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Cotrim GDS, Silva DMD, Graça JPD, Oliveira Junior AD, Castro CD, Zocolo GJ, Lannes LS, Hoffmann-Campo CB. Glycine max (L.) Merr. (Soybean) metabolome responses to potassium availability. PHYTOCHEMISTRY 2023; 205:113472. [PMID: 36270412 DOI: 10.1016/j.phytochem.2022.113472] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/26/2022] [Revised: 10/07/2022] [Accepted: 10/10/2022] [Indexed: 06/16/2023]
Abstract
Potassium (K+) has vital physiological and metabolic functions in plants and its availability can impact tolerance to biotic and abiotic stress conditions. Limited studies have investigated the effect of K+ fertilization on soybean metabolism. Using integrated omics, ionomics and metabolomics, we investigated the field-grown Glycine max (soybean) response, after four K+ soil fertilization rates. Soybean leaf and pod tissue (valves and immature seeds) extracts were analysed by ultra-performance liquid chromatography coupled to high-resolution mass spectrometry (UPLC-HRMS) and inductively coupled plasma optical emission spectroscopy (ICP-OES). Multivariate analyses (PCA-X&Y e O2PLS-DA) showed that 51 compounds of 19 metabolic pathways were regulated in response to K+ availability. Under very low potassium availability, soybean plants accumulated of Ca2+, Mg2+, Fe2+, Cu2+, and B in young and old leaves. Potassium fertilization upregulated carbohydrate, galactolipid, and flavonol glycoside biosynthesis in leaves and pod valves, while K+ deficient pod tissues showed increasing amino acids, oligosaccharides, benzoic acid derivatives, and isoflavones contents. Severely K+ deficient soils elicited isoflavones, coumestans, pterocarpans, and soyasaponins in trifoliate leaves, likely associated to oxidative and photodynamic stress status. Additionally, results demonstrate that L-asparagine content is higher in potassium deficient tissues, suggesting this compound as a biomarker of K+ deficiency in soybean plants. These results demonstrate that potassium soil fertilization did not linearly contribute to changes in specialised constitutive metabolites of soybean. Altogether, this work provides a reference for improving the understanding of soybean metabolism as dependent on K+ availability.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gustavo Dos Santos Cotrim
- São Paulo State University - UNESP, 15385-000, Ilha Solteira, SP, Brazil; Brazilian Agricultural Research Corporation - Embrapa Soybean, 86001-970, Londrina, PR, Brazil.
| | - Deivid Metzker da Silva
- Santa Catarina Federal University - UFSC, 88040-900, Florianópolis, SC, Brazil; Brazilian Agricultural Research Corporation - Embrapa Soybean, 86001-970, Londrina, PR, Brazil
| | - José Perez da Graça
- Maringá State University - UEM, 87020-900, Maringá, PR, Brazil; Brazilian Agricultural Research Corporation - Embrapa Soybean, 86001-970, Londrina, PR, Brazil
| | | | - Cesar de Castro
- Brazilian Agricultural Research Corporation - Embrapa Soybean, 86001-970, Londrina, PR, Brazil
| | - Guilherme Julião Zocolo
- Brazilian Agricultural Research Corporation - Embrapa Agroindústria Tropical, 60511-110, Fortaleza, CE, Brazil
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2
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Pajak A, Zaman D, Ajewole E, Pandurangan S, Marsolais F. Diurnal accumulation of K +-dependent L-asparaginase in leaf of common bean (Phaseolus vulgaris L.). PHYTOCHEMISTRY 2023; 205:113489. [PMID: 36328196 DOI: 10.1016/j.phytochem.2022.113489] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/02/2022] [Revised: 09/23/2022] [Accepted: 10/23/2022] [Indexed: 06/16/2023]
Abstract
L-Asparaginase (EC 3.5.1.1) activity has been previously reported to fluctuate with the photoperiod in young pea leaves, with higher activity in the light. The present research sought to investigate this phenomenon in developing leaves of common bean (Phaseolus vulgaris L.). There are two genes coding for K+-dependent asparaginase in this species. Expression of PvASPG1 predominates over PvASPG2 in all tissues. The catalytic efficiency of recombinant PvASPG2 was approximately 2-fold lower than that of PvASPG1. Polyclonal antibodies were raised against a specific peptide present in PvASPG1 to use in immunoblotting. In developing seed, asparaginase protein levels in the seed coat stayed constant, whereas levels in cotyledon were lower and progressively declined. In young leaf, asparagine protein levels showed diurnal variation, increasing at the end of the dark period and slowly decreasing during the light period. This was paralleled by changes in activity levels in leaf extracts. These changes accompanied a transient increase in free asparagine concentration at the beginning of the light period. The present results demonstrated that K+-dependent asparaginase activity reaches a maximum level at the transition from dark to light, anticipating dawn, in young leaves of common bean.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aga Pajak
- Genomics and Biotechnology, London Research and Development Centre, Agriculture and Agri-Food Canada, 1391 Sandford St., London, Ontario, N5V 4T3, Canada.
| | - Dristy Zaman
- Genomics and Biotechnology, London Research and Development Centre, Agriculture and Agri-Food Canada, 1391 Sandford St., London, Ontario, N5V 4T3, Canada; Department of Biology, University of Western Ontario, 1151 Richmond St., London, Ontario, N6A 5B7, Canada.
| | - Ebenezer Ajewole
- Genomics and Biotechnology, London Research and Development Centre, Agriculture and Agri-Food Canada, 1391 Sandford St., London, Ontario, N5V 4T3, Canada; Department of Biology, University of Western Ontario, 1151 Richmond St., London, Ontario, N6A 5B7, Canada.
| | - Sudhakar Pandurangan
- Genomics and Biotechnology, London Research and Development Centre, Agriculture and Agri-Food Canada, 1391 Sandford St., London, Ontario, N5V 4T3, Canada.
| | - Frédéric Marsolais
- Genomics and Biotechnology, London Research and Development Centre, Agriculture and Agri-Food Canada, 1391 Sandford St., London, Ontario, N5V 4T3, Canada; Department of Biology, University of Western Ontario, 1151 Richmond St., London, Ontario, N6A 5B7, Canada.
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3
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Sajed M, Falak S, Muhammad MA, Ahmad N, Rashid N. A plant-type L-asparaginase from Pyrobaculum calidifontis undergoes temperature dependent autocleavage. Biologia (Bratisl) 2022. [DOI: 10.1007/s11756-022-01215-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
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4
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Cui J, Tcherkez G. Potassium dependency of enzymes in plant primary metabolism. PLANT PHYSIOLOGY AND BIOCHEMISTRY : PPB 2021; 166:522-530. [PMID: 34174657 DOI: 10.1016/j.plaphy.2021.06.017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/29/2021] [Accepted: 06/10/2021] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
Potassium is a macroelement essential to many aspects of plant life, such as photosynthesis, phloem transport or cellular electrochemistry. Many enzymes in animals or microbes are known to be stimulated or activated by potassium (K+ ions). Several plant enzymes are also strictly K+-dependent, and this can be critical when plants are under K deficiency and thus intracellular K+ concentration is low. Although metabolic effects of low K conditions have been documented, there is presently no review focusing on roles of K+ for enzyme catalysis or activation in plants. In this mini-review, we compile the current knowledge on K+-requirement of plant enzymes and take advantage of structural data to present biochemical roles of K+. This information is instrumental to explain direct effects of low K+ content on metabolism and this is illustrated with recent metabolomics data.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jing Cui
- Research School of Biology, ANU Joint College of Sciences, Australian National University, 2601, Canberra, Australia
| | - Guillaume Tcherkez
- Research School of Biology, ANU Joint College of Sciences, Australian National University, 2601, Canberra, Australia; Institut de Recherche en Horticulture et Semences, INRAe Angers, Université d'Angers, 42 rue Georges Morel, 49070, Beaucouzé, France.
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5
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da Silva LS, Doonan LB, Pessoa A, de Oliveira MA, Long PF. Structural and functional diversity of asparaginases: Overview and recommendations for a revised nomenclature. Biotechnol Appl Biochem 2021; 69:503-513. [PMID: 33624365 DOI: 10.1002/bab.2127] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/02/2020] [Accepted: 02/09/2021] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
Asparaginases (ASNases) are a large and structurally diverse group of enzymes ubiquitous amongst archaea, bacteria and eukaryotes, that catalyze hydrolysis of asparagine to aspartate and ammonia. Bacterial ASNases are important biopharmaceuticals for the treatment of acute lymphoblastic leukemia, although some patients experience adverse allergic side effects during treatment with these protein therapeutics. ASNases are currently divided into three families: plant-type ASNases, Rhizobium etli-type ASNases and bacterial-type ASNases. This system is outdated as both bacterial-type and plant-type families also include archaeal, bacterial and eukaryotic enzymes, each with their own distinct characteristics. Herein, phylogenetic studies allied to tertiary structural analyses are described with the aim of proposing a revised and more robust classification system that considers the biochemical diversity of ASNases. Accordingly, based on distinct peptide domains, phylogenetic data, structural analysis and functional characteristics, we recommend that ASNases now be divided into three new distinct classes containing subgroups according to structural and functional aspects. Using this new classification scheme, 25 ASNases were identified as candidates for future new lead discovery.
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Affiliation(s)
- Leonardo Schultz da Silva
- Instituto de Biociências, Universidade Estadual Paulista (UNESP), São Vicente, São Paulo, Brazil.,Institute of Pharmaceutical Science, School of Cancer & Pharmaceutical Sciences, Faculty of Life Sciences & Medicine, King's College London, UK
| | - Liam B Doonan
- Institute of Pharmaceutical Science, School of Cancer & Pharmaceutical Sciences, Faculty of Life Sciences & Medicine, King's College London, UK
| | - Adalberto Pessoa
- Departamento de Tecnologia Tecnologia Bioquímico-Farmacêuticas, Faculdade de Ciencias Farmaceuticas, Universidade de São Paulo, São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil
| | | | - Paul F Long
- Institute of Pharmaceutical Science, School of Cancer & Pharmaceutical Sciences, Faculty of Life Sciences & Medicine, King's College London, UK.,Departamento de Tecnologia Tecnologia Bioquímico-Farmacêuticas, Faculdade de Ciencias Farmaceuticas, Universidade de São Paulo, São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil
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6
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Sultana N, Islam S, Juhasz A, Yang R, She M, Alhabbar Z, Zhang J, Ma W. Transcriptomic Study for Identification of Major Nitrogen Stress Responsive Genes in Australian Bread Wheat Cultivars. Front Genet 2020; 11:583785. [PMID: 33193713 PMCID: PMC7554635 DOI: 10.3389/fgene.2020.583785] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/15/2020] [Accepted: 08/20/2020] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
High nitrogen use efficiency (NUE) in bread wheat is pivotal to sustain high productivity. Knowledge about the physiological and transcriptomic changes that regulate NUE, in particular how plants cope with nitrogen (N) stress during flowering and the grain filling period, is crucial in achieving high NUE. Nitrogen response is differentially manifested in different tissues and shows significant genetic variability. A comparative transcriptome study was carried out using RNA-seq analysis to investigate the effect of nitrogen levels on gene expression at 0 days post anthesis (0 DPA) and 10 DPA in second leaf and grain tissues of three Australian wheat (Triticum aestivum) varieties that were known to have varying NUEs. A total of 12,344 differentially expressed genes (DEGs) were identified under nitrogen stress where down-regulated DEGs were predominantly associated with carbohydrate metabolic process, photosynthesis, light-harvesting, and defense response, whereas the up-regulated DEGs were associated with nucleotide metabolism, proteolysis, and transmembrane transport under nitrogen stress. Protein–protein interaction and Kyoto Encyclopedia of Genes and Genomes (KEGG) pathways analysis further revealed that highly interacted down-regulated DEGs were involved in light-harvesting and photosynthesis, and up-regulated DEGs were mostly involved in steroid biosynthesis under N stress. The common down-regulated genes across the cultivars included photosystem II 10 kDa polypeptide family proteins, plant protein 1589 of uncharacterized protein function, etc., whereas common up-regulated genes included glutamate carboxypeptidase 2, placenta-specific8 (PLAC8) family protein, and a sulfate transporter. On the other hand, high NUE cultivar Mace responded to nitrogen stress by down-regulation of a stress-related gene annotated as beta-1,3-endoglucanase and pathogenesis-related protein (PR-4, PR-1) and up-regulation of MYB/SANT domain-containing RADIALIS (RAD)-like transcription factors. The medium NUE cultivar Spitfire and low NUE cultivar Volcani demonstrated strong down-regulation of Photosystem II 10 kDa polypeptide family protein and predominant up-regulation of 11S globulin seed storage protein 2 and protein transport protein Sec61 subunit gamma. In grain tissue, most of the DEGs were related to nitrogen metabolism and proteolysis. The DEGs with high abundance in high NUE cultivar can be good candidates to develop nitrogen stress-tolerant variety with improved NUE.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nigarin Sultana
- State Agriculture Biotechnology Centre, College of Science, Health, Engineering and Education, Murdoch University, Perth, WA, Australia
| | - Shahidul Islam
- State Agriculture Biotechnology Centre, College of Science, Health, Engineering and Education, Murdoch University, Perth, WA, Australia
| | - Angela Juhasz
- State Agriculture Biotechnology Centre, College of Science, Health, Engineering and Education, Murdoch University, Perth, WA, Australia.,School of Science, Edith Cowan University, Joondalup, WA, Australia
| | - Rongchang Yang
- State Agriculture Biotechnology Centre, College of Science, Health, Engineering and Education, Murdoch University, Perth, WA, Australia
| | - Maoyun She
- State Agriculture Biotechnology Centre, College of Science, Health, Engineering and Education, Murdoch University, Perth, WA, Australia
| | - Zaid Alhabbar
- State Agriculture Biotechnology Centre, College of Science, Health, Engineering and Education, Murdoch University, Perth, WA, Australia
| | - Jingjuan Zhang
- State Agriculture Biotechnology Centre, College of Science, Health, Engineering and Education, Murdoch University, Perth, WA, Australia
| | - Wujun Ma
- State Agriculture Biotechnology Centre, College of Science, Health, Engineering and Education, Murdoch University, Perth, WA, Australia
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7
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Gul A, Hussain G, Iqbal A, Rao AQ, Din SU, Yasmeen A, Shahid N, Ahad A, Latif A, Azam S, Samiullah TR, Hassan S, Shahid AA, Husnain T. Constitutive expression of Asparaginase in Gossypium hirsutum triggers insecticidal activity against Bemisia tabaci. Sci Rep 2020; 10:8958. [PMID: 32488033 PMCID: PMC7265412 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-020-65249-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/18/2019] [Accepted: 04/16/2020] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Whitefly infestation of cotton crop imparts enormous damage to cotton yield by severely affecting plant health, vigour and transmitting Cotton Leaf Curl Virus (CLCuV). Genetic modification of cotton helps to overcome both the direct whitefly infestation as well as CLCuV based cotton yield losses. We have constitutively overexpressed asparaginase (ZmASN) gene in Gossypium hirsutum to overcome the cotton yield losses imparted by whitefly infestation. We achieved 2.54% transformation efficiency in CIM-482 by Agrobacterium-mediated shoot apex transformation method. The relative qRT-PCR revealed 40-fold higher transcripts of asparaginase in transgenic cotton line vs. non-transgenic cotton lines. Metabolic analysis showed higher contents of aspartic acid and glutamic acid in seeds and phloem sap of the transgenic cotton lines. Phenotypically, the transgenic cotton lines showed vigorous growth and height, greater number of bolls, and yield. Among six representative transgenic cotton lines, line 14 had higher photosynthetic rate, stomatal conductance, smooth fiber surface, increased fiber convolutions (SEM analysis) and 95% whitefly mortality as compared to non-transgenic cotton line. The gene integration analysis by fluorescence in situ hybridization showed single copy gene integration at chromosome number 1. Collectively, asparaginase gene demonstrated potential to control whitefly infestation, post-infestation damages and improve cotton plant health and yield: a pre-requisite for farmer's community.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ambreen Gul
- Centre of Excellence in Molecular Biology, University of the Punjab, 87-West Canal Bank Road, Lahore, 53700, Pakistan
- Molecular Biology and Genetics, Aarhus University, Aarhus, Denmark
| | - Ghulam Hussain
- Centre of Excellence in Molecular Biology, University of the Punjab, 87-West Canal Bank Road, Lahore, 53700, Pakistan
| | - Adnan Iqbal
- Centre of Excellence in Molecular Biology, University of the Punjab, 87-West Canal Bank Road, Lahore, 53700, Pakistan
| | - Abdul Qayyum Rao
- Centre of Excellence in Molecular Biology, University of the Punjab, 87-West Canal Bank Road, Lahore, 53700, Pakistan.
| | - Salah Ud Din
- Centre of Excellence in Molecular Biology, University of the Punjab, 87-West Canal Bank Road, Lahore, 53700, Pakistan
| | - Aneela Yasmeen
- Centre of Excellence in Molecular Biology, University of the Punjab, 87-West Canal Bank Road, Lahore, 53700, Pakistan
| | - Naila Shahid
- Centre of Excellence in Molecular Biology, University of the Punjab, 87-West Canal Bank Road, Lahore, 53700, Pakistan
| | - Ammara Ahad
- Centre of Excellence in Molecular Biology, University of the Punjab, 87-West Canal Bank Road, Lahore, 53700, Pakistan
| | - Ayesha Latif
- Centre of Excellence in Molecular Biology, University of the Punjab, 87-West Canal Bank Road, Lahore, 53700, Pakistan
| | - Saira Azam
- Centre of Excellence in Molecular Biology, University of the Punjab, 87-West Canal Bank Road, Lahore, 53700, Pakistan
| | - Tahir Rehman Samiullah
- Centre of Excellence in Molecular Biology, University of the Punjab, 87-West Canal Bank Road, Lahore, 53700, Pakistan
| | - Samina Hassan
- Centre of Excellence in Molecular Biology, University of the Punjab, 87-West Canal Bank Road, Lahore, 53700, Pakistan
- Kinnaird College for Women University, Lahore, Pakistan
| | - Ahmad Ali Shahid
- Centre of Excellence in Molecular Biology, University of the Punjab, 87-West Canal Bank Road, Lahore, 53700, Pakistan
| | - Tayyab Husnain
- Centre of Excellence in Molecular Biology, University of the Punjab, 87-West Canal Bank Road, Lahore, 53700, Pakistan
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8
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Chohan SM, Sajed M, Naeem SU, Rashid N. Heterologous gene expression and characterization of TK2246, a highly active and thermostable plant type l-asparaginase from Thermococcus kodakarensis. Int J Biol Macromol 2020; 147:131-137. [PMID: 31923515 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijbiomac.2020.01.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/22/2019] [Revised: 01/02/2020] [Accepted: 01/03/2020] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
Abstract
The genome sequence of the hyperthermophilic archaeon Thermococcus kodakarensis contains two putative genes, TK1656 and TK2246, annotated as l-asparaginases. TK1656 has been reported previously. The current report is focused on TK2246, a plant-type l-asparaginase, which consists of 918 nucleotides corresponding to a polypeptide of 306 amino acids. The gene was cloned, expressed in Escherichia coli and the purified gene product was used to determine the properties of the recombinant enzyme. TK2246 was optimally active at 85 °C and pH 7.0 with a specific activity of 767 μmol min-1 mg-1 towards l-asparagine. The enzyme exhibited a 10% activity towards d-asparagine as compared to 100% against l-asparagine. No detectable activity was observed towards l- or d-glutamine. Half-life of the enzyme was nearly 18 h at 85 °C. TK2246 exhibited apparent Km and Vmax values of 3.1 mM and 833 μmol min-1 mg-1, respectively. Activation energy of the reaction, determined from the Arrhenius plot, was 28.3 kJ mol-1. To the best of our knowledge, this is the first characterization of a plant-type l-asparaginase from class Thermococci of phylum Euryarchaeota.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shahid Mahmood Chohan
- School of Biological Sciences, University of the Punjab, Quaid-e-Azam Campus, Lahore 54590, Pakistan
| | - Muhammad Sajed
- School of Biological Sciences, University of the Punjab, Quaid-e-Azam Campus, Lahore 54590, Pakistan
| | - Sabeel Un Naeem
- Institute of Biochemistry and Biotechnology, University of the Punjab, Quaid-e-Azam Campus, Lahore 54590, Pakistan
| | - Naeem Rashid
- School of Biological Sciences, University of the Punjab, Quaid-e-Azam Campus, Lahore 54590, Pakistan.
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9
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Common Bean ( Phaseolus vulgaris L.) Accumulates Most S-Methylcysteine as Its γ-Glutamyl Dipeptide. PLANTS 2019; 8:plants8050126. [PMID: 31091711 PMCID: PMC6572574 DOI: 10.3390/plants8050126] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/26/2019] [Revised: 05/01/2019] [Accepted: 05/12/2019] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
The common bean (Phaseolus vulgaris) constitutes an excellent source of vegetable dietary protein. However, there are sub-optimal levels of the essential amino acids, methionine and cysteine. On the other hand, P. vulgaris accumulates large amounts of the γ-glutamyl dipeptide of S-methylcysteine, and lower levels of free S-methylcysteine and S-methylhomoglutathione. Past results suggest two distinct metabolite pools. Free S-methylcysteine levels are high at the beginning of seed development and decline at mid-maturation, while there is a biphasic accumulation of γ-glutamyl-S-methylcysteine, at early cotyledon and maturation stages. A possible model involves the formation of S-methylcysteine by cysteine synthase from O-acetylserine and methanethiol, whereas the majority of γ-glutamyl-S-methylcysteine may arise from S-methylhomoglutathione. Metabolite profiling during development and in genotypes differing in total S-methylcysteine accumulation showed that γ-glutamyl-S-methylcysteine accounts for most of the total S-methylcysteine in mature seed. Profiling of transcripts for candidate biosynthetic genes indicated that BSAS4;1 expression is correlated with both the developmental timing and levels of free S-methylcysteine accumulated, while homoglutathione synthetase (hGS) expression was correlated with the levels of γ-glutamyl-S-methylcysteine. Analysis of S-methylated phytochelatins by liquid chromatography and high resolution tandem mass spectrometry revealed only small amounts of homophytochelatin-2 with a single S-methylcysteine. The mitochondrial localization of phytochelatin synthase 2—predominant in seed, determined by confocal microscopy of a fusion with the yellow fluorescent protein—and its spatial separation from S-methylhomoglutathione may explain the lack of significant accumulation of S-methylated phytochelatins.
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10
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da Silva Lacerda GR, Cantalice JCLL, de Souza Lima GM, de Albuquerque LEF, da Silva IDG, de Melo MEB, Adam ML, do Nascimento SC. Genotoxic activity of L-asparaginase produced by Streptomyces ansochromogenes UFPEDA 3420. World J Microbiol Biotechnol 2019; 35:41. [PMID: 30762133 DOI: 10.1007/s11274-019-2612-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/01/2019] [Accepted: 02/01/2019] [Indexed: 01/27/2023]
Abstract
L-asparaginase is an enzyme capable of hydrolyzing the substrate asparagine in aspartic acid and ammonia. Due to this mechanism of action observed, L-asparaginase is widely used in the treatment of Acute Lymphoblastic Leukemia, since these cells use asparagine for their survival. Because it is frequently used as an antineoplastic, it is necessary to evaluate its genotoxic effects. The aim of the present study was to evaluate cellular DNA damage after exposure to L-asparaginase produced by Streptomyces ansochromogenes UFPEDA 3420. NCIH-292, MCF-7 and MOLT-4 neoplastic cell lines and normal PBMC cells were used. L-Asparaginase used in this study was produced by actinobacteria S. ansochromogenes UFPEDA 3420, isolated and purified by chromatographic methods. L-Asparaginase induced micronucleus formation in PBMC cells and tumor lines when compared to the negative control. These data suggest that L-Asp appears to have a genotoxic effect very close to the positive control in normal cells (p < 0.05). The level of genomic damage measured by DNA breaks in alkaline SCGE assay was detected from the lowest concentration (12.5 µg/mL) to the highest concentration (50 µg/mL) for tumor cell lines and PBMC. In view of the above, new genotoxic studies will be carried out to better elucidate L-Asparaginase and its mutagenic potential, still unknown, enough for this drug to be safely used in conventional antineoplastic therapies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Glêzia Renata da Silva Lacerda
- Laboratory of Microorganisms Collection, Department of Antibiotics, Federal University of Pernambuco, Recife, PE, Brazil
| | | | - Gláucia Manoella de Souza Lima
- Laboratory of Microorganisms Collection, Department of Antibiotics, Federal University of Pernambuco, Recife, PE, Brazil
| | | | | | | | - Mônica Lúcia Adam
- Department of Antibiotics, Cell Culture Laboratory, Federal University of Pernambuco, Cidade Universitária, Recife, PE, 52171-011, Brazil
| | - Silene Carneiro do Nascimento
- Department of Animal Biology, Laboratory of Evolutionary and Ambient Genetics, Federal University of Pernambuco, Recife, PE, Brazil
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11
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Duwadi K, Austin RS, Mainali HR, Bett K, Marsolais F, Dhaubhadel S. Slow darkening of pinto bean seed coat is associated with significant metabolite and transcript differences related to proanthocyanidin biosynthesis. BMC Genomics 2018; 19:260. [PMID: 29661146 PMCID: PMC5903001 DOI: 10.1186/s12864-018-4550-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/01/2017] [Accepted: 02/14/2018] [Indexed: 11/29/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Postharvest seed coat darkening in pinto bean is an undesirable trait resulting in a loss in the economic value of the crop. The extent of darkening varies between the bean cultivars and their storage conditions. Results Metabolite analysis revealed that the majority of flavonoids including proanthocyanidin monomer catechin accumulated at higher level in a regular darkening (RD) pinto line CDC Pintium than in a slow darkening (SD) line 1533–15. A transcriptome analysis was conducted to compare gene expression between CDC Pintium and 1533–15 and identify the gene (s) that may play a role in slow darkening processes in 1533–15 pinto. RNAseq against total RNA from RD and SD cultivars found several phenylpropanoid genes, metabolite transporter genes and genes involved in gene regulation or modification to be differentially expressed between CDC Pintium and 1533–15. Conclusion RNAseq analysis and metabolite data of seed coat tissue from CDC Pintium and 1533–15 revealed that the whole proanthocyanidin biosynthetic pathway was downregulated in 1533–15. Additionally, genes that encode for putative transporter proteins were also downregulated in 1533–15 suggesting both synthesis and accumulation of proanthocyanidin is reduced in SD pintos. Electronic supplementary material The online version of this article (10.1186/s12864-018-4550-z) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kishor Duwadi
- Department of Biology, University of Western Ontario, London, ON, Canada
| | - Ryan S Austin
- London Research and Development Centre, Agriculture and Agri-Food Canada, 1391 Sandford Street, London, ON, N5V 4T3, Canada.,Department of Biology, University of Western Ontario, London, ON, Canada
| | - Hemanta R Mainali
- Department of Biology, University of Western Ontario, London, ON, Canada
| | - Kirstin Bett
- Department of Plant Sciences, University of Saskatchewan, Saskatoon, SK, Canada
| | - Frédéric Marsolais
- London Research and Development Centre, Agriculture and Agri-Food Canada, 1391 Sandford Street, London, ON, N5V 4T3, Canada.,Department of Biology, University of Western Ontario, London, ON, Canada
| | - Sangeeta Dhaubhadel
- London Research and Development Centre, Agriculture and Agri-Food Canada, 1391 Sandford Street, London, ON, N5V 4T3, Canada. .,Department of Biology, University of Western Ontario, London, ON, Canada.
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12
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In silico characterization of a cyanobacterial plant-type isoaspartyl aminopeptidase/asparaginase. J Mol Model 2018; 24:108. [PMID: 29619654 DOI: 10.1007/s00894-018-3635-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/02/2017] [Accepted: 03/08/2018] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Abstract
Asparaginases are found in a range of organisms, although those found in cyanobacteria have been little studied, in spite of their great potential for biotechnological application. This study therefore sought to characterize the molecular structure of an L-asparaginase from the cyanobacterium Limnothrix sp. CACIAM 69d, which was isolated from a freshwater Amazonian environment. After homology modeling, model validation was performed using a Ramachandran plot, VERIFY3D, and the RMSD. We also performed molecular docking and dynamics simulations based on binding free-energy analysis. Structural alignment revealed homology with the isoaspartyl peptidase/asparaginase (EcAIII) from Escherichia coli. When compared to the template, our model showed full conservation of the catalytic site. In silico simulations confirmed the interaction of cyanobacterial isoaspartyl peptidase/asparaginase with its substrate, β-Asp-Leu dipeptide. We also observed that the residues Thr154, Thr187, Gly207, Asp218, and Gly237 were fundamental to protein-ligand complexation. Overall, our results suggest that L-asparaginase from Limnothrix sp. CACIAM 669d has similar properties to E. coli EcAIII asparaginase. Our study opens up new perspectives for the biotechnological exploitation of cyanobacterial asparaginases.
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Ajewole E, Santamaria‐Kisiel L, Pajak A, Jaskolski M, Marsolais F. Structural basis of potassium activation in plant asparaginases. FEBS J 2018; 285:1528-1539. [DOI: 10.1111/febs.14428] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/26/2017] [Revised: 02/07/2018] [Accepted: 02/27/2018] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Ebenezer Ajewole
- Department of Biology University of Western Ontario London Canada
- London Research and Development Centre Agriculture and Agri‐Food Canada London Canada
| | | | - Agnieszka Pajak
- London Research and Development Centre Agriculture and Agri‐Food Canada London Canada
| | - Mariusz Jaskolski
- Center for Biocrystallographic Research Institute of Bioorganic Chemistry Polish Academy of Sciences Poznan Poland
- Department of Crystallography Faculty of Chemistry A. Mickiewicz University Poznan Poland
| | - Frédéric Marsolais
- Department of Biology University of Western Ontario London Canada
- London Research and Development Centre Agriculture and Agri‐Food Canada London Canada
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Curtis TY, Bo V, Tucker A, Halford NG. Construction of a network describing asparagine metabolism in plants and its application to the identification of genes affecting asparagine metabolism in wheat under drought and nutritional stress. Food Energy Secur 2018; 7:e00126. [PMID: 29938110 PMCID: PMC5993343 DOI: 10.1002/fes3.126] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/06/2017] [Revised: 01/04/2018] [Accepted: 01/07/2018] [Indexed: 01/01/2023] Open
Abstract
A detailed network describing asparagine metabolism in plants was constructed using published data from Arabidopsis (Arabidopsis thaliana) maize (Zea mays), wheat (Triticum aestivum), pea (Pisum sativum), soybean (Glycine max), lupin (Lupus albus), and other species, including animals. Asparagine synthesis and degradation is a major part of amino acid and nitrogen metabolism in plants. The complexity of its metabolism, including limiting and regulatory factors, was represented in a logical sequence in a pathway diagram built using yED graph editor software. The network was used with a Unique Network Identification Pipeline in the analysis of data from 18 publicly available transcriptomic data studies. This identified links between genes involved in asparagine metabolism in wheat roots under drought stress, wheat leaves under drought stress, and wheat leaves under conditions of sulfur and nitrogen deficiency. The network represents a powerful aid for interpreting the interactions not only between the genes in the pathway but also among enzymes, metabolites and smaller molecules. It provides a concise, clear understanding of the complexity of asparagine metabolism that could aid the interpretation of data relating to wider amino acid metabolism and other metabolic processes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tanya Y Curtis
- Plant Sciences Department Rothamsted Research Harpenden Hertfordshire UK
| | - Valeria Bo
- College of Engineering, Design and Physical Sciences Brunel University London Uxbridge Middlesex UK.,Present address: Cancer Research UK Cambridge Institute University of Cambridge Li Ka Shing Centre Robinson Way Cambridge UK
| | - Allan Tucker
- College of Engineering, Design and Physical Sciences Brunel University London Uxbridge Middlesex UK
| | - Nigel G Halford
- Plant Sciences Department Rothamsted Research Harpenden Hertfordshire UK
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Yabuki Y, Ohashi M, Imagawa F, Ishiyama K, Beier MP, Konishi N, Umetsu-Ohashi T, Hayakawa T, Yamaya T, Kojima S. A temporal and spatial contribution of asparaginase to asparagine catabolism during development of rice grains. RICE (NEW YORK, N.Y.) 2017; 10:3. [PMID: 28124210 PMCID: PMC5267587 DOI: 10.1186/s12284-017-0143-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/28/2016] [Accepted: 01/19/2017] [Indexed: 05/08/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Asparagine is one of the most dominant organic nitrogen compounds in phloem and xylem sap in a wide range of plant species. Asparaginase (ASNase; EC, 3.5.1.1) catabolizes asparagine into aspartate and ammonium; therefore, it is suggested to play a key role in asparagine metabolism within legume sink organs. However, the metabolic fate of asparagine in source and sink organs during rice seed production remains to be elucidated. Therefore, the main objective of this study is to investigate the asparagine metabolism in a temporal and spatial manner during rice seed production. RESULTS For this purpose, the expression of genes involved in asparagine catabolism, such as asparaginase1 (OsASNase1) and 2 (OsASNase2), were quantitatively measured, and contents of asparagine, aspartate and ammonium ions were determined in sink and source organs during spikelet ripening. Quantitative real-time PCR and in situ localization studies determined that OsASNase2 is expressed in the dorsal vascular bundles and nucellar projection of developing grains, as well as in mesophyll and phloem companion cells of senescent flag leaves. Amino acid measurements revealed that the aspartate concentration is higher than asparagine in both source and sink organs. CONCLUSION This work suggests that asparaginase dependent asparagine catabolism occurred not only in sink but also in source organs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yui Yabuki
- Graduate School of Agricultural Science, Tohoku University, 468-1 Aoba, Aramaki, Sendai, 9800845 Japan
| | - Miwa Ohashi
- Graduate School of Agricultural Science, Tohoku University, 468-1 Aoba, Aramaki, Sendai, 9800845 Japan
| | - Fumi Imagawa
- Graduate School of Agricultural Science, Tohoku University, 468-1 Aoba, Aramaki, Sendai, 9800845 Japan
| | - Keiki Ishiyama
- Graduate School of Agricultural Science, Tohoku University, 468-1 Aoba, Aramaki, Sendai, 9800845 Japan
| | - Marcel Pascal Beier
- Graduate School of Agricultural Science, Tohoku University, 468-1 Aoba, Aramaki, Sendai, 9800845 Japan
| | - Noriyuki Konishi
- Graduate School of Agricultural Science, Tohoku University, 468-1 Aoba, Aramaki, Sendai, 9800845 Japan
| | - Toshiko Umetsu-Ohashi
- Graduate School of Agricultural Science, Tohoku University, 468-1 Aoba, Aramaki, Sendai, 9800845 Japan
| | - Toshihiko Hayakawa
- Graduate School of Agricultural Science, Tohoku University, 468-1 Aoba, Aramaki, Sendai, 9800845 Japan
| | - Tomoyuki Yamaya
- Graduate School of Agricultural Science, Tohoku University, 468-1 Aoba, Aramaki, Sendai, 9800845 Japan
| | - Soichi Kojima
- Graduate School of Agricultural Science, Tohoku University, 468-1 Aoba, Aramaki, Sendai, 9800845 Japan
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García-Calderón M, Pérez-Delgado CM, Credali A, Vega JM, Betti M, Márquez AJ. Genes for asparagine metabolism in Lotus japonicus: differential expression and interconnection with photorespiration. BMC Genomics 2017; 18:781. [PMID: 29025409 PMCID: PMC5639745 DOI: 10.1186/s12864-017-4200-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/22/2016] [Accepted: 10/08/2017] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Asparagine is a very important nitrogen transport and storage compound in plants due to its high nitrogen/carbon ratio and stability. Asparagine intracellular concentration depends on a balance between asparagine biosynthesis and degradation. The main enzymes involved in asparagine metabolism are asparagine synthetase (ASN), asparaginase (NSE) and serine-glyoxylate aminotransferase (SGAT). The study of the genes encoding for these enzymes in the model legume Lotus japonicus is of particular interest since it has been proposed that asparagine is the principal molecule used to transport reduced nitrogen within the plant in most temperate legumes. RESULTS A differential expression of genes encoding for several enzymes involved in asparagine metabolism was detected in L. japonicus. ASN is encoded by three genes, LjASN1 was the most highly expressed in mature leaves while LjASN2 expression was negligible and LjASN3 showed a low expression in this organ, suggesting that LjASN1 is the main gene responsible for asparagine synthesis in mature leaves. In young leaves, LjASN3 was the only ASN gene expressed although at low levels, while all the three genes encoding for NSE were highly expressed, especially LjNSE1. In nodules, LjASN2 and LjNSE2 were the most highly expressed genes, suggesting an important role for these genes in this organ. Several lines of evidence support the connection between asparagine metabolic genes and photorespiration in L. japonicus: a) a mutant plant deficient in LjNSE1 showed a dramatic decrease in the expression of the two genes encoding for SGAT; b) expression of the genes involved in asparagine metabolism is altered in a photorespiratory mutant lacking plastidic glutamine synthetase; c) a clustering analysis indicated a similar pattern of expression among several genes involved in photorespiratory and asparagine metabolism, indicating a clear link between LjASN1 and LjSGAT genes and photorespiration. CONCLUSIONS The results obtained in this paper indicate the existence of a differential expression of asparagine metabolic genes in L. japonicus and point out the crucial relevance of particular genes in different organs. Moreover, the data presented establish clear links between asparagine and photorespiratory metabolic genes in this plant.
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Affiliation(s)
- Margarita García-Calderón
- Departamento de Bioquímica Vegetal y Biología Molecular, Facultad de Química, C/ Profesor García González, 1, 41012, Sevilla, Spain
| | - Carmen M Pérez-Delgado
- Departamento de Bioquímica Vegetal y Biología Molecular, Facultad de Química, C/ Profesor García González, 1, 41012, Sevilla, Spain
| | - Alfredo Credali
- Departamento de Bioquímica Vegetal y Biología Molecular, Facultad de Química, C/ Profesor García González, 1, 41012, Sevilla, Spain
| | - José M Vega
- Departamento de Bioquímica Vegetal y Biología Molecular, Facultad de Química, C/ Profesor García González, 1, 41012, Sevilla, Spain
| | - Marco Betti
- Departamento de Bioquímica Vegetal y Biología Molecular, Facultad de Química, C/ Profesor García González, 1, 41012, Sevilla, Spain.
| | - Antonio J Márquez
- Departamento de Bioquímica Vegetal y Biología Molecular, Facultad de Química, C/ Profesor García González, 1, 41012, Sevilla, Spain
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Zhou Q, Gao J, Zhang R, Zhang R. Ammonia stress on nitrogen metabolism in tolerant aquatic plant-Myriophyllum aquaticum. ECOTOXICOLOGY AND ENVIRONMENTAL SAFETY 2017; 143:102-110. [PMID: 28525813 DOI: 10.1016/j.ecoenv.2017.04.016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/05/2017] [Revised: 03/27/2017] [Accepted: 04/10/2017] [Indexed: 06/07/2023]
Abstract
Ammonia has been a major reason of macrophyte decline in the water environment, and ammonium ion toxicity should be seen as universal, even in species frequently labeled as "NH4+ specialists". To study the effects of high NH4+-N stress of ammonium ion nitrogen on tolerant submerged macrophytes and investigate the pathways of nitrogen assimilation in different organisms, Myriophyllum aquaticum was selected and treated with various concentrations of ammonium ions at different times. Increasing of ammonium concentration leads to an overall increase in incipient ammonia content in leaves and stems of plants. In middle and later stages, high concentrations of NH4+ ion nitrogen taken up by M. aquaticum decreased, whereas the content of NO3- ion nitrogen increased. Moreover, in M. aquaticum, the activities of the enzymes nitrate reductase, glutamine synthetase and asparagine synthetase changed remarkably in the process of alleviating NH4+ toxicity and deficiency. The results of the present study may support the studies on detoxification of high ammonium ion content in NH4+-tolerant submerged macrophytes and exploration of tissue-specific expression systems.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qingyang Zhou
- The College of Chemistry and Molecular Engineering/Institute of Environmental Sciences, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, Henan, PR China
| | - Jingqing Gao
- College of Water Conservancy and Environmental Engineering, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, Henan, PR China.
| | - Ruimin Zhang
- The College of Chemistry and Molecular Engineering/Institute of Environmental Sciences, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, Henan, PR China
| | - Ruiqin Zhang
- The College of Chemistry and Molecular Engineering/Institute of Environmental Sciences, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, Henan, PR China
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18
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Kebeish R, El-Sayed A, Fahmy H, Abdel-Ghany A. Molecular Cloning, Biochemical Characterization, and Antitumor Properties of a Novel L-Asparaginase from Synechococcus elongatus PCC6803. BIOCHEMISTRY (MOSCOW) 2017; 81:1173-1181. [PMID: 27908241 DOI: 10.1134/s000629791610014x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
Abstract
L-asparaginase (EC 3.5.1.1), which catalyzes the deamidation of L-asparagine to L-aspartic acid and ammonia, has been widely used as a key therapeutic tool in the treatment of tumors. The current commercially available L-asparaginases, produced from bacteria, have signs of toxicity and hypersensitivity reactions during the course of tumor therapy. Therefore, searching for L-asparaginases with unique biochemical properties and fewer adverse effects was the objective of this work. In this study, cyanobacterial strain Synechococcus elongatus PCC6803 was found as a novel source of L-asparaginase. The L-asparaginase gene coding sequence (gi:939195038) was cloned and expressed in E. coli BL21(DE3), and the recombinant protein (Se.ASPII) was purified by affinity chromatography. The enzyme has high affinity towards L-asparagine and shows very weak affinity towards L-glutamine. The enzymatic properties of the recombinant enzyme were investigated, and the kinetic parameters (Km, Vmax) were measured. The pH and temperature dependence profiles of the novel enzyme were analyzed. The work was extended to measure the antitumor properties of the novel enzyme against different human tumor cell lines.
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Affiliation(s)
- R Kebeish
- Zagazig University, Faculty of Science, Botany and Microbiology Department, Zagazig-Sharkia, 44519, Egypt.
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Rehman HM, Shah ZH, Nawaz MA, Ahmad MQ, Yang SH, Kho KH, Chung G. RETRACTED ARTICLE: Beta-cyanoalanine synthase pathway as a homeostatic mechanism for cyanide detoxification as well as growth and development in higher plants. PLANTA 2017; 245:235. [PMID: 27744484 DOI: 10.1007/s00425-016-2606-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/27/2016] [Accepted: 10/09/2016] [Indexed: 06/06/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Hafiz Mamoon Rehman
- Department of Biotechnology, Chonnam National University, Yeosu, Chonnam, 59626, South Korea
| | - Zahid Hussain Shah
- Department of Arid Land Agriculture, King Abdul-Aziz University, Jeddah, 21577, Saudi Arabia
| | - Muhammad Amjad Nawaz
- Department of Biotechnology, Chonnam National University, Yeosu, Chonnam, 59626, South Korea
| | - Muhammad Qadir Ahmad
- Department of Plant Breeding and Genetics, Bahauddin Zakariya University, Multan, 6000, Pakistan
| | - Seung Hwan Yang
- Department of Biotechnology, Chonnam National University, Yeosu, Chonnam, 59626, South Korea
| | - Kang Hee Kho
- Department of Aquatic Biology, Chonnam National University, Yeosu, Chonnam, 59626, South Korea
| | - Gyuhwa Chung
- Department of Biotechnology, Chonnam National University, Yeosu, Chonnam, 59626, South Korea.
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20
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Van Kerckhoven SH, de la Torre FN, Cañas RA, Avila C, Cantón FR, Cánovas FM. Characterization of Three L-Asparaginases from Maritime Pine ( Pinus pinaster Ait.). FRONTIERS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2017; 8:1075. [PMID: 28690619 PMCID: PMC5481357 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2017.01075] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/17/2017] [Accepted: 06/06/2017] [Indexed: 05/15/2023]
Abstract
Asparaginases (ASPG, EC 3.5.1.1) catalyze the hydrolysis of the amide group of L-asparagine producing L-aspartate and ammonium. Three ASPG, PpASPG1, PpASPG2, and PpASPG3, have been identified in the transcriptome of maritime pine (Pinus pinaster Ait.) that were transiently expressed in Nicotiana benthamiana by agroinfection. The three recombinant proteins were processed in planta to active enzymes and it was found that all mature forms exhibited double activity asparaginase/isoaspartyl dipeptidase but only PpASPG1 was able to catalyze efficiently L-asparagine hydrolysis. PpASPG1 contains a variable region of 77 amino acids that is critical for proteolytic processing of the precursor and is retained in the mature enzyme. Furthermore, the functional analysis of deletion mutants demonstrated that this protein fragment is required for specific recognition of the substrate and favors enzyme stability. Potassium has a limited effect on the activation of maritime pine ASPG what is consistent with the lack of a critical residue essential for interaction of cation. Taken together, the results presented here highlight the specific features of ASPG from conifers when compared to the enzymes from angiosperms.
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Prihanto AA, Wakayama M. Marine Microorganism: An Underexplored Source of l-Asparaginase. ADVANCES IN FOOD AND NUTRITION RESEARCH 2016; 79:1-25. [PMID: 27770857 DOI: 10.1016/bs.afnr.2016.07.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/06/2023]
Abstract
l-Asparaginase (EC 3.5.1.1) is an enzyme that catalyzes the hydrolysis of l-asparagine to l-aspartic acid. This enzyme has an important role in medicine and food. l-Asparaginase is a potential drug in cancer therapy. Furthermore, it is also applied for reducing acrylamide, a carcinogenic compound in baked and fried foods. Until now, approved l-asparaginases for both applications are few due to their lack of appropriate properties. As a result, researchers have been enthusiastically seeking new sources of enzyme with better performance. A great number of terrestrial l-asparaginase-producing microorganisms have been reported but unfortunately, almost all failed to meet criteria for cancer therapy and acrylamide reducing agent. As a largest area than Earth, marine environment, by contrast, has not been optimally explored yet. So far, a great challenge facing an exploration of marine microorganisms is mainly due to their harsh, mysterious, and dangerous environment. It is clear that marine environment, a gigantic potential source for marine natural products is scantily revealed, although several approaches and technologies have been developed. This chapter presents the historical of l-asparaginase discovery and applications. It is also discussed, how the marine environment, even though offering a great potency but is still one of the less explored area for l-asparaginase-producing microorganisms.
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Affiliation(s)
- A A Prihanto
- Faculty of Fisheries and Marine Science, Brawijaya University, Malang, Indonesia.
| | - M Wakayama
- College of Life Sciences, Ritsumeikan University, Shiga, Japan
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Gaufichon L, Rothstein SJ, Suzuki A. Asparagine Metabolic Pathways in Arabidopsis. PLANT & CELL PHYSIOLOGY 2016; 57:675-89. [PMID: 26628609 DOI: 10.1093/pcp/pcv184] [Citation(s) in RCA: 71] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/28/2015] [Accepted: 11/18/2015] [Indexed: 05/03/2023]
Abstract
Inorganic nitrogen in the form of ammonium is assimilated into asparagine via multiple steps involving glutamine synthetase (GS), glutamate synthase (GOGAT), aspartate aminotransferase (AspAT) and asparagine synthetase (AS) in Arabidopsis. The asparagine amide group is liberated by the reaction catalyzed by asparaginase (ASPG) and also the amino group of asparagine is released by asparagine aminotransferase (AsnAT) for use in the biosynthesis of amino acids. Asparagine plays a primary role in nitrogen recycling, storage and transport in developing and germinating seeds, as well as in vegetative and senescence organs. A small multigene family encodes isoenzymes of each step of asparagine metabolism in Arabidopsis, except for asparagine aminotransferase encoded by a single gene. The aim of this study is to highlight the structure of the genes and encoded enzyme proteins involved in asparagine metabolic pathways; the regulation and role of different isogenes; and kinetic and physiological properties of encoded enzymes in different tissues and developmental stages.
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Affiliation(s)
- Laure Gaufichon
- INRA, IJPB, UMR1318, ERL CNRS 3559, Saclay Plant Sciences, RD10, F-78026 Versailles, France
| | - Steven J Rothstein
- University of Guelph, Department of Molecular and Cellular Biology, Guelph, Ontario, Canada N1G 2W1
| | - Akira Suzuki
- INRA, IJPB, UMR1318, ERL CNRS 3559, Saclay Plant Sciences, RD10, F-78026 Versailles, France
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Ali U, Naveed M, Ullah A, Ali K, Shah SA, Fahad S, Mumtaz AS. L-asparaginase as a critical component to combat Acute Lymphoblastic Leukaemia (ALL): A novel approach to target ALL. Eur J Pharmacol 2015; 771:199-210. [PMID: 26698391 DOI: 10.1016/j.ejphar.2015.12.023] [Citation(s) in RCA: 50] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/11/2015] [Revised: 12/08/2015] [Accepted: 12/10/2015] [Indexed: 02/02/2023]
Abstract
L-asparaginase, an anti-leukaemic drug that has been approved for clinical use for many years in the treatment of childhood Acute Lymphoblastic Leukaemia (ALL), is obtained from bacterial origin (Escherichia coli and Erwinia carotovora). The efficacy of L-asparaginase has been discussed for the past 40 years, and an ideal substitute for the enzyme has not yet been developed. The early clearance from plasma (short half-life) and requirement for multiple administrations and hence frequent physician visits make the overall treatment cost quite high. In addition, a high rate of allergic reactions in patients receiving treatment with the enzyme isolated from bacterial sources make its clinical application challenging. For these reasons, various attempts are being made to overcome these barriers. Therefore, the present article reviews studies focused on seeking substitutes for L-asparaginase through alternative sources including bacteria, fungi, actinomycetes, algae and plants to overcome these limitations. In addition, the role of chemical modifications and protein engineering approaches to enhance the drug's efficacy are also discussed. Moreover, an overview has also been provided in the current review regarding the contradiction among various researchers regarding the significance of the enzyme's glutaminase activity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Usman Ali
- National Key Laboratory of Crop Genetic Improvement, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, Hubei 430070, PR China
| | - Muhammad Naveed
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, University of Gujrat, Pakistan
| | - Abid Ullah
- National Key Laboratory of Crop Genetic Improvement, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, Hubei 430070, PR China
| | - Khadija Ali
- Department of Environmental Sciences, International Islamic University, Islamabad, Pakistan
| | - Sayed Afzal Shah
- Department of Plant Sciences, Faculty of Biological Sciences, Quaid-i-Azam University, Islamabad 45320, Pakistan
| | - Shah Fahad
- National Key Laboratory of Crop Genetic Improvement, MOA Key Laboratory of Crop Ecophysiology and Farming System in the Middle Reaches of the Yangtze River, College of Plant Science and Technology, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, Hubei 430070, PR China
| | - Abdul Samad Mumtaz
- Department of Plant Sciences, Faculty of Biological Sciences, Quaid-i-Azam University, Islamabad 45320, Pakistan.
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Pandurangan S, Pajak A, Rintoul T, Beyaert R, Hernández-Sebastià C, Brown DCW, Marsolais F. Soybean seeds overexpressing asparaginase exhibit reduced nitrogen concentration. PHYSIOLOGIA PLANTARUM 2015; 155:126-137. [PMID: 25898948 DOI: 10.1111/ppl.12341] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/15/2013] [Revised: 03/18/2015] [Accepted: 03/28/2015] [Indexed: 06/04/2023]
Abstract
In soybean seed, a correlation has been observed between the concentration of free asparagine at mid-maturation and protein concentration at maturity. In this study, a Phaseolus vulgaris K+ -dependent asparaginase cDNA, PvAspG2, was expressed in transgenic soybean under the control of the embryo specific promoter of the β-subunit of β-conglycinin. Three lines were isolated having high expression of the transgene at the transcript, protein and enzyme activity levels at mid-maturation, with a 20- to 40-fold higher asparaginase activity in embryo than a control line expressing β-glucuronidase. Increased asparaginase activity was associated with a reduction in free asparagine levels as a percentage of total free amino acids, by 11-18%, and an increase in free aspartic acid levels, by 25-60%. Two of the lines had reduced nitrogen concentration in mature seed as determined by nitrogen analysis, by 9-13%. Their levels of extractible globulins were reduced by 11-30%. This was accompanied by an increase in oil concentration, by 5-8%. The lack of change in nitrogen concentration in the third transgenic line was correlated with an increase in free glutamic acid levels by approximately 40% at mid-maturation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sudhakar Pandurangan
- Department of Biology, University of Western Ontario, London, Ontario, N6A 5B7, Canada
- Genomics and Biotechnology, Southern Crop Protection and Food Research Centre, Agriculture and Agri-Food Canada, London, Ontario, N5V 4T3, Canada
| | - Agnieszka Pajak
- Genomics and Biotechnology, Southern Crop Protection and Food Research Centre, Agriculture and Agri-Food Canada, London, Ontario, N5V 4T3, Canada
| | - Tara Rintoul
- Genomics and Biotechnology, Southern Crop Protection and Food Research Centre, Agriculture and Agri-Food Canada, London, Ontario, N5V 4T3, Canada
| | - Ronald Beyaert
- Genomics and Biotechnology, Southern Crop Protection and Food Research Centre, Agriculture and Agri-Food Canada, London, Ontario, N5V 4T3, Canada
| | - Cinta Hernández-Sebastià
- Genomics and Biotechnology, Southern Crop Protection and Food Research Centre, Agriculture and Agri-Food Canada, London, Ontario, N5V 4T3, Canada
| | - Daniel C W Brown
- Genomics and Biotechnology, Southern Crop Protection and Food Research Centre, Agriculture and Agri-Food Canada, London, Ontario, N5V 4T3, Canada
| | - Frédéric Marsolais
- Department of Biology, University of Western Ontario, London, Ontario, N6A 5B7, Canada
- Genomics and Biotechnology, Southern Crop Protection and Food Research Centre, Agriculture and Agri-Food Canada, London, Ontario, N5V 4T3, Canada
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Krishnapura PR, Belur PD, Subramanya S. A critical review on properties and applications of microbial l-asparaginases. Crit Rev Microbiol 2015; 42:720-37. [PMID: 25865363 DOI: 10.3109/1040841x.2015.1022505] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
l-Asparaginase is one of the main drugs used in the treatment of acute lymphoblastic leukemia (ALL), a commonly diagnosed pediatric cancer. Although several microorganisms are found to produce l-asparaginase, only the purified enzymes from E. coli and Erwinia chrysanthemi are employed in the clinical and therapeutic applications in humans. However, their therapeutic response seldom occurs without some evidence of hypersensitivity and other toxic side effects. l-Asparaginase is also of prospective use in food industry to reduce the formation of acrylamide in fried, roasted or baked food products. This review is an attempt to compile information on the properties of l-asparaginases obtained from different microorganisms. The complications involved with the therapeutic use of the currently available l-asparaginases, and the enzyme's potential application as a food processing aid to mitigate acrylamide formation have also been reviewed. Further, avenues for searching alternate sources of l-asparaginase have been discussed, highlighting the prospects of endophytic microorganisms as a possible source of l-asparaginases with varied biochemical and pharmacological properties.
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Affiliation(s)
- Prajna Rao Krishnapura
- a Department of Chemical Engineering , National Institute of Technology Karnataka , Surathkal, Mangalore , Karnataka , India and
| | - Prasanna D Belur
- a Department of Chemical Engineering , National Institute of Technology Karnataka , Surathkal, Mangalore , Karnataka , India and
| | - Sandeep Subramanya
- b Department of Physiology , United Arab Emirates University , Al Ain , United Arab Emirates
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Guzmán-Rodríguez M, Serna-Domínguez MG, Santos L. Identification, heterologous expression and detection of enzymatic activity of an asparaginase from the archaeonThermoplasma acidophilum. BIOCATAL BIOTRANSFOR 2014. [DOI: 10.3109/10242422.2014.974572] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022]
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Recent research progress on microbial l-asparaginases. Appl Microbiol Biotechnol 2014; 99:1069-79. [DOI: 10.1007/s00253-014-6271-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/09/2014] [Revised: 11/25/2014] [Accepted: 11/25/2014] [Indexed: 10/24/2022]
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Betti M, García-Calderón M, Pérez-Delgado CM, Credali A, Pal'ove-Balang P, Estivill G, Repčák M, Vega JM, Galván F, Márquez AJ. Reassimilation of ammonium in Lotus japonicus. JOURNAL OF EXPERIMENTAL BOTANY 2014; 65:5557-66. [PMID: 24948681 DOI: 10.1093/jxb/eru260] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/24/2023]
Abstract
This review summarizes the most recent results obtained in the analysis of two important metabolic pathways involved in the release of internal sources of ammonium in the model legume Lotus japonicus: photorespiratory metabolism and asparagine breakdown mediated by aparaginase (NSE). The use of photorespiratory mutants deficient in plastidic glutamine synthetase (GS2) enabled us to investigate the transcriptomics and metabolomic changes associated with photorespiratory ammonium accumulation in this plant. The results obtained indicate the existence of a coordinate regulation of genes involved in photorespiratory metabolism. Other types of evidence illustrate the multiple interconnections existing among the photorespiratory pathway and other processes such as intermediate metabolism, nodule function, and secondary metabolism in this plant, all of which are substantially affected in GS2-deficient mutants because of the impairment of the photorespiratory cycle. Finally, the importance of asparagine metabolism in L. japonicus is highlighted because of the fact that asparagine constitutes the vast majority of the reduced nitrogen translocated between different organs of this plant. The different types of NSE enzymes and genes which are present in L. japonicus are described. There is a particular focus on the most abundant K(+)-dependent LjNSE1 isoform and how TILLING mutants were used to demonstrate by reverse genetics the importance of this particular isoform in plant growth and seed production.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marco Betti
- Departamento de Bioquímica Vegetal y Biología Molecular, Facultad de Química, C/ Profesor García González, 1, 41012-Sevilla, Spain
| | - Margarita García-Calderón
- Departamento de Bioquímica Vegetal y Biología Molecular, Facultad de Química, C/ Profesor García González, 1, 41012-Sevilla, Spain
| | - Carmen M Pérez-Delgado
- Departamento de Bioquímica Vegetal y Biología Molecular, Facultad de Química, C/ Profesor García González, 1, 41012-Sevilla, Spain
| | - Alfredo Credali
- Departamento de Bioquímica Vegetal y Biología Molecular, Facultad de Química, C/ Profesor García González, 1, 41012-Sevilla, Spain
| | - Peter Pal'ove-Balang
- Institute of Biology and Ecology, Faculty of Science, P.J. Šafárik University, Mánesova 23, SK-04001 Košice, Slovak Republic
| | - Guillermo Estivill
- Departamento de Bioquímica Vegetal y Biología Molecular, Facultad de Química, C/ Profesor García González, 1, 41012-Sevilla, Spain
| | - Miroslav Repčák
- Institute of Biology and Ecology, Faculty of Science, P.J. Šafárik University, Mánesova 23, SK-04001 Košice, Slovak Republic
| | - José M Vega
- Departamento de Bioquímica Vegetal y Biología Molecular, Facultad de Química, C/ Profesor García González, 1, 41012-Sevilla, Spain
| | - Francisco Galván
- Departamento de Bioquímica Vegetal y Biología Molecular, Facultad de Química, C/ Profesor García González, 1, 41012-Sevilla, Spain
| | - Antonio J Márquez
- Departamento de Bioquímica Vegetal y Biología Molecular, Facultad de Química, C/ Profesor García González, 1, 41012-Sevilla, Spain
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Bejger M, Imiolczyk B, Clavel D, Gilski M, Pajak A, Marsolais F, Jaskolski M. Na⁺/K⁺ exchange switches the catalytic apparatus of potassium-dependent plant L-asparaginase. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2014; 70:1854-72. [PMID: 25004963 DOI: 10.1107/s1399004714008700] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/17/2014] [Accepted: 04/16/2014] [Indexed: 01/03/2023]
Abstract
Plant-type L-asparaginases, which are a subclass of the Ntn-hydrolase family, are divided into potassium-dependent and potassium-independent enzymes with different substrate preferences. While the potassium-independent enzymes have already been well characterized, there are no structural data for any of the members of the potassium-dependent group to illuminate the intriguing dependence of their catalytic mechanism on alkali-metal cations. Here, three crystal structures of a potassium-dependent plant-type L-asparaginase from Phaseolus vulgaris (PvAspG1) differing in the type of associated alkali metal ions (K(+), Na(+) or both) are presented and the structural consequences of the different ions are correlated with the enzyme activity. As in all plant-type L-asparaginases, immature PvAspG1 is a homodimer of two protein chains, which both undergo autocatalytic cleavage to α and β subunits, thus creating the mature heterotetramer or dimer of heterodimers (αβ)2. The αβ subunits of PvAspG1 are folded similarly to the potassium-independent enzymes, with a sandwich of two β-sheets flanked on each side by a layer of helices. In addition to the `sodium loop' (here referred to as the `stabilization loop') known from potassium-independent plant-type asparaginases, the potassium-dependent PvAspG1 enzyme contains another alkali metal-binding loop (the `activation loop') in subunit α (residues Val111-Ser118). The active site of PvAspG1 is located between these two metal-binding loops and in the immediate neighbourhood of three residues, His117, Arg224 and Glu250, acting as a catalytic switch, which is a novel feature that is identified in plant-type L-asparaginases for the first time. A comparison of the three PvAspG1 structures demonstrates how the metal ion bound in the activation loop influences its conformation, setting the catalytic switch to ON (when K(+) is coordinated) or OFF (when Na(+) is coordinated) to respectively allow or prevent anchoring of the reaction substrate/product in the active site. Moreover, it is proposed that Ser118, the last residue of the activation loop, is involved in the potassium-dependence mechanism. The PvAspG1 structures are discussed in comparison with those of potassium-independent L-asparaginases (LlA, EcAIII and hASNase3) and those of other Ntn-hydrolases (AGA and Tas1), as well as in the light of noncrystallographic studies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Magdalena Bejger
- Center for Biocrystallographic Research, Institute of Bioorganic Chemistry, Polish Academy of Sciences, Poznan, Poland
| | - Barbara Imiolczyk
- Center for Biocrystallographic Research, Institute of Bioorganic Chemistry, Polish Academy of Sciences, Poznan, Poland
| | - Damien Clavel
- Department of Crystallography, Faculty of Chemistry, A. Mickiewicz University, Poznan, Poland
| | - Miroslaw Gilski
- Center for Biocrystallographic Research, Institute of Bioorganic Chemistry, Polish Academy of Sciences, Poznan, Poland
| | | | | | - Mariusz Jaskolski
- Center for Biocrystallographic Research, Institute of Bioorganic Chemistry, Polish Academy of Sciences, Poznan, Poland
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Zhang Q, Marsolais F. Identification and characterization of omega-amidase as an enzyme metabolically linked to asparagine transamination in Arabidopsis. PHYTOCHEMISTRY 2014; 99:36-43. [PMID: 24461228 DOI: 10.1016/j.phytochem.2013.12.020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/11/2013] [Revised: 12/11/2013] [Accepted: 12/31/2013] [Indexed: 06/03/2023]
Abstract
In higher plants, asparagine (Asn) is a major form of organic nitrogen used for transport and storage. There are two pathways of Asn metabolism, involving asparaginase and Asn aminotransferase. The enzyme serine:glyoxylate aminotransferase encoded by AGT1 has been identified as an asparagine aminotransferase in Arabidopsis. The product of asparagine transamination, alpha-ketosuccinamate, can be hydrolyzed by the enzyme omega-amidase to form oxaloacetate and ammonia. A candidate gene was identified in Arabidopsis based on its sequence similarity with mouse omega-amidase. Recombinant omega-amidase exhibited comparable catalytic activities with alpha-hydroxysuccinamate, alpha-ketosuccinamate and alpha-ketoglutaramate, the product of glutamine transamination. A mutant with a T-DNA inserted in the first exon accumulated alpha-ketosuccinamate and alpha-hydroxysuccinamate as compared with wild-type, both under control conditions and after treatment with Asn. Treatment with Asn led to decreased transcript levels of omega-amidase in root, while transcript levels of AGT1 are increased under these conditions, suggesting that excess Asn may lead to the accumulation of alpha-ketosuccinamate and alpha-hydroxysuccinamate.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qianyi Zhang
- Department of Biology, University of Western Ontario, London, ON N6A 5B7, Canada; Agriculture and Agri-Food Canada, Genomics and Biotechnology, Southern Crop Protection and Food Research Centre, 1391 Sandford St., London, ON N5V 4T3, Canada
| | - Frédéric Marsolais
- Department of Biology, University of Western Ontario, London, ON N6A 5B7, Canada; Agriculture and Agri-Food Canada, Genomics and Biotechnology, Southern Crop Protection and Food Research Centre, 1391 Sandford St., London, ON N5V 4T3, Canada.
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Zhang Q, Lee J, Pandurangan S, Clarke M, Pajak A, Marsolais F. Characterization of Arabidopsis serine:glyoxylate aminotransferase, AGT1, as an asparagine aminotransferase. PHYTOCHEMISTRY 2013; 85:30-5. [PMID: 23098902 DOI: 10.1016/j.phytochem.2012.09.017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/19/2012] [Revised: 09/24/2012] [Accepted: 09/27/2012] [Indexed: 05/09/2023]
Abstract
Asparagine (Asn) is a major form of nitrogen transported to sink tissues. Results from a previous study have shown that an Arabidopsis mutant lacking asparaginase activity develops relatively normally, highlighting a possible compensation by other types of asparagine metabolic enzymes. Prior studies with barley and tobacco mutants have associated Asn aminotransferase activity with the photorespiratory enzyme, serine (Ser):glyoxylate aminotransferase. This enzyme is encoded by AGT1 in Arabidopsis thaliana. Recombinant N-terminal His-tagged AGT1 purified from Escherichia coli was characterized with Ser, alanine (Ala) and Asn as amino acid donors and glyoxylate, pyruvate and hydroxypyruvate as organic acid acceptors. The V(max) of AGT1 with Asn was higher than with Ser or Ala by ca. 5- to 20-fold. As a result, the catalytic efficiency (V(max)/K(m)) was slightly higher with Asn than with the two other amino acids. In the roots of 10-day-old seedlings treated for 2h with 20mM Asn, the AGT1 transcript levels were raised by 2-fold. During this treatment, the concentration of Asn in root was raised by ca. 5-fold. These results suggest that AGT1 is involved in Asn metabolism in Arabidopsis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qianyi Zhang
- Department of Biology, University of Western Ontario, London, ON, Canada N6A 5B7; Agriculture and Agri-Food Canada, Genomics and Biotechnology, Southern Crop Protection and Food Research Centre, 1391 Sandford St, London, ON, Canada N5V 4T3
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Credali A, García-Calderón M, Dam S, Perry J, Díaz-Quintana A, Parniske M, Wang TL, Stougaard J, Vega JM, Márquez AJ. The K+-Dependent Asparaginase, NSE1, is Crucial for Plant Growth and Seed Production in Lotus japonicus. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2012; 54:107-18. [DOI: 10.1093/pcp/pcs156] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022]
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Liao D, Pajak A, Karcz SR, Chapman BP, Sharpe AG, Austin RS, Datla R, Dhaubhadel S, Marsolais F. Transcripts of sulphur metabolic genes are co-ordinately regulated in developing seeds of common bean lacking phaseolin and major lectins. JOURNAL OF EXPERIMENTAL BOTANY 2012; 63:6283-95. [PMID: 23066144 PMCID: PMC3481216 DOI: 10.1093/jxb/ers280] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/08/2023]
Abstract
The lack of phaseolin and phytohaemagglutinin in common bean (dry bean, Phaseolus vulgaris) is associated with an increase in total cysteine and methionine concentrations by 70% and 10%, respectively, mainly at the expense of an abundant non-protein amino acid, S-methyl-cysteine. Transcripts were profiled between two genetically related lines differing for this trait at four stages of seed development using a high density microarray designed for common bean. Transcripts of multiple sulphur-rich proteins were elevated, several previously identified by proteomics, including legumin, basic 7S globulin, albumin-2, defensin, albumin-1, the Bowman-Birk type proteinase inhibitor, the double-headed trypsin inhibitor, and the Kunitz trypsin inhibitor. A co-ordinated regulation of transcripts coding for sulphate transporters, sulphate assimilatory enzymes, serine acetyltransferases, cystathionine β-lyase, homocysteine S-methyltransferase and methionine gamma-lyase was associated with changes in cysteine and methionine concentrations. Differential gene expression of sulphur-rich proteins preceded that of sulphur metabolic enzymes, suggesting a regulation by demand from the protein sink. Up-regulation of SERAT1;1 and -1;2 expression revealed an activation of cytosolic O-acetylserine biosynthesis. Down-regulation of SERAT2;1 suggested that cysteine and S-methyl-cysteine biosynthesis may be spatially separated in different subcellular compartments. Analysis of free amino acid profiles indicated that enhanced cysteine biosynthesis was correlated with a depletion of O-acetylserine. These results contribute to our understanding of the regulation of sulphur metabolism in developing seed in response to a change in the composition of endogenous proteins.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dengqun Liao
- Agriculture and Agri-Food Canada, Genomics and Biotechnology, Southern Crop Protection and Food Research Centre, 1391 Sandford St., London, Ontario N5V 4T3, Canada
| | - Agnieszka Pajak
- Agriculture and Agri-Food Canada, Genomics and Biotechnology, Southern Crop Protection and Food Research Centre, 1391 Sandford St., London, Ontario N5V 4T3, Canada
| | - Steven R. Karcz
- Agriculture and Agri-Food Canada, Bioproducts and Bioprocesses, Saskatoon Research Centre, 107 Science Place, Saskatoon, Saskatchewan S7N 0X2, Canada
| | - B. Patrick Chapman
- Agriculture and Agri-Food Canada, Genomics and Biotechnology, Southern Crop Protection and Food Research Centre, 1391 Sandford St., London, Ontario N5V 4T3, Canada
| | - Andrew G. Sharpe
- National Research Council Canada, Plant Biotechnology Institute, 110 Gymnasium Place, Saskatoon, Saskatchewan S7N 0W9, Canada
| | - Ryan S. Austin
- Agriculture and Agri-Food Canada, Genomics and Biotechnology, Southern Crop Protection and Food Research Centre, 1391 Sandford St., London, Ontario N5V 4T3, Canada
| | - Raju Datla
- National Research Council Canada, Plant Biotechnology Institute, 110 Gymnasium Place, Saskatoon, Saskatchewan S7N 0W9, Canada
| | - Sangeeta Dhaubhadel
- Agriculture and Agri-Food Canada, Genomics and Biotechnology, Southern Crop Protection and Food Research Centre, 1391 Sandford St., London, Ontario N5V 4T3, Canada
- Department of Biology, University of Western Ontario, London, Ontario N6A 5B7, Canada
| | - Frédéric Marsolais
- Agriculture and Agri-Food Canada, Genomics and Biotechnology, Southern Crop Protection and Food Research Centre, 1391 Sandford St., London, Ontario N5V 4T3, Canada
- Department of Biology, University of Western Ontario, London, Ontario N6A 5B7, Canada
- * To whom correspondence should be addressed. E-mail:
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Liu X, Luo M, Zhang W, Zhao J, Zhang J, Wu K, Tian L, Duan J. Histone acetyltransferases in rice (Oryza sativa L.): phylogenetic analysis, subcellular localization and expression. BMC PLANT BIOLOGY 2012; 12:145. [PMID: 22894565 PMCID: PMC3502346 DOI: 10.1186/1471-2229-12-145] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/23/2011] [Accepted: 08/10/2012] [Indexed: 05/20/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Histone acetyltransferases (HATs) play an important role in eukaryotic transcription. Eight HATs identified in rice (OsHATs) can be organized into four families, namely the CBP (OsHAC701, OsHAC703, and OsHAC704), TAFII250 (OsHAF701), GNAT (OsHAG702, OsHAG703, and OsHAG704), and MYST (OsHAM701) families. The biological functions of HATs in rice remain unknown, so a comprehensive protein sequence analysis of the HAT families was conducted to investigate their potential functions. In addition, the subcellular localization and expression patterns of the eight OsHATs were analyzed. RESULTS On the basis of a phylogenetic and domain analysis, monocotyledonous CBP family proteins can be subdivided into two groups, namely Group I and Group II. Similarly, dicotyledonous CBP family proteins can be divided into two groups, namely Group A and Group B. High similarities of protein sequences, conserved domains and three-dimensional models were identified among OsHATs and their homologs in Arabidopsis thaliana and maize. Subcellular localization predictions indicated that all OsHATs might localize in both the nucleus and cytosol. Transient expression in Arabidopsis protoplasts confirmed the nuclear and cytosolic localization of OsHAC701, OsHAG702, and OsHAG704. Real-time quantitative polymerase chain reaction analysis demonstrated that the eight OsHATs were expressed in all tissues examined with significant differences in transcript abundance, and their expression was modulated by abscisic acid and salicylic acid as well as abiotic factors such as salt, cold, and heat stresses. CONCLUSIONS Both monocotyledonous and dicotyledonous CBP family proteins can be divided into two distinct groups, which suggest the possibility of functional diversification. The high similarities of protein sequences, conserved domains and three-dimensional models among OsHATs and their homologs in Arabidopsis and maize suggested that OsHATs have multiple functions. OsHAC701, OsHAG702, and OsHAG704 were localized in both the nucleus and cytosol in transient expression analyses with Arabidopsis protoplasts. OsHATs were expressed constitutively in rice, and their expression was regulated by exogenous hormones and abiotic stresses, which suggested that OsHATs may play important roles in plant defense responses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xia Liu
- South China Botanical Garden, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Guangzhou 510650, China
- Graduate School of the Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100039, China
- Southern Crop Protection and Food Research Centre, Agriculture and Agri-Food Canada, London, ON N5V 4T3, Canada
| | - Ming Luo
- South China Botanical Garden, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Guangzhou 510650, China
- Institute of Plant Biology, National Taiwan University, Taipei 106, Taiwan
| | - Wei Zhang
- South China Botanical Garden, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Guangzhou 510650, China
- Graduate School of the Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100039, China
| | - Jinhui Zhao
- South China Botanical Garden, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Guangzhou 510650, China
- Graduate School of the Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100039, China
| | - Jianxia Zhang
- South China Botanical Garden, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Guangzhou 510650, China
| | - Keqiang Wu
- Institute of Plant Biology, National Taiwan University, Taipei 106, Taiwan
| | - Lining Tian
- Southern Crop Protection and Food Research Centre, Agriculture and Agri-Food Canada, London, ON N5V 4T3, Canada
| | - Jun Duan
- South China Botanical Garden, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Guangzhou 510650, China
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Gabriel M, Telmer PG, Marsolais F. Role of asparaginase variable loop at the carboxyl terminal of the alpha subunit in the determination of substrate preference in plants. PLANTA 2012; 235:1013-1022. [PMID: 22127737 DOI: 10.1007/s00425-011-1557-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/27/2011] [Accepted: 11/17/2011] [Indexed: 05/27/2023]
Abstract
Structural determinants responsible for the substrate preference of the potassium-independent (ASPGA1) and -dependent (ASPGB1) asparaginases from Arabidopsis thaliana have been investigated. Like ASPGA1, ASPGB1 was found to be catalytically active with both L: -Asn and β-Asp-His as substrates, contrary to a previous report. However, ASPGB1 had a 45-fold higher specific activity with Asn as substrate than ASPGA1. A divergent sequence between the two enzymes forms a variable loop at the C-terminal of the alpha subunit. The results of dynamic simulations have previously implicated a movement of the C-terminus in the allosteric transduction of K(+)-binding at the surface of LjNSE1 asparaginase. In the crystal structure of Lupinus luteus asparaginase, most residues in this segment cannot be visualized due to a weak electron density. Exchanging the variable loop in ASPGA1 with that from ASPGB1 increased the affinity for Asn, with a 320-fold reduction in K (m) value. Homology modeling identified a residue specific to ASPGB1, Phe(162), preceding the variable loop, whose side chain is located in proximity to the beta-carboxylate group of the product aspartate, and to Gly(246), a residue participating in an oxyanion hole which stabilizes a negative charge forming on the side chain oxygen of asparagine during catalysis. Replacement with the corresponding leucine from ASPGA1 specifically lowered the V (max) value with Asn as substrate by 8.4-fold.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michelle Gabriel
- Department of Biology, University of Western Ontario, London, ON, Canada
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Pandurangan S, Pajak A, Molnar SJ, Cober ER, Dhaubhadel S, Hernández-Sebastià C, Kaiser WM, Nelson RL, Huber SC, Marsolais F. Relationship between asparagine metabolism and protein concentration in soybean seed. JOURNAL OF EXPERIMENTAL BOTANY 2012; 63:3173-84. [PMID: 22357599 PMCID: PMC3350928 DOI: 10.1093/jxb/ers039] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/08/2011] [Revised: 01/23/2012] [Accepted: 01/25/2012] [Indexed: 05/03/2023]
Abstract
The relationship between asparagine metabolism and protein concentration was investigated in soybean seed. Phenotyping of a population of recombinant inbred lines adapted to Illinois confirmed a positive correlation between free asparagine levels in developing seeds and protein concentration at maturity. Analysis of a second population of recombinant inbred lines adapted to Ontario associated the elevated free asparagine trait with two of four quantitative trait loci determining population variation for protein concentration, including a major one on chromosome 20 (linkage group I) which has been reported in multiple populations. In the seed coat, levels of asparagine synthetase were high at 50 mg and progressively declined until 150 mg seed weight, suggesting that nitrogenous assimilates are pre-conditioned at early developmental stages to enable a high concentration of asparagine in the embryo. The levels of asparaginase B1 showed an opposite pattern, being low at 50 mg and progressively increased until 150 mg, coinciding with an active phase of storage reserve accumulation. In a pair of genetically related cultivars, ∼2-fold higher levels of asparaginase B1 protein and activity in seed coat, were associated with high protein concentration, reflecting enhanced flux of nitrogen. Transcript expression analyses attributed this difference to a specific asparaginase gene, ASPGB1a. These results contribute to our understanding of the processes determining protein concentration in soybean seed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sudhakar Pandurangan
- Department of Biology, University of Western Ontario, London, Ontario, N6A 5B7, Canada
- Agriculture and Agri-Food Canada, Genomics and Biotechnology, Southern Crop Protection and Food Research Centre, 1391 Sandford St., London, Ontario, N5V 4T3, Canada
| | - Agnieszka Pajak
- Agriculture and Agri-Food Canada, Genomics and Biotechnology, Southern Crop Protection and Food Research Centre, 1391 Sandford St., London, Ontario, N5V 4T3, Canada
| | - Stephen J. Molnar
- Agriculture and Agri-Food Canada, Bioproducts and Bioprocesses and Sustainable Production Systems, Eastern Cereal and Oilseeds Research Centre, Central Experimental Farm, Ottawa, Ontario, K1A 0C6, Canada
| | - Elroy R. Cober
- Agriculture and Agri-Food Canada, Bioproducts and Bioprocesses and Sustainable Production Systems, Eastern Cereal and Oilseeds Research Centre, Central Experimental Farm, Ottawa, Ontario, K1A 0C6, Canada
| | - Sangeeta Dhaubhadel
- Department of Biology, University of Western Ontario, London, Ontario, N6A 5B7, Canada
- Agriculture and Agri-Food Canada, Genomics and Biotechnology, Southern Crop Protection and Food Research Centre, 1391 Sandford St., London, Ontario, N5V 4T3, Canada
| | - Cinta Hernández-Sebastià
- Agriculture and Agri-Food Canada, Genomics and Biotechnology, Southern Crop Protection and Food Research Centre, 1391 Sandford St., London, Ontario, N5V 4T3, Canada
| | - Werner M. Kaiser
- Department of Botany I, Julius-von-Sachs-Institute for Biosciences, University of Würzburg, D-97082 Würzburg, Germany
| | - Randall L. Nelson
- US Department of Agriculture-Agricultural Research Service, Soybean/Maize Germplasm, Pathology, and Genetics Research Unit, Department of Crop Sciences, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, IL 61801, USA
| | - Steven C. Huber
- US Department of Agriculture-Agricultural Research Service, Photosynthesis Research Unit, and Department of Plant Biology, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, 1201 W. Gregory Drive, 197 ERML, Urbana, IL 61801, USA
| | - Frédéric Marsolais
- Department of Biology, University of Western Ontario, London, Ontario, N6A 5B7, Canada
- Agriculture and Agri-Food Canada, Genomics and Biotechnology, Southern Crop Protection and Food Research Centre, 1391 Sandford St., London, Ontario, N5V 4T3, Canada
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Ivanov A, Kameka A, Pajak A, Bruneau L, Beyaert R, Hernández-Sebastià C, Marsolais F. Arabidopsis mutants lacking asparaginases develop normally but exhibit enhanced root inhibition by exogenous asparagine. Amino Acids 2011; 42:2307-18. [DOI: 10.1007/s00726-011-0973-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/10/2011] [Accepted: 06/28/2011] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
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Oza VP, Parmar PP, Patel DH, Subramanian RB. Cloning, expression and characterization of l-asparaginase from Withania somnifera L. for large scale production. 3 Biotech 2011; 1:21-26. [PMID: 22558532 PMCID: PMC3339582 DOI: 10.1007/s13205-011-0003-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/26/2010] [Accepted: 02/16/2011] [Indexed: 11/30/2022] Open
Abstract
l-Asparaginase (E.C. 3.5.1.1) is used as a therapeutic agent in the treatment of acute childhood lymphoblastic leukemia. It is found in a variety of organisms such as microbes, plants and mammals. In plants, l-asparaginase enzymes are required to catalyze the release of ammonia from asparagine, which is the main nitrogen-relocation molecule in these organisms. An Indian medicinal plant, Withania somnifera was reported as a novel source of l-asparaginase. l-Asparaginase from W. somnifera was cloned and overexpressed in E. coli. The enzymatic properties of the recombinant enzyme were investigated and the kinetic parameters (K(m), k(cat)) for a number of substrates were determined. The kinetic parameters of selected substrates were determined at various pH and the pH- and temperature-dependence profiles were analyzed. WA gene successfully cloned into E. coli BL21 (DE3) showed high asparaginase activity with a specific activity of 17.3 IU/mg protein.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vishal P. Oza
- Department of Plant Biotechnology, B R D School of Biosciences, Sardar Patel Maidan, Vadtal Road, Satellite Campus, Sardar Patel University, Post Box No. 39, Vallabh Vidyanagar, 388 120 Gujarat India
| | - Pritesh P. Parmar
- Department of Plant Biotechnology, B R D School of Biosciences, Sardar Patel Maidan, Vadtal Road, Satellite Campus, Sardar Patel University, Post Box No. 39, Vallabh Vidyanagar, 388 120 Gujarat India
| | - Darshan H. Patel
- Department of Plant Biotechnology, B R D School of Biosciences, Sardar Patel Maidan, Vadtal Road, Satellite Campus, Sardar Patel University, Post Box No. 39, Vallabh Vidyanagar, 388 120 Gujarat India
| | - R. B. Subramanian
- Department of Plant Biotechnology, B R D School of Biosciences, Sardar Patel Maidan, Vadtal Road, Satellite Campus, Sardar Patel University, Post Box No. 39, Vallabh Vidyanagar, 388 120 Gujarat India
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Credali A, Díaz-Quintana A, García-Calderón M, De la Rosa MA, Márquez AJ, Vega JM. Structural analysis of K+ dependence in L-asparaginases from Lotus japonicus. PLANTA 2011; 234:109-22. [PMID: 21390508 DOI: 10.1007/s00425-011-1393-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/30/2010] [Accepted: 02/23/2011] [Indexed: 05/11/2023]
Abstract
The molecular features responsible for the existence in plants of K+-dependent asparaginases have been investigated. For this purpose, two different cDNAs were isolated in Lotus japonicus, encoding for K+-dependent (LjNSE1) or K+-independent (LjNSE2) asparaginases. Recombinant proteins encoded by these cDNAs have been purified and characterized. Both types of asparaginases are composed by two different subunits, α (20 kDa) and β (17 kDa), disposed as (αβ)₂ quaternary structure. Major differences were found in the catalytic efficiency of both enzymes, due to the fact that K+ is able to increase by tenfold the enzyme activity and lowers the K(m) for asparagine specifically in LjNSE1 but not in LjNSE2 isoform. Optimum LjNSE1 activity was found at 5-50 mM K+, with a K(m) for K+ of 0.25 mM. Na+ and Rb+ can, to some extent, substitute for K+ on the activating effect of LjNSE1 more efficiently than Cs+ and Li+ does. In addition, K+ is able to stabilize LjNSE1 against thermal inactivation. Protein homology modelling and molecular dynamics studies, complemented with site-directed mutagenesis, revealed the key importance of E248, D285 and E286 residues for the catalytic activity and K+ dependence of LjNSE1, as well as the crucial relevance of K+ for the proper orientation of asparagine substrate within the enzyme molecule. On the other hand, LjNSE2 but not LjNSE1 showed β-aspartyl-hydrolase activity (K(m) = 0.54 mM for β-Asp-His). These results are discussed in terms of the different physiological significance of these isoenzymes in plants.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alfredo Credali
- Departamento de Bioquímica Vegetal y Biología Molecular, Facultad de Química, Universidad de Sevilla, 41071 Seville, Spain
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Yin F, Pajak A, Chapman R, Sharpe A, Huang S, Marsolais F. Analysis of common bean expressed sequence tags identifies sulfur metabolic pathways active in seed and sulfur-rich proteins highly expressed in the absence of phaseolin and major lectins. BMC Genomics 2011; 12:268. [PMID: 21615926 PMCID: PMC3115882 DOI: 10.1186/1471-2164-12-268] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/13/2010] [Accepted: 05/26/2011] [Indexed: 01/10/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND A deficiency in phaseolin and phytohemagglutinin is associated with a near doubling of sulfur amino acid content in genetically related lines of common bean (Phaseolus vulgaris), particularly cysteine, elevated by 70%, and methionine, elevated by 10%. This mostly takes place at the expense of an abundant non-protein amino acid, S-methyl-cysteine. The deficiency in phaseolin and phytohemagglutinin is mainly compensated by increased levels of the 11S globulin legumin and residual lectins. Legumin, albumin-2, defensin and albumin-1 were previously identified as contributing to the increased sulfur amino acid content in the mutant line, on the basis of similarity to proteins from other legumes. RESULTS Profiling of free amino acid in developing seeds of the BAT93 reference genotype revealed a biphasic accumulation of gamma-glutamyl-S-methyl-cysteine, the main soluble form of S-methyl-cysteine, with a lag phase occurring during storage protein accumulation. A collection of 30,147 expressed sequence tags (ESTs) was generated from four developmental stages, corresponding to distinct phases of gamma-glutamyl-S-methyl-cysteine accumulation, and covering the transitions to reserve accumulation and dessication. Analysis of gene ontology categories indicated the occurrence of multiple sulfur metabolic pathways, including all enzymatic activities responsible for sulfate assimilation, de novo cysteine and methionine biosynthesis. Integration of genomic and proteomic data enabled the identification and isolation of cDNAs coding for legumin, albumin-2, defensin D1 and albumin-1A and -B induced in the absence of phaseolin and phytohemagglutinin. Their deduced amino acid sequences have a higher content of cysteine than methionine, providing an explanation for the preferential increase of cysteine in the mutant line. CONCLUSION The EST collection provides a foundation to further investigate sulfur metabolism and the differential accumulation of sulfur amino acids in seed of common bean. Identification of sulfur-rich proteins whose levels are elevated in seed lacking phaseolin and phytohemagglutinin and sulfur metabolic genes may assist the improvement of protein quality.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fuqiang Yin
- Department of Bioscience and Biotechnology, School of Life Sciences, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou 510275, China
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Dietrich K, Weltmeier F, Ehlert A, Weiste C, Stahl M, Harter K, Dröge-Laser W. Heterodimers of the Arabidopsis transcription factors bZIP1 and bZIP53 reprogram amino acid metabolism during low energy stress. THE PLANT CELL 2011; 23:381-95. [PMID: 21278122 PMCID: PMC3051235 DOI: 10.1105/tpc.110.075390] [Citation(s) in RCA: 139] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/17/2010] [Revised: 12/21/2010] [Accepted: 01/12/2011] [Indexed: 05/18/2023]
Abstract
Control of energy homeostasis is crucial for plant survival, particularly under biotic or abiotic stress conditions. Energy deprivation induces dramatic reprogramming of transcription, facilitating metabolic adjustment. An in-depth knowledge of the corresponding regulatory networks would provide opportunities for the development of biotechnological strategies. Low energy stress activates the Arabidopsis thaliana group S1 basic leucine zipper transcription factors bZIP1 and bZIP53 by transcriptional and posttranscriptional mechanisms. Gain-of-function approaches define these bZIPs as crucial transcriptional regulators in Pro, Asn, and branched-chain amino acid metabolism. Whereas chromatin immunoprecipitation analyses confirm the direct binding of bZIP1 and bZIP53 to promoters of key metabolic genes, such as ASPARAGINE SYNTHETASE1 and PROLINE DEHYDROGENASE, the G-box, C-box, or ACT motifs (ACTCAT) have been defined as regulatory cis-elements in the starvation response. bZIP1 and bZIP53 were shown to specifically heterodimerize with group C bZIPs. Although single loss-of-function mutants did not affect starvation-induced transcription, quadruple mutants of group S1 and C bZIPs displayed a significant impairment. We therefore propose that bZIP1 and bZIP53 transduce low energy signals by heterodimerization with members of the partially redundant C/S1 bZIP factor network to reprogram primary metabolism in the starvation response.
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Affiliation(s)
- Katrin Dietrich
- Julius-von-Sachs-Institut, Pharmazeutische Biologie, Universität Würzburg, Julius-von-Sachs-Platz 2, D-97082 Wuerzburg, Germany
- Albrecht-von-Haller Institut, Universität Göttingen, D-37073 Gottingen, Germany
| | - Fridtjof Weltmeier
- Albrecht-von-Haller Institut, Universität Göttingen, D-37073 Gottingen, Germany
| | - Andrea Ehlert
- Albrecht-von-Haller Institut, Universität Göttingen, D-37073 Gottingen, Germany
| | - Christoph Weiste
- Julius-von-Sachs-Institut, Pharmazeutische Biologie, Universität Würzburg, Julius-von-Sachs-Platz 2, D-97082 Wuerzburg, Germany
- Albrecht-von-Haller Institut, Universität Göttingen, D-37073 Gottingen, Germany
| | - Mark Stahl
- Zentrum für Molekularbiologie der Pflanzen, Pflanzenphysiologie, 72076 Tuebingen, Germany
| | - Klaus Harter
- Zentrum für Molekularbiologie der Pflanzen, Pflanzenphysiologie, 72076 Tuebingen, Germany
| | - Wolfgang Dröge-Laser
- Julius-von-Sachs-Institut, Pharmazeutische Biologie, Universität Würzburg, Julius-von-Sachs-Platz 2, D-97082 Wuerzburg, Germany
- Albrecht-von-Haller Institut, Universität Göttingen, D-37073 Gottingen, Germany
- Address correspondence to
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Ebbs SD, Kosma DK, Nielson EH, Machingura M, Baker AJM, Woodrow IE. Nitrogen supply and cyanide concentration influence the enrichment of nitrogen from cyanide in wheat (Triticum aestivum L.) and sorghum (Sorghum bicolor L.). PLANT, CELL & ENVIRONMENT 2010; 33:1152-60. [PMID: 20199620 DOI: 10.1111/j.1365-3040.2010.02136.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/15/2023]
Abstract
Cyanide assimilation by the beta-cyanoalanine pathway produces asparagine, aspartate and ammonium, allowing cyanide to serve as alternate or supplemental source of nitrogen. Experiments with wheat and sorghum examined the enrichment of (15)N from cyanide as a function of external cyanide concentration in the presence or absence of nitrate and/or ammonium. Cyanogenic nitrogen became enriched in plant tissues following exposure to (15)N-cyanide concentrations from 5 to 200 microm, but when exposure occurred in the absence of nitrate and ammonium, (15)N enrichment increased significantly in sorghum shoots at solution cyanide concentrations of > or =50 microm and in wheat roots at 200 microm cyanide. In an experiment with sorghum using (13)C(15)N, there was also a significant difference in the tissue (13)C:(15)N ratio, suggestive of differential metabolism and transport of carbon and nitrogen under nitrogen-free conditions. A reciprocal (15)N labelling study using KC(15)N and (15)NH(4)(+) and wheat demonstrated an interaction between cyanide and ammonium in roots in which increasing solution ammonium concentrations decreased the enrichment from 100 microm cyanide. In contrast, with increasing solution cyanide concentrations there was an increase in the enrichment from ammonium. The results suggest increased transport and assimilation of cyanide in response to decreased nitrogen supply and perhaps to ammonium supply.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stephen D Ebbs
- Department of Plant Biology and Center for Ecology, Southern Illinois University Carbondale, Carbondale, Illinois 62901-6509, USA.
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Qin Q, McCallum EJ, Kaas Q, Suda J, Saska I, Craik DJ, Mylne JS. Identification of candidates for cyclotide biosynthesis and cyclisation by expressed sequence tag analysis of Oldenlandia affinis. BMC Genomics 2010; 11:111. [PMID: 20158917 PMCID: PMC2838841 DOI: 10.1186/1471-2164-11-111] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/30/2009] [Accepted: 02/16/2010] [Indexed: 11/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Cyclotides are a family of circular peptides that exhibit a range of biological activities, including anti-bacterial, cytotoxic, anti-HIV activities, and are proposed to function in plant defence. Their high stability has motivated their development as scaffolds for the stabilisation of peptide drugs. Oldenlandia affinis is a member of the Rubiaceae (coffee) family from which 18 cyclotides have been sequenced to date, but the details of their processing from precursor proteins have only begun to be elucidated. To increase the speed at which genes involved in cyclotide biosynthesis and processing are being discovered, an expressed sequence tag (EST) project was initiated to survey the transcript profile of O. affinis and to propose some future directions of research on in vivo protein cyclisation. Results Using flow cytometry the holoploid genome size (1C-value) of O. affinis was estimated to be 4,210 - 4,284 Mbp, one of the largest genomes of the Rubiaceae family. High-quality ESTs were identified, 1,117 in total, from leaf cDNAs and assembled into 502 contigs, comprising 202 consensus sequences and 300 singletons. ESTs encoding the cyclotide precursors for kalata B1 (Oak1) and kalata B2 (Oak4) were among the 20 most abundant ESTs. In total, 31 ESTs encoded cyclotide precursors, representing a distinct commitment of 2.8% of the O. affinis transcriptome to cyclotide biosynthesis. The high expression levels of cyclotide precursor transcripts are consistent with the abundance of mature cyclic peptides in O. affinis. A new cyclotide precursor named Oak5 was isolated and represents the first cDNA for the bracelet class of cyclotides in O. affinis. Clones encoding enzymes potentially involved in processing cyclotides were also identified and include enzymes involved in oxidative folding and proteolytic processing. Conclusion The EST library generated in this study provides a valuable resource for the study of the cyclisation of plant peptides. Further analysis of the candidates for cyclotide processing discovered in this work will increase our understanding and aid in reconstructing cyclotide production using transgenic systems and will benefit their development in pharmaceutical applications and insect-resistant crop plants.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qiaoping Qin
- The University of Queensland, Institute for Molecular Bioscience, Brisbane, Queensland, 4072, Australia
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Sanders A, Collier R, Trethewy A, Gould G, Sieker R, Tegeder M. AAP1 regulates import of amino acids into developing Arabidopsis embryos. THE PLANT JOURNAL : FOR CELL AND MOLECULAR BIOLOGY 2009; 59:540-52. [PMID: 19392706 DOI: 10.1111/j.1365-313x.2009.03890.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 116] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/02/2023]
Abstract
The embryo of Arabidopsis seeds is symplasmically isolated from the surrounding seed coat and endosperm, and uptake of nutrients from the seed apoplast is required for embryo growth and storage reserve accumulation. With the aim of understanding the importance of nitrogen (N) uptake into developing embryos, we analysed two mutants of AAP1 (At1g58360), an amino acid transporter that was localized to Arabidopsis embryos. In mature and desiccated aap1 seeds the total N and carbon content was reduced while the total free amino acid levels were strongly increased. Separately analysed embryos and seed coats/endosperm of mature seeds showed that the elevated amounts in amino acids were caused by an accumulation in the seed coat/endosperm, demonstrating that a decrease in uptake of amino acids by the aap1 embryo affects the N pool in the seed coat/endosperm. Also, the number of protein bodies was increased in the aap1 endosperm, suggesting that the accumulation of free amino acids triggered protein synthesis. Analysis of seed storage compounds revealed that the total fatty acid content was unchanged in aap1 seeds, but storage protein levels were decreased. Expression analysis of genes of seed N transport, metabolism and storage was in agreement with the biochemical data. In addition, seed weight, as well as total silique and seed number, was reduced in the mutants. Together, these results demonstrate that seed protein synthesis and seed weight is dependent on N availability and that AAP1-mediated uptake of amino acids by the embryo is important for storage protein synthesis and seed yield.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ann Sanders
- School of Biological Sciences, Center for Reproductive Biology, Washington State University, Pullman, WA, USA
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Anticancer properties of highly purified L-asparaginase from Withania somnifera L. against acute lymphoblastic leukemia. Appl Biochem Biotechnol 2009; 160:1833-40. [PMID: 19448978 DOI: 10.1007/s12010-009-8667-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/27/2009] [Accepted: 05/04/2009] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
Abstract
Withania somnifera L. has been traditionally used as a sedative and hypnotic. The present study was carried out for the purification, characterization, and in vitro cytotoxicity of L-asparaginase from W. somnifera L. L-Asparaginase was purified from the fruits of W. somnifera L. up to 95% through chromatography. The purified L-asparaginase was characterized by size exclusion chromatography, polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis (PAGE), and 2D PAGE. The antitumor and growth inhibition effect of the L-asparaginase was assessed using [3-(4, 5-dimethyl-thiazol-2yl)-2, 5-diphenyl-tetrazolium bromide] (MTT) colorimetric dye reduction method. The purified enzyme is a homodimer, with a molecular mass of 72 +/- 0.5 kDa, and the pI value of the enzyme was around 5.1. This is the first report of the plant containing L-asparaginase with antitumor activity. Data obtained from the MTT assay showed a LD(50) value of 1.45 +/- 0.05 IU/ml. W. somnifera L. proved to be an effective and a novel source of L: -asparaginase. Furthermore, it shows a lot of similarity with bacterial L-asparaginases EC-2.
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Blanco F, Salinas P, Cecchini NM, Jordana X, Van Hummelen P, Alvarez ME, Holuigue L. Early genomic responses to salicylic acid in Arabidopsis. PLANT MOLECULAR BIOLOGY 2009; 70:79-102. [PMID: 19199050 DOI: 10.1007/s11103-009-9458-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 83] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/11/2008] [Accepted: 01/11/2009] [Indexed: 05/21/2023]
Abstract
Salicylic acid (SA) is a stress-induced hormone involved in the activation of defense genes. Here we analyzed the early genetic responses to SA of wild type and npr1-1 mutant Arabidopsis seedlings, using Complete Arabidopsis Transcriptome MicroArray (CATMAv2) chip. We identified 217 genes rapidly induced by SA (early SAIGs); 193 by a NPR1-dependent and 24 by a NPR1-independent pathway. These two groups of genes also differed in their functional classification, expression profiles and over-representation of cis-elements, supporting differential pathways for their activation. Examination of the expression patterns for selected early SAIGs from both groups indicated that their activation by SA required TGA2/5/6 subclass of transcription factors. These genes were also activated by Pseudomonas syringae pv. tomato AvrRpm1, suggesting that they might play a role in defense against bacteria. This study gives a global idea of the early response to SA in Arabidopsis seedlings, expanding our knowledge about SA function in plant defense.
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Affiliation(s)
- Francisca Blanco
- Departamento de Genética Molecular y Microbiología, Facultad de Ciencias Biológicas, Pontificia Universidad Católica de Chile, P.O. Box 114-D, Santiago, Chile
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Abstract
This article comprises detailed information about L-asparaginase, encompassing topics such as microbial and plant sources of L-asparaginase, treatment with L-asparaginase, mechanism of action of L-asparaginase, production, purification, properties, expression and characteristics of l-asparaginase along with information about studies on the structure of L-asparaginase. Although L-asparaginase has been reviewed by Savitri and Azmi (2003), our effort has been to include recent and updated information about the enzyme covering new aspects such as structural modification and immobilization of L-asparaginase, recombinant L-asparaginase, resistance to L-asparaginase, methods of assay of L-asparagine and L-asparaginase activity using the biosensor approach, L-asparaginase activity in soil and the factors affecting it. Also, side-effects of L-asparaginase treatment in acute lymphoblastic leukemia (ALL) have been discussed in the current review. L-asparaginase has been and is still one of the most widely studied therapeutic enzymes by researchers and scientists worldwide.
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Affiliation(s)
- Neelam Verma
- Biosensor Technology Lab, Department of Biotechnology, Punjabi University, Patiala, Punjab, India.
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Dinkins RD, Majee SM, Nayak NR, Martin D, Xu Q, Belcastro MP, Houtz RL, Beach CM, Downie AB. Changing transcriptional initiation sites and alternative 5'- and 3'-splice site selection of the first intron deploys Arabidopsis protein isoaspartyl methyltransferase2 variants to different subcellular compartments. THE PLANT JOURNAL : FOR CELL AND MOLECULAR BIOLOGY 2008; 55:1-13. [PMID: 18318686 DOI: 10.1111/j.1365-313x.2008.03471.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/26/2023]
Abstract
Arabidopsis thaliana (L.) Heynh. possesses two PROTEIN-L-ISOASPARTATE METHYLTRANSFERASE (PIMT) genes encoding enzymes (EC 2.1.1.77) capable of converting uncoded l-isoaspartyl residues, arising spontaneously at l-asparaginyl and l-aspartyl sites in proteins, to l-aspartate. PIMT2 produces at least eight transcripts by using four transcriptional initiation sites (TIS; resulting in three different initiating methionines) and both 5'- and 3'-alternative splice site selection of the first intron. The transcripts produce mature proteins capable of converting l-isoaspartate to l-aspartate in small peptide substrates. PIMT:GFP fusion proteins generated a detectable signal in the nucleus. However, whether the protein was also detectable in the cytoplasm, endo-membrane system, chloroplasts, and/or mitochondria, depended on the transcript from which it was produced. On-blot-methylation of proteins, prior to the completion of germination, indicated that cruciferin subunits contain isoaspartate. The implications of using transcriptional mechanisms to expand a single gene's repertoire to protein variants capable of entry into the cell's various compartments are discussed in light of PIMT's presumed role in repairing the proteome.
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Affiliation(s)
- Randy D Dinkins
- USDA-ARS Forage-Animal Production Research Unit, N220C Agriculture Science Center, North, University of Kentucky, Lexington, KY 40546-0091, USA
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Cañas RA, de la Torre F, Cánovas FM, Cantón FR. Coordination of PsAS1 and PsASPG expression controls timing of re-allocated N utilization in hypocotyls of pine seedlings. PLANTA 2007; 225:1205-19. [PMID: 17123103 DOI: 10.1007/s00425-006-0431-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/20/2006] [Accepted: 10/13/2006] [Indexed: 05/11/2023]
Abstract
During pine seed germination, a large amount of N mobilized from the storage proteins is re-allocated in the hypocotyl as free asparagine, as a result of the high levels of asparagine synthetase (AS) encoded by the PsAS1 gene. To determine the role of this re-allocated N reserve, a full-length cDNA encoding L: -asparaginase (ASPG) has been cloned from Scots pine (Pinus sylvestris L.) seedlings and characterized. Like other N-terminal nucleophile hydrolases, pine ASPG requires a post-translational processing to exhibit enzymatic activity. However, in contrast to previous reports on other plant ASPGs, purified recombinant pine ASPG does not undergo autoproteolytic cleavage in vitro. Our results suggest that the processing requires accessory proteins to assist in the proteolysis or in the proper folding before autocleavage in a divalent cation-dependent manner. Sequence comparison analysis revealed that the pine protein is included in the K+-dependent subfamily of plant ASPGs. The expression of the ASPG-encoding gene (PsASPG) was higher in organs with extensive secondary development of the vascular system. The increase in transcript abundance observed at advanced stages of hypocotyl development was concomitant with a decrease of PsAS1 transcript abundance and a remarkable increase in the number of xylem elements and highly lignified cell walls. These results, together with the precise localization of PsASPG transcripts in cells of the cambial region, suggest that the expression of PsAS1 and PsASPG is temporally coordinated, to control the re-allocation of N from seed storage proteins toward the hypocotyl to be later used during early development of secondary vascular system.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rafael A Cañas
- Departamento Biología Molecular y Bioquímica, Universidad de Málaga, Campus de Teatinos s/n, 29071 Málaga, Spain
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