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Li H, Brouwer M, Pup ED, van Lieshout N, Finkers R, Bachem CWB, Visser RGF. Allelic variation in the autotetraploid potato: genes involved in starch and steroidal glycoalkaloid metabolism as a case study. BMC Genomics 2024; 25:274. [PMID: 38475714 DOI: 10.1186/s12864-024-10186-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/27/2023] [Accepted: 03/04/2024] [Indexed: 03/14/2024] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Tuber starch and steroidal glycoalkaloid (SGA)-related traits have been consistently prioritized in potato breeding, while allelic variation pattern of genes that underlie these traits is less explored. RESULTS Here, we focused on the genes involved in two important metabolic pathways in the potato: starch metabolism and SGA biosynthesis. We identified 119 genes consisting of 81 involved in starch metabolism and 38 in the biosynthesis of steroidal glycoalkaloids, and discovered 96,166 allelic variants among 2,169 gene haplotypes in six autotetraploid potato genomes. Comparative analyses revealed an uneven distribution of allelic variants among gene haplotypes and that the vast majority of deleterious mutations in these genes are retained in heterozygous state in the autotetraploid potato genomes. Leveraging full-length cDNA sequencing data, we find that approximately 70% of haplotypes of the 119 genes are transcribable. Population genetic analyses identify starch and SGA biosynthetic genes that are potentially conserved or diverged between potato varieties with varying starch or SGA content. CONCLUSIONS These results deepen the understanding of haplotypic diversity within functionally important genes in autotetraploid genomes and may facilitate functional characterization of genes or haplotypes contributing to traits related to starch and SGA in potato.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hongbo Li
- Plant Breeding, Wageningen University & Research, P. O. Box 386, Wageningen, 6700 AJ, the Netherlands
- Graduate School Experimental Plant Sciences, Wageningen University and Research, Wageningen, the Netherlands
- Shenzhen Branch, Guangdong Laboratory of Lingnan Modern Agriculture, Key Laboratory of Synthetic Biology, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Agricultural Genomics Institute at Shenzhen, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Shenzhen, 518120, China
| | - Matthijs Brouwer
- Plant Breeding, Wageningen University & Research, P. O. Box 386, Wageningen, 6700 AJ, the Netherlands
| | - Elena Del Pup
- Plant Breeding, Wageningen University & Research, P. O. Box 386, Wageningen, 6700 AJ, the Netherlands
| | - Natascha van Lieshout
- Plant Breeding, Wageningen University & Research, P. O. Box 386, Wageningen, 6700 AJ, the Netherlands
- , SURFsara, Science Park 140, Amsterdam, 1098 XG, the Netherlands
| | - Richard Finkers
- Plant Breeding, Wageningen University & Research, P. O. Box 386, Wageningen, 6700 AJ, the Netherlands
- Gennovation B.V, Agro Business Park 10, Wageningen, 6708 PW, the Netherlands
| | - Christian W B Bachem
- Plant Breeding, Wageningen University & Research, P. O. Box 386, Wageningen, 6700 AJ, the Netherlands
| | - Richard G F Visser
- Plant Breeding, Wageningen University & Research, P. O. Box 386, Wageningen, 6700 AJ, the Netherlands.
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Merino I, Guasca AO, Krmela A, Arif U, Ali A, Westerberg E, Jalmi SK, Hajslova J, Schulzova V, Sitbon F. Metabolomic and transcriptomic analyses identify external conditions and key genes underlying high levels of toxic glycoalkaloids in tubers of stress-sensitive potato cultivars. FRONTIERS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2023; 14:1210850. [PMID: 37860257 PMCID: PMC10582707 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2023.1210850] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/23/2023] [Accepted: 08/31/2023] [Indexed: 10/21/2023]
Abstract
Introduction High levels of toxic steroidal glycoalkaloids (SGAs) in potato tubers constitute a recognized food quality problem. Tuber SGA levels vary between potato cultivars and can increase after post-harvest stresses such as wounding and light exposure. A few cultivars, e.g., 'Magnum Bonum' and 'Lenape,' have been withdrawn from commercial sales due to excessive SGA levels during some cultivation years. However, these sudden SGA increases are diffucult to predict, and their causes are not understood. To identify external and genetic factors that underlie sudden SGA increases in certain potato cultivars, we have here in a 2-year study investigated 'Magnum Bonum' and five additional table potato cultivars for their SGA levels after wounding and light exposure. Results and methods Results showed that 'Magnum Bonum' has an unusual strong SGA response to light exposure, but not to wounding, whereas 'Bintje' displayed an opposite regulation. Levels of calystegine alkaloids were not significantly altered by treatments, implicating independent metabolic regulation of SGA and calystegine levels also under conditions of high SGA accumulation. Metabolomic and transcriptomic analyses identified a small number of key genes whose expression correlated with SGA differences between cultivars. Overexpression of two key genes in transgenic low-SGA potato cultivars increased their leaf SGA levels significantly. Discussion The results show that a strong response to light can underlie the SGA peaks that occasionally occur in certain potato cultivars and indicate that a between-cultivar variation in the expression of single SGA key genes can account for cultivar SGA differerences. We propose that current attempts to mitigate the SGA hazard will benefit from an increased consideration of cultivar-dependent SGA responses to post-harvest conditions, particularly light exposure. The identified key SGA genes can now be used as a molecular tool in this work.
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Affiliation(s)
- Irene Merino
- Department of Plant Biology, Uppsala BioCenter, Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences, and Linnean Centre for Plant Biology, Uppsala, Sweden
| | - Alexandra Olarte Guasca
- Department of Plant Biology, Uppsala BioCenter, Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences, and Linnean Centre for Plant Biology, Uppsala, Sweden
| | - Ales Krmela
- Department of Food Analysis and Nutrition, University of Chemistry and Technology Prague, Prague, Czechia
| | - Usman Arif
- Department of Plant Biology, Uppsala BioCenter, Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences, and Linnean Centre for Plant Biology, Uppsala, Sweden
| | - Ashfaq Ali
- National Bioinformatics Infrastructure Sweden (NBIS), SciLifeLab at Department of Immunotechnology, Lund University, Lund, Sweden
| | - Erik Westerberg
- Department of Plant Biology, Uppsala BioCenter, Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences, and Linnean Centre for Plant Biology, Uppsala, Sweden
| | - Siddhi Kashinanth Jalmi
- Department of Plant Biology, Uppsala BioCenter, Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences, and Linnean Centre for Plant Biology, Uppsala, Sweden
| | - Jana Hajslova
- Department of Food Analysis and Nutrition, University of Chemistry and Technology Prague, Prague, Czechia
| | - Vera Schulzova
- Department of Food Analysis and Nutrition, University of Chemistry and Technology Prague, Prague, Czechia
| | - Folke Sitbon
- Department of Plant Biology, Uppsala BioCenter, Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences, and Linnean Centre for Plant Biology, Uppsala, Sweden
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Vos PG, Paulo MJ, Bourke PM, Maliepaard CA, van Eeuwijk FA, Visser RGF, van Eck HJ. GWAS in tetraploid potato: identification and validation of SNP markers associated with glycoalkaloid content. MOLECULAR BREEDING : NEW STRATEGIES IN PLANT IMPROVEMENT 2022; 42:76. [PMID: 37313326 PMCID: PMC10248624 DOI: 10.1007/s11032-022-01344-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/01/2022] [Accepted: 11/18/2022] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
Genome-wide association studies (GWAS) are a useful tool to unravel the genetic architecture of complex traits, but the results can be difficult to interpret. Population structure, genetic heterogeneity, and rare alleles easily result in false positive or false negative associations. This paper describes the analysis of a GWAS panel combined with three bi-parental mapping populations to validate GWAS results, using phenotypic data for steroidal glycoalkaloid (SGA) accumulation and the ratio (SGR) between the two major glycoalkaloids α-solanine and α-chaconine in potato tubers. SGAs are secondary metabolites in the Solanaceae family, functional as a defence against various pests and pathogens and in high quantities toxic for humans. With GWAS, we identified five quantitative trait loci (QTL) of which Sga1.1, Sgr8.1, and Sga11.1 were validated, but not Sga3.1 and Sgr7.1. In the bi-parental populations, Sga5.1 and Sga7.1 were mapped, but these were not identified with GWAS. The QTLs Sga1.1, Sga7.1, Sgr7.1, and Sgr8.1 co-localize with genes GAME9, GAME 6/GAME 11, SGT1, and SGT2, respectively. For other genes involved in SGA synthesis, no QTLs were identified. The results of this study illustrate a number of pitfalls in GWAS of which population structure seems the most important. We also show that introgression breeding for disease resistance has introduced new haplotypes to the gene pool involved in higher SGA levels in certain pedigrees. Finally, we show that high SGA levels remain unpredictable in potato but that α-solanine/α-chaconine ratio has a predictable outcome with specific SGT1 and SGT2 haplotypes. Supplementary Information The online version contains supplementary material available at 10.1007/s11032-022-01344-2.
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Affiliation(s)
- Peter G. Vos
- Plant Breeding, Wageningen University and Research, P.O. Box 386, 6700 AJ Wageningen, The Netherlands
- Present Address: Centre for BioSystems Genomics, P.O. Box 98, 6700 AB Wageningen, The Netherlands
- Current Address: HZPC, Edisonweg 5, 8501 XG Joure, The Netherlands
- Graduate School Experimental Plant Sciences, Wageningen University & Research, Wageningen, Netherlands
| | - M. João Paulo
- Present Address: Centre for BioSystems Genomics, P.O. Box 98, 6700 AB Wageningen, The Netherlands
- Biometris, Wageningen University and Research, P.O. Box 16, 6700 AA Wageningen, The Netherlands
| | - Peter M. Bourke
- Plant Breeding, Wageningen University and Research, P.O. Box 386, 6700 AJ Wageningen, The Netherlands
| | - Chris A. Maliepaard
- Plant Breeding, Wageningen University and Research, P.O. Box 386, 6700 AJ Wageningen, The Netherlands
| | - Fred A. van Eeuwijk
- Biometris, Wageningen University and Research, P.O. Box 16, 6700 AA Wageningen, The Netherlands
| | - Richard G. F. Visser
- Plant Breeding, Wageningen University and Research, P.O. Box 386, 6700 AJ Wageningen, The Netherlands
- Present Address: Centre for BioSystems Genomics, P.O. Box 98, 6700 AB Wageningen, The Netherlands
| | - Herman J. van Eck
- Plant Breeding, Wageningen University and Research, P.O. Box 386, 6700 AJ Wageningen, The Netherlands
- Present Address: Centre for BioSystems Genomics, P.O. Box 98, 6700 AB Wageningen, The Netherlands
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Gao Z, Ju X, Yang M, Xue R, Li Q, Fu K, Guo W, Tong L, Song Y, Zeng R, Wang J. Colorado potato beetle exploits frass-associated bacteria to suppress defense responses in potato plants. PEST MANAGEMENT SCIENCE 2022; 78:3778-3787. [PMID: 35102699 DOI: 10.1002/ps.6823] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/05/2022] [Revised: 01/25/2022] [Accepted: 02/01/2022] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Colorado potato beetle (CPB; Leptinotarsa decemlineata) is a destructive quarantine pest that develops broad physiological adaptations to potato plants. During feeding, CPB deposits a copious amount of wet frass onto the surface of leaves and stems that remains in place for long periods. Insect behaviors such as feeding, crawling and oviposition are able to mediate plant defenses. However, the specific role of CPB defecation-associated cues in manipulating plant defenses remains unclear. RESULTS CPB larval frass significantly suppressed potato polyphenol oxidase activity and enhanced larval growth on treated potato plants. The incorporation of antibiotics into larval frass triggered higher jasmonic acid (JA)-regulated defense responses in potato plants compared with antibiotic-free frass. Four bacterial symbionts belonging to the genera Acinetobacter, Citrobacter, Enterobacter and Pantoea were isolated from larval frass and suppressed plant defenses. After reinoculation of these bacteria into axenic larvae, Acinetobacter and Citrobacter were found to be highly abundant in the frass, whereas Enterobacter and Pantoea were less abundant probably due to the negative effect of potato steroidal glycoalkaloids (SGA) such as α-solanine. Furthermore, direct application of Acinetobacter and Citrobacter to wounded potato plants significantly inhibited the expression of genes associated with the JA-mediated defense signaling pathway and SGA biosynthesis. CONCLUSION Our findings demonstrate that CPB exploits frass-associated bacteria as a deceptive strategy of plant defense suppression, adding an interesting dimension to our understanding of how CPB successfully specializes on potato plants. © 2022 Society of Chemical Industry.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhou Gao
- Key Laboratory of Ministry of Education for Genetics, Breeding and Multiple Utilization of Crops, College of Agriculture, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou, China
| | - Xueyang Ju
- Key Laboratory of Ministry of Education for Genetics, Breeding and Multiple Utilization of Crops, College of Agriculture, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou, China
| | - Mingyu Yang
- Department of Ecology, College of Life Sciences, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou, China
| | - Rongrong Xue
- Key Laboratory of Ministry of Education for Genetics, Breeding and Multiple Utilization of Crops, College of Agriculture, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou, China
| | - Qing Li
- Key Laboratory of Ministry of Education for Genetics, Breeding and Multiple Utilization of Crops, College of Agriculture, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou, China
| | - Kaiyun Fu
- Department of Plant Protection, Xinjiang Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Ürümqi, China
| | - Wenchao Guo
- Department of Plant Protection, Xinjiang Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Ürümqi, China
| | - Lu Tong
- Key Laboratory of Ministry of Education for Genetics, Breeding and Multiple Utilization of Crops, College of Agriculture, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou, China
| | - Yuanyuan Song
- Key Laboratory of Ministry of Education for Genetics, Breeding and Multiple Utilization of Crops, College of Agriculture, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou, China
| | - Rensen Zeng
- Key Laboratory of Ministry of Education for Genetics, Breeding and Multiple Utilization of Crops, College of Agriculture, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou, China
| | - Jie Wang
- Key Laboratory of Ministry of Education for Genetics, Breeding and Multiple Utilization of Crops, College of Agriculture, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou, China
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5
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Hoopes G, Meng X, Hamilton JP, Achakkagari SR, de Alves Freitas Guesdes F, Bolger ME, Coombs JJ, Esselink D, Kaiser NR, Kodde L, Kyriakidou M, Lavrijssen B, van Lieshout N, Shereda R, Tuttle HK, Vaillancourt B, Wood JC, de Boer JM, Bornowski N, Bourke P, Douches D, van Eck HJ, Ellis D, Feldman MJ, Gardner KM, Hopman JCP, Jiang J, De Jong WS, Kuhl JC, Novy RG, Oome S, Sathuvalli V, Tan EH, Ursum RA, Vales MI, Vining K, Visser RGF, Vossen J, Yencho GC, Anglin NL, Bachem CWB, Endelman JB, Shannon LM, Strömvik MV, Tai HH, Usadel B, Buell CR, Finkers R. Phased, chromosome-scale genome assemblies of tetraploid potato reveal a complex genome, transcriptome, and predicted proteome landscape underpinning genetic diversity. MOLECULAR PLANT 2022; 15:520-536. [PMID: 35026436 DOI: 10.1016/j.molp.2022.01.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 65] [Impact Index Per Article: 32.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/19/2021] [Revised: 10/19/2021] [Accepted: 01/07/2022] [Indexed: 05/11/2023]
Abstract
Cultivated potato is a clonally propagated autotetraploid species with a highly heterogeneous genome. Phased assemblies of six cultivars including two chromosome-scale phased genome assemblies revealed extensive allelic diversity, including altered coding and transcript sequences, preferential allele expression, and structural variation that collectively result in a highly complex transcriptome and predicted proteome, which are distributed across the homologous chromosomes. Wild species contribute to the extensive allelic diversity in tetraploid cultivars, demonstrating ancestral introgressions predating modern breeding efforts. As a clonally propagated autotetraploid that undergoes limited meiosis, dysfunctional and deleterious alleles are not purged in tetraploid potato. Nearly a quarter of the loci bore mutations are predicted to have a high negative impact on protein function, complicating breeder's efforts to reduce genetic load. The StCDF1 locus controls maturity, and analysis of six tetraploid genomes revealed that 12 allelic variants of StCDF1 are correlated with maturity in a dosage-dependent manner. Knowledge of the complexity of the tetraploid potato genome with its rampant structural variation and embedded deleterious and dysfunctional alleles will be key not only to implementing precision breeding of tetraploid cultivars but also to the construction of homozygous, diploid potato germplasm containing favorable alleles to capitalize on heterosis in F1 hybrids.
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Affiliation(s)
- Genevieve Hoopes
- Department of Plant Biology, Michigan State University, East Lansing, MI 48824, USA
| | - Xiaoxi Meng
- Department of Horticultural Science, University of Minnesota, St. Paul, MN 55108, USA
| | - John P Hamilton
- Department of Plant Biology, Michigan State University, East Lansing, MI 48824, USA
| | - Sai Reddy Achakkagari
- Department of Plant Science, McGill University, Sainte-Anne-de-Bellevue, QC H9X 3V9, Canada
| | | | - Marie E Bolger
- IBG-4 Bioinformatics, Forschungszentrum Jülich, Wilhelm Johnen Str, 52428 Jülich, Germany
| | - Joseph J Coombs
- Department of Plant, Soil, and Microbial Sciences, Michigan State University, East Lansing, MI 48824, USA
| | - Danny Esselink
- Plant Breeding, Wageningen University & Research, Plant Breeding, 6708 PB Wageningen, the Netherlands
| | - Natalie R Kaiser
- Department of Plant, Soil, and Microbial Sciences, Michigan State University, East Lansing, MI 48824, USA; Bayer Crop Science, Woodland, CA 95695, USA
| | - Linda Kodde
- Plant Breeding, Wageningen University & Research, Plant Breeding, 6708 PB Wageningen, the Netherlands
| | - Maria Kyriakidou
- Department of Plant Science, McGill University, Sainte-Anne-de-Bellevue, QC H9X 3V9, Canada
| | - Brian Lavrijssen
- Plant Breeding, Wageningen University & Research, Plant Breeding, 6708 PB Wageningen, the Netherlands
| | - Natascha van Lieshout
- Plant Breeding, Wageningen University & Research, Plant Breeding, 6708 PB Wageningen, the Netherlands
| | - Rachel Shereda
- Department of Plant Biology, Michigan State University, East Lansing, MI 48824, USA
| | - Heather K Tuttle
- Department of Horticultural Science, University of Minnesota, St. Paul, MN 55108, USA
| | | | - Joshua C Wood
- Department of Plant Biology, Michigan State University, East Lansing, MI 48824, USA
| | | | - Nolan Bornowski
- Department of Plant Biology, Michigan State University, East Lansing, MI 48824, USA
| | - Peter Bourke
- Plant Breeding, Wageningen University & Research, Plant Breeding, 6708 PB Wageningen, the Netherlands
| | - David Douches
- Department of Plant, Soil, and Microbial Sciences, Michigan State University, East Lansing, MI 48824, USA
| | - Herman J van Eck
- Plant Breeding, Wageningen University & Research, Plant Breeding, 6708 PB Wageningen, the Netherlands
| | - Dave Ellis
- International Potato Center, 1895 Avenida La Molina, Lima, Peru
| | | | - Kyle M Gardner
- Agriculture and Agri-Food Canada Fredericton Research and Development Centre, Fredericton, NB E3B 4Z7, Canada
| | | | - Jiming Jiang
- Department of Plant Biology, Michigan State University, East Lansing, MI 48824, USA; Department of Horticulture, Michigan State University, East Lansing, MI 48824, USA
| | - Walter S De Jong
- School of Integrative Plant Science, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY 14853-1901, USA
| | - Joseph C Kuhl
- Department of Plant Sciences, University of Idaho, Moscow, ID 83844, USA
| | - Richard G Novy
- USDA-ARS, Small Grains and Potato Germplasm Research, Aberdeen, ID 83210, USA
| | - Stan Oome
- HZPC Research B.V., Edisonweg 5, 8501 XG Joure, the Netherlands
| | - Vidyasagar Sathuvalli
- Department of Crop and Soil Science, Oregon State University, Hermiston, OR 97838, USA
| | - Ek Han Tan
- School of Biology and Ecology, University of Maine, 5735 Hitchner Hall Orono, ME 04469, USA
| | - Remco A Ursum
- HZPC Research B.V., Edisonweg 5, 8501 XG Joure, the Netherlands
| | - M Isabel Vales
- Department of Horticultural Sciences, Texas A&M University, College Station, TX 77843-2133, USA
| | - Kelly Vining
- Department of Horticulture, Oregon State University, Corvallis, OR 97331, USA
| | - Richard G F Visser
- Plant Breeding, Wageningen University & Research, Plant Breeding, 6708 PB Wageningen, the Netherlands
| | - Jack Vossen
- Plant Breeding, Wageningen University & Research, Plant Breeding, 6708 PB Wageningen, the Netherlands
| | - G Craig Yencho
- Department of Horticultural Science, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, NC 27695-7609, USA
| | - Noelle L Anglin
- International Potato Center, 1895 Avenida La Molina, Lima, Peru; USDA-ARS, Small Grains and Potato Germplasm Research, Aberdeen, ID 83210, USA
| | - Christian W B Bachem
- Plant Breeding, Wageningen University & Research, Plant Breeding, 6708 PB Wageningen, the Netherlands
| | - Jeffrey B Endelman
- Department of Horticulture, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, WI 53706, USA
| | - Laura M Shannon
- Department of Horticultural Science, University of Minnesota, St. Paul, MN 55108, USA
| | - Martina V Strömvik
- Department of Plant Science, McGill University, Sainte-Anne-de-Bellevue, QC H9X 3V9, Canada
| | - Helen H Tai
- Agriculture and Agri-Food Canada Fredericton Research and Development Centre, Fredericton, NB E3B 4Z7, Canada
| | - Björn Usadel
- IBG-4 Bioinformatics, Forschungszentrum Jülich, Wilhelm Johnen Str, 52428 Jülich, Germany; Institute for Biological Data Science, Heinrich Heine University, Düsseldorf, 40225 Düsseldorf, Germany
| | - C Robin Buell
- Department of Plant Biology, Michigan State University, East Lansing, MI 48824, USA; Plant Resilience Institute, Michigan State University, East Lansing, MI 48824, USA.
| | - Richard Finkers
- Plant Breeding, Wageningen University & Research, Plant Breeding, 6708 PB Wageningen, the Netherlands.
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Patel P, Prasad A, Gupta SC, Niranjan A, Lehri A, Singh SS, Misra P, Chakrabarty D. Growth, phytochemical and gene expression changes related to the secondary metabolite synthesis of Solanum viarum Dunal. INDUSTRIAL CROPS AND PRODUCTS 2021; 166:113464. [DOI: 10.1016/j.indcrop.2021.113464] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/27/2023]
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7
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Pacifico D, Lanzanova C, Pagnotta E, Bassolino L, Mastrangelo AM, Marone D, Matteo R, Lo Scalzo R, Balconi C. Sustainable Use of Bioactive Compounds from Solanum Tuberosum and Brassicaceae Wastes and by-Products for Crop Protection-A Review. Molecules 2021; 26:2174. [PMID: 33918886 PMCID: PMC8070479 DOI: 10.3390/molecules26082174] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/12/2021] [Revised: 03/31/2021] [Accepted: 04/01/2021] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Defatted seed meals of oleaginous Brassicaceae, such as Eruca sativa, and potato peel are excellent plant matrices to recover potentially useful biomolecules from industrial processes in a circular strategy perspective aiming at crop protection. These biomolecules, mainly glycoalkaloids and phenols for potato and glucosinolates for Brassicaceae, have been proven to be effective against microbes, fungi, nematodes, insects, and even parasitic plants. Their role in plant protection is overviewed, together with the molecular basis of their synthesis in plant, and the description of their mechanisms of action. Possible genetic and biotechnological strategies are presented to increase their content in plants. Genetic mapping and identification of closely linked molecular markers are useful to identify the loci/genes responsible for their accumulation and transfer them to elite cultivars in breeding programs. Biotechnological approaches can be used to modify their allelic sequence and enhance the accumulation of the bioactive compounds. How the global challenges, such as reducing agri-food waste and increasing sustainability and food safety, could be addressed through bioprotector applications are discussed here.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daniela Pacifico
- CREA Council for Agricultural Research and Economics—Research Centre for Cereal and Industrial Crops, 00198 Rome, Italy; (C.L.); (E.P.); (L.B.); (A.M.M.); (D.M.); (C.B.); (R.M.)
| | - Chiara Lanzanova
- CREA Council for Agricultural Research and Economics—Research Centre for Cereal and Industrial Crops, 00198 Rome, Italy; (C.L.); (E.P.); (L.B.); (A.M.M.); (D.M.); (C.B.); (R.M.)
| | - Eleonora Pagnotta
- CREA Council for Agricultural Research and Economics—Research Centre for Cereal and Industrial Crops, 00198 Rome, Italy; (C.L.); (E.P.); (L.B.); (A.M.M.); (D.M.); (C.B.); (R.M.)
| | - Laura Bassolino
- CREA Council for Agricultural Research and Economics—Research Centre for Cereal and Industrial Crops, 00198 Rome, Italy; (C.L.); (E.P.); (L.B.); (A.M.M.); (D.M.); (C.B.); (R.M.)
| | - Anna Maria Mastrangelo
- CREA Council for Agricultural Research and Economics—Research Centre for Cereal and Industrial Crops, 00198 Rome, Italy; (C.L.); (E.P.); (L.B.); (A.M.M.); (D.M.); (C.B.); (R.M.)
| | - Daniela Marone
- CREA Council for Agricultural Research and Economics—Research Centre for Cereal and Industrial Crops, 00198 Rome, Italy; (C.L.); (E.P.); (L.B.); (A.M.M.); (D.M.); (C.B.); (R.M.)
| | - Roberto Matteo
- CREA Council for Agricultural Research and Economics—Research Centre for Cereal and Industrial Crops, 00198 Rome, Italy; (C.L.); (E.P.); (L.B.); (A.M.M.); (D.M.); (C.B.); (R.M.)
| | - Roberto Lo Scalzo
- CREA Council for Agricultural Research and Economics—Research Centre for Engineering and Agro-Food Processing, 00198 Rome, Italy;
| | - Carlotta Balconi
- CREA Council for Agricultural Research and Economics—Research Centre for Cereal and Industrial Crops, 00198 Rome, Italy; (C.L.); (E.P.); (L.B.); (A.M.M.); (D.M.); (C.B.); (R.M.)
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8
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Zhao DK, Zhao Y, Chen SY, Kennelly EJ. Solanum steroidal glycoalkaloids: structural diversity, biological activities, and biosynthesis. Nat Prod Rep 2021; 38:1423-1444. [DOI: 10.1039/d1np00001b] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
Chemical structures of typical Solanum steroidal glycoalkaloids from eggplant, tomato, and potato.
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Affiliation(s)
- Da-Ke Zhao
- Biocontrol Engineering Research Center of Plant Disease and Pest, Biocontrol Engineering Research Center of Crop Disease and Pest, School of Ecology and Environment, Yunnan University, Kunming, 650504, P. R. China
| | - Yi Zhao
- Department of Biological Sciences, Lehman College, City University of New York, Bronx, New York, 10468, USA
- PhD Program in Biology, The Graduate Center, City University of New York, New York, 10016, USA
| | - Sui-Yun Chen
- Biocontrol Engineering Research Center of Plant Disease and Pest, Biocontrol Engineering Research Center of Crop Disease and Pest, School of Ecology and Environment, Yunnan University, Kunming, 650504, P. R. China
| | - Edward J. Kennelly
- Department of Biological Sciences, Lehman College, City University of New York, Bronx, New York, 10468, USA
- PhD Program in Biology, The Graduate Center, City University of New York, New York, 10016, USA
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9
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Zhang B, Chen L, Huo Y, Feng J, Ma Z, Zhang X, Zhu C. Enhanced production of celastrol in Tripterygium wilfordii hairy root cultures by overexpression of TwSQS2. Biochem Eng J 2020. [DOI: 10.1016/j.bej.2020.107681] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/30/2023]
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10
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Lange I, Lange BM, Navarre DA. Altering potato isoprenoid metabolism increases biomass and induces early flowering. JOURNAL OF EXPERIMENTAL BOTANY 2020; 71:4109-4124. [PMID: 32296842 DOI: 10.1093/jxb/eraa185] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/25/2019] [Accepted: 04/14/2020] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
Isoprenoids constitute the largest class of plant natural products and have diverse biological functions including in plant growth and development. In potato (Solanum tuberosum), the regulatory mechanism underlying the biosynthesis of isoprenoids through the mevalonate pathway is unclear. We assessed the role of 3-hydroxy-3-methylglutaryl-CoA reductase (HMGR) homologs in potato development and in the metabolic regulation of isoprenoid biosynthesis by generating transgenic lines with down-regulated expression (RNAi-hmgr) or overexpression (OE) of one (StHMGR1 or StHMGR3) or two genes, HMGR and farnesyl diphosphate synthase (FPS; StHMGR1/StFPS1 or StHMGR3/StFPS1). Levels of sterols, steroidal glycoalkaloids (SGAs), and plastidial isoprenoids were elevated in the OE-HMGR1, OE-HMGR1/FPS1, and OE-HMGR3/FPS1 lines, and these plants exhibited early flowering, increased stem height, increased biomass, and increased total tuber weight. However, OE-HMGR3 lines showed dwarfism and had the highest sterol amounts, but without an increase in SGA levels, supporting a rate-limiting role for HMGR3 in the accumulation of sterols. Potato RNAi-hmgr lines showed inhibited growth and reduced cytosolic isoprenoid levels. We also determined the relative importance of transcriptional control at regulatory points of isoprenoid precursor biosynthesis by assessing gene-metabolite correlations. These findings provide novel insights into specific end-products of the sterol pathway and could be important for crop yield and bioenergy crops.
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Affiliation(s)
- Iris Lange
- Institute of Biological Chemistry and M.J. Murdock Metabolomics Laboratory, Washington State University, Pullman, WA, USA
| | - B Markus Lange
- Institute of Biological Chemistry and M.J. Murdock Metabolomics Laboratory, Washington State University, Pullman, WA, USA
| | - Duroy A Navarre
- Washington State University/IAREC, Prosser, WA, USA
- USDA/Agricultural Research Service, Prosser, WA, USA
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11
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Cloning, functional characterization and expression analysis of LoTPS5 from Lilium 'Siberia'. Gene 2020; 756:144921. [PMID: 32593719 DOI: 10.1016/j.gene.2020.144921] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/21/2020] [Revised: 06/08/2020] [Accepted: 06/20/2020] [Indexed: 02/05/2023]
Abstract
Lilium 'Siberia' is a perennial herbaceous plant that is commercially significant because of its snowy white floral color and appealing scent which is mainly due to the presence of monoterpenes and benzoids compounds in floral volatile profile. In the current study, LoTPS5 was cloned and functionally characterized. Results revealed that LoTPS5 specifically generates squalene from FPP, whereas no product was produced when it was incubated with GPP or GGPP. The subcellular localization experiment showed that LoTPS5 was located in plastids. Furthermore, LoTPS5 showed its high expression in the leaf followed by petals and sepals of the flower. Moreover, the expression of LoTPS5 gradually increased from the bud stage and peak at the full-bloom stage. Besides, LoTPS5 showed a diurnal circadian rhythmic pattern with a peak in the afternoon (16:00) followed by deep night (24:00) and morning (8:00), respectively. LoTPS5 is highly responsive to mechanical wounding by rapidly elevating its mRNA transcript level. The current study will provide significant information for future studies of terpenoid and squalene biosynthesis in Lilium 'Siberia'.
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12
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Villano C, D’Amelia V, Esposito S, Adelfi MG, Contaldi F, Ferracane R, Vitaglione P, Aversano R, Carputo D. Genome-Wide HMG Family Investigation and Its Role in Glycoalkaloid Accumulation in Wild Tuber-Bearing Solanum commersonii. Life (Basel) 2020; 10:life10040037. [PMID: 32290207 PMCID: PMC7235733 DOI: 10.3390/life10040037] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/06/2020] [Revised: 04/04/2020] [Accepted: 04/09/2020] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Steroidal glycoalkaloids (SGAs) are a class of nitrogen-containing glycosides occurring in several plant families and biosynthesized through a specific pathway. HMG-CoA reductase is the first enzyme of this pathway, and its transcription can be regulated by biotic and abiotic stressors and even in a tissue-specific manner. This study aimed to characterize the HMG genes family in a tuber-bearing potato species, Solanum commersonii, using transcriptional and functional approaches. Our results provided evidence that four ScHMGs with different tissue-specificities represent the HMG gene family in S. commersonii and that they originated from ScHMG1 through segmental duplications. Phylogenetic analysis suggests that ScHMG1 is the direct ortholog of AtHMG1, which is associated with SGAs accumulation in plants. Its overexpression in S. commersonii revealed that this gene plays a key role in the accumulation of glycoalkaloids regulating the production of dehydrocommersonine.
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Affiliation(s)
- Clizia Villano
- Department of Agricultural Sciences, University of Naples Federico II, Via Università 133, 80055 Portici, NA, Italy; (C.V.); (M.G.A.); (R.F.); (P.V.); (D.C.)
| | - Vincenzo D’Amelia
- National Research Council of Italy, Institute of Biosciences and Bioresources (CNR-IBBR), Via Università 133, 80055 Portici, NA, Italy;
| | - Salvatore Esposito
- CREA Research Centre for Vegetable and Ornamental Crops, Via Cavalleggeri 25, 84098 Pontecagnano Faiano, SA, Italy; (S.E.); (F.C.)
| | - Maria Grazia Adelfi
- Department of Agricultural Sciences, University of Naples Federico II, Via Università 133, 80055 Portici, NA, Italy; (C.V.); (M.G.A.); (R.F.); (P.V.); (D.C.)
| | - Felice Contaldi
- CREA Research Centre for Vegetable and Ornamental Crops, Via Cavalleggeri 25, 84098 Pontecagnano Faiano, SA, Italy; (S.E.); (F.C.)
| | - Rosalia Ferracane
- Department of Agricultural Sciences, University of Naples Federico II, Via Università 133, 80055 Portici, NA, Italy; (C.V.); (M.G.A.); (R.F.); (P.V.); (D.C.)
| | - Paola Vitaglione
- Department of Agricultural Sciences, University of Naples Federico II, Via Università 133, 80055 Portici, NA, Italy; (C.V.); (M.G.A.); (R.F.); (P.V.); (D.C.)
| | - Riccardo Aversano
- Department of Agricultural Sciences, University of Naples Federico II, Via Università 133, 80055 Portici, NA, Italy; (C.V.); (M.G.A.); (R.F.); (P.V.); (D.C.)
- Correspondence:
| | - Domenico Carputo
- Department of Agricultural Sciences, University of Naples Federico II, Via Università 133, 80055 Portici, NA, Italy; (C.V.); (M.G.A.); (R.F.); (P.V.); (D.C.)
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13
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Prasad A, Patel P, Pandey S, Niranjan A, Misra P. Growth and alkaloid production along with expression profiles of biosynthetic pathway genes in two contrasting morphotypes of prickly and prickleless Solanum viarum Dunal. PROTOPLASMA 2020; 257:561-572. [PMID: 31814043 DOI: 10.1007/s00709-019-01446-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/30/2019] [Accepted: 10/07/2019] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
Growth and production kinetics of three important glycoalkaloids viz. α-solanine, solanidine, and solasodine in two contrasting prickly and prickleless plants of Solanum viarum Dunal were evaluated under in vitro conditions. The prickleless plants showed improved accumulation of total glycoalkaloid content [7.11 and 6.85 mg g-1 dry weight (DW)] and growth (GI = 11.08 and 19.26) after 45 and 50 days of culture cycle, respectively. For higher biomass (91.18 g l-1) as well as glycoalkaloid (52.56 mg l-1) recovery, the prickleless plants served as highly profitable platform. All the three studied glycoalkaloids were identified and quantified by mass spectrometry and HPLC. All the three studied glycoalkaloids accumulated in age-dependent manner. The presence of two constituents, i.e., solasodine and solanidine mainly contributed for higher accumulation of total glycoalkaloid content in the prickleless plants. However, the synthesis of α-solanine was highly age specific and could be detected after 4 to 5 weeks of culture cycle in both prickle containing as well as prickleless plants of S. viarum. The higher accumulation of glycoalkaloids in prickleless plants was also supported with the expression analysis of six key pathway enzymes viz. mevalonate kinase (MVK), 3-hydroxy-3-methyl-glutaryl coenzyme A reductase (HMGR), farnesyl diphosphate synthase (FPS), UDP-galactose/solanidine galactosyltransferase (SGT1), UDP-glucose/solanidine glucosyltransferase (SGT2), and cytochrome P450 monooxygenase (CYP). The results indicated that the plants harvested after 45 and 50 days of culture cycle accumulated maximum bioactive in-demand glycoalkaloids in the prickly and prickleless plants of S. viarum Dunal, respectively.
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Affiliation(s)
- Archana Prasad
- Department of Plant Biotechnology, Council of Scientific and Industrial Research-National Botanical Research Institute, Rana Pratap Marg, Lucknow, 226001, India
| | - Preeti Patel
- Department of Plant Biotechnology, Council of Scientific and Industrial Research-National Botanical Research Institute, Rana Pratap Marg, Lucknow, 226001, India
| | - Shatrujeet Pandey
- Department of Plant Biotechnology, Council of Scientific and Industrial Research-National Botanical Research Institute, Rana Pratap Marg, Lucknow, 226001, India
| | - Abhishek Niranjan
- Central Instrumentation Facility, Council of Scientific and Industrial Research - National Botanical Research Institute, Lucknow, 226001, India
| | - Pratibha Misra
- Department of Plant Biotechnology, Council of Scientific and Industrial Research-National Botanical Research Institute, Rana Pratap Marg, Lucknow, 226001, India.
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14
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Zhang W, Zuo C, Chen Z, Kang Y, Qin S. RNA Sequencing Reveals That Both Abiotic and Biotic Stress-Responsive Genes are Induced during Expression of Steroidal Glycoalkaloid in Potato Tuber Subjected to Light Exposure. Genes (Basel) 2019; 10:E920. [PMID: 31718041 PMCID: PMC6896166 DOI: 10.3390/genes10110920] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/29/2019] [Revised: 10/24/2019] [Accepted: 11/05/2019] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Steroidal glycoalkaloids (SGAs), which are widely produced by potato, even in other Solanaceae plants, are a class of potentially toxic compounds, but are beneficial to host resistance. However, changes of the other metabolic process along with SGA accumulation are still poorly understood and researched. Based on RNA sequencing (RNA-seq) and bioinformatics analysis, the global gene expression profiles of potato variety Helan 15 (Favorita) was investigated at four-time points during light exposure. The data was further verified by using quantitative Real-time PCR (qRT-PCR). When compared to the control group, 1288, 1592, 1737, and 1870 differentially expressed genes (DEGs) were detected at 6 h, 24 h, 48 h, and 8 d, respectively. The results of both RNAseq and qRT-PCR showed that SGA biosynthetic genes were up-regulated in the potato tuber under light exposure. Functional enrichment analysis revealed that genes related to PS light reaction and Protein degradation were significantly enriched in most time points of light exposure. Additionally, enriched Bins included Receptor kinases, Secondary metabolic process in flavonoids, Abiotic stress, and Biotic stress in the early stage of light exposure, but PS Calvin cycle, RNA regulation of transcription, and UDP glucosyl and glucoronyl transferases in the later stage. Most of the DEGs involved in PS light reaction and Abiotic stress were up-regulated at all four time points, whereas DEGs that participated in biotic stresses were mainly up-regulated at the later stage (48 h and 8 d). Cis-element prediction and co-expression assay were used to confirm the expressional correlation between genes that are responsible for SGA biosynthesis and disease resistance. In conclusion, the expressions of genes involved in PS light reaction, Abiotic stress, and Biotic stress were obviously aroused during the accumulation of SGAs induced by light exposure. Moreover, an increased defense response might contribute to the potato resistance to the infection by phytopathogenic microorganisms.
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Affiliation(s)
- Weina Zhang
- College of Horticulture, Gansu Agricultural University, Lanzhou 730070, China; (W.Z.); (C.Z.); (Y.K.)
| | - Cunwu Zuo
- College of Horticulture, Gansu Agricultural University, Lanzhou 730070, China; (W.Z.); (C.Z.); (Y.K.)
| | - Zhongjian Chen
- Agro-Biological Gene Research Center, Guangdong Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Guangzhou 510640, China;
| | - Yichen Kang
- College of Horticulture, Gansu Agricultural University, Lanzhou 730070, China; (W.Z.); (C.Z.); (Y.K.)
| | - Shuhao Qin
- College of Horticulture, Gansu Agricultural University, Lanzhou 730070, China; (W.Z.); (C.Z.); (Y.K.)
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15
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Kang J, Zhang Q, Jiang X, Zhang T, Long R, Yang Q, Wang Z. Molecular Cloning and Functional Identification of a Squalene Synthase Encoding Gene from Alfalfa ( Medicago sativa L.). Int J Mol Sci 2019; 20:ijms20184499. [PMID: 31514406 PMCID: PMC6770234 DOI: 10.3390/ijms20184499] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/24/2019] [Revised: 09/09/2019] [Accepted: 09/10/2019] [Indexed: 01/29/2023] Open
Abstract
The quality of alfalfa, a main forage legume worldwide, is of great importance for the dairy industry and is affected by the content of triterpene saponins. These natural terpenoid products of triterpene aglycones are catalyzed by squalene synthase (SQS), a highly conserved enzyme present in eukaryotes. However, there is scare information on alfalfa SQS. Here, an open reading frame (ORF) of SQS was cloned from alfalfa. Sequence analysis showed MsSQS had the same exon/intron composition and shared high homology with its orthologs. Bioinformatic analysis revealed the deduced MsSQS had two transmembrane domains. When transiently expressed, GFP-MsSQS fusion protein was localized on the plasma membrane of onion epidermal cells. Removal of the C-terminal transmembrane domain of MsSQS improved solubility in Escherichia coli. MsSQS was preferably expressed in roots, followed by leaves and stems. MeJA treatment induced MsSQS expression and increased the content of total saponins. Overexpression of MsSQS in alfalfa led to the accumulation of total saponins, suggesting a correlation between MsSQS expression level with saponins content. Therefore, MsSQS is a canonical squalene synthase and contributes to saponin synthesis in alfalfa. This study provides a key candidate gene for genetic manipulation of the synthesis of triterpene saponins, which impact both plant and animal health.
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Affiliation(s)
- Junmei Kang
- Institute of Animal Science, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing 100193, China.
| | - Qiaoyan Zhang
- Institute of Animal Science, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing 100193, China.
| | - Xu Jiang
- Institute of Animal Science, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing 100193, China.
| | - Tiejun Zhang
- Institute of Animal Science, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing 100193, China.
| | - Ruicai Long
- Institute of Animal Science, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing 100193, China.
| | - Qingchuan Yang
- Institute of Animal Science, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing 100193, China.
| | - Zhen Wang
- Institute of Animal Science, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing 100193, China.
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16
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Nie X, Li C, Zhang G, Shao Z, Wang X, Shi H, Guo H. Light exposure and wounding: synergistic effects on steroidal glycoalkaloid accumulation in potato tubers during storage. Int J Food Sci Technol 2019. [DOI: 10.1111/ijfs.14196] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Xuheng Nie
- Yunnan Provincial Academy of Food and Oil Sciences Kunming 650033 China
- College of Agronomy and Biotechnology Yunnan Agricultural University Kunming 650051 China
| | - Caixia Li
- School of Chemistry, Biology & Environment Yuxi Normal University Yuxi 653100 China
| | - Guanghai Zhang
- College of Agronomy and Biotechnology Yunnan Agricultural University Kunming 650051 China
| | - Zhiling Shao
- Yunnan Provincial Academy of Food and Oil Sciences Kunming 650033 China
| | - Xin Wang
- Yunnan Provincial Academy of Food and Oil Sciences Kunming 650033 China
| | - Han Shi
- Yunnan Provincial Academy of Food and Oil Sciences Kunming 650033 China
| | - Huachun Guo
- College of Agronomy and Biotechnology Yunnan Agricultural University Kunming 650051 China
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17
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Fogelman E, Oren-Shamir M, Hirschberg J, Mandolino G, Parisi B, Ovadia R, Tanami Z, Faigenboim A, Ginzberg I. Nutritional value of potato (Solanum tuberosum) in hot climates: anthocyanins, carotenoids, and steroidal glycoalkaloids. PLANTA 2019; 249:1143-1155. [PMID: 30603793 DOI: 10.1007/s00425-018-03078-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/02/2018] [Accepted: 12/19/2018] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Abstract
Growth in hot climates selectively alters potato tuber secondary metabolism-such as the anthocyanins, carotenoids, and glycoalkaloids-changing its nutritive value and the composition of health-promoting components. Potato breeding for improved nutritional value focuses mainly on increasing the health-promoting carotenoids and anthocyanins, and controlling toxic steroidal glycoalkaloids (SGAs). Metabolite levels are genetically determined, but developmental, tissue-specific, and environmental cues affect their final content. Transcriptomic and metabolomic approaches were applied to monitor carotenoid, anthocyanin, and SGA metabolite levels and their biosynthetic genes' expression under heat stress. The studied cultivars differed in tuber flesh carotenoid concentration and peel anthocyanin concentration. Gene expression studies showed heat-induced downregulation of specific genes for SGA, anthocyanin, and carotenoid biosynthesis. KEGG database mapping of the heat transcriptome indicated reduced gene expression for specific metabolic pathways rather than a global heat response. Targeted metabolomics indicated reduced SGA concentration, but anthocyanin pigments concentration remained unchanged, probably due to their stabilization in the vacuole. Total carotenoid level did not change significantly in potato tuber flesh, but their composition did. Results suggest that growth in hot climates selectively alters tuber secondary metabolism, changing its nutritive value and composition of health-promoting components.
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Affiliation(s)
- Edna Fogelman
- Agricultural Research Organization, the Volcani Center, Institute of Plant Sciences, 68 HaMaccabim Road, P.O. Box 15159, 7505101, Rishon LeZion, Israel
| | - Michal Oren-Shamir
- Agricultural Research Organization, the Volcani Center, Institute of Plant Sciences, 68 HaMaccabim Road, P.O. Box 15159, 7505101, Rishon LeZion, Israel
| | - Joseph Hirschberg
- Department of Genetics, Alexander Silberman Institute of Life Sciences, The Hebrew University of Jerusalem, 91904, Jerusalem, Israel
| | - Giuseppe Mandolino
- Research Centre for Cereal and Industrial Crops (CREA-CI), Via di Corticella, 133-40128, Bologna, Italy
| | - Bruno Parisi
- Research Centre for Cereal and Industrial Crops (CREA-CI), Via di Corticella, 133-40128, Bologna, Italy
| | - Rinat Ovadia
- Agricultural Research Organization, the Volcani Center, Institute of Plant Sciences, 68 HaMaccabim Road, P.O. Box 15159, 7505101, Rishon LeZion, Israel
| | - Zachariah Tanami
- Agricultural Research Organization, the Volcani Center, Institute of Plant Sciences, 68 HaMaccabim Road, P.O. Box 15159, 7505101, Rishon LeZion, Israel
| | - Adi Faigenboim
- Agricultural Research Organization, the Volcani Center, Institute of Plant Sciences, 68 HaMaccabim Road, P.O. Box 15159, 7505101, Rishon LeZion, Israel
| | - Idit Ginzberg
- Agricultural Research Organization, the Volcani Center, Institute of Plant Sciences, 68 HaMaccabim Road, P.O. Box 15159, 7505101, Rishon LeZion, Israel.
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18
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Zhang B, Liu Y, Chen M, Feng J, Ma Z, Zhang X, Zhu C. Cloning, Expression Analysis and Functional Characterization of Squalene Synthase (SQS) from Tripterygium wilfordii. Molecules 2018; 23:E269. [PMID: 29382150 PMCID: PMC6017275 DOI: 10.3390/molecules23020269] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/04/2018] [Revised: 01/24/2018] [Accepted: 01/25/2018] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Celastrol is an active triterpenoid compound derived from Tripterygium wilfordii which is well-known as a traditional Chinese medicinal plant. Squalene synthase has a vital role in condensing two molecules of farnesyl diphosphate to form squalene, a key precursor of triterpenoid biosynthesis. In the present study, T. wilfordii squalene synthase (TwSQS) was cloned followed by prokaryotic expression and functional verification. The open reading frame cDNA of TwSQS was 1242 bp encoding 413 amino acids. Bioinformatic and phylogenetic analysis showed that TwSQS had high homology with other plant SQSs. To obtain soluble protein, the truncated TwSQS without the last 28 amino acids of the carboxy terminus was inductively expressed in Escherichia coliTransetta (DE3). The purified protein was detected by SDS-PAGE and Western blot analysis. Squalene was detected in the product of in vitro reactions by gas chromatograph-mass spectrometry, which meant that TwSQS did have catalytic activity. Organ-specific and inducible expression levels of TwSQS were detected by quantitative real-time PCR. The results indicated that TwSQS was highly expressed in roots, followed by the stems and leaves, and was significantly up-regulated upon MeJA treatment. The identification of TwSQS is important for further studies of celastrol biosynthesis in T. wilfordii.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bin Zhang
- Research & Development Center of Biorational Pesticides, Northwest A & F University, Yangling 712100, China.
| | - Yan Liu
- Research & Development Center of Biorational Pesticides, Northwest A & F University, Yangling 712100, China.
| | - Mengmeng Chen
- Research & Development Center of Biorational Pesticides, Northwest A & F University, Yangling 712100, China.
| | - Juntao Feng
- Research & Development Center of Biorational Pesticides, Northwest A & F University, Yangling 712100, China.
- Biopesticide Technology and Engineering Center of Shaanxi Province, Yangling 712100, China.
| | - Zhiqing Ma
- Research & Development Center of Biorational Pesticides, Northwest A & F University, Yangling 712100, China.
- Biopesticide Technology and Engineering Center of Shaanxi Province, Yangling 712100, China.
| | - Xing Zhang
- Research & Development Center of Biorational Pesticides, Northwest A & F University, Yangling 712100, China.
- Biopesticide Technology and Engineering Center of Shaanxi Province, Yangling 712100, China.
| | - Chuanshu Zhu
- Research & Development Center of Biorational Pesticides, Northwest A & F University, Yangling 712100, China.
- Biopesticide Technology and Engineering Center of Shaanxi Province, Yangling 712100, China.
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19
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Kumar A, Fogelman E, Weissberg M, Tanami Z, Veilleux RE, Ginzberg I. Lanosterol synthase-like is involved with differential accumulation of steroidal glycoalkaloids in potato. PLANTA 2017; 246:1189-1202. [PMID: 28828630 DOI: 10.1007/s00425-017-2763-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/04/2017] [Accepted: 08/18/2017] [Indexed: 06/07/2023]
Abstract
Phytosterol homeostasis may be maintained in leaves through diversion of intermediates into glycoalkaloid biosynthesis, whereas in tuber flesh, excess intermediates are catalyzed by tuber-specific StLAS - like , resulting in low tuber glycoalkaloids. Lanosterol synthase (LAS) and cycloartenol synthase (CAS) are phylogenetically related enzymes. Cycloartenol is the accepted precursor leading to cholesterol and phytosterols, and in potato, to steroidal glycoalkaloid (SGA) biosynthesis. LAS was also shown to synthesize some plant sterols, albeit at trace amounts, questioning its role in sterol homeostasis. Presently, a potato LAS-related gene (StLAS-like) was identified and its activity verified in a yeast complementation assay. A transgenic approach with targeted gene expression and metabolic profiling of sterols and SGAs was used. Analyses of StLAS-like transcript levels and StLAS-like-promoter::GUS reporter assays indicated specific expression in tuber flesh tissue. Overexpression of Arabidopsis AtLAS in leaves where the endogenic StLAS-like is not expressed, resulted with increased SGA level and reduced phytosterol level, while in the tuber flesh SGA level was reduced. StLAS-like expression only in tuber flesh may explain the differential accumulation of SGAs in commercial cultivars-low in tubers, high in leaves. In leaves, to maintain phytosterol homeostasis, an excess of intermediates may be diverted into SGA biosynthesis, whereas in tuber flesh these intermediates are catalyzed by tuber-specific StLAS-like instead, resulting in low levels of SGA.
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Affiliation(s)
- Akhilesh Kumar
- Institute of Plant Sciences, ARO, The Volcani Center, P. O. Box 15159, 7505101, Rishon LeZiyyon, Israel
| | - Edna Fogelman
- Institute of Plant Sciences, ARO, The Volcani Center, P. O. Box 15159, 7505101, Rishon LeZiyyon, Israel
| | - Mira Weissberg
- Institute of Plant Sciences, ARO, The Volcani Center, P. O. Box 15159, 7505101, Rishon LeZiyyon, Israel
| | - Zachariah Tanami
- Institute of Plant Sciences, ARO, The Volcani Center, P. O. Box 15159, 7505101, Rishon LeZiyyon, Israel
| | | | - Idit Ginzberg
- Institute of Plant Sciences, ARO, The Volcani Center, P. O. Box 15159, 7505101, Rishon LeZiyyon, Israel.
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20
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Genome diversity of tuber-bearing Solanum uncovers complex evolutionary history and targets of domestication in the cultivated potato. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2017; 114:E9999-E10008. [PMID: 29087343 PMCID: PMC5699086 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.1714380114] [Citation(s) in RCA: 157] [Impact Index Per Article: 22.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/26/2022] Open
Abstract
Worldwide, potato is the third most important crop grown for direct human consumption, but breeders have struggled to produce new varieties that outperform those released over a century ago, as evidenced by the most widely grown North American cultivar (Russet Burbank) released in 1876. Despite its importance, potato genetic diversity at the whole-genome level remains largely unexplored. Analysis of cultivated potato and its wild relatives using modern genomics approaches can provide insight into the genomic diversity of extant germplasm, reveal historic introgressions and hybridization events, and identify genes targeted during domestication that control variance for agricultural traits, all critical information to address food security in 21st century agriculture. Cultivated potatoes (Solanum tuberosum L.), domesticated from wild Solanum species native to the Andes of southern Peru, possess a diverse gene pool representing more than 100 tuber-bearing relatives (Solanum section Petota). A diversity panel of wild species, landraces, and cultivars was sequenced to assess genetic variation within tuber-bearing Solanum and the impact of domestication on genome diversity and identify key loci selected for cultivation in North and South America. Sequence diversity of diploid and tetraploid S. tuberosum exceeded any crop resequencing study to date, in part due to expanded wild introgressions following polyploidy that captured alleles outside of their geographic origin. We identified 2,622 genes as under selection, with only 14–16% shared by North American and Andean cultivars, showing that a limited gene set drove early improvement of cultivated potato, while adaptation of upland (S. tuberosum group Andigena) and lowland (S. tuberosum groups Chilotanum and Tuberosum) populations targeted distinct loci. Signatures of selection were uncovered in genes controlling carbohydrate metabolism, glycoalkaloid biosynthesis, the shikimate pathway, the cell cycle, and circadian rhythm. Reduced sexual fertility that accompanied the shift to asexual reproduction in cultivars was reflected by signatures of selection in genes regulating pollen development/gametogenesis. Exploration of haplotype diversity at potato’s maturity locus (StCDF1) revealed introgression of truncated alleles from wild species, particularly S. microdontum in long-day–adapted cultivars. This study uncovers a historic role of wild Solanum species in the diversification of long-day–adapted tetraploid potatoes, showing that extant natural populations represent an essential source of untapped adaptive potential.
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Vulavala VKR, Fogelman E, Rozental L, Faigenboim A, Tanami Z, Shoseyov O, Ginzberg I. Identification of genes related to skin development in potato. PLANT MOLECULAR BIOLOGY 2017; 94:481-494. [PMID: 28536883 DOI: 10.1007/s11103-017-0619-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/02/2017] [Accepted: 05/15/2017] [Indexed: 05/20/2023]
Abstract
Newly identified genes that are preferentially expressed in potato skin include genes that are associated with the secondary cell wall and stress-related activities and contribute to the skin's protective function. Microarrays were used to compare the skin and tuber-flesh transcriptomes of potato, to identify genes that contribute to the unique characteristics of the skin as a protective tissue. Functional gene analysis indicated that genes involved in developmental processes such as cell division, cell differentiation, morphogenesis and secondary cell wall formation (lignification and suberization), and stress-related activities, are more highly expressed in the skin than in the tuber flesh. Several genes that were differentially expressed in the skin (as verified by qPCR) and had not been previously identified in potato were selected for further analysis. These included the StKCS20-like, StFAR3, StCYP86A22 and StPOD72-like genes, whose sequences suggest that they may be closely related to known suberin-related genes; the StHAP3 transcription factor that directs meristem-specific expression; and the StCASP1B2-like and StCASP1-like genes, which are two orthologs of a protein family that mediates the formation of Casparian strips in the suberized endodermis of Arabidopsis roots. An examination of microtubers induced from transgenic plants carrying GUS reporter constructs of these genes indicated that these genes were expressed in the skin, with little to no expression in the tuber flesh. Some of the reporter constructs were preferentially expressed in the inner layers of the skin, the root endodermis, the vascular cambium and the epidermis of the stem. Cis-regulatory elements within the respective promoter sequences support this gene-expression pattern.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vijaya K R Vulavala
- Institute of Plant Sciences, Agricultural Research Organization, The Volcani Center, 68 HaMaccabim Road, P.O. Box 15159, Rishon LeZion, 7505101, Israel
- The Robert H. Smith Institute of Plant Sciences and Genetics in Agriculture, Robert H. Smith Faculty of Agriculture, Food and Environment, The Hebrew University of Jerusalem, P.O. Box 12, Rehovot, 76100, Israel
| | - Edna Fogelman
- Institute of Plant Sciences, Agricultural Research Organization, The Volcani Center, 68 HaMaccabim Road, P.O. Box 15159, Rishon LeZion, 7505101, Israel
| | - Lior Rozental
- Institute of Plant Sciences, Agricultural Research Organization, The Volcani Center, 68 HaMaccabim Road, P.O. Box 15159, Rishon LeZion, 7505101, Israel
| | - Adi Faigenboim
- Institute of Plant Sciences, Agricultural Research Organization, The Volcani Center, 68 HaMaccabim Road, P.O. Box 15159, Rishon LeZion, 7505101, Israel
| | - Zachariah Tanami
- Institute of Plant Sciences, Agricultural Research Organization, The Volcani Center, 68 HaMaccabim Road, P.O. Box 15159, Rishon LeZion, 7505101, Israel
| | - Oded Shoseyov
- The Robert H. Smith Institute of Plant Sciences and Genetics in Agriculture, Robert H. Smith Faculty of Agriculture, Food and Environment, The Hebrew University of Jerusalem, P.O. Box 12, Rehovot, 76100, Israel
| | - Idit Ginzberg
- Institute of Plant Sciences, Agricultural Research Organization, The Volcani Center, 68 HaMaccabim Road, P.O. Box 15159, Rishon LeZion, 7505101, Israel.
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Tian Y, Feng F, Zhang B, Li M, Wang F, Gu L, Chen A, Li Z, Shan W, Wang X, Chen X, Zhang Z. Transcriptome analysis reveals metabolic alteration due to consecutive monoculture and abiotic stress stimuli in Rehamannia glutinosa Libosch. PLANT CELL REPORTS 2017; 36:859-875. [PMID: 28275853 DOI: 10.1007/s00299-017-2115-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/26/2016] [Accepted: 02/07/2017] [Indexed: 06/06/2023]
Abstract
We deeply investigated the mechanism underlying metabolic regulation in response to consecutive monoculture (replanting disease) and different abiotic stresses that unfolded the response mechanism to consecutive monoculture problem through RNA-seq analysis. The consecutive monoculture problem (CMP) resulted of complex environmental stresses mediated by multiple factors. Previous studies have noted that multiple stress factors in consecutive monoculture soils or plants severely limited the interpretation of the critical molecular mechanism, and made a predict that the specifically responding factor was autotoxic allelochemicals. To identify the specifically responding genes, we compared transcriptome changes in roots of Rehamannia glutinosa Libosch using consecutive monoculture, salt, drought, and ferulic acid as stress factors. Comparing with normal growth, 2502, 2672, 2485, and 1956 genes were differentially expressed in R. glutinosa under consecutive monoculture practice, salt, drought, and ferulic acid stress, respectively. In addition, 510 genes were specifically expressed under consecutive monoculture, which were not present under the other stress conditions. Integrating the biological and enrichment analyses of the differentially expressed genes, the result demonstrated that the plants could alter enzyme genes expression to reconstruct the complicated metabolic pathways, which used to tolerate the CMP and abiotic stresses. Furthermore, most of the affected pathway genes were closely related to secondary metabolic processes, and the influence of consecutive monoculture practice on the transcriptome genes expression profile was very similar to the profile under salt stress and then to the profile under drought stress. The outlined schematic diagram unfolded the putative signal regulation mechanism in response to the CMP. Genes that differentially up- or down-regulated under consecutive monoculture practice may play important roles in the CMP or replanting disease in R. glutinosa.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yunhe Tian
- College of Crop Science, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou, 350002, China
| | - Fajie Feng
- College of Crop Science, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou, 350002, China
| | - Bao Zhang
- College of Crop Science, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou, 350002, China
| | - Mingjie Li
- College of Crop Science, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou, 350002, China
| | - Fengqing Wang
- Henan Agricultural University, Zhengzhou, 450002, China
| | - Li Gu
- College of Crop Science, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou, 350002, China
| | - Aiguo Chen
- College of Crop Science, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou, 350002, China
| | - Zhanjie Li
- College of Crop Science, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou, 350002, China
| | - Wenbo Shan
- College of Crop Science, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou, 350002, China
| | - Xiaoran Wang
- Henan Agricultural University, Zhengzhou, 450002, China
| | - Xinjian Chen
- Henan Agricultural University, Zhengzhou, 450002, China
| | - Zhongyi Zhang
- College of Crop Science, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou, 350002, China.
- Key Laboratory of Crop Ecology and Molecular Physiology (Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University), Fujian Province University, Fuzhou, 350002, China.
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Kelly G, Lugassi N, Belausov E, Wolf D, Khamaisi B, Brandsma D, Kottapalli J, Fidel L, Ben-Zvi B, Egbaria A, Acheampong AK, Zheng C, Or E, Distelfeld A, David-Schwartz R, Carmi N, Granot D. The Solanum tuberosum KST1 partial promoter as a tool for guard cell expression in multiple plant species. JOURNAL OF EXPERIMENTAL BOTANY 2017; 68:2885-2897. [PMID: 28531314 PMCID: PMC5853950 DOI: 10.1093/jxb/erx159] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/17/2017] [Accepted: 04/19/2017] [Indexed: 05/10/2023]
Abstract
To date, guard cell promoters have been examined in only a few species, primarily annual dicots. A partial segment of the potato (Solanum tuberosum) KST1 promoter (KST1 partial promoter, KST1ppro) has previously been shown to confer guard cell expression in potato, tomato (Solanum lycopersicum), citrus [Troyer citrange (C. sinensis×Poncirus trifoliata)], and Arabidopsis (Arabidopsis thaliana). Here, we describe an extensive analysis of the expression pattern of KST1ppro in eight (previously reported, as well as new) species from five different angiosperm families, including the Solanaceae and the Cucurbitaceae, Arabidopsis, the monocot barley (Hordeum vulgare), and two perennial species: grapevine (Vitis vinifera) and citrus. Using confocal imaging and three-dimensional movies, we demonstrate that KST1ppro drives guard cell expression in all of these species, making it the first dicot-originated guard cell promoter shown to be active in a monocot and the first promoter reported to confer guard cell expression in barley and cucumber (Cucumis sativus). The results presented here indicate that KST1ppro can be used to drive constitutive guard cell expression in monocots and dicots and in both annual and perennial plants. In addition, we show that the KST1ppro is active in guard cells shortly after the symmetric division of the guard mother cell and generates stable expression in mature guard cells. This allows us to follow the spatial and temporal distribution of stomata in cotyledons and true leaves.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gilor Kelly
- Institute of Plant Sciences, Agricultural Research Organization, The Volcani Center, Rishon LeZion, Israel
| | - Nitsan Lugassi
- Institute of Plant Sciences, Agricultural Research Organization, The Volcani Center, Rishon LeZion, Israel
| | - Eduard Belausov
- Institute of Plant Sciences, Agricultural Research Organization, The Volcani Center, Rishon LeZion, Israel
| | - Dalia Wolf
- Institute of Plant Sciences, Agricultural Research Organization, The Volcani Center, Rishon LeZion, Israel
| | - Belal Khamaisi
- Institute of Plant Sciences, Agricultural Research Organization, The Volcani Center, Rishon LeZion, Israel
| | - Danja Brandsma
- Institute of Plant Sciences, Agricultural Research Organization, The Volcani Center, Rishon LeZion, Israel
- Horticulture and Product Physiology, Wageningen University, AP Wageningen, The Netherlands
| | - Jayaram Kottapalli
- Institute of Plant Sciences, Agricultural Research Organization, The Volcani Center, Rishon LeZion, Israel
| | - Lena Fidel
- Institute of Plant Sciences, Agricultural Research Organization, The Volcani Center, Rishon LeZion, Israel
| | - Batsheva Ben-Zvi
- Faculty of Life Sciences, Department of Molecular Biology and Ecology of Plants, Tel Aviv University, Israel
| | - Aiman Egbaria
- Institute of Plant Sciences, Agricultural Research Organization, The Volcani Center, Rishon LeZion, Israel
| | - Atiako Kwame Acheampong
- Institute of Plant Sciences, Agricultural Research Organization, The Volcani Center, Rishon LeZion, Israel
| | - Chuanlin Zheng
- Institute of Plant Sciences, Agricultural Research Organization, The Volcani Center, Rishon LeZion, Israel
| | - Etti Or
- Institute of Plant Sciences, Agricultural Research Organization, The Volcani Center, Rishon LeZion, Israel
| | - Assaf Distelfeld
- Faculty of Life Sciences, Department of Molecular Biology and Ecology of Plants, Tel Aviv University, Israel
| | - Rakefet David-Schwartz
- Institute of Plant Sciences, Agricultural Research Organization, The Volcani Center, Rishon LeZion, Israel
| | - Nir Carmi
- Institute of Plant Sciences, Agricultural Research Organization, The Volcani Center, Rishon LeZion, Israel
| | - David Granot
- Institute of Plant Sciences, Agricultural Research Organization, The Volcani Center, Rishon LeZion, Israel
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Transcript profiling of two potato cultivars during glycoalkaloid-inducing treatments shows differential expression of genes in sterol and glycoalkaloid metabolism. Sci Rep 2017; 7:43268. [PMID: 28256633 PMCID: PMC5335668 DOI: 10.1038/srep43268] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/03/2016] [Accepted: 01/23/2017] [Indexed: 11/29/2022] Open
Abstract
Steroidal glycoalkaloids (SGA) are sterol-derived neurotoxic defence substances present in several members of the Solanaceae. In the potato (Solanum tuberosum), high SGA levels may render tubers harmful for consumption. Tuber SGA levels depend on genetic factors, and can increase as a response to certain stresses and environmental conditions. To identify genes underlying the cultivar variation in tuber SGA levels, we investigated two potato cultivars differing in their SGA accumulation during wounding or light exposure; two known SGA-inducing treatments. Using microarray analysis coupled to sterol and SGA quantifications, we identified a small number of differentially expressed genes that were associated with increased SGA levels. Two of these genes, encoding distinct types of sterol Δ24-reductases, were by sense/antisense expression in transgenic potato plants shown to have differing roles in sterol and SGA metabolism. The results show that an increased SGA level in potato tubers during both wounding and light exposure is mediated by coordinated expression of a set of key genes in isoprenoid and steroid metabolism, and suggest that differences in this expression underlie cultivar variations in SGA levels. These results may find use within potato breeding and quality assessment.
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Joshi M, Fogelman E, Belausov E, Ginzberg I. Potato root system development and factors that determine its architecture. JOURNAL OF PLANT PHYSIOLOGY 2016; 205:113-123. [PMID: 27669493 DOI: 10.1016/j.jplph.2016.08.014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/02/2016] [Revised: 08/27/2016] [Accepted: 08/28/2016] [Indexed: 05/21/2023]
Abstract
The potato root system is often characterized as shallow and inefficient, with poor ability to extract water and minerals from the soil. Potato root system architecture (RSA) refers to its 3-dimensional structure as determined by adventitious root (AR) growth and branching through lateral roots (LR). Understanding how the root system develops holds potential to increase plant yield and optimize agricultural land use. Root system development was monitored in greenhouse-grown potato while a root-on-a-plate assay was developed to explore factors that affect AR and LR development. Expression study of LR-related genes was conducted. Transgenic plants carrying DR5:GFP and CycB1:GUS reporter genes were used to monitor auxin signaling and cell division during root primordia formation, respectively. Maximum root development occurred mainly during the 6-week post seed-tuber planting and slowed during the onset of tuberization. AR and LR development was coordinated - a positive correlation was found between the length of AR and LR and between LR length and number. The expression of LR-related genes was higher in LR than in AR. High nitrate levels reduced LR number and length, however ablation of root-cap by high temperature (33°C) or cutting resulted with enhanced formation of LR. Growth conditions affect AR and LR development in potato, determining the final architecture of its root system. The overall results indicate that LR formation in potato follows similar pattern as in model plants, facilitating study and manipulation of its RSA to improve soil exploitation and yield.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mukul Joshi
- Institute of Plant Sciences, Agricultural Research Organization, The Volcani Center, Bet Dagan 50250, Israel
| | - Edna Fogelman
- Institute of Plant Sciences, Agricultural Research Organization, The Volcani Center, Bet Dagan 50250, Israel
| | - Eduard Belausov
- Institute of Plant Sciences, Agricultural Research Organization, The Volcani Center, Bet Dagan 50250, Israel
| | - Idit Ginzberg
- Institute of Plant Sciences, Agricultural Research Organization, The Volcani Center, Bet Dagan 50250, Israel.
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Integrated RNA-seq and sRNA-seq analysis reveals miRNA effects on secondary metabolism in Solanum tuberosum L. Mol Genet Genomics 2016; 292:37-52. [PMID: 27679507 DOI: 10.1007/s00438-016-1253-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/10/2016] [Accepted: 09/22/2016] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
Abstract
Light is a major environmental factor that affects metabolic pathways and stimulates the production of secondary metabolites in potato. However, adaptive changes in potato metabolic pathways and physiological functions triggered by light are partly explained by gene expression changes. Regulation of secondary metabolic pathways in potato has been extensively studied at transcriptional level, but little is known about the mechanisms of post-transcriptional regulation by miRNAs. To identify light-responsive miRNAs/mRNAs and construct putative metabolism pathways regulated by the miRNA-mRNA pairs, an integrated omics (sRNAome and transcriptome) analysis was performed to potato under light stimulus. A total of 31 and 48 miRNAs were identified to be differentially expressed in the leaves and tubers, respectively. Among the DEGs, 1353 genes in the leaves and 1841 genes in the tubers were upregulated, while 1595 genes in the leaves and 897 genes in the tubers were downregulated by light. Mapman enrichment analyses showed that genes related to MVA pathway, alkaloids-like, phenylpropanoids, flavonoids, and carotenoids metabolism were significantly upregulated, while genes associated with major CHO metabolism were repressed in the leaves and tubers. Integrated miRNA and mRNA profiles revealed that light-responsive miRNAs are important regulators in alkaloids metabolism, UMP salvage, lipid biosynthesis, and cellulose catabolism. Moreover, several miRNAs may participate in glycoalkaloids metabolism via JA signaling pathway, UDP-glucose biosynthesis and hydroxylation reaction. This study provides a global view of miRNA and mRNA expression profiles in potato response to light, our results suggest that miRNAs might play important roles in secondary metabolic pathways, especially in glycoalkaloid biosynthesis. The findings will enlighten us on the genetic regulation of secondary metabolite pathways and pave the way for future application of genetically engineered potato.
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Zhao P, Wang M, Zhao L. Dissecting stylar responses to self-pollination in wild tomato self-compatible and self-incompatible species using comparative proteomics. PLANT PHYSIOLOGY AND BIOCHEMISTRY : PPB 2016; 106:177-186. [PMID: 27163628 DOI: 10.1016/j.plaphy.2016.05.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/14/2015] [Revised: 04/30/2016] [Accepted: 05/01/2016] [Indexed: 06/05/2023]
Abstract
Self-incompatibility (SI), a phenomenon that is widespread among flowering plants (angiosperms), promotes outbreeding, resulting in increased genetic diversity and species survival. SI is also important in establishing intra- or interspecies reproductive barriers, such as those that are evident in the tomato clade, Solanum section Lycopersicon, where they limit the use of wild species inbreeding programs to improve cultivated tomato. However, the molecular mechanisms underlying SI are poorly understood in the tomato clade. In this study, an SI (Solanum chilense, LA0130) and a self-compatible (SC, Solanum pimpinellifolium, LA1585) tomato species were chosen to dissect the mechanism of SI formation using a comparative proteomics approach. A total of 635 and 627 protein spots were detected in two-dimensional electrophoresis (2-DE) maps of proteins from the SI and SC species, respectively. In the SC species, 22 differently expressed proteins (DEPs) were detected in SCP versus SCUP (self-pollination versus non-pollination in SC species). Of these, 3 and 18 showed an up-or down-regulated expression in the SCP protein sample, respectively, while only one DEP (MSRA, Solyc03g111720) was exclusively expressed in the SCP sample. In the SI species, 14 DEPs were found between SIP/SIUP, and 5 of these showed higher expression in SIP, whereas two DEPs (MLP-like protein 423-like, gene ID, 460386008 and (ATP synthase subunit alpha, gene ID, Solyc00g042130) were exclusively expressed in SIP or SIUP, respectively. Finally, two S-RNases (gene IDs, 313247946 and 157377662) were exclusively expressed in the SI species. Sequence homology analysis and a gene ontology tool were used to assign the DEPs to the 'metabolism', 'energy', 'cytoskeleton dynamics', 'protein degradation', 'signal transduction', 'defence/stress responses', 'self-incompatibility' and 'unknown' protein categories. We discuss the putative functions of the DEPs in different biological processes and how these might be associated with the regulation of SI formation in the tomato clade.
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Affiliation(s)
- Panfeng Zhao
- Joint Tomato Research Institute, School of Agriculture and Biology, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai 200240, China; Plant Biotechnology Research Center, School of Agriculture and Biology, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai 200240, China
| | - Meng Wang
- Department of Environment Resource, School of Agriculture and Biology, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai 200240, China
| | - Lingxia Zhao
- Joint Tomato Research Institute, School of Agriculture and Biology, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai 200240, China; Plant Biotechnology Research Center, School of Agriculture and Biology, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai 200240, China.
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Potato tuber herbivory increases resistance to aboveground lepidopteran herbivores. Oecologia 2016; 182:177-87. [PMID: 27147449 DOI: 10.1007/s00442-016-3633-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/17/2016] [Accepted: 04/05/2016] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
Abstract
Plants mediate interactions between aboveground and belowground herbivores. Although effects of root herbivory on foliar herbivores have been documented in several plant species, interactions between tuber-feeding herbivores and foliar herbivores are rarely investigated. We report that localized tuber damage by Tecia solanivora (Guatemalan tuber moth) larvae reduced aboveground Spodoptera exigua (beet armyworm) and Spodoptera frugiperda (fall armyworm) performance on Solanum tuberosum (potato). Conversely, S. exigua leaf damage had no noticeable effect on belowground T. solanivora performance. Tuber infestation by T. solanivora induced systemic plant defenses and elevated resistance to aboveground herbivores. Lipoxygenase 3 (Lox3), which contributes to the synthesis of plant defense signaling molecules, had higher transcript abundance in T. solanivora-infested leaves and tubers than in equivalent control samples. Foliar expression of the hydroxycinnamoyl-CoA quinate hydroxycinnamoyl transferase (HQT) and 3-hydroxy-3-methylglutaryl CoA reductase I (HMGR1) genes, which are involved in chlorogenic acid and steroidal glycoalkaloid biosynthesis, respectively, also increased in response to tuber herbivory. Leaf metabolite profiling demonstrated the accumulation of unknown metabolites as well as the known potato defense compounds chlorogenic acid, α-solanine, and α-chaconine. When added to insect diet at concentrations similar to those found in potato leaves, chlorogenic acid, α-solanine, and α-chaconine all reduced S. exigua larval growth. Thus, despite the fact that tubers are a metabolic sink tissue, T. solanivora feeding elicits a systemic signal that induces aboveground resistance against S. exigua and S. frugiperda by increasing foliar abundance of defensive metabolites.
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GAME9 regulates the biosynthesis of steroidal alkaloids and upstream isoprenoids in the plant mevalonate pathway. Nat Commun 2016; 7:10654. [PMID: 26876023 PMCID: PMC4756317 DOI: 10.1038/ncomms10654] [Citation(s) in RCA: 178] [Impact Index Per Article: 22.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/22/2015] [Accepted: 01/07/2016] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
Steroidal glycoalkaloids (SGAs) are cholesterol-derived molecules produced by solanaceous species. They contribute to pathogen defence but are toxic to humans and considered as anti-nutritional compounds. Here we show that GLYCOALKALOID METABOLISM 9 (GAME9), an APETALA2/Ethylene Response Factor, related to regulators of alkaloid production in tobacco and Catharanthus roseus, controls SGA biosynthesis. GAME9 knockdown and overexpression in tomato and potato alters expression of SGAs and upstream mevalonate pathway genes including the cholesterol biosynthesis gene STEROL SIDE CHAIN REDUCTASE 2 (SSR2). Levels of SGAs, C24-alkylsterols and the upstream mevalonate and cholesterol pathways intermediates are modified in these plants. Δ(7)-STEROL-C5(6)-DESATURASE (C5-SD) in the hitherto unresolved cholesterol pathway is a direct target of GAME9. Transactivation and promoter-binding assays show that GAME9 exerts its activity either directly or cooperatively with the SlMYC2 transcription factor as in the case of the C5-SD gene promoter. Our findings provide insight into the regulation of SGA biosynthesis and means for manipulating these metabolites in crops.
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Mariot RF, de Oliveira LA, Voorhuijzen MM, Staats M, Hutten RCB, van Dijk JP, Kok EJ, Frazzon J. Characterization and Transcriptional Profile of Genes Involved in Glycoalkaloid Biosynthesis in New Varieties of Solanum tuberosum L. JOURNAL OF AGRICULTURAL AND FOOD CHEMISTRY 2016; 64:988-96. [PMID: 26768994 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jafc.5b05519] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/11/2023]
Abstract
Before commercial release, new potato (Solanum tuberosum) varieties must be evaluated for content of toxic compounds such as glycoalkaloids (GAs), which are potent poisons. GA biosynthesis proceeds via the cholesterol pathway to α-chaconine and α-solanine. The goal of this study was to evaluate the relationship between total glycoalkaloid (TGA) content and the expression of GAME, SGT1, and SGT3 genes in potato tubers. TGA content was measured by HPLC-MS, and reverse transcription quantitative polymerase chain reactions were performed to determine the relative expression of GAME, SGT1, and SGT3 genes. We searched for cis-elements of the transcription start site using the PlantPAN database. There was a relationship between TGA content and the relative expression of GAME, SGT1, and SGT3 genes in potato tubers. Putative promoter regions showed the presence of several cis-elements related to biotic and abiotic stresses and light. These findings provide an important step toward understanding TGA regulation and variation in potato tubers.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Marleen M Voorhuijzen
- RIKILT Food Safety Institute, Wageningen University , 6708 PB Wageningen, The Netherlands
| | - Martijn Staats
- RIKILT Food Safety Institute, Wageningen University , 6708 PB Wageningen, The Netherlands
| | | | - Jeroen P van Dijk
- RIKILT Food Safety Institute, Wageningen University , 6708 PB Wageningen, The Netherlands
| | - Esther J Kok
- RIKILT Food Safety Institute, Wageningen University , 6708 PB Wageningen, The Netherlands
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Singh AK, Dwivedi V, Rai A, Pal S, Reddy SGE, Rao DKV, Shasany AK, Nagegowda DA. Virus-induced gene silencing of Withania somnifera squalene synthase negatively regulates sterol and defence-related genes resulting in reduced withanolides and biotic stress tolerance. PLANT BIOTECHNOLOGY JOURNAL 2015; 13:1287-99. [PMID: 25809293 DOI: 10.1111/pbi.12347] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/27/2014] [Revised: 12/22/2014] [Accepted: 01/02/2015] [Indexed: 05/21/2023]
Abstract
Withania somnifera (L.) Dunal is an important Indian medicinal plant that produces withanolides, which are triterpenoid steroidal lactones having diverse biological activities. To enable fast and efficient functional characterization of genes in this slow-growing and difficult-to-transform plant, a virus-induced gene silencing (VIGS) was established by silencing phytoene desaturase (PDS) and squalene synthase (SQS). VIGS of the gene encoding SQS, which provides precursors for triterpenoids, resulted in significant reduction of squalene and withanolides, demonstrating its application in studying withanolides biosynthesis in W. somnifera leaves. A comprehensive analysis of gene expression and sterol pathway intermediates in WsSQS-vigs plants revealed transcriptional modulation with positive feedback regulation of mevalonate pathway genes, and negative feed-forward regulation of downstream sterol pathway genes including DWF1 (delta-24-sterol reductase) and CYP710A1 (C-22-sterol desaturase), resulting in significant reduction of sitosterol, campesterol and stigmasterol. However, there was little effect of SQS silencing on cholesterol, indicating the contribution of sitosterol, campesterol and stigmasterol, but not of cholesterol, towards withanolides formation. Branch-point oxidosqualene synthases in WsSQS-vigs plants exhibited differential regulation with reduced CAS (cycloartenol synthase) and cycloartenol, and induced BAS (β-amyrin synthase) and β-amyrin. Moreover, SQS silencing also led to the down-regulation of brassinosteroid-6-oxidase-2 (BR6OX2), pathogenesis-related (PR) and nonexpressor of PR (NPR) genes, resulting in reduced tolerance to bacterial and fungal infection as well as to insect feeding. Taken together, SQS silencing negatively regulated sterol and defence-related genes leading to reduced phytosterols, withanolides and biotic stress tolerance, thus implicating the application of VIGS for functional analysis of genes related to withanolides formation in W. somnifera leaves.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anup Kumar Singh
- Biotechnology Division, CSIR-Central Institute of Medicinal and Aromatic Plants, Lucknow, India
- CSIR-Central Institute of Medicinal and Aromatic Plants Research Centre, Bangalore, India
| | - Varun Dwivedi
- Biotechnology Division, CSIR-Central Institute of Medicinal and Aromatic Plants, Lucknow, India
- CSIR-Central Institute of Medicinal and Aromatic Plants Research Centre, Bangalore, India
| | - Avanish Rai
- Biotechnology Division, CSIR-Central Institute of Medicinal and Aromatic Plants, Lucknow, India
- CSIR-Central Institute of Medicinal and Aromatic Plants Research Centre, Bangalore, India
| | - Shaifali Pal
- Biotechnology Division, CSIR-Central Institute of Medicinal and Aromatic Plants, Lucknow, India
| | | | | | - Ajit Kumar Shasany
- Biotechnology Division, CSIR-Central Institute of Medicinal and Aromatic Plants, Lucknow, India
| | - Dinesh A Nagegowda
- Biotechnology Division, CSIR-Central Institute of Medicinal and Aromatic Plants, Lucknow, India
- CSIR-Central Institute of Medicinal and Aromatic Plants Research Centre, Bangalore, India
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Cárdenas PD, Sonawane PD, Heinig U, Bocobza SE, Burdman S, Aharoni A. The bitter side of the nightshades: Genomics drives discovery in Solanaceae steroidal alkaloid metabolism. PHYTOCHEMISTRY 2015; 113:24-32. [PMID: 25556315 DOI: 10.1016/j.phytochem.2014.12.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 73] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/13/2014] [Revised: 11/14/2014] [Accepted: 12/05/2014] [Indexed: 05/21/2023]
Abstract
Steroidal alkaloids (SAs) and their glycosylated forms (SGAs) are toxic compounds largely produced by members of the Solanaceae and Liliaceae plant families. This class of specialized metabolites serves as a chemical barrier against a broad range of pest and pathogens. In humans and animals, SAs are considered anti-nutritional factors because they affect the digestion and absorption of nutrients from food and might even cause poisoning. In spite of the first report on SAs nearly 200 years ago, much of the molecular basis of their biosynthesis and regulation remains unknown. Aspects concerning chemical structures and biological activities of SAs have been reviewed extensively elsewhere; therefore, in this review the latest insights to the elucidation of the SAs biosynthetic pathway are highlighted. Recently, co-expression analysis combined with metabolic profiling revealed metabolic gene clusters in tomato and potato that contain core genes required for production of the prominent SGAs in these two species. Elaborating the knowledge regarding the SAs biosynthetic pathway, the subcellular transport of these molecules, as well as the identification of regulatory and signaling factors associated with SA metabolism will likely advance understanding of chemical defense mechanisms in Solanaceae and Liliaceae plants. It will also provide the means to develop, through classical breeding or genetic engineering, crops with modified levels of anti-nutritional SAs.
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Affiliation(s)
- P D Cárdenas
- Department of Plant Sciences, Weizmann Institute of Science, Rehovot 76100, Israel; Department of Plant Pathology and Microbiology, The Robert H. Smith Faculty of Agriculture, Food and Environment, The Hebrew University of Jerusalem, Rehovot 76100, Israel
| | - P D Sonawane
- Department of Plant Sciences, Weizmann Institute of Science, Rehovot 76100, Israel
| | - U Heinig
- Department of Plant Sciences, Weizmann Institute of Science, Rehovot 76100, Israel
| | - S E Bocobza
- Department of Plant Sciences, Weizmann Institute of Science, Rehovot 76100, Israel
| | - S Burdman
- Department of Plant Pathology and Microbiology, The Robert H. Smith Faculty of Agriculture, Food and Environment, The Hebrew University of Jerusalem, Rehovot 76100, Israel
| | - A Aharoni
- Department of Plant Sciences, Weizmann Institute of Science, Rehovot 76100, Israel.
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Manrique-Carpintero NC, Tokuhisa JG, Ginzberg I, Veilleux RE. Allelic variation in genes contributing to glycoalkaloid biosynthesis in a diploid interspecific population of potato. TAG. THEORETICAL AND APPLIED GENETICS. THEORETISCHE UND ANGEWANDTE GENETIK 2014; 127:391-405. [PMID: 24190104 DOI: 10.1007/s00122-013-2226-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/10/2013] [Accepted: 10/22/2013] [Indexed: 06/02/2023]
Abstract
Variation for allelic state within genes of both primary and secondary metabolism influences the quantity and quality of steroidal glycoalkaloids produced in potato leaves. Genetic factors associated with the biosynthesis and accumulation of steroidal glycoalkaloids (SGAs) in potato were addressed by a candidate gene approach and whole genome single nucleotide polymorphism (SNP) genotyping. Allelic sequences spanning coding regions of four candidate genes [3-hydroxy-3-methylglutaryl coenzyme A reductase 2 (HMG2); 2,3-squalene epoxidase; solanidine galactosyltransferase; and solanidine glucosyltransferase (SGT2)] were obtained from two potato species differing in SGA composition: Solanum chacoense (chc 80-1) and Solanum tuberosum group Phureja (phu DH). An F2 population was genotyped and foliar SGAs quantified. The concentrations of α-solanine, α-chaconine, leptine I, leptine II and total SGAs varied broadly among F2 individuals. F2 plants with chc 80-1 alleles for HMG2 or SGT2 accumulated significantly greater leptines and total SGAs compared to plants with phu DH alleles. Plants with chc 80-1 alleles at both loci expressed the greatest levels of total SGAs, α-solanine and α-chaconine. A significant positive correlation was found between α-solanine and α-chaconine accumulation as well as between leptine I and leptine II. A whole genome SNP genotyping analysis of an F2 subsample verified the importance of chc 80-1 alleles at HMG2 and SGT2 for SGA synthesis and accumulation and suggested additional candidate genes including some previously associated with SGA production. Loci on five and seven potato pseudochromosomes were associated with synthesis and accumulation of SGAs, respectively. Two loci, on pseudochromosomes 1 and 6, explained phenotypic segregation of α-solanine and α-chaconine synthesis. Knowledge of the genetic factors influencing SGA production in potato may assist breeding for pest resistance.
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Retrospective view of North American potato (Solanum tuberosum L.) breeding in the 20th and 21st centuries. G3-GENES GENOMES GENETICS 2013; 3:1003-13. [PMID: 23589519 PMCID: PMC3689798 DOI: 10.1534/g3.113.005595] [Citation(s) in RCA: 74] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
Cultivated potato (Solanum tuberosum L.), a vegetatively propagated autotetraploid, has been bred for distinct market classes, including fresh market, pigmented, and processing varieties. Breeding efforts have relied on phenotypic selection of populations developed from intra- and intermarket class crosses and introgressions of wild and cultivated Solanum relatives. To retrospectively explore the effects of potato breeding at the genome level, we used 8303 single-nucleotide polymorphism markers to genotype a 250-line diversity panel composed of wild species, genetic stocks, and cultivated potato lines with release dates ranging from 1857 to 2011. Population structure analysis revealed four subpopulations within the panel, with cultivated potato lines grouping together and separate from wild species and genetic stocks. With pairwise kinship estimates clear separation between potato market classes was observed. Modern breeding efforts have scarcely changed the percentage of heterozygous loci or the frequency of homozygous, single-dose, and duplex loci on a genome level, despite concerted efforts by breeders. In contrast, clear selection in less than 50 years of breeding was observed for alleles in biosynthetic pathways important for market class-specific traits such as pigmentation and carbohydrate composition. Although improvement and diversification for distinct market classes was observed through whole-genome analysis of historic and current potato lines, an increased rate of gain from selection will be required to meet growing global food demands and challenges due to climate change. Understanding the genetic basis of diversification and trait improvement will allow for more rapid genome-guided improvement of potato in future breeding efforts.
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