Buezo
- Institute for Multidisciplinary Research in Applied Biology (IMAB), Department of Sciences, Public University of Navarre (UPNA), Avda. de Pamplona 123, 31192 Mutilva, Spain
| | - Beatriz Royo
- Institute for Multidisciplinary Research in Applied Biology (IMAB), Department of Sciences, Public University of Navarre (UPNA), Avda. de Pamplona 123, 31192 Mutilva, Spain
| | - Alfonso Cornejo
- Institute for Advanced Materials and Mathematics (INAMAT2), Department of Sciences, Public University of Navarre (UPNA), Campus de Arrosadía, 31006 Pamplona, Spain
| | - Pedro López-Gómez
- Institute for Multidisciplinary Research in Applied Biology (IMAB), Department of Sciences, Public University of Navarre (UPNA), Avda. de Pamplona 123, 31192 Mutilva, Spain
| | - Daniel Cerdán
- Institute for Multidisciplinary Research in Applied Biology (IMAB), Department of Sciences, Public University of Navarre (UPNA), Avda. de Pamplona 123, 31192 Mutilva, Spain
| | - Raquel Esteban
- Department of Plant Biology and Ecology, University of the Basque Country (UPV/EHU), Sarriena s/n, Apdo. 644, 48080 Bilbao, Spain
| | - Víctor Martínez-Merino
- Institute for Advanced Materials and Mathematics (INAMAT2), Department of Sciences, Public University of Navarre (UPNA), Campus de Arrosadía, 31006 Pamplona, Spain
| | - Yolanda Gogorcena
- Department of Pomology, Aula Dei Experimental Station, Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas (CSIC), Avda. de Montañana 1005, 50059 Zaragoza, Spain
| | | | | |
Collapse
|
11
|
Wang F, Wang Q, Yu Q, Ye J, Gao J, Liu H, Yong JWH, Yu Y, Liu X, Kong H, He X, Ma J. Is the NH 4 +-induced growth inhibition caused by the NH 4 + form of the nitrogen source or by soil acidification? FRONTIERS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2022; 13:968707. [PMID: 36160982 PMCID: PMC9505920 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2022.968707] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/14/2022] [Accepted: 08/15/2022] [Indexed: 06/16/2023]
Abstract
Soil acidification often occurs when the concentration of ammonium (NH4 +) in soil rises, such as that observed in farmland. Both soil acidification and excess NH4 + have serious adverse effects on crop growth and food production. However, we still do not know which of these two inhibitors has a greater impact on the growth of crops, and the degree of their inhibitory effect on crop growth have not been accurately evaluated. 31 wheat cultivars originating in various areas of China were planted under 5 mM sole NH4 + (ammonium nitrogen, AN) or nitrate nitrogen in combined with two pH levels resembling acidified conditions (5.0 and 6.5). The results showed that the shoots and roots biomass were severely reduced by AN in both and these reduction effects were strengthened by a low medium pH. The concentration of free NH4 + and amino acids, the glutamine synthetase activity were significantly higher, but the total soluble sugar content was reduced under NH4 + conditions, and the glutamine synthetase activity was reduced by a low medium pH. Cultivar variance was responsible for the largest proportion of the total variance in plant dry weight, leaf area, nodal root number, total root length and root volume; the nitrogen (N) form explains most of the variation in N and C metabolism; the effects of pH were the greatest for plant height and root average diameter. So, soil acidification and excess NH4 + would cause different degrees of inhibition effects on different plant tissues. The findings are expected to be useful for applying effective strategies for reducing NH4 + stress in the field.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Feng Wang
- Institute of Environmental Resources and Soil Fertilizers, Zhejiang Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Hangzhou, China
| | - Qiang Wang
- Institute of Environmental Resources and Soil Fertilizers, Zhejiang Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Hangzhou, China
| | - Qiaogang Yu
- Institute of Environmental Resources and Soil Fertilizers, Zhejiang Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Hangzhou, China
| | - Jing Ye
- Institute of Environmental Resources and Soil Fertilizers, Zhejiang Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Hangzhou, China
| | - Jingwen Gao
- Institute of Environmental Resources and Soil Fertilizers, Zhejiang Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Hangzhou, China
| | - Haitian Liu
- Institute of Environmental Resources and Soil Fertilizers, Zhejiang Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Hangzhou, China
| | - Jean W. H. Yong
- Department of Biosystems and Technology, Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences, Alnarp, Sweden
- School of Biological Sciences, The University of Western Australia, Perth, WA, Australia
| | - Yijun Yu
- Arable Soil Quality and Fertilizer Administration Station of Zhejiang Province, Hangzhou, China
| | - Xiaoxia Liu
- Arable Soil Quality and Fertilizer Administration Station of Zhejiang Province, Hangzhou, China
| | - Haimin Kong
- Arable Soil Quality and Fertilizer Administration Station of Zhejiang Province, Hangzhou, China
| | - Xinhua He
- School of Biological Sciences, The University of Western Australia, Perth, WA, Australia
- Centre of Excellence for Soil Biology, College of Resources and Environment, Southwest University, Chongqing, China
| | - Junwei Ma
- Institute of Environmental Resources and Soil Fertilizers, Zhejiang Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Hangzhou, China
| |
Collapse
|
12
|
Tian J, Pang Y, Yuan W, Peng J, Zhao Z. Growth and nitrogen metabolism in Sophora japonica (L.) as affected by salinity under different nitrogen forms. PLANT SCIENCE : AN INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF EXPERIMENTAL PLANT BIOLOGY 2022; 322:111347. [PMID: 35700842 DOI: 10.1016/j.plantsci.2022.111347] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/17/2022] [Revised: 05/12/2022] [Accepted: 06/07/2022] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
Sophora japonica is a leguminous tree species native to China. To explore the nitrogen (N) source preference and its impact on stress tolerance, a hydroponic experiment was designed in which S. japonica seedlings were supplied with sole ammonium (NH4+) or sole nitrate (NO3-) nutrition under 75 mM NaCl-induced salt stress. The growth and N metabolism performance were investigated. In the absence of NaCl, plants fed NH4+ showed better root growth than those fed NO3-, but there was no difference in aerial part growth. Salinity inhibited the root growth of NH4+-fed plants and the shoot growth of NO3--fed plants, while the total N accumulation was suppressed under either N form. Specifically, in NH4+-fed plants, salinity significantly increased the net photosynthetic rate, root NH4+ content and root antioxidant enzyme activities. Higher nitrate reductase (NR) activities but lower glutamate synthetase (GS) activities were observed in both leaves and roots. Leaf AMT1.1 and AMT2.1a in NH4+-fed plants positively reacted to salt stress, whereas the expression of four AMTs was reduced or remained unchanged in roots. In contrast, salinity suppressed the net photosynthetic rate, antioxidant enzyme activities, and GS activity in the leaves of NO3--fed plants. Upregulation of NPF1.2, NPF2.11, NPF4.6 and NPF7.3, as well as unaltered NR activity, caused higher NO3- content in the leaves. Moreover, NR and glutamate synthase (GOGAT) activities together with the transcription of most NRTs were promoted by salinity in the roots of NO3--fed plants. Additionally, compared to those treated with NH4+, in response to salinity, NO3--treated seedlings showed more intensive repression of the net photosynthetic rate, chlorophyll content, and both shoot and root growth. Overall, these results suggest that S. japonica plants grew better in NH4+ medium than in NO3- medium, and the different N metabolism responses improved S. japonica tolerance to salinity with NH4+ application. This study provides new insights for understanding the mechanism of salt tolerance, breeding resistant varieties of S. japonica, and developing scientific fertilization management strategies during the seedling cultivation period.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Jing Tian
- College of Forestry, Northwest A&F University, Yangling 712100, Shaanxi, China; Research Center for the Conservation and Breeding Engineering of Ancient Trees, Yangling 712100, Shaanxi, China.
| | - Yue Pang
- College of Forestry, Northwest A&F University, Yangling 712100, Shaanxi, China.
| | - Wenshan Yuan
- College of Forestry, Northwest A&F University, Yangling 712100, Shaanxi, China; Research Center for the Conservation and Breeding Engineering of Ancient Trees, Yangling 712100, Shaanxi, China.
| | - Jieying Peng
- College of Forestry, Northwest A&F University, Yangling 712100, Shaanxi, China.
| | - Zhong Zhao
- College of Forestry, Northwest A&F University, Yangling 712100, Shaanxi, China; Research Center for the Conservation and Breeding Engineering of Ancient Trees, Yangling 712100, Shaanxi, China.
| |
Collapse
|
13
|
Li B, Zhang Y, Xian Y, Luo P, Xiao R, Wu J. Physiological response and tolerance of Myriophyllum aquaticum to a wide range of ammonium concentrations. JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL MANAGEMENT 2022; 317:115368. [PMID: 35636112 DOI: 10.1016/j.jenvman.2022.115368] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/11/2021] [Revised: 05/15/2022] [Accepted: 05/17/2022] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
Myriophyllum aquaticum (M. aquaticum) can be used in constructed wetlands (CWs) to effectively purify swine wastewater with high-ammonia nitrogen (NH3-N and NH4+-N) concentrations. However, the understanding of its tolerance mechanism to ammonia nitrogen is limited. The physiological response and tolerance mechanism of M. aquaticum to a wide range of NH4+ concentrations (0-35 mM) were investigated in the present study. The results indicated that M. aquaticum can tolerate NH4+ concentrations of up to 30 mM for 21 days and grow well with high nutrient (N, P) uptake. A suitable concentration of NH4+ for a better growth of M. aquaticum was 0.5-20 mM. The free NH4+ content was no obviously increase at NH4+ concentration below 15 mM, indicated there was no obviously ammonium accumulation. Exogenous NH4+ inhibited K+ absorption and improved Ca2+ absorption, indicating mineral cation could mediate NH4+ homeostasis under NH4+ stress. Moreover, comparison with those in the control group, the activities of glutamine synthetase (GS), glutamate synthetase (GOGAT) in M. aquaticum increased by 52.7%-115% at 1-20 mM NH4+, and superoxide dismutase (SOD) increased by 29.2-143% at 1-35 mM NH4+. This indicated that the high NH4+ tolerance of M. aquaticum was mainly due to the balance of free NH4+ content in tissues, as well as improved nitrogen metabolism and antioxidant system. This could be attributed to the role of the GS-GOGAT cycle and SOD. In conclusion, M. aquaticum, which tolerates high NH4+ concentration and has a high N uptake ability, can be used as a good candidate specie to help develop more efficient management strategies for treating high-NH4+ wastewater in CW systems.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Baozhen Li
- Key Laboratory of Agro-ecological Processes in Subtropical Region & Changsha Research Station for Agricultural and Environmental Monitoring, Institute of Subtropical Agriculture, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Changsha, 410125, China.
| | - Ying Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Agro-ecological Processes in Subtropical Region & Changsha Research Station for Agricultural and Environmental Monitoring, Institute of Subtropical Agriculture, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Changsha, 410125, China; College of Resources and Environment, Hunan Agricultural University, Changsha, 410128, China
| | - Yingnan Xian
- Key Laboratory of Agro-ecological Processes in Subtropical Region & Changsha Research Station for Agricultural and Environmental Monitoring, Institute of Subtropical Agriculture, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Changsha, 410125, China; College of Resources and Environment, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, 430070, China
| | - Pei Luo
- Key Laboratory of Agro-ecological Processes in Subtropical Region & Changsha Research Station for Agricultural and Environmental Monitoring, Institute of Subtropical Agriculture, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Changsha, 410125, China
| | - Runlin Xiao
- Key Laboratory of Agro-ecological Processes in Subtropical Region & Changsha Research Station for Agricultural and Environmental Monitoring, Institute of Subtropical Agriculture, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Changsha, 410125, China
| | - Jinshui Wu
- Key Laboratory of Agro-ecological Processes in Subtropical Region & Changsha Research Station for Agricultural and Environmental Monitoring, Institute of Subtropical Agriculture, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Changsha, 410125, China; University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100049, China.
| |
Collapse
|
14
|
Kong L, Zhang Y, Zhang B, Li H, Wang Z, Si J, Fan S, Feng B. Does energy cost constitute the primary cause of ammonium toxicity in plants? PLANTA 2022; 256:62. [PMID: 35994155 DOI: 10.1007/s00425-022-03971-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/27/2022] [Accepted: 08/09/2022] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
Nitrate (NO3-) and ammonium (NH4+) are the main nitrogen (N) sources and key determinants for plant growth and development. In recent decades, NH4+, which is a double-sided N compound, has attracted considerable amounts of attention from researchers. Elucidating the mechanisms of NH4+ toxicity and exploring the means to overcome this toxicity are necessary to improve agricultural sustainability. In this review, we discuss the current knowledge concerning the energy consumption and production underlying NH4+ metabolism and toxicity in plants, such as N uptake; assimilation; cellular pH homeostasis; and functions of the plasma membrane (PM), vacuolar H+-ATPase and H+-pyrophosphatase (H+-PPase). We also discuss whether the overconsumption of energy is the primary cause of NH4+ toxicity or constitutes a fundamental strategy for plants to adapt to high-NH4+ stress. In addition, the effects of regulators on energy production and consumption and other physiological processes are listed for evaluating the possibility of high energy costs associated with NH4+ toxicity. This review is helpful for exploring the tolerance mechanisms and for developing NH4+-tolerant varieties as well as agronomic techniques to alleviate the effects of NH4+ stress in the field.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Lingan Kong
- Crop Research Institute, Shandong Academy of Agricultural Sciences, 23788 Gongyebei Road, Jinan, 250100, China
- College of Life Science, Shandong Normal University, Jinan, 250014, China
| | - Yunxiu Zhang
- Crop Research Institute, Shandong Academy of Agricultural Sciences, 23788 Gongyebei Road, Jinan, 250100, China
| | - Bin Zhang
- Crop Research Institute, Shandong Academy of Agricultural Sciences, 23788 Gongyebei Road, Jinan, 250100, China
| | - Huawei Li
- Crop Research Institute, Shandong Academy of Agricultural Sciences, 23788 Gongyebei Road, Jinan, 250100, China
| | - Zongshuai Wang
- Crop Research Institute, Shandong Academy of Agricultural Sciences, 23788 Gongyebei Road, Jinan, 250100, China
| | - Jisheng Si
- Crop Research Institute, Shandong Academy of Agricultural Sciences, 23788 Gongyebei Road, Jinan, 250100, China
| | - Shoujin Fan
- College of Life Science, Shandong Normal University, Jinan, 250014, China.
| | - Bo Feng
- Crop Research Institute, Shandong Academy of Agricultural Sciences, 23788 Gongyebei Road, Jinan, 250100, China.
| |
Collapse
|
15
|
Nadeem F, Mahmood R, Sabir M, Khan WUD, Haider MS, Wang R, Zhong Y, Ishfaq M, Li X. Foxtail millet [Setaria italica (L.) Beauv.] over-accumulates ammonium under low nitrogen supply. PLANT PHYSIOLOGY AND BIOCHEMISTRY : PPB 2022; 185:35-44. [PMID: 35660775 DOI: 10.1016/j.plaphy.2022.05.031] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/25/2022] [Revised: 05/22/2022] [Accepted: 05/24/2022] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
Nitrogen (N) deficiency is a primary limiting factor for crop production worldwide. Previously, we reported root system architectural modifications of hydroponically cultured foxtail millet [Setaria italica (L.) Beauv.] to facilitate N translocation under N limitation. Here, we investigated foxtail millet for its shoot adaptation to low N in terms of internal N regulation under hydroponic culture. The results of this study revealed that the shoot N and nitrate (NO3-) concentrations significantly declined as compared to control (CK); however, the shoot over-accumulated ammonium (NH4+) under low N (LN). N shortage resulted in down-regulation of expressions of SiPetA, SiccsA, SipsbA, SirpoB, SipsaA, SiatpA, Sirps16, and SiPEPC which, undermined chloroplast functioning and CO2 assimilation for the provision of carbon skeleton. Carbon deficiency and lower activities of GS decelerated ammonia assimilation and led to over-accumulation of NH4+ in the LN-shoot, as indicated by lower concentrations of total amino acids. Thus, enhanced GOGAT activity was to assimilate NH4+ while, those of catalase (CAT), superoxide dismutase (SOD) and peroxidase (POD) were to scavenge reactive oxygen species (ROS) of NH4+ toxicity framework. The weakened chloroplast factory eventually minimized photosynthesis and reduced dry mass of the LN shoot. Such regulation of N by the shoot, perhaps, resurrected physiological functions which maintained internal mineral status under nitrogen limitation in foxtail millet.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Faisal Nadeem
- MOE Key Laboratory of Plant-Soil Interactions, Department of Plant Nutrition, China Agricultural University, Beijing, 100193, China; Department of Soil Science, University of the Punjab, Lahore, 54590, Pakistan
| | - Rashid Mahmood
- Department of Soil Science, University of the Punjab, Lahore, 54590, Pakistan
| | - Muhammad Sabir
- Institute of Soil and Environmental Sciences, University of Agriculture, Faisalabad, 38040, Pakistan
| | - Waqas-Ud-Din Khan
- Sustainable Development Study Centre, Government College University, Lahore, 54000, Pakistan
| | | | - Ruifeng Wang
- MOE Key Laboratory of Plant-Soil Interactions, Department of Plant Nutrition, China Agricultural University, Beijing, 100193, China
| | - Yanting Zhong
- Department of Vegetable Sciences, China Agricultural University, Beijing, 100193, China
| | - Muhammad Ishfaq
- MOE Key Laboratory of Plant-Soil Interactions, Department of Plant Nutrition, China Agricultural University, Beijing, 100193, China
| | - Xuexian Li
- MOE Key Laboratory of Plant-Soil Interactions, Department of Plant Nutrition, China Agricultural University, Beijing, 100193, China.
| |
Collapse
|
16
|
Song J, Yang J, Jeong BR. Alleviation of Ammonium Toxicity in Salvia splendens ‘Vista Red’ with Silicon Supplementation. TOXICS 2022; 10:toxics10080446. [PMID: 36006125 PMCID: PMC9416225 DOI: 10.3390/toxics10080446] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/11/2022] [Revised: 07/21/2022] [Accepted: 07/29/2022] [Indexed: 01/20/2023]
Abstract
Ammonium (NH4+) toxicity seriously hampers the yield and quality of salvia plants because most varieties or sub-species are highly sensitive to NH4+. Silicon (Si) is an alternative that is used to minimize these disturbances and maintain better growth under NH4+ toxicity. Nevertheless, the mitigatory effects of Si on NH4+-stressed salvia are unknown. Therefore, this study was carried out to determine how Si assists to alleviate the NH4+ toxicity degree in salvia. To this end, salvia plants were cultivated in a controlled environment supplied with a constant N (nitrogen) level (13 meq·L−1) in the form of three NH4+:NO3− ratios (0:100, 50:50, 100:0), each with (1.0 meq·L−1) or without Si. Physiological disorders and typical NH4+ toxicity symptoms, as well as interrupted photosynthesis, were observed in the 100% NH4+-treated plants. Furthermore, cation uptake inhibition and oxidative damage were also imposed by the 100% NH4+ supply. In contrast, in the presence of Si, the NH4+ toxicity degree was attenuated and plant growth was ensured. Accordingly, the NH4+ toxicity appearance ratio decreased significantly. Furthermore, Si-treated plants showed an ameliorated photosynthetic ability, elevated internal K and Ca levels, and enhanced antioxidative capacity, as reflected by improved major antioxidant enzyme activities, as well as diminished accumulation of ROS (reactive oxygen species) and MDA (malondialdehyde). Our findings enlightened the agronomic importance of additional Si to nutrient solutions, especially pertaining to bedding plants at risk of NH4+ toxicity.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Jinnan Song
- Department of Horticulture, Division of Applied Life Science (BK21 Four Program), Graduate School of Gyeongsang National University, Jinju 52828, Korea; (J.S.); (J.Y.)
| | - Jingli Yang
- Department of Horticulture, Division of Applied Life Science (BK21 Four Program), Graduate School of Gyeongsang National University, Jinju 52828, Korea; (J.S.); (J.Y.)
| | - Byoung Ryong Jeong
- Department of Horticulture, Division of Applied Life Science (BK21 Four Program), Graduate School of Gyeongsang National University, Jinju 52828, Korea; (J.S.); (J.Y.)
- Institute of Agriculture and Life Science, Gyeongsang National University, Jinju 52828, Korea
- Research Institute of Life Science, Gyeongsang National University, Jinju 52828, Korea
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +82-55-772-1913
| |
Collapse
|
17
|
Jauregui I, Rivero-Marcos M, Aranjuelo I, Aparicio-Tejo PM, Lasa B, Ariz I. Could ammonium nutrition increase plant C-sink strength under elevated CO 2 conditions? PLANT SCIENCE : AN INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF EXPERIMENTAL PLANT BIOLOGY 2022; 320:111277. [PMID: 35643605 DOI: 10.1016/j.plantsci.2022.111277] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/08/2021] [Revised: 02/11/2022] [Accepted: 03/27/2022] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
Atmospheric carbon dioxide (CO2) is increasing, and this affects plant photosynthesis and biomass production. Under elevated CO2 conditions (eCO2), plants need to cope with an unbalanced carbon-to-nitrogen ratio (C/N) due to a limited C sink strength and/or the reported constrains in leaf N. Here, we present a physiological and metabolic analysis of ammonium (NH4+)-tolerant pea plants (Pisum sativum L., cv. snap pea) grown hydroponically with moderate or high NH4+ concentrations (2.5 or 10 mM), and under two atmospheric CO2 concentrations (400 and 800 ppm). We found that the photosynthetic efficiency of the NH4+ tolerant pea plants remain intact under eCO2 thanks to the capacity of the plants to maintain the foliar N status (N content and total soluble proteins), and the higher C-skeleton requirements for NH4+ assimilation. The capacity of pea plants grown at 800 ppm to promote the C allocation into mobile pools of sugar (mainly sucrose and glucose) instead of starch contributed to balancing plant C/N. Our results also support previous observations: plants exposed to eCO2 and NH4+ nutrition can increase of stomatal conductance. Considering the C and N source-sink balance of our plants, we call for exploring a novel trait, combining NH4+ tolerant plants with a proper NH4+ nutrition management, as a way for a better exploitation of eCO2 in C3 crops.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Ivan Jauregui
- Department of Sciences, Institute for Multidisciplinary Research in Applied Biology (IMAB), Public University of Navarre, Campus Arrosadía, Pamplona 31006, Spain; Plant Genetics, Gembloux Agro-Bio Tech (GxABT), University of Liege, Passage des Déportés 2, Gembloux, Belgium.
| | - Mikel Rivero-Marcos
- Department of Sciences, Institute for Multidisciplinary Research in Applied Biology (IMAB), Public University of Navarre, Campus Arrosadía, Pamplona 31006, Spain
| | - Iker Aranjuelo
- Instituto de Agrobiotecnología (IdAB), Universidad Pública de Navarra-CSIC-Gobierno de Navarra, Campus de Arrosadía, Mutilva Baja E-31192, Spain
| | - Pedro M Aparicio-Tejo
- Department of Sciences, Institute for Multidisciplinary Research in Applied Biology (IMAB), Public University of Navarre, Campus Arrosadía, Pamplona 31006, Spain
| | - Berta Lasa
- Department of Sciences, Institute for Multidisciplinary Research in Applied Biology (IMAB), Public University of Navarre, Campus Arrosadía, Pamplona 31006, Spain.
| | - Idoia Ariz
- Department of Sciences, Institute for Multidisciplinary Research in Applied Biology (IMAB), Public University of Navarre, Campus Arrosadía, Pamplona 31006, Spain
| |
Collapse
|
18
|
Oszvald M, Hassall KL, Hughes D, Torres-Ballesteros A, Clark I, Riche AB, Heuer S. Genetic Diversity in Nitrogen Fertiliser Responses and N Gas Emission in Modern Wheat. FRONTIERS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2022; 13:816475. [PMID: 35646002 PMCID: PMC9137425 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2022.816475] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/17/2021] [Accepted: 01/20/2022] [Indexed: 06/08/2023]
Abstract
Crops assimilate nitrogen (N) as ammonium via the glutamine synthetase/glutamate synthase (GS/GOGAT) pathway which is of central importance for N uptake and potentially represents a bottle neck for N fertiliser-use efficiency. The aim of this study was to assess whether genetic diversity for N-assimilation capacity exists in wheat and could be exploited for breeding. Wheat plants rapidly, within 6 h, responded to N application with an increase in GS activity. This was not accompanied by an increase in GS gene transcript abundance and a comparison of GS1 and GS2 protein models revealed a high degree of sequence conservation. N responsiveness amongst ten wheat varieties was assessed by measuring GS enzyme activity, leaf tissue ammonium, and by a leaf-disc assay as a proxy for apoplastic ammonia. Based on these data, a high-GS group showing an overall positive response to N could be distinguished from an inefficient, low-GS group. Subsequent gas emission measurements confirmed plant ammonia emission in response to N application and also revealed emission of N2O when N was provided as nitrate, which is in agreement with our current understanding that N2O is a by-product of nitrate reduction. Taken together, the data suggest that there is scope for improving N assimilation capacity in wheat and that further investigations into the regulation and role of GS-GOGAT in NH3 emission is justified. Likewise, emission of the climate gas N2O needs to be reduced, and future research should focus on assessing the nitrate reductase pathway in wheat and explore fertiliser management options.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Maria Oszvald
- Plant Science Department, Rothamsted Research, Harpenden, United Kingdom
| | - Kirsty L. Hassall
- Computational and Analytical Sciences, Rothamsted Research, Harpenden, United Kingdom
| | - David Hughes
- Computational and Analytical Sciences, Rothamsted Research, Harpenden, United Kingdom
| | | | - Ian Clark
- Sustainable Agriculture Sciences, Rothamsted Research, Harpenden, United Kingdom
| | - Andrew B. Riche
- Plant Science Department, Rothamsted Research, Harpenden, United Kingdom
| | - Sigrid Heuer
- Plant Science Department, Rothamsted Research, Harpenden, United Kingdom
- Department of Crop Improvement and Resilience, NIAB, Cambridge, United Kingdom
| |
Collapse
|
19
|
Liu Y, Maniero RA, Giehl RFH, Melzer M, Steensma P, Krouk G, Fitzpatrick TB, von Wirén N. PDX1.1-dependent biosynthesis of vitamin B 6 protects roots from ammonium-induced oxidative stress. MOLECULAR PLANT 2022; 15:820-839. [PMID: 35063660 DOI: 10.1016/j.molp.2022.01.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/02/2021] [Revised: 11/05/2021] [Accepted: 01/17/2022] [Indexed: 05/10/2023]
Abstract
Despite serving as a major inorganic nitrogen source for plants, ammonium causes toxicity at elevated concentrations, inhibiting root elongation early on. While previous studies have shown that ammonium-inhibited root development relates to ammonium uptake and formation of reactive oxygen species (ROS) in roots, it remains unclear about the mechanisms underlying the repression of root growth and how plants cope with this inhibitory effect of ammonium. In this study, we demonstrate that ammonium-induced apoplastic acidification co-localizes with Fe precipitation and hydrogen peroxide (H2O2) accumulation along the stele of the elongation and differentiation zone in root tips, indicating Fe-dependent ROS formation. By screening ammonium sensitivity in T-DNA insertion lines of ammonium-responsive genes, we identified PDX1.1, which is upregulated by ammonium in the root stele and whose product catalyzes de novo biosynthesis of vitamin B6. Root growth of pdx1.1 mutants is hypersensitive to ammonium, while chemical complementation or overexpression of PDX1.1 restores root elongation. This salvage strategy requires non-phosphorylated forms of vitamin B6 that are able to quench ROS and rescue root growth from ammonium inhibition. Collectively, these results suggest that PDX1.1-mediated synthesis of non-phosphorylated B6 vitamers acts as a primary strategy to protect roots from ammonium-dependent ROS formation.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Ying Liu
- Molecular Plant Nutrition, Leibniz Institute of Plant Genetics and Crop Plant Research (IPK), Corrensstrasse 3, 06466 Gatersleben, Germany
| | - Rodolfo A Maniero
- Molecular Plant Nutrition, Leibniz Institute of Plant Genetics and Crop Plant Research (IPK), Corrensstrasse 3, 06466 Gatersleben, Germany
| | - Ricardo F H Giehl
- Molecular Plant Nutrition, Leibniz Institute of Plant Genetics and Crop Plant Research (IPK), Corrensstrasse 3, 06466 Gatersleben, Germany
| | - Michael Melzer
- Structural Cell Biology, Leibniz Institute of Plant Genetics and Crop Plant Research (IPK), Corrensstrasse 3, 06466 Gatersleben, Germany
| | - Priscille Steensma
- Department of Botany and Plant Biology, University of Geneva, 1211 Geneva, Switzerland
| | - Gabriel Krouk
- BPMP, Université de Montpellier, CNRS, INRA, SupAgro, Montpellier, France
| | - Teresa B Fitzpatrick
- Department of Botany and Plant Biology, University of Geneva, 1211 Geneva, Switzerland
| | - Nicolaus von Wirén
- Molecular Plant Nutrition, Leibniz Institute of Plant Genetics and Crop Plant Research (IPK), Corrensstrasse 3, 06466 Gatersleben, Germany.
| |
Collapse
|
20
|
Díaz-Silva M, Maldonado J, Veloso P, Delgado N, Silva H, Gallardo JA. RNA-Seq analysis and transcriptome assembly of Salicornia neei reveals a powerful system for ammonium detoxification. ELECTRON J BIOTECHN 2022. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ejbt.2022.05.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/03/2022] Open
|
21
|
Hessini K. Nitrogen form differently modulates growth, metabolite profile, and antioxidant and nitrogen metabolism activities in roots of Spartina alterniflora in response to increasing salinity. PLANT PHYSIOLOGY AND BIOCHEMISTRY : PPB 2022; 174:35-42. [PMID: 35121483 DOI: 10.1016/j.plaphy.2022.01.031] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/23/2021] [Revised: 01/24/2022] [Accepted: 01/26/2022] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
Sodium tolerance and nitrogen-source preferences are two of the most fascinating and ecologically important areas in plant physiology. Spartina alterniflora is a highly salt-tolerant species and appears to prefer ammonium (NH4+) over nitrate (NO3-) as an inorganic N source, presenting a suite of aboveground physiological and biochemical mechanisms that allows growth in saline environments. Here, we tested the interactive effects of salinity (0, 200, 500 mM NaCl) and nitrogen source (NO3-, NH4+, NH4NO3) on some physiological and biochemical parameters of S. alterniflora at the root level. After three months of treatments, plants were harvested to determine root growth parameters and total amino acids, proline, total soluble sugars, sucrose, and root enzyme activity. The control (0 mM NaCl) had the highest root growth rate in the medium containing only ammonium and the lowest in the medium containing only nitrate. Except for NO3--fed plants, the 200 mM NaCl treatment generally had less root growth than the control. Under high salinity, NH4+-fed plants had better root growth than NO3--fed plants. In the absence of salinity, NH4+-fed plants had higher superoxide dismutase, ascorbate peroxidase, glutathione reductase, and guaiacol peroxidase activities than NO3--fed plants. Salinity generally promoted the activity of the principal antioxidant enzymes, more so in NH4+-fed plants. Nitrogen metabolism was characterized by higher constitutive levels of glutamate dehydrogenase (GDH) activity under ammonia nutrition, accompanied by elevated total amino acids levels in roots. The advantage of ammonium nutrition for S. alterniflora under salinity was connected to high amino acid accumulation and antioxidant enzyme activities, together with low H2O2 concentration and increased GDH activity. Ammonium improved root performance of S. alterniflora, especially under saline conditions, and may improve root antioxidant capacity and N-assimilating enzyme activities, and adjust osmotically to salinity by accumulating amino acids.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Kamel Hessini
- Department of Biology, College of Sciences, Taif University, P.O. Box 11099, Taif, 21944, Saudi Arabia.
| |
Collapse
|
22
|
Song J, Yang J, Jeong BR. Root GS and NADH-GDH Play Important Roles in Enhancing the Ammonium Tolerance in Three Bedding Plants. Int J Mol Sci 2022; 23:ijms23031061. [PMID: 35162985 PMCID: PMC8834993 DOI: 10.3390/ijms23031061] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/31/2021] [Revised: 01/14/2022] [Accepted: 01/17/2022] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Ammonium is a paradoxical nutrient because it is more metabolically efficient than nitrate, but also causes plant stresses in excess, i.e., ammonium toxicity. Current knowledge indicates that ammonium tolerance is species-specific and related to the ammonium assimilation enzyme activities. However, the mechanisms underlying the ammonium tolerance in bedding plants remain to be elucidated. The study described herein explores the primary traits contributing to the ammonium tolerance in three bedding plants. Three NH4+:NO3− ratios (0:100, 50:50, 100:0) were supplied to salvia, petunia, and ageratum. We determined that they possessed distinct ammonium tolerances: salvia and petunia were, respectively, extremely sensitive and moderately sensitive to high NH4+ concentrations, whereas ageratum was tolerant to NH4+, as characterized by the responses of the shoot and root growth, photosynthetic capacity, and nitrogen (amino acid and soluble protein)-carbohydrate (starch) distributions. An analysis of the major nitrogen assimilation enzymes showed that the root GS (glutamine synthetase) and NADH-GDH (glutamate dehydrogenase) activities in ageratum exhibited a dose-response relationship (reinforced by 25.24% and 6.64%, respectively) as the NH4+ level was raised from 50% to 100%; but both enzyme activities were significantly diminished in salvia. Besides, negligible changes of GS activities monitored in leaves revealed that only the root GS and NADH-GDH underpin the ammonium tolerances of the three bedding plants.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Jinnan Song
- Department of Horticulture, Division of Applied Life Science (BK21 Four Program), Graduate School of Gyeongsang National University, Jinju 52828, Korea; (J.S.); (J.Y.)
| | - Jingli Yang
- Department of Horticulture, Division of Applied Life Science (BK21 Four Program), Graduate School of Gyeongsang National University, Jinju 52828, Korea; (J.S.); (J.Y.)
| | - Byoung Ryong Jeong
- Department of Horticulture, Division of Applied Life Science (BK21 Four Program), Graduate School of Gyeongsang National University, Jinju 52828, Korea; (J.S.); (J.Y.)
- Institute of Agriculture and Life Science, Gyeongsang National University, Jinju 52828, Korea
- Research Institute of Life Science, Gyeongsang National University, Jinju 52828, Korea
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +82-55-772-1913
| |
Collapse
|
23
|
Wang H, Tang X, Chen J, Shang S, Zhu M, Liang S, Zang Y. Comparative studies on the response of Zostera marina leaves and roots to ammonium stress and effects on nitrogen metabolism. AQUATIC TOXICOLOGY (AMSTERDAM, NETHERLANDS) 2021; 240:105965. [PMID: 34543784 DOI: 10.1016/j.aquatox.2021.105965] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/20/2021] [Revised: 09/04/2021] [Accepted: 09/07/2021] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
Coastal eutrophication has resulted in the rapid loss and deterioration of seagrass beds worldwide. The high concentration of ammonium in eutrophic aquatic environments has been invoked as the main cause. In this study, leaves and roots of the seagrass Zostera marina were treated with simulated eutrophic seawater with elevated ammonium concentrations. The tolerance to ammonium stress and mechanism of nitrogen metabolism detoxification in different tissues were investigated. The results showed that high ammonium stress significantly affected the growth of leaves and had a negative effect on photosynthesis. The root activity of Z. marina was not inhibited at ammonium concentrations of ≤100 mg/L, indicating that the roots exhibited tolerance to ammonium stress. Increasing ammonium concentrations led to a higher increase of ammonium and free amino acid (FAA) contents in leaves than in roots. However, nitrogen storage decreased in Z. marina leaves after high ammonium treatments. The enzyme activity and gene expression of glutamine synthetase (GS) in roots were significantly higher than in the leaves even under ammonium stress. Meanwhile, ammonium stress increased the enzyme activities and gene expression of glutamate synthase (GOGAT) and glutamate dehydrogenase (GDH) in roots, which suggested that the roots had a strong ability to assimilate ammonium under ammonium stress. In contrast, although the GOGAT and GDH activity and gene expression in the leaves were initially increased, they significantly decreased when the ammonium concentration exceeded 100 mg/L. These results indicated that the concentration of 100 mg/L might be a threshold marking a transition from tolerance to toxicity for the leaves. Our study demonstrates that Z. marina leaves could be prone to higher damage than roots because the mechanism of ammonium assimilation in leaves is more susceptible to ammonium toxicity.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Hongrui Wang
- College of Marine Life Sciences, Ocean University of China, Qingdao, Shandong, PR China
| | - Xuexi Tang
- College of Marine Life Sciences, Ocean University of China, Qingdao, Shandong, PR China
| | - Jun Chen
- College of Marine Life Sciences, Ocean University of China, Qingdao, Shandong, PR China
| | - Shuai Shang
- College of Biological and Environmental Engineering, Binzhou University, Binzhou, Shandong, PR China
| | - Meiling Zhu
- College of Marine Life Sciences, Ocean University of China, Qingdao, Shandong, PR China
| | - Shuo Liang
- College of Marine Life Sciences, Ocean University of China, Qingdao, Shandong, PR China
| | - Yu Zang
- Key Laboratory of Marine Eco-Environmental Science and Technology, First Institute of Oceanography, Ministry of Natural Resources, Qingdao, Shandong, PR China.
| |
Collapse
|
24
|
Wang X, Wei X, Wu G, Chen S. Ammonium application mitigates the effects of elevated carbon dioxide on the carbon/nitrogen balance of Phoebe bournei seedlings. TREE PHYSIOLOGY 2021; 41:1658-1668. [PMID: 33580964 DOI: 10.1093/treephys/tpab026] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/29/2020] [Accepted: 02/02/2021] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
The study of plant responses to increases in atmospheric carbon dioxide (CO2) concentration is crucial to understand and to predict the effect of future global climate change on plant adaptation and evolution. Increasing amount of nitrogen (N) can promote the positive effect of CO2, while how N forms would modify the degree of CO2 effect is rarely studied. The aim of this study was to determine whether the amount and form of nitrogen (N) could mitigate the effects of elevated CO2 (eCO2) on enzyme activities related to carbon (C) and N metabolism, the C/N ratio, and growth of Phoebe bournei (Hemsl.) Y.C. Yang. One-year-old P. bournei seedlings were grown in an open-top air chamber under either an ambient CO2 (aCO2) (350 ± 70 μmol•mol-1) or an eCO2 (700 ± 10 μmol•mol-1) concentration and cultivated in soil treated with either moderate (0.8 g per seedling) or high applications (1.2 g per seedling) of nitrate or ammonium. In seedlings treated with a moderate level of nitrate, the activities of key enzymes involved in C and N metabolism (i.e., Rubisco, Rubisco activase and glutamine synthetase) were lower under eCO2 than under aCO2. By contrast, key enzyme activities (except GS) in seedlings treated with high nitrate or ammonium were not significantly different between aCO2 and eCO2 or higher under eCO2 than under aCO2. The C/N ratio of seedlings treated with moderate or high nitrate under eCO2was significantly changed compared with the seedlings grown under aCO2, whereas the C/N ratio of seedlings treated with ammonium was not significantly different between aCO2 and eCO2. Therefore, under eCO2, application of ammonium can be beneficial C and N metabolism and mitigate effects on the C/N ratio.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Xiao Wang
- College of Forestry, Guizhou University, Guiyang 550025, China
| | - Xiaoli Wei
- College of Forestry, Guizhou University, Guiyang 550025, China
- Institute for Forest Resources and Environment of Guizhou, Guizhou University, Guiyang 550025, China
| | - Gaoyin Wu
- College of Forestry, Guizhou University, Guiyang 550025, China
| | - Shengqun Chen
- College of Forestry, Guizhou University, Guiyang 550025, China
| |
Collapse
|
25
|
Chan KKY, Kong HK, Tse SPK, Chan Z, Lo PY, Kwok KWH, Lo SCL. Finding Species-Specific Extracellular Surface-Facing Proteomes in Toxic Dinoflagellates. Toxins (Basel) 2021; 13:624. [PMID: 34564629 PMCID: PMC8473415 DOI: 10.3390/toxins13090624] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/27/2021] [Revised: 08/31/2021] [Accepted: 09/01/2021] [Indexed: 11/27/2022] Open
Abstract
As a sequel to our previous report of the existence of species-specific protein/peptide expression profiles (PEPs) acquired by mass spectrometry in some dinoflagellates, we established, with the help of a plasma-membrane-impermeable labeling agent, a surface amphiesmal protein extraction method (SAPE) to label and capture species-specific surface proteins (SSSPs) as well as saxitoxins-producing-species-specific surface proteins (Stx-SSPs) that face the extracellular space (i.e., SSSPsEf and Stx-SSPsEf). Five selected toxic dinoflagellates, Alexandrium minutum, A. lusitanicum, A. tamarense, Gymnodinium catenatum, and Karenia mikimotoi, were used in this study. Transcriptomic databases of these five species were also constructed. With the aid of liquid chromatography linked-tandem mass spectrometry (LC-MS/MS) and the transcriptomic databases of these species, extracellularly facing membrane proteomes of the five different species were identified. Within these proteomes, 16 extracellular-facing and functionally significant transport proteins were found. Furthermore, 10 SSSPs and 6 Stx-SSPs were identified as amphiesmal proteins but not facing outward to the extracellular environment. We also found SSSPsEf and Stx-SSPsEf in the proteomes. The potential functional correlation of these proteins towards the production of saxitoxins in dinoflagellates and the degree of species specificity were discussed accordingly.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Kenrick Kai-yuen Chan
- Department of Applied Biology and Chemical Technology, Faculty of Applied Science and Textiles, The Hong Kong Polytechnic University, Hung Hom, Hong Kong; (K.K.-y.C.); (H.-k.K.); (S.P.-k.T.); (Z.C.); (P.-y.L.); (K.W.H.K.)
| | - Hang-kin Kong
- Department of Applied Biology and Chemical Technology, Faculty of Applied Science and Textiles, The Hong Kong Polytechnic University, Hung Hom, Hong Kong; (K.K.-y.C.); (H.-k.K.); (S.P.-k.T.); (Z.C.); (P.-y.L.); (K.W.H.K.)
- Research Institute for Future Food, The Hong Kong Polytechnic University, Hung Hom, Hong Kong
| | - Sirius Pui-kam Tse
- Department of Applied Biology and Chemical Technology, Faculty of Applied Science and Textiles, The Hong Kong Polytechnic University, Hung Hom, Hong Kong; (K.K.-y.C.); (H.-k.K.); (S.P.-k.T.); (Z.C.); (P.-y.L.); (K.W.H.K.)
| | - Zoe Chan
- Department of Applied Biology and Chemical Technology, Faculty of Applied Science and Textiles, The Hong Kong Polytechnic University, Hung Hom, Hong Kong; (K.K.-y.C.); (H.-k.K.); (S.P.-k.T.); (Z.C.); (P.-y.L.); (K.W.H.K.)
| | - Pak-yeung Lo
- Department of Applied Biology and Chemical Technology, Faculty of Applied Science and Textiles, The Hong Kong Polytechnic University, Hung Hom, Hong Kong; (K.K.-y.C.); (H.-k.K.); (S.P.-k.T.); (Z.C.); (P.-y.L.); (K.W.H.K.)
| | - Kevin W. H. Kwok
- Department of Applied Biology and Chemical Technology, Faculty of Applied Science and Textiles, The Hong Kong Polytechnic University, Hung Hom, Hong Kong; (K.K.-y.C.); (H.-k.K.); (S.P.-k.T.); (Z.C.); (P.-y.L.); (K.W.H.K.)
- Research Institute for Future Food, The Hong Kong Polytechnic University, Hung Hom, Hong Kong
| | - Samuel Chun-lap Lo
- Department of Applied Biology and Chemical Technology, Faculty of Applied Science and Textiles, The Hong Kong Polytechnic University, Hung Hom, Hong Kong; (K.K.-y.C.); (H.-k.K.); (S.P.-k.T.); (Z.C.); (P.-y.L.); (K.W.H.K.)
- Research Institute for Future Food, The Hong Kong Polytechnic University, Hung Hom, Hong Kong
| |
Collapse
|
26
|
Roth M, Günther K, Michiels HG, Puhlmann H, Sucker C, Hauck M. Nitrogen deposition is positively correlated to foliar nitrogen content in Vaccinium myrtillus and other understory species in temperate forests on acidic soil. ACTA OECOLOGICA-INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF ECOLOGY 2021. [DOI: 10.1016/j.actao.2020.103696] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
|
27
|
Poucet T, González-Moro MB, Cabasson C, Beauvoit B, Gibon Y, Dieuaide-Noubhani M, Marino D. Ammonium supply induces differential metabolic adaptive responses in tomato according to leaf phenological stage. JOURNAL OF EXPERIMENTAL BOTANY 2021; 72:3185-3199. [PMID: 33578414 DOI: 10.1093/jxb/erab057] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/24/2020] [Accepted: 02/04/2021] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
Nitrate (NO3-) and ammonium (NH4+) are the main inorganic nitrogen sources available to plants. However, exclusive ammonium nutrition may lead to stress characterized by growth inhibition, generally associated with a profound metabolic reprogramming. In this work, we investigated how metabolism adapts according to leaf position in the vertical axis of tomato (Solanum lycopersicum cv. M82) plants grown with NH4+, NO3-, or NH4NO3 supply. We dissected leaf biomass composition and metabolism through an integrative analysis of metabolites, ions, and enzyme activities. Under ammonium nutrition, carbon and nitrogen metabolism were more perturbed in mature leaves than in young ones, overall suggesting a trade-off between NH4+ accumulation and assimilation to preserve young leaves from ammonium stress. Moreover, NH4+-fed plants exhibited changes in carbon partitioning, accumulating sugars and starch at the expense of organic acids, compared with plants supplied with NO3-. We explain such reallocation by the action of the biochemical pH-stat as a mechanism to compensate the differential proton production that depends on the nitrogen source provided. This work also underlines that the regulation of leaf primary metabolism is dependent on both leaf phenological stage and the nitrogen source provided.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Théo Poucet
- Department of Plant Biology and Ecology, University of the Basque Country (UPV/EHU), Apdo., Bilbao, Spain
- Université de Bordeaux, INRAE, UMR Biologie du Fruit et Pathologie, Villenave d'Ornon, France
| | - María Begoña González-Moro
- Department of Plant Biology and Ecology, University of the Basque Country (UPV/EHU), Apdo., Bilbao, Spain
| | - Cécile Cabasson
- Université de Bordeaux, INRAE, UMR Biologie du Fruit et Pathologie, Villenave d'Ornon, France
| | - Bertrand Beauvoit
- Université de Bordeaux, INRAE, UMR Biologie du Fruit et Pathologie, Villenave d'Ornon, France
| | - Yves Gibon
- Université de Bordeaux, INRAE, UMR Biologie du Fruit et Pathologie, Villenave d'Ornon, France
| | | | - Daniel Marino
- Department of Plant Biology and Ecology, University of the Basque Country (UPV/EHU), Apdo., Bilbao, Spain
- Ikerbasque, Basque Foundation for Science, Bilbao, Spain
| |
Collapse
|
28
|
González-Moro MB, González-Moro I, de la Peña M, Estavillo JM, Aparicio-Tejo PM, Marino D, González-Murua C, Vega-Mas I. A Multi-Species Analysis Defines Anaplerotic Enzymes and Amides as Metabolic Markers for Ammonium Nutrition. FRONTIERS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2021; 11:632285. [PMID: 33584765 PMCID: PMC7873483 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2020.632285] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/22/2020] [Accepted: 12/21/2020] [Indexed: 05/09/2023]
Abstract
Nitrate and ammonium are the main nitrogen sources in agricultural soils. In the last decade, ammonium (NH4 +), a double-sided metabolite, has attracted considerable attention by researchers. Its ubiquitous presence in plant metabolism and its metabolic energy economy for being assimilated contrast with its toxicity when present in high amounts in the external medium. Plant species can adopt different strategies to maintain NH4 + homeostasis, as the maximization of its compartmentalization and assimilation in organic compounds, primarily as amino acids and proteins. In the present study, we report an integrative metabolic response to ammonium nutrition of seven plant species, belonging to four different families: Gramineae (ryegrass, wheat, Brachypodium distachyon), Leguminosae (clover), Solanaceae (tomato), and Brassicaceae (oilseed rape, Arabidopsis thaliana). We use principal component analysis (PCA) and correlations among metabolic and biochemical data from 40 experimental conditions to understand the whole-plant response. The nature of main amino acids is analyzed among species, under the hypothesis that those Asn-accumulating species will show a better response to ammonium nutrition. Given the provision of carbon (C) skeletons is crucial for promotion of the nitrogen assimilation, the role of different anaplerotic enzymes is discussed in relation to ammonium nutrition at a whole-plant level. Among these enzymes, isocitrate dehydrogenase (ICDH) shows to be a good candidate to increase nitrogen assimilation in plants. Overall, metabolic adaptation of different carbon anaplerotic activities is linked with the preference to synthesize Asn or Gln in their organs. Lastly, glutamate dehydrogenase (GDH) reveals as an important enzyme to surpass C limitation during ammonium assimilation in roots, with a disparate collaboration of glutamine synthetase (GS).
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
| | - Itziar González-Moro
- Department of Plant Biology and Ecology, University of the Basque Country (UPV/EHU), Bilbao, Spain
| | - Marlon de la Peña
- Department of Plant Biology and Ecology, University of the Basque Country (UPV/EHU), Bilbao, Spain
| | - José María Estavillo
- Department of Plant Biology and Ecology, University of the Basque Country (UPV/EHU), Bilbao, Spain
| | - Pedro M. Aparicio-Tejo
- Instituto Multidisciplinar de Biología Aplicada (IMAB), Universidad Pública de Navarra, Pamplona, Spain
| | - Daniel Marino
- Department of Plant Biology and Ecology, University of the Basque Country (UPV/EHU), Bilbao, Spain
- Ikerbasque, Basque Foundation for Science, Bilbao, Spain
| | - Carmen González-Murua
- Department of Plant Biology and Ecology, University of the Basque Country (UPV/EHU), Bilbao, Spain
| | - Izargi Vega-Mas
- Department of Plant Biology and Ecology, University of the Basque Country (UPV/EHU), Bilbao, Spain
| |
Collapse
|
29
|
Dey R, Raghuwanshi R. Comprehensive assessment of growth parameters for screening endophytic bacterial strains in Solanum lycopersicum (Tomato). Heliyon 2020; 6:e05325. [PMID: 33134591 PMCID: PMC7586120 DOI: 10.1016/j.heliyon.2020.e05325] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/17/2020] [Revised: 09/21/2020] [Accepted: 10/19/2020] [Indexed: 11/29/2022] Open
Abstract
Conventional agricultural practices demand application of pesticides for better yield, yet their uncontrolled use for longer duration exhibit deleterious effects on the soil health and subsequent plant productivity. These circumstances have displayed alarming effects on food security in the modern world. Therefore, biological solutions to the crisis can be practiced in consideration to their environmental benefits. Bacterial endophytes are ubiquitous in the phytosystem and beneficial for the plant growth and productivity. The present study aimed to obtain endophytic bacterial strains that can be developed as effective plant growth promoters. For this purpose twelve strains of bacterial endophytes were isolated from different plant sources and their putative plant growth promoting attributes were analyzed by morphological and biochemical studies. Subsequently these isolates were inoculated in the Solanum lycopersicum (Tomato) and the factors like germination percentage, seedling length, biomass production, and leaf variables were analyzed. However, the vigour index was considered as the prime parameter for determining plant growth. In essence, RR2 and RR4 strains were observed as effective growth promoter, hence in future they can be utilized as effective biofertilizers.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Riddha Dey
- Department of Botany, Institute of Science, Banaras Hindu University, Varanasi 221005, Uttar Pradesh, India
| | - Richa Raghuwanshi
- Department of Botany, Mahila Mahavidyalaya, Banaras Hindu University, Varanasi 221005, Uttar Pradesh, India
| |
Collapse
|
30
|
Tang D, Liu MY, Zhang Q, Fan K, Ruan J. Isolation and characterization of chloroplastic glutamine synthetase gene (CsGS2) in tea plant Camellia sinensis. PLANT PHYSIOLOGY AND BIOCHEMISTRY : PPB 2020; 155:321-329. [PMID: 32798900 DOI: 10.1016/j.plaphy.2020.07.042] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/04/2020] [Revised: 07/21/2020] [Accepted: 07/21/2020] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
Tea plant (Camellia sinensis) is an ammonium preferring plant species. However, little is known about the mechanism underlying this preference. Herein, a chloroplastic glutamine synthetase gene (CsGS2), which is vital for nitrogen assimilation in mesophyll tissue, was isolated from tea cultivar C. sinensis cv. 'Longjing43'. The full length cDNA of CsGS2 was 1622 bp, having a 1299 bp open reading frame encoding a 432-amino acid protein. Homology search and sequence analysis demonstrated that CsGS2 protein carried the basic characteristics of a canonical GS2 domain and shared high identity with GS2s from other plant species. Subcellular localization and immunolocalization of CsGS2 revealed that it is localized in chloroplast. qRT-PCR and Western blot analyses showed that CsGS2 was expressed in a leaf-specific pattern, such that both CsGS2 and its protein were most abundant in mature leaves. Temporal expression patterns of CsGS2 showed minor differences in response to ammonium and nitrate nutrition. The transcript level of CsGS2 was significantly induced in mature leaves during the development of new shoots, whereas darkness inhibited this induction significantly. These results suggested that CsGS2 does not play a role in the differential utilization mechanisms of differing nitrogen forms in tea, and imply a light dependent transcription regulation in mature leaves during the development of new shoots.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Dandan Tang
- Key Laboratory of Tea Plant Biology and Resources Utilization (Ministry of Agriculture), Tea Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Hangzhou, 310008, China; Graduate School, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing, 100081, China.
| | - Mei-Ya Liu
- Key Laboratory of Tea Plant Biology and Resources Utilization (Ministry of Agriculture), Tea Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Hangzhou, 310008, China.
| | - Qunfeng Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Tea Plant Biology and Resources Utilization (Ministry of Agriculture), Tea Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Hangzhou, 310008, China.
| | - Kai Fan
- Key Laboratory of Tea Plant Biology and Resources Utilization (Ministry of Agriculture), Tea Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Hangzhou, 310008, China.
| | - Jianyun Ruan
- Key Laboratory of Tea Plant Biology and Resources Utilization (Ministry of Agriculture), Tea Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Hangzhou, 310008, China.
| |
Collapse
|
31
|
Xun Z, Guo X, Li Y, Wen X, Wang C, Wang Y. Quantitative proteomics analysis of tomato growth inhibition by ammonium nitrogen. PLANT PHYSIOLOGY AND BIOCHEMISTRY : PPB 2020; 154:129-141. [PMID: 32559517 DOI: 10.1016/j.plaphy.2020.05.036] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/10/2020] [Revised: 05/27/2020] [Accepted: 05/27/2020] [Indexed: 05/25/2023]
Abstract
As a single nitrogen source, ammonium (NH4+) can inhibit the growth of plants, especially when applied in excess. Tandem mass tag (TMT) quantitative proteomics technology was employed in the current study to explore and analyze the mechanisms of ammonium-induced inhibition. F1 tomato (Lycopersicon esculentum Mill) was used in this study. Seedlings at the four leaf-stages grown in a greenhouse were irrigated using nutrient solution with NH4+-N as single nitrogen source (15 mmol L-1, single NO3--N as control) for 5 weeks. Compared to the control, the root biomass of NH4+-N-treated seedlings decreased by 50%. In addition, NH4+ content in roots was 2.83-fold increased and soluble sugar and protein contents were increased. However, the starch content did not change significantly. The activities of glutamine synthetase (GS), glutamate synthetase (GOGAT) and glutamate dehydrogenase (GDH), which are involved in ammonium assimilation, were increased, and glutamine (Gln) content was also increased. However, glutamate (Glu) content, which is important for amino transfer, did not significantly increase. Ammonium assimilation was inhibited. Root quantitative proteomics showed that carbonic anhydrase Q5NE21 was significantly downregulated. Although K4BPV5 and K4D9J3 proteins, which improve ammonium assimilation, were upregulated, ammonium assimilation was limited. In addition, NH4+ accumulated, which is likely due to Q5NE21 downregulation. Meanwhile, cell wall metabolism related to phenylpropanoid biosynthesis was altered due to the accumulation of NH4+ levels. Subsequently, tomato root growth was inhibited.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Zhili Xun
- College of Horticulture, Shanxi Agricultural University, Taigu, 030801, Shanxi, People's Republic of China
| | - Xiaofei Guo
- Institute of Edible Fungi, Shanxi Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Taiyuan, 030000, Shanxi, People's Republic of China
| | - Yaling Li
- College of Horticulture, Shanxi Agricultural University, Taigu, 030801, Shanxi, People's Republic of China.
| | - Xiangzhen Wen
- College of Horticulture, Shanxi Agricultural University, Taigu, 030801, Shanxi, People's Republic of China
| | - Chuanqi Wang
- College of Horticulture, Shanxi Agricultural University, Taigu, 030801, Shanxi, People's Republic of China
| | - Yue Wang
- College of Horticulture, Shanxi Agricultural University, Taigu, 030801, Shanxi, People's Republic of China
| |
Collapse
|
32
|
Nitrogen Regulating the Expression and Localization of Four Glutamine Synthetase Isoforms in Wheat ( Triticum aestivum L.). Int J Mol Sci 2020; 21:ijms21176299. [PMID: 32878133 PMCID: PMC7504200 DOI: 10.3390/ijms21176299] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/19/2020] [Revised: 08/24/2020] [Accepted: 08/28/2020] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
Glutamine synthetase (GS), the key enzyme in plant nitrogen assimilation, is strictly regulated at multiple levels, but the most relevant reports focus on the mRNA level. Using specific antibodies as probes, the effects of nitrogen on the expression and localization of individual wheat GS (TaGS) isoforms were studied. In addition to TaGS2, TaGS1;1 with high affinity to substrate and TaGS1;3 with high catalytic activity were also localized in mesophyll, and may participate in cytoplasmic assimilation of ammonium (NH4+) released from photorespiration or absorbed by roots; TaGS1;2 was localized in xylem of leaves. In roots, although there were hundreds of times more TaGS1;1 than TaGS1;2 transcripts, the amount of TaGS1;1 subunit was not higher than that of TaGS1;2; NH4+ inhibited TaGS1;1 expression but stimulated TaGS1;3 expression. In root tips, nitrate stimulated TaGS1;1, TaGS1;3, and TaGS2 expression in meristem, while NH4+ promoted tissue differentiation and TaGS1;2 expression in endodermis and vascular tissue. Only TaGS1;2 was located in vascular tissue of leaves and roots, and was activated by glutamine, suggesting a role in nitrogen transport. TaGS1;3 was induced by NH4+ in root endodermis and mesophyll, suggesting a function in relieving NH4+ toxicity. Thus, TaGS isoforms play distinct roles in nitrogen assimilation for their different kinetic properties, tissue locations, and response to nitrogen regimes.
Collapse
|
33
|
Sun L, Di DW, Li G, Kronzucker HJ, Wu X, Shi W. Endogenous ABA alleviates rice ammonium toxicity by reducing ROS and free ammonium via regulation of the SAPK9-bZIP20 pathway. JOURNAL OF EXPERIMENTAL BOTANY 2020; 71:4562-4577. [PMID: 32064504 PMCID: PMC7475098 DOI: 10.1093/jxb/eraa076] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/26/2019] [Accepted: 02/11/2020] [Indexed: 05/05/2023]
Abstract
Ammonium (NH4+) is one of the principal nitrogen (N) sources in soils, but is typically toxic already at intermediate concentrations. The phytohormone abscisic acid (ABA) plays a pivotal role in responses to environmental stresses. However, the role of ABA under high-NH4+ stress in rice (Oryza sativa L.) is only marginally understood. Here, we report that elevated NH4+ can significantly accelerate tissue ABA accumulation. Mutants with high (Osaba8ox) and low levels of ABA (Osphs3-1) exhibit elevated tolerance or sensitivity to high-NH4+ stress, respectively. Furthermore, ABA can decrease NH4+-induced oxidative damage and tissue NH4+ accumulation by enhancing antioxidant and glutamine synthetase (GS)/glutamate synthetasae (GOGAT) enzyme activities. Using RNA sequencing and quantitative real-time PCR approaches, we ascertain that two genes, OsSAPK9 and OsbZIP20, are induced both by high NH4+ and by ABA. Our data indicate that OsSAPK9 interacts with OsbZIP20, and can phosphorylate OsbZIP20 and activate its function. When OsSAPK9 or OsbZIP20 are knocked out in rice, ABA-mediated antioxidant and GS/GOGAT activity enhancement under high-NH4+ stress disappear, and the two mutants are more sensitive to high-NH4+ stress compared with their wild types. Taken together, our results suggest that ABA plays a positive role in regulating the OsSAPK9-OsbZIP20 pathway in rice to increase tolerance to high-NH4+ stress.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Li Sun
- State Key Laboratory of Soil and Sustainable Agriculture, Institute of Soil Science, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Nanjing, Jiangsu, China
- State Key Lab of Crop Genetics and Germplasm Enhancement, Cytogenetics Institute, Nanjing Agricultural University/JCIC-MCP, Nanjing, Jiangsu, China
| | - Dong-Wei Di
- State Key Laboratory of Soil and Sustainable Agriculture, Institute of Soil Science, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Nanjing, Jiangsu, China
| | - Guangjie Li
- State Key Laboratory of Soil and Sustainable Agriculture, Institute of Soil Science, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Nanjing, Jiangsu, China
| | - Herbert J Kronzucker
- School of Agriculture and Food, University of Melbourne, Parkville, VIC, Australia
- Faculty of Land and Food Systems, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC, Canada
| | - Xiangyu Wu
- Key Lab of Plant-Soil Interaction, MOE, College of Resources and Environmental Sciences, China Agricultural University, Beijing, China
| | - Weiming Shi
- State Key Laboratory of Soil and Sustainable Agriculture, Institute of Soil Science, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Nanjing, Jiangsu, China
| |
Collapse
|
34
|
Yin F, Liu X, Cao B, Xu K. Low pH altered salt stress in antioxidant metabolism and nitrogen assimilation in ginger (Zingiber officinale) seedlings. PHYSIOLOGIA PLANTARUM 2020; 168:648-659. [PMID: 31278755 DOI: 10.1111/ppl.13011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/08/2019] [Revised: 06/07/2019] [Accepted: 07/03/2019] [Indexed: 05/21/2023]
Abstract
The effects of low pH on antioxidant metabolism and nitrogen (N) assimilation in ginger seedlings under salt stress were investigated. A two-way randomized block design was used: the main treatment consisted of two pH levels, normal and low pH (6.0 and 4.0, respectively), and the other treatment consisted of two salinity levels, 0 and 100 mmol l-1 Na+ (NaCl and Na2 SO4 ). The results showed that low pH decreased the malondialdehyde (MDA) and hydrogen peroxide contents of ginger seedling leaves under salt stress. Moreover, low pH and salt stress significantly decreased the contents of non-enzymatic antioxidants, including ascorbate (AsA) and glutathione (GSH), and increased the activities of antioxidant enzymes, such as superoxide dismutase (SOD), catalase (CAT), ascorbate peroxidase (APX), monodehydroascorbate reductase (MDHAR), dehydroascorbate reductase (DHAR) and glutathione reductase (GR). In addition, salt stress inhibited the N assimilation process in ginger seedling leaves, but low pH improved N assimilation under salt stress. Our finding was that low pH alleviated oxidative damage and promoted N assimilation under salt stress.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Fengman Yin
- College of Horticulture Science and Engineering, Shandong Agricultural University, Tai'an, 271018, China
- Collaborative Innovation Center of Fruit & Vegetable Quality and Efficient Production in Shandong, Tai'an, 271018, China
- Key Laboratory of Biology and Genetic Improvement of Horticultural Crops in Huanghuai Region, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Tai'an, 271018, China
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Biology, Tai'an, 271018, China
| | - Xuena Liu
- College of Horticulture Science and Engineering, Shandong Agricultural University, Tai'an, 271018, China
- Collaborative Innovation Center of Fruit & Vegetable Quality and Efficient Production in Shandong, Tai'an, 271018, China
- Key Laboratory of Biology and Genetic Improvement of Horticultural Crops in Huanghuai Region, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Tai'an, 271018, China
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Biology, Tai'an, 271018, China
| | - Bili Cao
- College of Horticulture Science and Engineering, Shandong Agricultural University, Tai'an, 271018, China
- Collaborative Innovation Center of Fruit & Vegetable Quality and Efficient Production in Shandong, Tai'an, 271018, China
- Key Laboratory of Biology and Genetic Improvement of Horticultural Crops in Huanghuai Region, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Tai'an, 271018, China
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Biology, Tai'an, 271018, China
| | - Kun Xu
- College of Horticulture Science and Engineering, Shandong Agricultural University, Tai'an, 271018, China
- Collaborative Innovation Center of Fruit & Vegetable Quality and Efficient Production in Shandong, Tai'an, 271018, China
- Key Laboratory of Biology and Genetic Improvement of Horticultural Crops in Huanghuai Region, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Tai'an, 271018, China
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Biology, Tai'an, 271018, China
| |
Collapse
|
35
|
González-Hernández AI, Scalschi L, García-Agustín P, Camañes G. Tomato root development and N assimilation depend on C and ABA content under different N sources. PLANT PHYSIOLOGY AND BIOCHEMISTRY : PPB 2020; 148:368-378. [PMID: 32028134 DOI: 10.1016/j.plaphy.2020.01.031] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/12/2019] [Revised: 01/19/2020] [Accepted: 01/20/2020] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
Root plasticity is controlled by hormonal homeostasis and nutrient availability. In this work, we have determined the influence of different N regimens on growth parameters and on the expression of genes involved in auxin transport and N-assimilation in tomato seedlings. NH4+ nutrition led to an inhibitory effect on root fresh weight (FW), lateral root (LR) number and root density, while an increase in the primary root (PR) length was observed. The expression of N assimilation genes GS2 and ASN1, is affected by NH4+ nutrition. Moreover, in order to relieve the toxic effect of NH4+ on root development, glucose or 2-oxoglutarate was supplied as a C source during NH4+ treatment. The addition of 2-oxoglutarate improved root parameters compared to the NH4+ regimen. N-assimilation gene analysis showed that NH4+-fed tomato plants try to alleviate the toxic effect by concurrently upregulating ASN1 and anaplerotic PEPC2 expression, whereas when 2-oxoglutarate is supplied, ASN1 induction was not observed. The addition of both C skeletons induced the expression of the ROS-scavenging genes GSH and SOD. In addition, since ABA plays a role in root development, the ABA-synthesis-defective mutant flacca was studied under NO3- and NH4+ regimens. It displayed a decrease in LR number under NO3- conditions, whereas, the NH4+-fed seedlings showed a decrease solely in PR length that was reverted when ABA was exogenously supplied. Moreover, flacca seedlings displayed a reprogramming of the N/C assimilation genes. Altogether, these results reflect the importance of N and C sources and ABA homeostasis in root development of tomato seedlings.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Ana Isabel González-Hernández
- Grupo de Bioquímica y Biotecnología, Área de Fisiología Vegetal, Departamento de Ciencias Agrarias y Del Medio Natural, ESTCE, Universitat Jaume I, 12071, Castellón, Spain.
| | - Loredana Scalschi
- Grupo de Bioquímica y Biotecnología, Área de Fisiología Vegetal, Departamento de Ciencias Agrarias y Del Medio Natural, ESTCE, Universitat Jaume I, 12071, Castellón, Spain.
| | - Pilar García-Agustín
- Grupo de Bioquímica y Biotecnología, Área de Fisiología Vegetal, Departamento de Ciencias Agrarias y Del Medio Natural, ESTCE, Universitat Jaume I, 12071, Castellón, Spain.
| | - Gemma Camañes
- Grupo de Bioquímica y Biotecnología, Área de Fisiología Vegetal, Departamento de Ciencias Agrarias y Del Medio Natural, ESTCE, Universitat Jaume I, 12071, Castellón, Spain.
| |
Collapse
|
36
|
Ma J, Cirillo V, Zhang D, Maggio A, Wang L, Xiao X, Yao Y. Regulation of Ammonium Cellular Levels is An Important Adaptive Trait for the Euhalophytic Behavior of Salicornia europaea. PLANTS (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2020; 9:E257. [PMID: 32079337 PMCID: PMC7076498 DOI: 10.3390/plants9020257] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/21/2020] [Revised: 02/09/2020] [Accepted: 02/12/2020] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
Salinization of agricultural land is a devastating phenomenon which will affect future food security. Understanding how plants survive and thrive in response to salinity is therefore critical to potentiate tolerance traits in crop species. The halophyte Salicornia europaea has been used as model system for this purpose. High salinity causes NH4+ accumulation in plant tissues and consequent toxicity symptoms that may further exacerbate those caused by NaCl. In this experiment we exposed Salicornia plants to five concentrations of NaCl (0, 1, 10, 50 and 200 mM) in combination with two concentrations of NH4Cl (1 and 50 mM). We confirmed the euhalophytic behavior of Salicornia that grew better at 200 vs. 0 mM NaCl in terms of both fresh (+34%) and dry (+46%) weights. Addition of 50 mM NH4Cl to the growth medium caused a general growth reduction, which was likely caused by NH4+ accumulation and toxicity in roots and shoots. When plants were exposed to high NH4Cl, high salinity reduced roots NH4+ concentration (-50%) compared to 0 mM NaCl. This correlates with the activation of the NH4+ assimilation enzymes, glutamine synthetase and glutamate dehydrogenase, and the growth inhibition was partially recovered. We argue that NH4+ detoxification is an important trait under high salinity that may differentiate halophytes from glycophytes and we present a possible model for NH4+ detoxification in response to salinity.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Jinbiao Ma
- CAS Key Laboratory of Biogeography and Bioresources in Arid Land, Xinjiang Institute of Ecology and Geography, Urumqi 830011, China;
| | - Valerio Cirillo
- Department of Agricultural Sciences, University of Naples Federico II, Via Università 100, 80055 Portici, Italy; (V.C.); (A.M.)
| | - Dayong Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Genetics and Germplasm Enhancement, Cotton Hybrid R & D Engineering Center (the Ministry of Education), College of Agriculture, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing 210095, China;
| | - Albino Maggio
- Department of Agricultural Sciences, University of Naples Federico II, Via Università 100, 80055 Portici, Italy; (V.C.); (A.M.)
| | - Lei Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Desert and Oasis Ecology, Xinjiang Institute of Ecology and Geography, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Urumqi 830011, China;
| | - Xinlong Xiao
- CAS Key Laboratory of Biogeography and Bioresources in Arid Land, Xinjiang Institute of Ecology and Geography, Urumqi 830011, China;
| | - Yinan Yao
- College of Life Sciences and Engineering, Southwest University of Sciences and Technology, Mianyang 62101, China
| |
Collapse
|
37
|
Appropriate Ammonium-Nitrate Ratio Improves Nutrient Accumulation and Fruit Quality in Pepper (Capsicum annuum L.). AGRONOMY-BASEL 2019. [DOI: 10.3390/agronomy9110683] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Ammonium (NH4+) and nitrate (NO3−) are the two forms of inorganic nitrogen essential for physiological and biochemical processes in higher plants, but little is known about how the NH4+:NO3− ratio may affect nitrogen metabolism. This study determined the effect of NH4+:NO3− ratios on plant growth, accumulation, and distribution of nutrient elements, fruit quality, enzyme activity, and relative expression of genes involved in nitrogen (N) metabolism in pepper (Capsicum annuum L.). In a pod experiment, the NH4+:NO3− ratios of 0:100, 12.5:87.5, 25:75, 37.5:62.5, and 50:50 were arranged in a complete randomized design with three replicates. The application of NH4+:NO3− at 25:75 resulted in highest dry matter and N, phosphorus (P), and potassium (K) accumulation. Pepper treated with 25:75 ratio increased root length, surface areas, and root volume and tips. The contents of vitamin C, soluble sugar, soluble protein, total phenols, flavonoids, and capsaicinoids in the fruits were significantly higher with the NH4+:NO3− ratio of 25:75 compared with 0:100 treatment, while lowering nitrate content was found in NH4+:NO3− ratios of 25:75, 37.5:62.5, and 50:50 treatments. Activity of glutamine synthetase (GS), glutamate synthases (GOGAT) enzyme and the levels of relative expression of genes coding these enzymes were superior when the NH4+:NO3− ratio of 25:75 were applied. Therefore, an appropriate ratio of NH4+:NO3− (25:75) in nitrogen application can stimulate root development, promote enzyme activities, and enhance the productivity and fruit quality in pepper.
Collapse
|
38
|
de Ávila Silva L, Condori-Apfata JA, Marcelino MM, Tavares ACA, Raimundi SCJ, Martino PB, Araújo WL, Zsögön A, Sulpice R, Nunes-Nesi A. Nitrogen differentially modulates photosynthesis, carbon allocation and yield related traits in two contrasting Capsicum chinense cultivars. PLANT SCIENCE : AN INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF EXPERIMENTAL PLANT BIOLOGY 2019; 283:224-237. [PMID: 31128692 DOI: 10.1016/j.plantsci.2019.02.014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/14/2018] [Revised: 02/20/2019] [Accepted: 02/22/2019] [Indexed: 05/24/2023]
Abstract
Yield-related traits of Capsicum chinense are highly dependent on coordination between vegetative and reproductive growth, since the formation of reproductive tissues occurs iteratively in new sympodial bifurcations. In this study, we used two C. chinense cultivars (Biquinho and Habanero), contrasting for fruit size and fruit set, to investigate the responses of nitrogen (N) deficiency and excess on growth, photosynthesis, carbon (C) and N metabolisms as well as yield-related traits. Both cultivars increased biomass allocation to leaves in conditions of higher N supply and exhibited a parabolic behavior for fruit biomass allocation. Plants growing under N-deficiency produced a lower number of flowers and heavier fruits. Contrarily, plants under high N condition tended to decrease their CO2 assimilation rate, harvest index and fruit weight. Biquinho, the cultivar with lower fruit size and higher fruit set, was initially less affected by excess of N due to its continuous formation of new reproductive sinks in relation to Habanero (which has lower fruit set and higher fruit size). The results suggest that N amount influences sucrose supply to different organs and can differentially affect yield-related traits between Capsicum cultivars with contrasting source-sink relations.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Lucas de Ávila Silva
- Departamento de Biologia Vegetal, Universidade Federal de Viçosa, 36570-900, Viçosa, Minas Gerais, Brazil
| | - Jorge A Condori-Apfata
- Departamento de Biologia Vegetal, Universidade Federal de Viçosa, 36570-900, Viçosa, Minas Gerais, Brazil
| | - Mariana Marques Marcelino
- Departamento de Biologia Vegetal, Universidade Federal de Viçosa, 36570-900, Viçosa, Minas Gerais, Brazil
| | - Ana C Azevedo Tavares
- Departamento de Biologia Vegetal, Universidade Federal de Viçosa, 36570-900, Viçosa, Minas Gerais, Brazil
| | - Sábata C Januário Raimundi
- Departamento de Biologia Vegetal, Universidade Federal de Viçosa, 36570-900, Viçosa, Minas Gerais, Brazil
| | - Pedro Brandão Martino
- Departamento de Biologia Vegetal, Universidade Federal de Viçosa, 36570-900, Viçosa, Minas Gerais, Brazil
| | - Wagner L Araújo
- Departamento de Biologia Vegetal, Universidade Federal de Viçosa, 36570-900, Viçosa, Minas Gerais, Brazil; Max-Planck Partner Group at the Departamento de Biologia Vegetal, Universidade Federal de Viçosa, 36570-900, Viçosa, Minas Gerais, Brazil
| | - Agustin Zsögön
- Departamento de Biologia Vegetal, Universidade Federal de Viçosa, 36570-900, Viçosa, Minas Gerais, Brazil
| | - Ronan Sulpice
- National University of Ireland, Galway, Plant Systems Biology Lab, Plant and AgriBiosciences Research Centre, Ryan Institute, Ireland
| | - Adriano Nunes-Nesi
- Departamento de Biologia Vegetal, Universidade Federal de Viçosa, 36570-900, Viçosa, Minas Gerais, Brazil.
| |
Collapse
|
39
|
Boschiero BN, Mariano E, Azevedo RA, Ocheuze Trivelin PC. Influence of nitrate - ammonium ratio on the growth, nutrition, and metabolism of sugarcane. PLANT PHYSIOLOGY AND BIOCHEMISTRY : PPB 2019; 139:246-255. [PMID: 30921736 DOI: 10.1016/j.plaphy.2019.03.024] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/10/2018] [Revised: 03/13/2019] [Accepted: 03/13/2019] [Indexed: 05/13/2023]
Abstract
Although ammonium (NH4+) has been claimed as the preferential N source for sugarcane (Saccharum spp.), the intense uptake of this mineral form by plants can impair metabolic processes and crop yield. We aimed to assess the growth, nutrition, and metabolic responses of sugarcane grown under different amounts of nitrate (NO3-) and NH4+. Sugarcane setts were grown in nutrient solution at a total concentration of 15 mM N using different NO3-/NH4+ ratios (100/0, 75/25, 50/50, 25/75, and 0/100, respectively) for 163 d under controlled conditions. The pH of the medium was daily adjusted to 5.8 ± 0.1, with replacement of the hydroponic solution every 10 d. NH4+-only fed plants showed lower dry biomass yield, nutrient content, leaf surface area, and leaf gas exchange than those under sole NO3- supply, in addition to favoring the development of brown rust (Puccinia melanocephala). However, there was no indication that NH4+ is directly related to oxidative stress in sugarcane. On the other hand, the highest N utilization efficiency was obtained with NO3--only fed plants, which also resulted in the highest biomass yield, leaf surface area, nutrient content, leaf gas exchange, and root growth. Since NO3- was not stored in plant tissues, we therefore suggested that most of this N form is assimilated following its uptake. Despite the well-known preference of the crop for NH4+, the optimal growth response of sugarcane plants to NO3-/NH4+ ratios was observed under NO3- supply.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Beatriz Nastaro Boschiero
- Department of Soil Science, Luiz de Queiroz College of Agriculture, University of São Paulo, Piracicaba, SP, Brazil; Laboratory of Stable Isotopes, Center for Nuclear Energy in Agriculture, University of São Paulo, Piracicaba, SP, Brazil.
| | - Eduardo Mariano
- Laboratory of Stable Isotopes, Center for Nuclear Energy in Agriculture, University of São Paulo, Piracicaba, SP, Brazil
| | - Ricardo Antunes Azevedo
- Department of Genetics, Luiz de Queiroz College of Agriculture, University of São Paulo, Piracicaba, SP, Brazil
| | - Paulo Cesar Ocheuze Trivelin
- Laboratory of Stable Isotopes, Center for Nuclear Energy in Agriculture, University of São Paulo, Piracicaba, SP, Brazil
| |
Collapse
|
40
|
Hessini K, Issaoui K, Ferchichi S, Saif T, Abdelly C, Siddique KHM, Cruz C. Interactive effects of salinity and nitrogen forms on plant growth, photosynthesis and osmotic adjustment in maize. PLANT PHYSIOLOGY AND BIOCHEMISTRY : PPB 2019; 139:171-178. [PMID: 30897508 DOI: 10.1016/j.plaphy.2019.03.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/27/2018] [Revised: 03/04/2019] [Accepted: 03/05/2019] [Indexed: 05/22/2023]
Abstract
To enhance crop productivity and minimize the harmful effects of various environmental stresses, such as salinity and drought, farmers often use mineral fertilizers. However, inadequate or excessive fertilization can reduce plant growth and nutritive quality and contribute to soil degradation and environmental pollution. This study investigated the effects of salinity (0, 100 or 150 mM NaCl) and nitrogen form (sole NO3- or NH4+, or combined NO3-:NH4+ at 25:75 or 50:50) on growth, photosynthesis, and water and ion status of a commercial variety of maize (Zea mays SY Sincero). In the absence of NaCl, the media containing ammonium only or both nitrogen forms had higher aboveground growth rates than that containing nitrate only. Indeed, the maize growth, expressed as leaf dry matter, seen on NH4+ in the absence of salinity, was nearly double the biomass compared to that with NO3-treatment. Irrespective of N form, the presence of NaCl severely reduced leaf and roots growth; the presence of ammonium in the nutrient solution diminished these negative effects. Compared to the NH4+ only and combined treatments, the leaves of plants in the NO3--only medium showed signs of nitrogen deficiency (general chlorosis), which was more pronounced in the lower than upper leaves, indicating that nitrate is partly replaced by chloride during root uptake. NH4+ favored maize growth more than NO3-, especially when exposed to saline conditions, and may improve the plant's capacity to osmotically adjust to salinity by accumulating inorganic solutes.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Kamel Hessini
- Department of Biology, College of Sciences, Taif University, 21974, Taif, PO Box 888, Saudi Arabia; Laboratory of Extremophile Plants, Centre of Biotechnology of Borj Cedria, Hammam-Lif, Tunisia.
| | - Khawla Issaoui
- Laboratory of Extremophile Plants, Centre of Biotechnology of Borj Cedria, Hammam-Lif, Tunisia
| | - Selma Ferchichi
- Laboratory of Extremophile Plants, Centre of Biotechnology of Borj Cedria, Hammam-Lif, Tunisia
| | - Tarek Saif
- Department of Biology, College of Sciences, Taif University, 21974, Taif, PO Box 888, Saudi Arabia; National Institute of Oceanography and Fisheries, Cairo, Egypt
| | - Chedly Abdelly
- Laboratory of Extremophile Plants, Centre of Biotechnology of Borj Cedria, Hammam-Lif, Tunisia
| | - Kadambot H M Siddique
- The UWA Institute of Agriculture, The University of Western Australia, Perth, WA, Australia
| | - Cristina Cruz
- Departamento de Biologia Vegetal, Faculdade de Ciencias de Lisboa, Centro de Ecologia, Evolução e Alterações Ambientais - cE3c, Campo Grande, Lisboa, Portugal
| |
Collapse
|
41
|
Coleto I, Vega-Mas I, Glauser G, González-Moro MB, Marino D, Ariz I. New Insights on Arabidopsis thaliana Root Adaption to Ammonium Nutrition by the Use of a Quantitative Proteomic Approach. Int J Mol Sci 2019; 20:ijms20040814. [PMID: 30769801 PMCID: PMC6412517 DOI: 10.3390/ijms20040814] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/22/2019] [Revised: 01/31/2019] [Accepted: 02/05/2019] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Nitrogen is an essential element for plant nutrition. Nitrate and ammonium are the two major inorganic nitrogen forms available for plant growth. Plant preference for one or the other form depends on the interplay between plant genetic background and environmental variables. Ammonium-based fertilization has been shown less environmentally harmful compared to nitrate fertilization, because of reducing, among others, nitrate leaching and nitrous oxide emissions. However, ammonium nutrition may become a stressful situation for a wide range of plant species when the ion is present at high concentrations. Although studied for long time, there is still an important lack of knowledge to explain plant tolerance or sensitivity towards ammonium nutrition. In this context, we performed a comparative proteomic study in roots of Arabidopsis thaliana plants grown under exclusive ammonium or nitrate supply. We identified and quantified 68 proteins with differential abundance between both conditions. These proteins revealed new potential important players on root response to ammonium nutrition, such as H⁺-consuming metabolic pathways to regulate pH homeostasis and specific secondary metabolic pathways like brassinosteroid and glucosinolate biosynthetic pathways.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Inmaculada Coleto
- Department of Plant Biology and Ecology, University of the Basque Country (UPV/EHU), Apdo. 644, E-48080 Bilbao, Spain.
| | - Izargi Vega-Mas
- Department of Plant Biology and Ecology, University of the Basque Country (UPV/EHU), Apdo. 644, E-48080 Bilbao, Spain.
| | - Gaetan Glauser
- Neuchâtel Platform of Analytical Chemistry, University of Neuchâtel, Avenue de Bellevaux 51, 2000 Neuchâtel, Switzerland.
| | - María Begoña González-Moro
- Department of Plant Biology and Ecology, University of the Basque Country (UPV/EHU), Apdo. 644, E-48080 Bilbao, Spain.
| | - Daniel Marino
- Department of Plant Biology and Ecology, University of the Basque Country (UPV/EHU), Apdo. 644, E-48080 Bilbao, Spain.
- Ikerbasque, Basque Foundation for Science, E-48011 Bilbao, Spain.
| | - Idoia Ariz
- Departamento de Biología Ambiental. Facultad de Ciencias, Universidad de Navarra, C/Irunlarrea 1, 31008 Pamplona, Spain.
| |
Collapse
|
42
|
Wenke K, Kopka J, Schwachtje J, van Dongen JT, Piechulla B. Volatiles of rhizobacteria Serratia and Stenotrophomonas alter growth and metabolite composition of Arabidopsis thaliana. PLANT BIOLOGY (STUTTGART, GERMANY) 2019; 21 Suppl 1:109-119. [PMID: 30030887 DOI: 10.1111/plb.12878] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/30/2018] [Accepted: 07/18/2018] [Indexed: 05/24/2023]
Abstract
The emission of volatiles is a common, but mostly neglected, ability of bacteria that is important for inter- and intraspecific interactions. Currently, limited information is available on how the bacterial volatile (mVOC) signal is integrated into a plant's life at the physiological, transcriptional and metabolic level. Previous results provided evidence for volatile-dependent regulation of WRKY18, a pathogen-responsive transcription factor of Arabidopsis thaliana in co-culture with two rhizobacteria, Serratia plymuthica HRO-C48 and Stenotrophomonas maltophilia R3089. Dual cultures of these bacteria and A. thaliana; application of the common mVOC 2-phenyl-ethanol; extraction of metabolites of A. thaliana after exposure to bacterial volatiles; and analysis of the metabolomes (GC-TOF/MS) were carried out. The prominent microbial aromatic compound 2-phenyl-ethanol, emitted by both bacteria, negatively affects growth of A. thaliana wild type, whereas WRKY18 T-DNA insertion mutants were significantly more tolerant than wild-type seedlings. This paper also demonstrates for the first time the impact of the rhizobacterial volatiles on the metabolome of A. thaliana. Upon mVOC exposure the plants rearrange their metabolism by accumulation of e.g. amino acids and TCA intermediates that potentially allow plants to cope with and survive this stress. Our findings illustrate the high degree of complexity of metabolic rearrangements underlying the interactions of bacterial volatile elicitors and resulting plant responses. Furthermore, the impact of the volatile 2-phenyl-ethanol as a signal in the WRKY18-dependent pathway highlights this compound as an important molecular player.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- K Wenke
- Institute for Biological Sciences, University of Rostock, Rostock, Germany
| | - J Kopka
- Max Planck Institute of Molecular Plant Physiology, Potsdam, Germany
| | - J Schwachtje
- Max Planck Institute of Molecular Plant Physiology, Potsdam, Germany
| | - J T van Dongen
- Max Planck Institute of Molecular Plant Physiology, Potsdam, Germany
| | - B Piechulla
- Institute for Biological Sciences, University of Rostock, Rostock, Germany
| |
Collapse
|
43
|
Salem MA, Li Y, Bajdzienko K, Fisahn J, Watanabe M, Hoefgen R, Schöttler MA, Giavalisco P. RAPTOR Controls Developmental Growth Transitions by Altering the Hormonal and Metabolic Balance. PLANT PHYSIOLOGY 2018; 177:565-593. [PMID: 29686055 PMCID: PMC6001337 DOI: 10.1104/pp.17.01711] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/04/2017] [Accepted: 04/06/2018] [Indexed: 05/18/2023]
Abstract
Vegetative growth requires the systemic coordination of numerous cellular processes, which are controlled by regulatory proteins that monitor extracellular and intracellular cues and translate them into growth decisions. In eukaryotes, one of the central factors regulating growth is the serine/threonine protein kinase Target of Rapamycin (TOR), which forms complexes with regulatory proteins. To understand the function of one such regulatory protein, Regulatory-Associated Protein of TOR 1B (RAPTOR1B), in plants, we analyzed the effect of raptor1b mutations on growth and physiology in Arabidopsis (Arabidopsis thaliana) by detailed phenotyping, metabolomic, lipidomic, and proteomic analyses. Mutation of RAPTOR1B resulted in a strong reduction of TOR kinase activity, leading to massive changes in central carbon and nitrogen metabolism, accumulation of excess starch, and induction of autophagy. These shifts led to a significant reduction of plant growth that occurred nonlinearly during developmental stage transitions. This phenotype was accompanied by changes in cell morphology and tissue anatomy. In contrast to previous studies in rice (Oryza sativa), we found that the Arabidopsis raptor1b mutation did not affect chloroplast development or photosynthetic electron transport efficiency; however, it resulted in decreased CO2 assimilation rate and increased stomatal conductance. The raptor1b mutants also had reduced abscisic acid levels. Surprisingly, abscisic acid feeding experiments resulted in partial complementation of the growth phenotypes, indicating the tight interaction between TOR function and hormone synthesis and signaling in plants.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Mohamed A. Salem
- Max Planck Institute of Molecular Plant Physiology, 14476 Potsdam-Golm, Germany
- Department of Pharmacognosy, Faculty of Pharmacy, Cairo University, Cairo 11562, Egypt
| | - Yan Li
- Max Planck Institute of Molecular Plant Physiology, 14476 Potsdam-Golm, Germany
| | | | - Joachim Fisahn
- Max Planck Institute of Molecular Plant Physiology, 14476 Potsdam-Golm, Germany
| | - Mutsumi Watanabe
- Max Planck Institute of Molecular Plant Physiology, 14476 Potsdam-Golm, Germany
| | - Rainer Hoefgen
- Max Planck Institute of Molecular Plant Physiology, 14476 Potsdam-Golm, Germany
| | | | - Patrick Giavalisco
- Max Planck Institute of Molecular Plant Physiology, 14476 Potsdam-Golm, Germany
| |
Collapse
|
44
|
Analysis of Nitrogen Utilization Capability during the Proliferation and Maturation Phases of Norway Spruce (Picea abies (L.) H.Karst.) Somatic Embryogenesis. FORESTS 2018. [DOI: 10.3390/f9060288] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
|
45
|
Wang CH, Wang M, Jia RZ, Guo H. Thalli Growth, Propagule Survival, and Integrated Physiological Response to Nitrogen Stress of Ramalina calicaris var. japonica in Shennongjia Mountain (China). FRONTIERS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2018; 9:568. [PMID: 29868046 PMCID: PMC5953340 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2018.00568] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/14/2017] [Accepted: 04/11/2018] [Indexed: 06/08/2023]
Abstract
In this study, effects of nitrogen (N) availability on growth, survival of Ramalina calicaris var. japonica, and whether it respond nitrogen stress in an integrated physiological way was evaluated. Thalli growth and propagule survival, thalli N and phosphorus (P) content, and activity of phosphomonoesterase (PME) of R. calicaris var. japonica were determined in a field experiment. Its differentiate adsorption in ammonia and nitrate, the activity of glutamine synthetase (GSA) and nitrate reductase (NRA) also were investigated in a series of indoor experiments. The results showed that N deposition significantly decreased the growth and survival of this lichen, and the N sensitivity threshold was suggested at 6.0 kg N⋅ha-1⋅y-1. When the N deposition increased from 8.59 kg N⋅ha-1⋅y-1 to 14.24, 20.49, 32.99 and 57.99 kg N⋅ha-1⋅y-1, the growth rates of lichen thalli decreased by 26.47, 39.01, 52.18 and 60.3%, respectively; Whereas the survival rate of the lichen propagules decreased from 92.8% of control (0.0 kg N⋅ha-1⋅y-1) to 10.7% of 50.0 kg N⋅ha-1⋅y-1, when they were treated with 0.00, 6.25, 12.5, 25.0, and 50.0 kg N⋅ha-1⋅y-1 deposition. Compared with an adequate adsorption of ammonium N, no nitrate adsorption occurred when thalli was submerged in solution lower than 0.4 mM. Our results also suggested that thalli total nitrogen, N:P ratio increased with N availability, and the activity of PME was significantly correlated with thalli total nitrogen. These all indicated that phosphorus limitation occurred when R. calicaris var. japonica treated with higher nitrogen deposition. Compared with slightly effects of NRA, GSA of R. calicaris var. japonica responded nitrogen availability significantly; In addition, GSA and NRA negatively correlated with thalli growth rate and propagule survival significantly. These results indicated that nitrogen stress do decrease growth and survival of R. calicaris var. japonica, and lichen would be impacted by excess nitrogen in a integrated, not a fragmentary way, including nitrogen uptake, assimilation, even nutrient balance of nitrogen and phosphorous.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Chuan-Hua Wang
- Hubei International Scientific and Technological Cooperation Center of Ecological Protection and Management in the Three Gorges Area, China Three Gorges University, Yichang, China
- Engineering Research Center of Eco-environment in the Three Gorges Reservoir Region, Ministry of Education, China Three Gorges University, Yichang, China
| | - Ming Wang
- Hubei International Scientific and Technological Cooperation Center of Ecological Protection and Management in the Three Gorges Area, China Three Gorges University, Yichang, China
- Engineering Research Center of Eco-environment in the Three Gorges Reservoir Region, Ministry of Education, China Three Gorges University, Yichang, China
| | - Rao-Zhen Jia
- Hubei International Scientific and Technological Cooperation Center of Ecological Protection and Management in the Three Gorges Area, China Three Gorges University, Yichang, China
- Engineering Research Center of Eco-environment in the Three Gorges Reservoir Region, Ministry of Education, China Three Gorges University, Yichang, China
| | - Hua Guo
- Hubei International Scientific and Technological Cooperation Center of Ecological Protection and Management in the Three Gorges Area, China Three Gorges University, Yichang, China
- Engineering Research Center of Eco-environment in the Three Gorges Reservoir Region, Ministry of Education, China Three Gorges University, Yichang, China
| |
Collapse
|
46
|
Nogueirol RC, Monteiro FA, de Souza Junior JC, Azevedo RA. NO 3-/NH 4+ proportions affect cadmium bioaccumulation and tolerance of tomato. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE AND POLLUTION RESEARCH INTERNATIONAL 2018; 25:13916-13928. [PMID: 29512015 DOI: 10.1007/s11356-018-1588-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/22/2017] [Accepted: 02/18/2018] [Indexed: 05/22/2023]
Abstract
With the growth of the world population, cadmium (Cd) concentration in the environment has increased considerably as a result of human activities such as foundry, battery disposal, mining, application of fertilizers containing toxic elements as impurities, and disposal of metal-containing waste. Higher plants uptake N as ammonium (NH4+), nitrate (NO3- ), and many other water-soluble compounds such as urea and amino acids, and nourishing plants with N, providing part of it as NH4+, is an interesting alternative to the supply of this nutrient in the exclusive form of NO3- under Cd toxicity. The objective was to evaluate the influence of NO3- /NH4+ proportions on the development and tolerance of tomato plants grown under the presence of Cd in the culture medium. The experiment was conducted in a completely randomized block design in a 3 × 3 factorial arrangement consisting of three Cd rates (0, 50, and 100 μmol L-1) and three NO3-/NH4+ proportions (100/0, 70/30, and 50/50) in the nutrient solution. To this end, we quantified the responses of the antioxidant enzymatic system and productive and functional changes in Solanum lycopersicum var. esculentum (Calabash Rouge). Shoot biomass production decreased with the maximum Cd rate (100 μmol L-1) tested in the growth medium, whereas the NO3- /NH4+ proportions and other Cd rates did not significantly influence this variable. The lowest SPAD values were observed at the 100/0 NO3- /NH4+ proportion and in plants exposed to Cd. The largest accumulation of the metal occurred in the shoots at the NO3- /NH4+ proportion of 70/30 and at 100 μmol L-1 Cd and in the roots at 100/0 NO3-/NH4+ and with 50 and 100 μmol L-1 Cd. The concentration and accumulation of NO3- were highest at the NO3-/NH4+ proportion of 100/0 in the shoots and at 50/50 NO3-/NH4+ in the roots, whereas for NH4+, values were higher as the proportion of N supplied in the form of NH4+ was increased. The nitrate reductase enzyme activity decreased with the Cd supply in the nutrient solution. The antioxidant system enzymes were activated as we increased the NO3-/NH4+ proportion and/or Cd rates added to the nutrient solution in both shoots and roots of the tomato plant, except for ascorbate peroxidase. Based on the results obtained, if the plant is to be used as a food source as is the case of tomato, the 100/0 NO3-/NH4+ proportion is the better alternative because it resulted in higher Cd accumulation in the root system over the translocation to the shoots and consequently to the fruit.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Roberta Corrêa Nogueirol
- Departamento de Genética, Universidade de São Paulo (ESALQ/USP), P.O. Box 9, Piracicaba, SP, 13418-900, Brazil.
| | - Francisco Antonio Monteiro
- Departamento de Ciência do Solo, Universidade de São Paulo (ESALQ/USP), Piracicaba, SP, 13418-900, Brazil
| | | | - Ricardo Antunes Azevedo
- Departamento de Genética, Universidade de São Paulo (ESALQ/USP), P.O. Box 9, Piracicaba, SP, 13418-900, Brazil
| |
Collapse
|
47
|
Vega-Mas I, Pérez-Delgado CM, Marino D, Fuertes-Mendizábal T, González-Murua C, Márquez AJ, Betti M, Estavillo JM, González-Moro MB. Elevated CO2 Induces Root Defensive Mechanisms in Tomato Plants When Dealing with Ammonium Toxicity. PLANT & CELL PHYSIOLOGY 2017; 58:2112-2125. [PMID: 29059445 DOI: 10.1093/pcp/pcx146] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/28/2017] [Accepted: 09/20/2017] [Indexed: 05/23/2023]
Abstract
An adequate carbon supply is fundamental for plants to thrive under ammonium stress. In this work, we studied the mechanisms involved in tomato (Solanum lycopersicum L.) response to ammonium toxicity when grown under ambient or elevated CO2 conditions (400 or 800 p.p.m. CO2). Tomato roots were observed to be the primary organ dealing with ammonium nutrition. We therefore analyzed nitrogen (N) and carbon (C) metabolism in the roots, integrating the physiological response with transcriptomic regulation. Elevated levels of CO2 preferentially stimulated root growth despite the high ammonium content. The induction of anaplerotic enzymes from the tricarboxylic acid (TCA) cycle led to enhanced amino acid synthesis under ammonium nutrition. Furthermore, the root transcriptional response to ammonium toxicity was improved by CO2-enriched conditions, leading to higher expression of stress-related genes, as well as enhanced modulation of genes related to signaling, transcription, transport and hormone metabolism. Tomato roots exposed to ammonium stress also showed a defense-like transcriptional response according to the modulation of genes related to detoxification and secondary metabolism, involving principally terpenoid and phenolic compounds. These results indicate that increasing C supply allowed the co-ordinated regulation of root defense mechanisms when dealing with ammonium toxicity.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Izargi Vega-Mas
- Department of Plant Biology and Ecology, University of the Basque Country (UPV/EHU), Apdo. 644, E-48080 Bilbao, Spain
| | - Carmen M Pérez-Delgado
- Departamento de Bioquímica Vegetal y Biología Molecular, Facultad de Química, Universidad de Sevilla, Calle Profesor García González, 1, Sevilla, Spain
| | - Daniel Marino
- Department of Plant Biology and Ecology, University of the Basque Country (UPV/EHU), Apdo. 644, E-48080 Bilbao, Spain
- Ikerbasque, Basque Foundation for Science, Bilbao, Spain
| | - Teresa Fuertes-Mendizábal
- Department of Plant Biology and Ecology, University of the Basque Country (UPV/EHU), Apdo. 644, E-48080 Bilbao, Spain
| | - Carmen González-Murua
- Department of Plant Biology and Ecology, University of the Basque Country (UPV/EHU), Apdo. 644, E-48080 Bilbao, Spain
| | - Antonio J Márquez
- Departamento de Bioquímica Vegetal y Biología Molecular, Facultad de Química, Universidad de Sevilla, Calle Profesor García González, 1, Sevilla, Spain
| | - Marco Betti
- Departamento de Bioquímica Vegetal y Biología Molecular, Facultad de Química, Universidad de Sevilla, Calle Profesor García González, 1, Sevilla, Spain
| | - José María Estavillo
- Department of Plant Biology and Ecology, University of the Basque Country (UPV/EHU), Apdo. 644, E-48080 Bilbao, Spain
| | - María Begoña González-Moro
- Department of Plant Biology and Ecology, University of the Basque Country (UPV/EHU), Apdo. 644, E-48080 Bilbao, Spain
| |
Collapse
|
48
|
Guo H, Zhou H, Zhang J, Guan W, Xu S, Shen W, Xu G, Xie Y, Foyer CH. l-cysteine desulfhydrase-related H 2 S production is involved in OsSE5-promoted ammonium tolerance in roots of Oryza sativa. PLANT, CELL & ENVIRONMENT 2017; 40:1777-1790. [PMID: 28474399 DOI: 10.1111/pce.12982] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/13/2016] [Revised: 04/26/2017] [Accepted: 04/28/2017] [Indexed: 06/07/2023]
Abstract
Previous studies revealed that rice heme oxygenase PHOTOPERIOD SENSITIVITY 5 (OsSE5) is involved in the regulation of tolerance to excess ammonium by enhancing antioxidant defence. In this study, the relationship between OsSE5 and hydrogen sulfide (H2 S), a well-known signalling molecule, was investigated. Results showed that NH4 Cl triggered the induction of l-cysteine desulfhydrase (l-DES)-related H2 S production in rice seedling roots. A H2 S donor not only alleviated the excess ammonium-triggered inhibition of root growth but also reduced endogenous ammonium, both of which were aggravated by hypotaurine (HT, a H2 S scavenger) or dl-propargylglycine (PAG, a l-DES inhibitor). Nitrogen metabolism-related enzymes were activated by H2 S, thus resulting in the induction of amino acid synthesis and total nitrogen content. Interestingly, the activity of l-DES, as well as the enzymes involved in nitrogen metabolism, was significantly increased in the OsSE5-overexpression line (35S:OsSE5), whereas it impaired in the OsSE5-knockdown mutant (OsSE5-RNAi). The application of the HT/PAG or H2 S donor could differentially block or rescue NH4 Cl-hyposensitivity or hypersensitivity phenotypes in 35S:OsSE5-1 or OsSE5-RNAi-1 plants, with a concomitant modulation of nitrogen assimilation. Taken together, these results illustrated that H2 S function as an indispensable positive regulator participated in OsSE5-promoted ammonium tolerance, in which nitrogen metabolism was facilitated.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Hongming Guo
- Laboratory Center of Life Sciences, College of Life Sciences, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, 210095, China
| | - Heng Zhou
- Laboratory Center of Life Sciences, College of Life Sciences, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, 210095, China
| | - Jing Zhang
- Laboratory Center of Life Sciences, College of Life Sciences, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, 210095, China
| | - Wenxue Guan
- Laboratory Center of Life Sciences, College of Life Sciences, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, 210095, China
| | - Sheng Xu
- Institute of Botany, Jiangsu Province and the Chinese Academy of Sciences, Jiangsu Province Key Laboratory for Plant Ex-Situ Conservation, Nanjing, 210014, China
| | - Wenbiao Shen
- Laboratory Center of Life Sciences, College of Life Sciences, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, 210095, China
| | - Guohua Xu
- MOA, Laboratory of Plant Nutrition and Fertilization in Lower-Middle Reaches of the Yangtze River, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, 210095, China
| | - Yanjie Xie
- Laboratory Center of Life Sciences, College of Life Sciences, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, 210095, China
- MOA, Laboratory of Plant Nutrition and Fertilization in Lower-Middle Reaches of the Yangtze River, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, 210095, China
- Centre for Plant Sciences, School of Biology, Faculty of Biological Sciences, University of Leeds, Leeds, LS2 9JT, UK
| | - Christine Helen Foyer
- Centre for Plant Sciences, School of Biology, Faculty of Biological Sciences, University of Leeds, Leeds, LS2 9JT, UK
| |
Collapse
|
49
|
Arias-Baldrich C, de la Osa C, Bosch N, Ruiz-Ballesta I, Monreal JA, García-Mauriño S. Enzymatic activity, gene expression and posttranslational modifications of photosynthetic and non-photosynthetic phosphoenolpyruvate carboxylase in ammonium-stressed sorghum plants. JOURNAL OF PLANT PHYSIOLOGY 2017; 214:39-47. [PMID: 28431276 DOI: 10.1016/j.jplph.2017.03.020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/27/2016] [Revised: 03/27/2017] [Accepted: 03/28/2017] [Indexed: 05/24/2023]
Abstract
Sorghum plants grown with 5mM (NH4)2SO4 showed symptoms of stress, such as reduced growth and photosynthesis, leaf chlorosis, and reddish roots. Phosphoenolpyruvate carboxylase (PEPC) activity, by supplying carbon skeletons for ammonium assimilation, plays a pivotal role in tolerance to ammonium stress. This work investigated the effect of ammonium nutrition on PPC and PPCK gene expression, on PEPC activity, and on post-translational modifications (PTMs) of PEPC in leaves and roots of sorghum plants. Ammonium increased PEPC kinase (PEPCk) activity and the phosphorylation state of PEPC in leaves, both in light and in the dark, due to increased PPCK1 expression in leaves. This result resembled the effect of salinity on sorghum leaf PEPC and PEPCk, which is thought to allow a better functioning of PEPC in conditions that limit the income of reduced C. In roots, ammonium increased PEPC activity and the amount of monoubiquitinated PEPC. The first effect was related to increased PPC3 expression in roots. These results highlight the relevance of this specific isoenzyme (PPC3) in sorghum responses to ammonium stress. Although the role of monoubiquitination is not fully understood, it also increased in germinating seeds along with massive mobilization of reserves, a process in which the anaplerotic function of PEPC is of major importance.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Cirenia Arias-Baldrich
- Departamento de Biología Vegetal y Ecología, Facultad de Biología, Universidad de Sevilla, Avenida Reina Mercedes n° 6, 41012 Seville, Spain.
| | - Clara de la Osa
- Departamento de Biología Vegetal y Ecología, Facultad de Biología, Universidad de Sevilla, Avenida Reina Mercedes n° 6, 41012 Seville, Spain.
| | - Nadja Bosch
- Departamento de Biología Vegetal y Ecología, Facultad de Biología, Universidad de Sevilla, Avenida Reina Mercedes n° 6, 41012 Seville, Spain; Department of Molecular Genetics, Centre for Research in Agricultural Genomics (CRAG), Campus UAB Bellaterra (Cerdanyola del Vallès), 08193 Barcelona, Spain.
| | - Isabel Ruiz-Ballesta
- Departamento de Biología Vegetal y Ecología, Facultad de Biología, Universidad de Sevilla, Avenida Reina Mercedes n° 6, 41012 Seville, Spain.
| | - José A Monreal
- Departamento de Biología Vegetal y Ecología, Facultad de Biología, Universidad de Sevilla, Avenida Reina Mercedes n° 6, 41012 Seville, Spain.
| | - Sofía García-Mauriño
- Departamento de Biología Vegetal y Ecología, Facultad de Biología, Universidad de Sevilla, Avenida Reina Mercedes n° 6, 41012 Seville, Spain.
| |
Collapse
|
50
|
Liu Y, von Wirén N. Ammonium as a signal for physiological and morphological responses in plants. JOURNAL OF EXPERIMENTAL BOTANY 2017; 68:2581-2592. [PMID: 28369490 DOI: 10.1093/jxb/erx086] [Citation(s) in RCA: 172] [Impact Index Per Article: 24.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/18/2023]
Abstract
Ammonium is a major inorganic nitrogen source for plants. At low external supplies, ammonium promotes plant growth, while at high external supplies it causes toxicity. Ammonium triggers rapid changes in cytosolic pH, in gene expression, and in post-translational modifications of proteins, leading to apoplastic acidification, co-ordinated ammonium uptake, enhanced ammonium assimilation, altered oxidative and phytohormonal status, and reshaped root system architecture. Some of these responses are dependent on AMT-type ammonium transporters and are not linked to a nutritional effect, indicating that ammonium is perceived as a signaling molecule by plant cells. This review summarizes current knowledge of ammonium-triggered physiological and morphological responses and highlights existing and putative mechanisms mediating ammonium signaling and sensing events in plants. We put forward the hypothesis that sensing of ammonium takes place at multiple steps along its transport, storage, and assimilation pathways.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Ying Liu
- Molecular Plant Nutrition, Leibniz Institute of Plant Genetics and Crop Plant Research (IPK), Corrensstrasse 3, 06466 Stadt Seeland, OT Gatersleben, Germany
| | - Nicolaus von Wirén
- Molecular Plant Nutrition, Leibniz Institute of Plant Genetics and Crop Plant Research (IPK), Corrensstrasse 3, 06466 Stadt Seeland, OT Gatersleben, Germany
| |
Collapse
|