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Zaheer MS, Rizwan M, Aijaz N, Hameed A, Ikram K, Ali HH, Niaz Y, Usman Aslam HM, Manoharadas S, Riaz MW, Ahmed N, Bibi R, Manzoor MA, Rehman S. Investigating the synergistic effects of biochar, trans-zeatin riboside, and Azospirillum brasilense on soil improvement and enzymatic activity in water-stressed wheat. BMC PLANT BIOLOGY 2024; 24:314. [PMID: 38654167 PMCID: PMC11036750 DOI: 10.1186/s12870-024-05038-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/22/2024] [Accepted: 04/17/2024] [Indexed: 04/25/2024]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Water stress is a major danger to crop yield, hence new approaches to strengthen plant resilience must be developed. To lessen the negative effects of water stress on wheat plants, present study was arranged to investigate the role of synergistic effects of biochar, trans-zeatin riboside (t-ZR), and Azospirillum brasilense on soil improvement and enzymatic activity in water-stressed wheat. RESULTS In a three-replication experiment comprising of four treatments (T0: Control, T1: Drought stress (DS), T2: DS + t-ZR with biochar, T3: DS + A. brasilense with biochar), we observed notable improvements in soil quality and enzymatic activities in water-stressed wheat plants with the application of t-ZR and A. brasilense with biochar. In drought stress, Treatment having the application of A. brasilense with biochar performs best as compared to the other and significant increased the enzymatic activities such as peroxidase (7.36%), catalase (8.53%), superoxide dismutase (6.01%), polyphenol oxidase (14.14%), and amylase (16.36%) in wheat plants. Different enzymatic activities showed different trends of results. Soil organic C, dissolved organic C, dissolved organic N also enhanced 29.46%, 8.59%, 22.70% respectively with the application of A. brasilense with biochar under drought stress condition. CONCLUSIONS The synergistic action of A. brasilense and biochar creates an effective microbiological environment that supports essential plant physiological processes during drought stress. This enhancement is attributed to improved soil fertility and increased organic matter content, highlighting the potential of these novel strategies in mitigating water stress effects and enhancing crop resilience.
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Affiliation(s)
- Muhammad Saqlain Zaheer
- Department of Agricultural Engineering, Khwaja Fareed University of Engineering and Information Technology, Rahim Yar Khan, Pakistan.
| | - Muhammad Rizwan
- Department of Plant Nutrition, Institute of Crop Science and Resource Conservation (INRES), University of Bonn, 53115, Bonn, Germany.
| | - Nazish Aijaz
- School of Biomedical Science, Hunan University, Changsha, Hunan, China
- MOA Key Laboratory of Soil Microbiology, Rhizobium Research Center, China Agricultural University, Beijing, China
| | - Akhtar Hameed
- Institute of Plant Protection, MNS University of Agriculture, Multan, 61000, Pakistan
| | - Kamran Ikram
- Department of Agricultural Engineering, Khwaja Fareed University of Engineering and Information Technology, Rahim Yar Khan, Pakistan
| | - Hafiz Haider Ali
- Department of Agriculture, Government College University, Lahore, 54000, Pakistan
- Crop, Soil, and Environmental Sciences, University of Arkansas, Fayetteville, AR, USA
| | - Yasir Niaz
- Department of Agricultural Engineering, Khwaja Fareed University of Engineering and Information Technology, Rahim Yar Khan, Pakistan
| | - Hafiz M Usman Aslam
- Institute of Plant Protection, MNS University of Agriculture, Multan, 61000, Pakistan
- Department of Plant Pathology, San Luis Valley Research Center, Colorado State University, Colorado, USA
| | - Salim Manoharadas
- Department of Botany and Microbiology, College of Science, King Saud University, Riyadh, 11451, Saudi Arabia.
| | - Muhammad Waheed Riaz
- State Key Laboratory of Wheat Breeding, Group of Wheat Quality and Molecular Breeding, College of Agronomy, Shandong Agricultural University, Tai'an, Shandong, 271000, China
| | - Nadeem Ahmed
- Institute of Plant Protection, MNS University of Agriculture, Multan, 61000, Pakistan
| | - Rani Bibi
- Institute of Plant Protection, MNS University of Agriculture, Multan, 61000, Pakistan
| | - Muhammad Aamir Manzoor
- Department of Plant Science, School of Agriculture and Biology, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, P.R. China
| | - Shamsur Rehman
- National Key Laboratory of Wheat Improvement, Peking University Institute of Advanced Agricultural Sciences, Weifang, 261325, China
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2
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Akhiyarova G, Finkina EI, Zhang K, Veselov D, Vafina G, Ovchinnikova TV, Kudoyarova G. The Long-Distance Transport of Some Plant Hormones and Possible Involvement of Lipid-Binding and Transfer Proteins in Hormonal Transport. Cells 2024; 13:364. [PMID: 38474328 DOI: 10.3390/cells13050364] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/30/2023] [Revised: 02/16/2024] [Accepted: 02/18/2024] [Indexed: 03/14/2024] Open
Abstract
Adaptation to changes in the environment depends, in part, on signaling between plant organs to integrate adaptive response at the level of the whole organism. Changes in the delivery of hormones from one organ to another through the vascular system strongly suggest that hormone transport is involved in the transmission of signals over long distances. However, there is evidence that, alternatively, systemic responses may be brought about by other kinds of signals (e.g., hydraulic or electrical) capable of inducing changes in hormone metabolism in distant organs. Long-distance transport of hormones is therefore a matter of debate. This review summarizes arguments for and against the involvement of the long-distance transport of cytokinins in signaling mineral nutrient availability from roots to the shoot. It also assesses the evidence for the role of abscisic acid (ABA) and jasmonates in long-distance signaling of water deficiency and the possibility that Lipid-Binding and Transfer Proteins (LBTPs) facilitate the long-distance transport of hormones. It is assumed that proteins of this type raise the solubility of hydrophobic substances such as ABA and jasmonates in hydrophilic spaces, thereby enabling their movement in solution throughout the plant. This review collates evidence that LBTPs bind to cytokinins, ABA, and jasmonates and that cytokinins, ABA, and LBTPs are present in xylem and phloem sap and co-localize at sites of loading into vascular tissues and at sites of unloading from the phloem. The available evidence indicates a functional interaction between LBTPs and these hormones.
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Affiliation(s)
- Guzel Akhiyarova
- Ufa Institute of Biology, Ufa Federal Research Centre of the Russian Academy of Sciences, Prospekt Oktyabrya, 69, 450054 Ufa, Russia
| | - Ekaterina I Finkina
- M.M. Shemyakin & Yu.A. Ovchinnikov Institute of Bioorganic Chemistry, Russian Academy of Sciences, Miklukho-Maklaya Str. 16/10, 117997 Moscow, Russia
| | - Kewei Zhang
- Zhejiang Provincial Key Laboratory of Biotechnology on Specialty Economic Plants, College of 10 Life Sciences, Zhejiang Normal University, Jinhua 321004, China
| | - Dmitriy Veselov
- Ufa Institute of Biology, Ufa Federal Research Centre of the Russian Academy of Sciences, Prospekt Oktyabrya, 69, 450054 Ufa, Russia
| | - Gulnara Vafina
- Ufa Institute of Biology, Ufa Federal Research Centre of the Russian Academy of Sciences, Prospekt Oktyabrya, 69, 450054 Ufa, Russia
| | - Tatiana V Ovchinnikova
- M.M. Shemyakin & Yu.A. Ovchinnikov Institute of Bioorganic Chemistry, Russian Academy of Sciences, Miklukho-Maklaya Str. 16/10, 117997 Moscow, Russia
| | - Guzel Kudoyarova
- Ufa Institute of Biology, Ufa Federal Research Centre of the Russian Academy of Sciences, Prospekt Oktyabrya, 69, 450054 Ufa, Russia
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3
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Tcherkez G, Ben Mariem S, Jauregui I, Larraya L, García-Mina JM, Zamarreño AM, Fangmeier A, Aranjuelo I. Differential effects of elevated CO 2 on awn and glume metabolism in durum wheat ( Triticum durum). FUNCTIONAL PLANT BIOLOGY : FPB 2024; 51:FP23255. [PMID: 38388529 DOI: 10.1071/fp23255] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/26/2023] [Accepted: 02/07/2024] [Indexed: 02/24/2024]
Abstract
While the effect of CO2 enrichment on wheat (Triticum spp.) photosynthesis, nitrogen content or yield has been well-studied, the impact of elevated CO2 on metabolic pathways in organs other than leaves is poorly documented. In particular, glumes and awns, which may refix CO2 respired by developing grains and be naturally exposed to higher-than-ambient CO2 mole fraction, could show specific responses to elevated CO2 . Here, we took advantage of a free-air CO2 enrichment experiment and performed multilevel analyses, including metabolomics, ionomics, proteomics, major hormones and isotopes in Triticum durum . While in leaves, elevated CO2 tended to accelerate amino acid metabolism with many significantly affected metabolites, the effect on glumes and awns metabolites was modest. There was a lower content in compounds of the polyamine pathway (along with uracile and allantoin) under elevated CO2 , suggesting a change in secondary N metabolism. Also, cytokinin metabolism appeared to be significantly affected under elevated CO2 . Despite this, elevated CO2 did not affect the final composition of awn and glume organic matter, with the same content in carbon, nitrogen and other elements. We conclude that elevated CO2 mostly impacts on leaf metabolism but has little effect in awns and glumes, including their composition at maturity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Guillaume Tcherkez
- Research School of Biology, ANU Joint College of Sciences, Australian National University, Canberra, ACT 2601, Australia; and Institut de Recherche en Horticulture et Semences, INRA d'Angers, Université d'Angers, Structure Fédérative de Recherche QUASAV, 42 rue Georges Morel, Beaucouzé 49071, France
| | - Sinda Ben Mariem
- AgroBiotechnology Institute (IdAB), CSIC-Government of Navarre, Av. Pamplona 123, Mutilva 31006, Spain
| | - Iván Jauregui
- Institute for Multidisciplinary Applied Biology, Universidad Pública de Navarra, Campus Arrosadia, Pamplona 31006, Spain
| | - Luis Larraya
- Institute for Multidisciplinary Applied Biology, Universidad Pública de Navarra, Campus Arrosadia, Pamplona 31006, Spain
| | - Jose M García-Mina
- Universidad de Navarra, Facultades de Ciencias y Farmacia y Nutrición, Grupo de Biología y Química Agrícola (Departamento de Biología Ambiental), c/Irunlarrea 1, Pamplona 31008, Spain
| | - Angel M Zamarreño
- Universidad de Navarra, Facultades de Ciencias y Farmacia y Nutrición, Grupo de Biología y Química Agrícola (Departamento de Biología Ambiental), c/Irunlarrea 1, Pamplona 31008, Spain
| | - Andreas Fangmeier
- Institute of Landscape and Plant Ecology, University of Hohenheim, Ottilie-Zeller-Weg 3, Stuttgart 70599, Germany
| | - Iker Aranjuelo
- AgroBiotechnology Institute (IdAB), CSIC-Government of Navarre, Av. Pamplona 123, Mutilva 31006, Spain
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Xu Y, Ran S, Li S, Lu J, Huang W, Zheng J, Hou M, Zhong F. Genome-Wide Identification and Abiotic Stress Expression Analysis of CKX and IPT Family Genes in Cucumber ( Cucumis sativus L.). PLANTS (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2024; 13:422. [PMID: 38337953 PMCID: PMC10856886 DOI: 10.3390/plants13030422] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/30/2023] [Revised: 01/21/2024] [Accepted: 01/26/2024] [Indexed: 02/12/2024]
Abstract
Cytokinins (CKs) are among the hormones that regulate plants' growth and development, and the CKX and IPT genes, which are CK degradation and biosynthesis genes, respectively, play important roles in fine-tuning plants' cytokinin levels. However, the current research on the function of IPT and CKX in cucumber's growth, development, and response to abiotic stress is not specific enough, and their regulatory mechanisms are still unclear. In this study, we focused on the IPT and CKX genes in cucumber, analyzed the physiological and biochemical properties of their encoded proteins, and explored their expression patterns in different tissue parts and under low light, salt stress, and drought stress. Eight CsCKX and eight CsIPT genes were identified from the cucumber genome. We constructed a phylogenetic tree from the amino acid sequences and performed prediction analyses of the cis-acting elements of the CsCKX and CsIPT promoters to determine whether CsCKXs and CsIPTs are responsive to light, abiotic stress, and different hormones. We also performed expression analysis of these genes in different tissues, and we found that CsCKXs and CsIPTs were highly expressed in roots and male flowers. Thus, they are involved in the whole growth and development process of the plant. This paper provides a reference for further research on the biological functions of CsIPT and CsCKX in regulating the growth and development of cucumber and its response to abiotic stress.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yang Xu
- College of Horticulture, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou 350002, China; (Y.X.); (S.R.); (J.L.)
| | - Shengxiang Ran
- College of Horticulture, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou 350002, China; (Y.X.); (S.R.); (J.L.)
| | - Shuhao Li
- College of Horticulture, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou 350002, China; (Y.X.); (S.R.); (J.L.)
| | - Junyang Lu
- College of Horticulture, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou 350002, China; (Y.X.); (S.R.); (J.L.)
| | | | - Jingyuan Zheng
- Vegetable Research Institute, Hunan Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Changsha 410128, China;
| | - Maomao Hou
- College of Horticulture, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou 350002, China; (Y.X.); (S.R.); (J.L.)
| | - Fenglin Zhong
- College of Horticulture, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou 350002, China; (Y.X.); (S.R.); (J.L.)
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5
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Dang DH, Kernaghan A, Emery RJN, Thompson KA, Kisiala A, Wang W. The mixed blessings of rare earth element supplements for tomatoes and ferns. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2024; 906:167822. [PMID: 37838051 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2023.167822] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/01/2023] [Revised: 10/09/2023] [Accepted: 10/11/2023] [Indexed: 10/16/2023]
Abstract
Rare earth elements (REEs) constitute a key group of critical minerals that are strategic for the global low-carbon economy and several United Nations Sustainable Development Goals. Their expected escalating emissions into the environment from emerging anthropogenic sources can negatively affect natural ecosystems. However, their hormetic effects make these elements effective fertilizers to promote crop production. Here, we investigate the response of tomatoes and ferns to REE exposure (La, Gd, Yb). While ferns were unresponsive to REEs, these elements promote evident benefits in tomatoes, e.g., elevating nutrient uptake, higher photosynthetic capacity and phytohormone enhancement to allocate energy to green tissue and root development. Nevertheless, the non-selective cation uptake incurs risks of accumulating non-essential elements in edible tissues. These evident benefits of REEs on crops support applications in agricultural production systems, create added value to the global distribution and promote better material flow management of REEs as strategic and critical resources.
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Affiliation(s)
- Duc Huy Dang
- School of the Environment, Trent University, Peterborough, Canada; Department of Chemistry, Trent University, Peterborough, Canada.
| | - Ashlyn Kernaghan
- School of the Environment, Trent University, Peterborough, Canada
| | - R J Neil Emery
- Department of Biology, Trent University, Peterborough, Canada
| | - Karen A Thompson
- School of the Environment, Trent University, Peterborough, Canada
| | - Anna Kisiala
- Department of Biology, Trent University, Peterborough, Canada
| | - Wei Wang
- School of the Environment, Trent University, Peterborough, Canada
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6
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Fiutek N, Couger MB, Pirro S, Roy SW, de la Torre JR, Connor EF. Genomic Assessment of the Contribution of the Wolbachia Endosymbiont of Eurosta solidaginis to Gall Induction. Int J Mol Sci 2023; 24:ijms24119613. [PMID: 37298563 DOI: 10.3390/ijms24119613] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/31/2023] [Revised: 05/25/2023] [Accepted: 05/25/2023] [Indexed: 06/12/2023] Open
Abstract
We explored the genome of the Wolbachia strain, wEsol, symbiotic with the plant-gall-inducing fly Eurosta solidaginis with the goal of determining if wEsol contributes to gall induction by its insect host. Gall induction by insects has been hypothesized to involve the secretion of the phytohormones cytokinin and auxin and/or proteinaceous effectors to stimulate cell division and growth in the host plant. We sequenced the metagenome of E. solidaginis and wEsol and assembled and annotated the genome of wEsol. The wEsol genome has an assembled length of 1.66 Mbp and contains 1878 protein-coding genes. The wEsol genome is replete with proteins encoded by mobile genetic elements and shows evidence of seven different prophages. We also detected evidence of multiple small insertions of wEsol genes into the genome of the host insect. Our characterization of the genome of wEsol indicates that it is compromised in the synthesis of dimethylallyl pyrophosphate (DMAPP) and S-adenosyl L-methionine (SAM), which are precursors required for the synthesis of cytokinins and methylthiolated cytokinins. wEsol is also incapable of synthesizing tryptophan, and its genome contains no enzymes in any of the known pathways for the synthesis of indole-3-acetic acid (IAA) from tryptophan. wEsol must steal DMAPP and L-methionine from its host and therefore is unlikely to provide cytokinin and auxin to its insect host for use in gall induction. Furthermore, in spite of its large repertoire of predicted Type IV secreted effector proteins, these effectors are more likely to contribute to the acquisition of nutrients and the manipulation of the host's cellular environment to contribute to growth and reproduction of wEsol than to aid E. solidaginis in manipulating its host plant. Combined with earlier work that shows that wEsol is absent from the salivary glands of E. solidaginis, our results suggest that wEsol does not contribute to gall induction by its host.
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Affiliation(s)
- Natalie Fiutek
- Department of Biology, San Francisco State University, San Francisco, CA 94112, USA
| | - Matthew B Couger
- Department of Thoracic Surgery, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115, USA
| | - Stacy Pirro
- Iridian Genomes Inc., Bethesda, MD 20817, USA
| | - Scott W Roy
- Department of Biology, San Francisco State University, San Francisco, CA 94112, USA
| | - José R de la Torre
- Department of Biology, San Francisco State University, San Francisco, CA 94112, USA
| | - Edward F Connor
- Department of Biology, San Francisco State University, San Francisco, CA 94112, USA
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7
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Cao D, Chabikwa T, Barbier F, Dun EA, Fichtner F, Dong L, Kerr SC, Beveridge CA. Auxin-independent effects of apical dominance induce changes in phytohormones correlated with bud outgrowth. PLANT PHYSIOLOGY 2023; 192:1420-1434. [PMID: 36690819 PMCID: PMC10231355 DOI: 10.1093/plphys/kiad034] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/24/2022] [Revised: 12/20/2022] [Accepted: 12/20/2022] [Indexed: 06/01/2023]
Abstract
The inhibition of shoot branching by the growing shoot tip of plants, termed apical dominance, was originally thought to be mediated by auxin. Recently, the importance of the shoot tip sink strength during apical dominance has re-emerged with recent studies highlighting roles for sugars in promoting branching. This raises many unanswered questions on the relative roles of auxin and sugars in apical dominance. Here we show that auxin depletion after decapitation is not always the initial trigger of rapid cytokinin (CK) increases in buds that are instead correlated with enhanced sugars. Auxin may also act through strigolactones (SLs) which have been shown to suppress branching after decapitation, but here we show that SLs do not have a significant effect on initial bud outgrowth after decapitation. We report here that when sucrose or CK is abundant, SLs are less inhibitory during the bud release stage compared to during later stages and that SL treatment rapidly inhibits CK accumulation in pea (Pisum sativum) axillary buds of intact plants. After initial bud release, we find an important role of gibberellin (GA) in promoting sustained bud growth downstream of auxin. We are, therefore, able to suggest a model of apical dominance that integrates auxin, sucrose, SLs, CKs, and GAs and describes differences in signalling across stages of bud release to sustained growth.
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Affiliation(s)
- Da Cao
- ARC Centre of Excellence for Plant Success in Nature and Agriculture, School of Biological Sciences, The University of Queensland, Brisbane, QLD 4072, Australia
- School of Biological Sciences, The University of Queensland, Brisbane, QLD 4072, Australia
| | - Tinashe Chabikwa
- School of Biological Sciences, The University of Queensland, Brisbane, QLD 4072, Australia
| | - Francois Barbier
- ARC Centre of Excellence for Plant Success in Nature and Agriculture, School of Biological Sciences, The University of Queensland, Brisbane, QLD 4072, Australia
- School of Biological Sciences, The University of Queensland, Brisbane, QLD 4072, Australia
| | - Elizabeth A Dun
- ARC Centre of Excellence for Plant Success in Nature and Agriculture, School of Biological Sciences, The University of Queensland, Brisbane, QLD 4072, Australia
- School of Biological Sciences, The University of Queensland, Brisbane, QLD 4072, Australia
| | - Franziska Fichtner
- ARC Centre of Excellence for Plant Success in Nature and Agriculture, School of Biological Sciences, The University of Queensland, Brisbane, QLD 4072, Australia
- School of Biological Sciences, The University of Queensland, Brisbane, QLD 4072, Australia
| | - Lili Dong
- School of Biological Sciences, The University of Queensland, Brisbane, QLD 4072, Australia
| | - Stephanie C Kerr
- School of Biological Sciences, The University of Queensland, Brisbane, QLD 4072, Australia
| | - Christine A Beveridge
- ARC Centre of Excellence for Plant Success in Nature and Agriculture, School of Biological Sciences, The University of Queensland, Brisbane, QLD 4072, Australia
- School of Biological Sciences, The University of Queensland, Brisbane, QLD 4072, Australia
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8
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Jameson PE. Zeatin: The 60th anniversary of its identification. PLANT PHYSIOLOGY 2023; 192:34-55. [PMID: 36789623 PMCID: PMC10152681 DOI: 10.1093/plphys/kiad094] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/16/2022] [Revised: 02/06/2023] [Accepted: 02/08/2023] [Indexed: 05/03/2023]
Abstract
While various labs had shown cell division-inducing activity in a variety of plant extracts for over a decade, the identification of zeatin (Z) in 1964, the first known naturally occurring cytokinin, belongs to Letham and co-workers. Using extracts from maize (Zea mays), they were the first to obtain crystals of pure Z and in sufficient quantity for structural determination by MS, NMR, chromatography, and mixed melting-point analysis. This group also crystallized Z-9-riboside (ZR) from coconut (Cocos nucifera) milk. However, their chemical contributions go well beyond the identification of Z and ZR and include two unambiguous syntheses of trans-Z (to establish stereochemistry), the synthesis of 3H-cytokinins that facilitated metabolic studies, and the synthesis of deuterated internal standards for accurate mass spectral quantification. Letham and associates also unequivocally identified Z nucleotide, the 7-and 9-glucoside conjugates of Z, and the O-glucosides of Z, ZR, dihydro Z (DHZ) and DHZR as endogenous compounds and as metabolites of exogenous Z. Their contributions to the role of cytokinins in plant physiology and development were also substantial, especially the role of cytokinins moving in the xylem. These biological advances are described and briefly related to the genetic/molecular biological contributions of others that established that plants have an absolute requirement for cytokinin.
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Affiliation(s)
- Paula Elizabeth Jameson
- School of Biological Sciences, University of Canterbury, Private Bag 4800, Christchurch 8140, New Zealand
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9
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VEDENICHEVA N, SHCHERBATYUK M, KOSAKIVSKA I. Effect of low-temperature stress on the growth of plants of Secale cereale (Poaceae) and endogenous cytokinin content in roots and shoots. UKRAINIAN BOTANICAL JOURNAL 2022. [DOI: 10.15407/ukrbotj79.03.184] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Phytohormones play a key role in the regulation of plant acclimation to low temperature. To elucidate the role of cytokinins in rye plant response to chilling, we studied the dynamics of these hormones in shoots and roots under short-term and prolonged cold stress. The 7-day-old plants were exposed to cold stress (2 °C) for 2 h (alarm phase of response) or for 6 h for two days (acclimation phase of response). Endogenous content of cytokinins was analyzed by HPLC-MS method. Low temperature had a differential effect on the content of individual cytokinins and their localization in rye plants. During the short-term stress, a decrease in the content of active cytokinins (trans-zeatin and trans-zeatin riboside) in the roots and an increase in the shoots were shown. Prolonged low-temperature stress declined the amount of cytokinins except trans-zeatin riboside, which was detected in both roots and shoots. Significant rise in trans-zeatin riboside content in roots and shoots in this period evidenced an important role of this cytokinin during cold acclimation of rye plants.
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10
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Cytokinins: Wide-Spread Signaling Hormones from Plants to Humans with High Medical Potential. Nutrients 2022; 14:nu14071495. [PMID: 35406107 PMCID: PMC9003334 DOI: 10.3390/nu14071495] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/27/2022] [Revised: 03/29/2022] [Accepted: 03/31/2022] [Indexed: 02/04/2023] Open
Abstract
Nature is a rich source of biologically active novel compounds. Sixty years ago, the plant hormones cytokinins were first discovered. These play a major role in cell division and cell differentiation. They affect organogenesis in plant tissue cultures and contribute to many other physiological and developmental processes in plants. Consequently, the effect of cytokinins on mammalian cells has caught the attention of researchers. Many reports on the contribution and potential of cytokinins in the therapy of different human diseases and pathophysiological conditions have been published and are reviewed here. We compare cytokinin effects and pathways in plants and mammalian systems and highlight the most important biological activities. We present the strong profile of the biological actions of cytokinins and their possible therapeutic applications.
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11
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Chen L, Jameson GB, Guo Y, Song J, Jameson PE. The LONELY GUY gene family: from mosses to wheat, the key to the formation of active cytokinins in plants. PLANT BIOTECHNOLOGY JOURNAL 2022; 20:625-645. [PMID: 35108444 PMCID: PMC8989509 DOI: 10.1111/pbi.13783] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/05/2021] [Revised: 01/06/2022] [Accepted: 01/13/2022] [Indexed: 05/19/2023]
Abstract
LONELY GUY (LOG) was first identified in a screen of rice mutants with defects in meristem maintenance. In plants, LOG codes for cytokinin riboside 5'-monophosphate phosphoribohydrolase, which converts inactive cytokinin nucleotides directly to the active free bases. Many enzymes with the PGGxGTxxE motif have been misannotated as lysine decarboxylases; conversely not all enzymes containing this motif are cytokinin-specific LOGs. As LOG mutants clearly impact yield in rice, we investigated the LOG gene family in bread wheat. By interrogating the wheat (Triticum aestivum) genome database, we show that wheat has multiple LOGs. The close alignment of TaLOG1, TaLOG2 and TaLOG6 with the X-ray structures of two functional Arabidopsis thaliana LOGs allows us to infer that the wheat LOGs 1-11 are functional LOGs. Using RNA-seq data sets, we assessed TaLOG expression across 70 tissue types, their responses to various stressors, the pattern of cis-regulatory elements (CREs) and intron/exon patterns. TaLOG gene family members are expressed variously across tissue types. When the TaLOG CREs are compared with those of the cytokinin dehydrogenases (CKX) and glucosyltransferases (CGT), there is close alignment of CREs between TaLOGs and TaCKXs reflecting the key role of CKX in maintaining cytokinin homeostasis. However, we suggest that the main homeostatic mechanism controlling cytokinin levels in response to biotic and abiotic challenge resides in the CGTs, rather than LOG or CKX. However, LOG transgenics and identified mutants in rice variously impact yield, providing interesting avenues for investigation in wheat.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lei Chen
- School of Life SciencesYantai UniversityYantaiChina
| | | | - Yichu Guo
- School of Life SciencesYantai UniversityYantaiChina
| | - Jiancheng Song
- School of Life SciencesYantai UniversityYantaiChina
- Yantai Jien Biological Science & Technology LtdYEDAYantaiChina
| | - Paula E. Jameson
- School of Life SciencesYantai UniversityYantaiChina
- School of Biological SciencesUniversity of CanterburyChristchurchNew Zealand
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12
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Degano M. Structure, Oligomerization and Activity Modulation in N-Ribohydrolases. Int J Mol Sci 2022; 23:ijms23052576. [PMID: 35269719 PMCID: PMC8910321 DOI: 10.3390/ijms23052576] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/05/2022] [Revised: 02/18/2022] [Accepted: 02/22/2022] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Enzymes catalyzing the hydrolysis of the N-glycosidic bond in nucleosides and other ribosides (N-ribohydrolases, NHs) with diverse substrate specificities are found in all kingdoms of life. While the overall NH fold is highly conserved, limited substitutions and insertions can account for differences in substrate selection, catalytic efficiency, and distinct structural features. The NH structural module is also employed in monomeric proteins devoid of enzymatic activity with different physiological roles. The homo-oligomeric quaternary structure of active NHs parallels the different catalytic strategies used by each isozyme, while providing a buttressing effect to maintain the active site geometry and allow the conformational changes required for catalysis. The unique features of the NH catalytic strategy and structure make these proteins attractive targets for diverse therapeutic goals in different diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Massimo Degano
- Biocrystallography Unit, Division of Immunology, Transplantation, and Infectious Diseases, IRCCS Scientific Institute San Raffaele, via Olgettina 60, 20132 Milano, Italy;
- Università Vita-Salute San Raffaele, via Olgettina 58, 20132 Milano, Italy
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13
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Palberg D, Kisiała A, Jorge GL, Emery RJN. A survey of Methylobacterium species and strains reveals widespread production and varying profiles of cytokinin phytohormones. BMC Microbiol 2022; 22:49. [PMID: 35135483 PMCID: PMC8822675 DOI: 10.1186/s12866-022-02454-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/30/2021] [Accepted: 01/21/2022] [Indexed: 12/02/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Symbiotic Methylobacterium strains comprise a significant part of plant microbiomes. Their presence enhances plant productivity and stress resistance, prompting classification of these strains as plant growth-promoting bacteria (PGPB). Methylobacteria can synthesize unusually high levels of plant hormones, called cytokinins (CKs), including the most active form, trans-Zeatin (tZ). Results This study provides a comprehensive inventory of 46 representatives of Methylobacterium genus with respect to phytohormone production in vitro, including 16 CK forms, abscisic acid (ABA) and indole-3-acetic acid (IAA). High performance-liquid chromatography—tandem mass spectrometry (HPLC–MS/MS) analyses revealed varying abilities of Methylobacterium strains to secrete phytohormones that ranged from 5.09 to 191.47 pmol mL−1 for total CKs, and 0.46 to 82.16 pmol mL−1 for tZ. Results indicate that reduced methanol availability, the sole carbon source for bacteria in the medium, stimulates CK secretion by Methylobacterium. Additionally, select strains were able to transform L-tryptophan into IAA while no ABA production was detected. Conclusions To better understand features of CKs in plants, this study uncovers CK profiles of Methylobacterium that are instrumental in microbe selection for effective biofertilizer formulations. Supplementary Information The online version contains supplementary material available at 10.1186/s12866-022-02454-9.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daniel Palberg
- Environmental and Life Sciences Graduate Program, Trent University, 1600 West Bank Drive, Peterborough, ON, K9L 0G2, Canada
| | - Anna Kisiała
- Department of Biology, Trent University, 1600 West Bank Drive, Peterborough, ON, K9L 0G2, Canada.
| | - Gabriel Lemes Jorge
- Department of Biology, Trent University, 1600 West Bank Drive, Peterborough, ON, K9L 0G2, Canada.,Department of Technology, Sao Paulo State University, Jaboticabal, Sao Paulo, Brazil
| | - R J Neil Emery
- Department of Biology, Trent University, 1600 West Bank Drive, Peterborough, ON, K9L 0G2, Canada
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14
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Romanov GA, Schmülling T. On the biological activity of cytokinin free bases and their ribosides. PLANTA 2021; 255:27. [PMID: 34940934 PMCID: PMC8702413 DOI: 10.1007/s00425-021-03810-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/25/2021] [Accepted: 12/08/2021] [Indexed: 05/19/2023]
Abstract
The free bases of cytokinins are the biologically active forms of the hormone while cytokinin ribosides become active only upon removal of the ribose residue. Cytokinins (CKs) belong to the classical plant hormones. They were discovered more than 65 years ago, but which molecular forms possess genuine CK activity is still matter of debate. Numerous studies support the view that only the free bases are the biologically active molecules. This standpoint has been challenged in a recent review (Nguyen et al. in Planta 254: 45, 2021) proposing that also CK ribosides may have genuine own CK activity. Here we critically discuss the pros and cons of this viewpoint considering the results of biological assays, CK binding studies, 3D structural data of CK-receptor interaction and mutant analyses. It is concluded that all types of study provide clear and convincing evidence only for biological activity of free bases and not ribosides; the latter are rather a transport form of the hormone without their own biological activity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Georgy A Romanov
- Timiryazev Institute of Plant Physiology, Russian Academy of Sciences, Botanicheskaya 35, 127276, Moscow, Russia.
| | - Thomas Schmülling
- Institute of Biology/Applied Genetics, Dahlem Center of Plant Sciences, Freie Universität Berlin, Albrecht-Thaer-Weg 6, 14195, Berlin, Germany.
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15
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Vysotskaya L, Timergalina L, Akhiyarova G, Korobova A, Fedyaev V, Ivanov I, Kudoyarova G, Veselov D. Association of Barley Root Elongation with ABA-Dependent Transport of Cytokinins from Roots and Shoots under Supra-Optimal Concentrations of Nitrates and Phosphates. Cells 2021; 10:cells10113110. [PMID: 34831337 PMCID: PMC8625479 DOI: 10.3390/cells10113110] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/25/2021] [Revised: 10/27/2021] [Accepted: 11/09/2021] [Indexed: 11/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Changes in root elongation are important for the acquisition of mineral nutrients by plants. Plant hormones, cytokinins, and abscisic acid (ABA) and their interaction are important for the control of root elongation under changes in the availability of ions. However, their role in growth responses to supra-optimal concentrations of nitrates and phosphates has not been sufficiently studied and was addressed in the present research. Effects of supra-optimal concentrations of these ions on root elongation and distribution of cytokinins between roots and shoots were studied in ABA-deficient barley mutant Az34 and its parental variety, Steptoe. Cytokinin concentration in the cells of the growing root tips was analyzed with the help of an immunohistochemical technique. Increased concentrations of nitrates and phosphates led to the accumulation of ABA and cytokinins in the root tips, accompanied by a decline in shoot cytokinin content and inhibition of root elongation in Steptoe. Neither of the effects were detected in Az34, suggesting the importance of the ability of plants to accumulate ABA for the control of these responses. Since cytokinins are known to inhibit root elongation, the effect of supra-optimal concentration of nitrates and phosphates on root growth is likely to be due to the accumulation of cytokinins brought about by ABA-induced inhibition of cytokinin transport from roots to shoots.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lidiya Vysotskaya
- Laboratory of Plant Physiology, Ufa Institute of Biology, Ufa Federal Research Centre of the Russian Academy of Sciences, Pr. Octyabrya, 69, 450054 Ufa, Russia; (L.V.); (L.T.); (G.A.); (A.K.); (V.F.); (I.I.); (D.V.)
| | - Leylya Timergalina
- Laboratory of Plant Physiology, Ufa Institute of Biology, Ufa Federal Research Centre of the Russian Academy of Sciences, Pr. Octyabrya, 69, 450054 Ufa, Russia; (L.V.); (L.T.); (G.A.); (A.K.); (V.F.); (I.I.); (D.V.)
| | - Guzel Akhiyarova
- Laboratory of Plant Physiology, Ufa Institute of Biology, Ufa Federal Research Centre of the Russian Academy of Sciences, Pr. Octyabrya, 69, 450054 Ufa, Russia; (L.V.); (L.T.); (G.A.); (A.K.); (V.F.); (I.I.); (D.V.)
| | - Alla Korobova
- Laboratory of Plant Physiology, Ufa Institute of Biology, Ufa Federal Research Centre of the Russian Academy of Sciences, Pr. Octyabrya, 69, 450054 Ufa, Russia; (L.V.); (L.T.); (G.A.); (A.K.); (V.F.); (I.I.); (D.V.)
| | - Vadim Fedyaev
- Laboratory of Plant Physiology, Ufa Institute of Biology, Ufa Federal Research Centre of the Russian Academy of Sciences, Pr. Octyabrya, 69, 450054 Ufa, Russia; (L.V.); (L.T.); (G.A.); (A.K.); (V.F.); (I.I.); (D.V.)
- Department of Biology, Bashkir State University, Zaki-Validi St. 32, 450074 Ufa, Russia
| | - Igor Ivanov
- Laboratory of Plant Physiology, Ufa Institute of Biology, Ufa Federal Research Centre of the Russian Academy of Sciences, Pr. Octyabrya, 69, 450054 Ufa, Russia; (L.V.); (L.T.); (G.A.); (A.K.); (V.F.); (I.I.); (D.V.)
| | - Guzel Kudoyarova
- Laboratory of Plant Physiology, Ufa Institute of Biology, Ufa Federal Research Centre of the Russian Academy of Sciences, Pr. Octyabrya, 69, 450054 Ufa, Russia; (L.V.); (L.T.); (G.A.); (A.K.); (V.F.); (I.I.); (D.V.)
- Correspondence:
| | - Dmitry Veselov
- Laboratory of Plant Physiology, Ufa Institute of Biology, Ufa Federal Research Centre of the Russian Academy of Sciences, Pr. Octyabrya, 69, 450054 Ufa, Russia; (L.V.); (L.T.); (G.A.); (A.K.); (V.F.); (I.I.); (D.V.)
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