1
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Li X, Tai Y, Liu S, Gao Y, Zhang K, Yin J, Zhang H, Wang X, Li X, Zhang D, Zhang DF. The targets of aspirin in bladder cancer: bioinformatics analysis. BMC Urol 2022; 22:168. [PMID: 36316768 PMCID: PMC9620658 DOI: 10.1186/s12894-022-01119-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/31/2022] [Accepted: 10/10/2022] [Indexed: 12/02/2022] Open
Abstract
Background The anti-carcinogenic properties of aspirin have been observed in some solid tumors. However, the molecular mechanism of therapeutic effects of aspirin on bladder cancer is still indistinct. We introduced a bioinformatics analysis approach, to explore the targets of aspirin in bladder cancer (BC). Methods To find out the potential targets of aspirin in BC, we analyzed direct protein targets (DPTs) of aspirin in Drug Bank 5.0. The protein-protein interaction (PPI) network and signaling pathway of aspirin DPTs were then analyzed subsequently. A detailed analysis of the KEGG (Kyoto Encyclopedia of Genes and Genomes) pathway has shown that aspirin is linked to BC. We identified overexpressed genes in BC comparing with normal samples by Oncomine and genes that interlinked with aspirin target genes in BC by STRING. Results Firstly, we explored 16 direct protein targets (DPT) of aspirin. We analyzed the protein-protein interaction (PPI) network and signaling pathways of aspirin DPT. We found that aspirin is closely associated with a variety of cancers, including BC. Then, we classified mutations in 3 aspirin DPTs (CCND1, MYC and TP53) in BC using the cBio Portal database. In addition, we extracted the top 50 overexpressed genes in bladder cancer by Oncomine and predicted the genes associated with the 3 aspirin DPTs (CCND1, MYC and TP53) in BC by STRING. Finally, 5 exact genes were identified as potential therapeutic targets of aspirin in bladder cancer. Conclusion The analysis of relevant databases will improve our mechanistic understanding of the role of aspirin in bladder cancer. This will guide the direction of our next drug-disease interaction studies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiao Li
- Department of Thoracic Oncology, Lin Fen Central Hospital, 041000 Lin Fen, China
| | - Yanghao Tai
- grid.263452.40000 0004 1798 4018Shanxi Medical University, 030000 Taiyuan, China
| | - Shuying Liu
- Department of Thoracic Oncology, Lin Fen Central Hospital, 041000 Lin Fen, China
| | - Yating Gao
- Department of Thoracic Oncology, Lin Fen Central Hospital, 041000 Lin Fen, China
| | - Kaining Zhang
- Department of Thoracic Oncology, Lin Fen Central Hospital, 041000 Lin Fen, China
| | - Jierong Yin
- Department of Thoracic Oncology, Lin Fen Central Hospital, 041000 Lin Fen, China
| | - Huijuan Zhang
- Department of Thoracic Oncology, Lin Fen Central Hospital, 041000 Lin Fen, China
| | - Xia Wang
- Department of Thoracic Oncology, Lin Fen Central Hospital, 041000 Lin Fen, China
| | - Xiaofei Li
- Department of Thoracic Oncology, Lin Fen Central Hospital, 041000 Lin Fen, China
| | - Dongfeng Zhang
- Department of Thoracic Oncology, Lin Fen Central Hospital, 041000 Lin Fen, China
| | - Dong-feng Zhang
- Department of Thoracic Oncology, Lin Fen Central Hospital, 041000 Lin Fen, China
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2
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Development of a new assay system for bladder cancer using interactions between cytochromes P450 and serum. Drug Metab Pharmacokinet 2022; 47:100472. [DOI: 10.1016/j.dmpk.2022.100472] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/18/2022] [Revised: 07/27/2022] [Accepted: 08/06/2022] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
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3
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Wang Z, Wang X, Wang Y, Tang S, Feng C, Pan L, Lu Q, Tao Y, Xie Y, Wang Q, Tang Z. Transcriptomic Analysis of Gene Networks Regulated by U11 Small Nuclear RNA in Bladder Cancer. Front Genet 2021; 12:695597. [PMID: 34276798 PMCID: PMC8283811 DOI: 10.3389/fgene.2021.695597] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/15/2021] [Accepted: 06/11/2021] [Indexed: 01/26/2023] Open
Abstract
Small nuclear RNA is a class of non-coding RNA that widely exist in the nucleus of eukaryotes. Accumulated evidences have shown that small nuclear RNAs are associated with the regulation of gene expression in various tumor types. To explore the gene expression changes and its potential effects mediated by U11 snRNA in bladder cancer cells, U11 snRNA knockout and overexpressed cell lines were constructed and further used to analyze the gene expression changes by RNA sequencing. The differentially expressed genes were found to be mainly enriched in tumor-related pathways both in the U11 knockout and overexpression cell lines, such as NF-kappa B signaling pathway, bladder cancer and PI3K-Akt signaling pathway. Furthermore, alternative splicing events were proposed to participate in the potential regulatory mechanism induced by the U11 knockout or overexpression. In conclusion, U11 may be involved in the regulation of gene expression in bladder cancer cells, which may provide a potentially new biomarker for clinical diagnosis and treatment of bladder cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhenxing Wang
- Center for Genomic and Personalized Medicine, Guangxi Medical University, Nanning, China.,Guangxi Key Laboratory for Genomic and Personalized Medicine, Guangxi Collaborative Innovation Center for Genomic and Personalized Medicine, Nanning, China.,Department of Clinical Laboratory, The First Affiliated Hospital of Guangxi Medical University, Nanning, China
| | - Xi Wang
- Center for Genomic and Personalized Medicine, Guangxi Medical University, Nanning, China.,Guangxi Key Laboratory for Genomic and Personalized Medicine, Guangxi Collaborative Innovation Center for Genomic and Personalized Medicine, Nanning, China
| | - Yaobang Wang
- Center for Genomic and Personalized Medicine, Guangxi Medical University, Nanning, China.,Guangxi Key Laboratory for Genomic and Personalized Medicine, Guangxi Collaborative Innovation Center for Genomic and Personalized Medicine, Nanning, China
| | - Shaomei Tang
- Department of Gastroenterology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Guangxi Medical University, Nanning, China
| | - Chao Feng
- Center for Genomic and Personalized Medicine, Guangxi Medical University, Nanning, China.,Guangxi Key Laboratory for Genomic and Personalized Medicine, Guangxi Collaborative Innovation Center for Genomic and Personalized Medicine, Nanning, China
| | - Lixin Pan
- Center for Genomic and Personalized Medicine, Guangxi Medical University, Nanning, China.,Guangxi Key Laboratory for Genomic and Personalized Medicine, Guangxi Collaborative Innovation Center for Genomic and Personalized Medicine, Nanning, China
| | - Qinchen Lu
- Center for Genomic and Personalized Medicine, Guangxi Medical University, Nanning, China.,Guangxi Key Laboratory for Genomic and Personalized Medicine, Guangxi Collaborative Innovation Center for Genomic and Personalized Medicine, Nanning, China
| | - Yuting Tao
- Center for Genomic and Personalized Medicine, Guangxi Medical University, Nanning, China.,Guangxi Key Laboratory for Genomic and Personalized Medicine, Guangxi Collaborative Innovation Center for Genomic and Personalized Medicine, Nanning, China
| | - Yuanliang Xie
- Center for Genomic and Personalized Medicine, Guangxi Medical University, Nanning, China.,Guangxi Key Laboratory for Genomic and Personalized Medicine, Guangxi Collaborative Innovation Center for Genomic and Personalized Medicine, Nanning, China.,Department of Urology, The Affiliated Cancer Hospital of Guangxi Medical University, Nanning, China
| | - Qiuyan Wang
- Center for Genomic and Personalized Medicine, Guangxi Medical University, Nanning, China.,Guangxi Key Laboratory for Genomic and Personalized Medicine, Guangxi Collaborative Innovation Center for Genomic and Personalized Medicine, Nanning, China
| | - Zhong Tang
- Center for Genomic and Personalized Medicine, Guangxi Medical University, Nanning, China.,Guangxi Key Laboratory for Genomic and Personalized Medicine, Guangxi Collaborative Innovation Center for Genomic and Personalized Medicine, Nanning, China.,School of Information and Management, Guangxi Medical University, Nanning, China
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4
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Wu Q, Zhou X, Li P, Ding M, You S, Xu Z, Ye J, Chen X, Tan M, Wang J, Wang W, Qiu J. ROC1 promotes the malignant progression of bladder cancer by regulating p-IκBα/NF-κB signaling. J Exp Clin Cancer Res 2021; 40:158. [PMID: 33962660 PMCID: PMC8106150 DOI: 10.1186/s13046-021-01935-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/26/2020] [Accepted: 04/03/2021] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Regulator of cullins 1 (ROC1) is an important catalytic subunit of cullin–RING E3 ligase. Nuclear factor-kappa B (NF-κB) signaling is closely related to tumor invasion and metastasis. Earlier, we reported that ROC1 was associated with a poor prognosis in patients with bladder cancer (BCa). However, it is unclear whether ROC1 is involved in the NF-κB signaling associated with malignant BCa progression. Methods The expression of ROC1 and p65 in bladder cancer and paracancerous tissues were detected by immunohistochemistry (IHC). Pearson correlation was used to assess correlation between ROC1 and p65 protein expressions. The wound-healing and transwell assays were used to monitor cell invasion and migration. The effect of ROC1 on the expression of key proteins in the NF-κB signaling was determined by immunofluorescence and western blot (WB). Cycloheximide (CHX), MG132 and immunoprecipitation assays were used to evaluate the effect of ROC1 on the ubiquitination of phosphorylated inhibitor of kappa B alpha (p-IκBα). A lung metastasis mouse model was generated to detect the role of ROC1 in tumor metastasis. Results We found that ROC1 was up-regulated in BCa tissues and cell lines, and high ROC1 levels were positively correlated with higher tumour grade, lymph node metastasis, distant metastasis and poor prognosis. Linear-regression analysis showed significant a Pearson correlation between ROC1 and nuclear p65 expression in BCa tissue microarray (TMA) samples. Functional studies demonstrated that ROC1 promoted BCa cell invasion and migration. In vitro and in vivo experiments showed that ROC1 activated NF-κB signaling by enhancing the ubiquitination of p-IκBα, which caused p65 nuclear translocation and promoted the transcription of some metastasis-related target genes, such as urokinase-type plasminogen activator receptor (uPAR), intracellular adhesion molecule 1 (ICAM1), vascular cell adhesion molecule 1 (VCAM1), and matrix metalloproteinase 9 (MMP9), resulting in promoting BCa metastasis. Conclusion ROC1 plays an important role in the progression of BCa and serves as a potential diagnostic and therapeutic target for patients with BCa. Supplementary Information The online version contains supplementary material available at 10.1186/s13046-021-01935-5.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qi Wu
- Department of Urology, The Sixth Affiliated Hospital of Wenzhou Medical University (The People's Hospital of Lishui), Zhejiang, 323000, China
| | - Xiaoqing Zhou
- Department of Urology, The Sixth Affiliated Hospital of Wenzhou Medical University (The People's Hospital of Lishui), Zhejiang, 323000, China
| | - Peng Li
- Department of Urology, The Sixth Affiliated Hospital of Wenzhou Medical University (The People's Hospital of Lishui), Zhejiang, 323000, China
| | - Mao Ding
- Department of Nephrology, Renmin Hospital of Wuhan University, Wuhan, 430000, China
| | - Shengjie You
- Department of Urology, The Sixth Affiliated Hospital of Wenzhou Medical University (The People's Hospital of Lishui), Zhejiang, 323000, China
| | - Zhaoyu Xu
- Department of Urology, The Sixth Affiliated Hospital of Wenzhou Medical University (The People's Hospital of Lishui), Zhejiang, 323000, China
| | - Junjie Ye
- Department of Urology, The Sixth Affiliated Hospital of Wenzhou Medical University (The People's Hospital of Lishui), Zhejiang, 323000, China
| | - Xuedong Chen
- Department of Urology, The Sixth Affiliated Hospital of Wenzhou Medical University (The People's Hospital of Lishui), Zhejiang, 323000, China
| | - Mingyue Tan
- Department of Urology, Shanghai General Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, No.100 Haining Road, Hongkou District, Shanghai, 200080, China
| | - Jun Wang
- Department of Urology, Shanghai General Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, No.100 Haining Road, Hongkou District, Shanghai, 200080, China
| | - Wei Wang
- Department of Urology, The First people's Hospital of Yancheng (Yancheng First Hospital, Affiliated Hospital of Nanjing University Medical School), No.66 South Renmin Road, Yancheng, 224000, Jiangsu, China.
| | - Jianxin Qiu
- Department of Urology, Shanghai General Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, No.100 Haining Road, Hongkou District, Shanghai, 200080, China.
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5
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Wigner P, Grębowski R, Bijak M, Saluk-Bijak J, Szemraj J. The Interplay between Oxidative Stress, Inflammation and Angiogenesis in Bladder Cancer Development. Int J Mol Sci 2021; 22:ijms22094483. [PMID: 33923108 PMCID: PMC8123426 DOI: 10.3390/ijms22094483] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/20/2021] [Revised: 04/18/2021] [Accepted: 04/22/2021] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
In 2018, 550,000 people were diagnosed with bladder cancer (BC), of which nearly 200,000 people died. Moreover, men are 4 times more likely than women to be diagnosed with BC. The risk factors include exposure to environmental and occupational chemicals, especially tobacco smoke, benzidine and genetic factors. Despite numerous studies, the molecular basis of BC development remains unclear. A growing body of evidence suggests that inflammation, oxidant-antioxidant imbalance and angiogenesis disorders may play a significant role in the development and progression of bladder cancer. The patients with bladder cancer were characterised by an increased level of reactive oxygen species (ROS), the products of lipid peroxidation, proinflammatory cytokines and proangiogenic factors as compared to controls. Furthermore, it was shown that polymorphisms localised in genes associated with these pathways may modulate the risk of BC. Interestingly, ROS overproduction may induce the production of proinflammatory cytokines, which finally activated angiogenesis. Moreover, the available literature shows that both inflammation and oxidative stress may lead to activation of angiogenesis and tumour progression in BC patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Paulina Wigner
- Department of General Biochemistry, Faculty of Biology and Environmental Protection, University of Lodz, 90-236 Lodz, Poland;
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +48-42-635-44-85; Fax: +48-42-635-44-84
| | - Radosław Grębowski
- Department of Urology, Provincial Integrated Hospital in Plock, 09-400 Plock, Poland;
- Department of Medical Biochemistry, Medical University of Lodz, 92-216 Lodz, Poland;
| | - Michał Bijak
- Biohazard Prevention Centre, Faculty of Biology and Environmental Protection, University of Lodz, 90-236 Lodz, Poland;
| | - Joanna Saluk-Bijak
- Department of General Biochemistry, Faculty of Biology and Environmental Protection, University of Lodz, 90-236 Lodz, Poland;
| | - Janusz Szemraj
- Department of Medical Biochemistry, Medical University of Lodz, 92-216 Lodz, Poland;
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6
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Farrag MA, Ezz MK, Ibrahim NK, Ahmed EK. Chemopreventive Potential of Myrtenal against Nitrosamine-Initiated, Radiation-Promoted Rat Bladder Carcinogenesis. Nutr Cancer 2021; 74:288-298. [PMID: 33511885 DOI: 10.1080/01635581.2021.1879881] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/21/2023]
Abstract
The present study was undertaken to evaluate the chemopreventive activity of myrtenal, a natural monoterpene, against bladder carcinoma in rats induced with N-butyl-N-(4-hydroxybutyl)-nitrosamine (BBN) and promoted with γ-ionizing radiation (γ-IRR) as well as to assess the involvement of inflammation, apoptosis and oxidative damage in tumor development. Histopathological examination of rat bladder revealed the presence of noninvasive papillary transitional cell carcinoma (Grade 2) in sections from BBN group indicating the credibility of the applied carcinogenesis model. Myrtenal treatment caused improvement in urinary bladder mucosa with cells more likely in Grade 1. Administration of myrtenal to BBN-treated rats exhibited downregulation in the expressions of COX-2, NF-kB and STAT-3 associated with suppression of inflammatory cytokines levels of TNF-α and IL-6 as well as biomarkers of oxidative damage (MDA & NO). In addition, myrtenal treatment caused a significant increase in caspase-3 activity and Bax/Bcl-2 ratio. Data obtained suggested that the anti-inflammatory effect and the induction of apoptosis contributed largely to the beneficial antitumor effects of myrtenal in rats with BBN/γ-IRR-induced bladder carcinoma. Present findings, in addition to benefits described in other pathologies, indicated myrtenal as a potential adjuvant natural compound for the prevention of tumor progression of bladder cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mostafa A Farrag
- Radiation biology, National Center for Radiation Research and Technology, Atomic Energy Authority, Cairo, Egypt
| | - Magda K Ezz
- Department of Biochemistry, Faculty of science, Ain Shams University, Cairo, Egypt
| | - Nashwa K Ibrahim
- Radiation biology, National Center for Radiation Research and Technology, Atomic Energy Authority, Cairo, Egypt
| | - Emad K Ahmed
- Department of Biochemistry, Faculty of science, Ain Shams University, Cairo, Egypt
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7
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Cai Z, Li H. Circular RNAs and Bladder Cancer. Onco Targets Ther 2020; 13:9573-9586. [PMID: 33061440 PMCID: PMC7535116 DOI: 10.2147/ott.s268859] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/22/2020] [Accepted: 09/03/2020] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Bladder cancer (BC) is the most common urinary system malignancy and is a serious threat to human health. Circular RNAs (circRNAs) are members of a newly defined class of noncoding RNAs (ncRNAs) that can regulate gene expression at the transcriptional or posttranscriptional level. Studies have shown that circRNAs are related to the clinicopathological characteristics, prognosis, and chemosensitivity of BC, and basic research has further confirmed that changes in the expression of circRNAs in BC are closely related to various tumor biological functions. CircRNAs promote tumor development by interacting with miRNAs to regulate transcription factors and both classical and nonclassical tumor signaling pathways. The nonclassical signaling pathways are related to cell cycle progression, epithelial–mesenchymal transition (EMT), extracellular matrix maintenance, and tumor stem cell maintenance. In this article, the relationships between circRNAs and the clinical characteristics of BC are reviewed, and the molecular mechanisms by which circRNAs promote tumor development are explored.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhonglin Cai
- Department of Urology, Peking Union Medical College Hospital, Peking Union Medical College, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, Beijing, People's Republic of China
| | - Hongjun Li
- Department of Urology, Peking Union Medical College Hospital, Peking Union Medical College, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, Beijing, People's Republic of China
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8
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Walter CEJ, Durairajan S, Periyandavan K, C GPD, G DJD, A HRV, Johnson T, Zayed H. Bladder neoplasms and NF-κB: an unfathomed association. Expert Rev Mol Diagn 2020; 20:497-508. [PMID: 32228251 DOI: 10.1080/14737159.2020.1743688] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
Introduction: Bladder cancer is the second most common genitourinary tract cancer and is often recurrent and/or chemoresistant after tumor resection. Cigarette smoking, exposure to aromatic amines, and chronic infection/inflammation are bladder cancer risk factors. NF-κB is a transcription factor that plays a critical role in normal physiology and bladder cancer. Bladder cancer patients have constitutively active NF-κB triggered by pro-inflammatory cytokines, chemokines, and hypoxia, augmenting carcinogenesis and progression.Areas covered: NF-κB orchestrates protein interactions (PTEN, survivin, VEGF), regulation (CYLD, USP13) and gene expression (Trp 53) resulting in bladder cancer progression, recurrence and resistance to therapy. This review focuses on NF-κB in bladder inflammation, cancer and resistance to therapy.Expert opinion: NF-κB and bladder cancer necessitate further research to develop better diagnostic and treatment regimens that address progression, recurrence and resistance to therapy. NF-κB is a master regulator that can act with or on minimally one cancer hallmark gene or protein, leading to bladder cancer progression (Tp53, PTEN, VEGF, HMGB1, CYLD, USP13), recurrence (PCNA, BcL-2, JUN) and resistance to therapy (P-gp, twist, SETD6). Thus, an understanding of bladder cancer in relation to NF-κB will offer improved strategies and efficacious targeted therapies resulting in minimal progression, recurrence and resistance to therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Charles Emmanuel Jebaraj Walter
- Department of Biotechnology, Faculty of Biomedical Sciences, Technology and Research, Sri Ramachandra Institute of Higher Education and Research (Deemed to be University), Chennai, India
| | - Sankari Durairajan
- Department of Biotechnology, Faculty of Biomedical Sciences, Technology and Research, Sri Ramachandra Institute of Higher Education and Research (Deemed to be University), Chennai, India
| | - Kalaiselvi Periyandavan
- Department of Medical Biochemistry, Dr. ALM PG Institute of Basic Medical Science, University of Madras, Chennai, India
| | - George Priya Doss C
- Department of Integrative Biology, School of Biosciences and Technology, VIT University, Vellore, India
| | - Dicky John Davis G
- Department of Biotechnology, Faculty of Biomedical Sciences, Technology and Research, Sri Ramachandra Institute of Higher Education and Research (Deemed to be University), Chennai, India
| | - Hannah Rachel Vasanthi A
- Department of Biotechnology, School of Life Sciences, Pondicherry University, Pondicherry, India
| | - Thanka Johnson
- Department of Biotechnology, Faculty of Biomedical Sciences, Technology and Research, Sri Ramachandra Institute of Higher Education and Research (Deemed to be University), Chennai, India
| | - Hatem Zayed
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, College of Health Sciences, Qatar University, Doha, Qatar
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9
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Severo RF, do Amaral CC, Garcia TF, Ferrúa CP, Corrêa GP, Klug AB, da Silva KD, Bastos CR, Britto Correa M, Ghisleni GC, Uchoa Vasconcelos AC, Tarquinio SBC, Nedel F. The T102C polymorphism of 5HT2A receptor in oral epithelial dysplasia: A pilot case-control study. Arch Oral Biol 2020; 113:104688. [PMID: 32146149 DOI: 10.1016/j.archoralbio.2020.104688] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/14/2019] [Revised: 01/14/2020] [Accepted: 02/21/2020] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE investigate the T102C polymorphism of 5HT2A receptor in dysplasia in oral potentially malignant lesions and its association with smoking and alcohol habits. METHODS case-control study that included patients with oral potentially malignant lesions (OPML) histopathologically diagnosed with dysplasia and healthy controls, and within these group patients with and without smoking and alcohol consumption habits. Cell samples from the oral lesions were collected with the patients previously anesthetized using disposable cytological brushes. Deoxyribonucleic acid (DNA) extraction was performed and the T102C polymorphism (rs6313) was genotyped in a real-time polymerase chain reaction (PCR) allelic discrimination assays. RESULTS 110 individuals were included in this study (38 with dysplasia and 72 controls). The genotype (p = 0.016), allele (p = 0.020) and smoking habits (<0.001) distribution differed significantly between dysplasia and control group, where the CT and TT (C - cytosine/ T - thymine) genotype and the T allele showed a higher frequency in dysplasia (65.6, 18.8 and 84.4 %, respectively) than in controls (55.7, 4.9 and 60.7). Concerning smoking habits, the higher frequency was in the dysplasia group. The multivariate logistic regression analysis, associating variables of interest and the presence of dysplasia, showed that individuals with smoking habits present 7.58 increase risk to develop dysplasia than non-smokers; and individuals carrying the T allele for the T102C polymorphism have a 4.6 increased risk to develop oral dysplasia in OPML. CONCLUSIONS the T102C polymorphism is associated with oral dysplasia in OPML, however, failed to show association with smoking and alcohol habits in OPML dysplasia.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rafaely Ferreira Severo
- Graduate Program in Health and Behavior, Catholic University of Pelotas, Pelotas, RS, 96010-901, Brazil
| | - Cainá Corrêa do Amaral
- Graduate Program in Health and Behavior, Catholic University of Pelotas, Pelotas, RS, 96010-901, Brazil
| | - Tiago Fernandez Garcia
- Graduate Program in Health and Behavior, Catholic University of Pelotas, Pelotas, RS, 96010-901, Brazil
| | - Camila Perelló Ferrúa
- Graduate Program in Health and Behavior, Catholic University of Pelotas, Pelotas, RS, 96010-901, Brazil
| | - Geovanna Peter Corrêa
- Graduate Program in Health and Behavior, Catholic University of Pelotas, Pelotas, RS, 96010-901, Brazil
| | - Adriana Beiersdorff Klug
- Graduate Program in Health and Behavior, Catholic University of Pelotas, Pelotas, RS, 96010-901, Brazil
| | - Karine Duarte da Silva
- Graduate Program in Dentistry of the Federal University of Minas Gerais, Belo Horizonte, MG, 31270-901, Brazil
| | - Clarissa Ribeiro Bastos
- Graduate Program in Health and Behavior, Catholic University of Pelotas, Pelotas, RS, 96010-901, Brazil
| | - Marcos Britto Correa
- Graduate Program in Dentistry of the Federal University of Pelotas, Pelotas, RS, 96010-610, Brazil
| | | | | | | | - Fernanda Nedel
- Graduate Program in Health and Behavior, Catholic University of Pelotas, Pelotas, RS, 96010-901, Brazil.
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10
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Girouard J, Belgorosky D, Hamelin-Morrissette J, Boulanger V, D'Orio E, Ramla D, Perron R, Charpentier L, Van Themsche C, Eiján AM, Bérubé G, Reyes-Moreno C. Molecular therapy with derivatives of amino benzoic acid inhibits tumor growth and metastasis in murine models of bladder cancer through inhibition of TNFα/NFΚB and iNOS/NO pathways. Biochem Pharmacol 2019; 176:113778. [PMID: 31877271 DOI: 10.1016/j.bcp.2019.113778] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/02/2019] [Accepted: 12/18/2019] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
Muscle-invasive bladder cancer (MIBC) is an aggressive form of urothelial bladder carcinoma (UBC) with poorer outcomes compared to the non-muscle invasive form (NMIBC). Higher recurrent rates and rapid progression after relapse in UBC is known to be linked with chronic inflammation. Here, the preclinical murine models of NMIBC (MB49) and MIBC (MB49-I) were used to assess the antitumor effects of DAB-1, an anti-inflammatory aminobenzoic acid derivative we have developed in order to target cancer-related inflammation. A subchronic toxicity study on cancer-free mice shown that DAB-1 treatment did not affect normal mouse development or normal function of vital organs. In mice bearing MB49-I tumors, whole body accumulation of the radioconjugate [131I]DAB-1 was higher than in control mice, the main sites of [131I]DAB-1 accumulation being the liver (34%), the intestines (21%), and the tumors (18%). In vivo molecular therapy of ectopic and orthotopic tumors indicated that treatment with DAB-1 efficiently inhibited tumor growth, metastasis formation, and mortality rate. The antitumor efficacy of DAB-1 was associated with strong decreased tumor cell proliferation and iNOS expression in tumor tissues and deactivation of macrophages from tumor-bearing mice. Mechanistic investigations revealed that DAB-1 efficiently inhibited i) TNFα/NFΚB and IL6/STAT3 signaling pathways activation; ii) TNFα-induced NO production by decreasing NFΚB transcriptional activation and functional iNOS expression; and iii) cellular proliferation with minimal or no effects on cell mortality or apoptosis. In conclusion, this study provides preclinical and biological/mechanistic data highlighting the potential of DAB-1 as a safe and efficient therapeutic agent for the treatment of patients with NMIBC and MIBC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Julie Girouard
- Laboratoire de Recherche en Oncologie et Immunobiologie (LROI) et Groupe de Recherche en Signalisation Cellulaire (GRSC), Département de biologie médicale, Université du Québec à Trois-Rivières, Trois-Rivières, QC, Canada
| | - Denise Belgorosky
- Laboratoire de Recherche en Oncologie et Immunobiologie (LROI) et Groupe de Recherche en Signalisation Cellulaire (GRSC), Département de biologie médicale, Université du Québec à Trois-Rivières, Trois-Rivières, QC, Canada; Instituto de Oncología Ángel H. Roffo, Área de Investigación, Universidad de Buenos Aires, Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - Jovane Hamelin-Morrissette
- Laboratoire de Recherche en Oncologie et Immunobiologie (LROI) et Groupe de Recherche en Signalisation Cellulaire (GRSC), Département de biologie médicale, Université du Québec à Trois-Rivières, Trois-Rivières, QC, Canada
| | - Valerie Boulanger
- Laboratoire de Recherche en Oncologie et Immunobiologie (LROI) et Groupe de Recherche en Signalisation Cellulaire (GRSC), Département de biologie médicale, Université du Québec à Trois-Rivières, Trois-Rivières, QC, Canada
| | - Ernesto D'Orio
- Instituto de Oncología Ángel H. Roffo, Área de Diagnóstico por Imágenes y Terapia Radiante, Universidad de Buenos Aires, Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - Djamel Ramla
- Laboratoire de Recherche en Histologie et Pathologie (LRHP), Université du Québec à Trois-Rivières, Trois-Rivières, QC, Canada
| | - Robert Perron
- Centre Hospitalier Affilié Universitaire Régional de Trois-Rivières-Service de pathologie, Trois-Rivières, QC, Canada
| | - Lucie Charpentier
- Centre Hospitalier Affilié Universitaire Régional de Trois-Rivières-Service de pathologie, Trois-Rivières, QC, Canada
| | - Céline Van Themsche
- Laboratoire de Recherche en Oncologie et Immunobiologie (LROI) et Groupe de Recherche en Signalisation Cellulaire (GRSC), Département de biologie médicale, Université du Québec à Trois-Rivières, Trois-Rivières, QC, Canada
| | - Ana Maria Eiján
- Instituto de Oncología Ángel H. Roffo, Área de Investigación, Universidad de Buenos Aires, Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - Gervais Bérubé
- Laboratoire de Recherche en Chimie Médicinale (LRCM) et Groupe de Recherche en Signalisation Cellulaire (GRSC), Département de chimie, biochimie et physique, Université du Québec à Trois-Rivières, Trois-Rivières, QC, Canada
| | - Carlos Reyes-Moreno
- Laboratoire de Recherche en Oncologie et Immunobiologie (LROI) et Groupe de Recherche en Signalisation Cellulaire (GRSC), Département de biologie médicale, Université du Québec à Trois-Rivières, Trois-Rivières, QC, Canada.
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11
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Han Y, Wang X. The emerging roles of KPNA2 in cancer. Life Sci 2019; 241:117140. [PMID: 31812670 DOI: 10.1016/j.lfs.2019.117140] [Citation(s) in RCA: 47] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/19/2019] [Revised: 11/25/2019] [Accepted: 11/30/2019] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Karyopherin α2 (KPNA2, also known as importinα-1), a member of the nuclear transporter family, is involved in the nucleocytoplasmic transport pathway of a variety of tumor-associated proteins. Recent studies have found that KPNA2 is overexpressed in various cancers, which is associated with poor prognosis. In addition, it has been shown to promote tumor formation and progression by participating in cell differentiation, proliferation, apoptosis, immune response, and viral infection. It is indicated that KPNA2 also plays an important role in the diagnosis, treatment and prognosis of tumors. Herein, we provide an overview of the function and mechanism of KPNA2 in cancer and the prospects in the diagnosis and treatment of cancer. In the future, KPNA2 provides new ideas for the early diagnosis of malignant tumors, the development of molecularly targeted drugs, and prognosis evaluation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yang Han
- Department of Hematology, Shandong Provincial Hospital Affiliated to Shandong University, Jinan, Shandong 250021, China; School of Medicine, Shandong University, Jinan, Shandong 250012, China
| | - Xin Wang
- Department of Hematology, Shandong Provincial Hospital Affiliated to Shandong University, Jinan, Shandong 250021, China; School of Medicine, Shandong University, Jinan, Shandong 250012, China; Shandong Provincial Engineering Research Center of Lymphoma, Jinan, Shandong 250021, China; Key Laboratory for Kidney Regeneration of Shandong Province, Jinan, Shandong 250021, China.
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12
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Huang CP, Chen J, Chen CC, Liu G, Zhang Y, Messing E, Yeh S, Chang C. ASC-J9® increases the bladder cancer chemotherapy efficacy via altering the androgen receptor (AR) and NF-κB survival signals. JOURNAL OF EXPERIMENTAL & CLINICAL CANCER RESEARCH : CR 2019; 38:275. [PMID: 31234917 PMCID: PMC6592003 DOI: 10.1186/s13046-019-1258-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/07/2019] [Accepted: 05/31/2019] [Indexed: 01/02/2023]
Abstract
Background The current chemotherapy regimens may extend survival for patients with metastatic bladder cancer (BCa) for a few months, but eventually most patients succumb to disease because they develop resistance to their chemotherapy. Methods TCGA human clinical sample survey and urothelial tumor tissue microarrays (TMAs) were applied to investigate the expression of androgen receptor (AR) and NF-κB. Multiple BCa cell lines were used to test chemotherapy’s efficacy via multiple assays including XTT, flow cytometry, TUNEL, and BrdU incorporation. The effects of the AR degradation enhancer, ASC-J9®, combined with various chemotherapy reagents were examined both in vivo and in vitro. Results We unexpectedly found that in muscle-invasive BCa (miBCa) the signals of both the AR and NF-κB were increased via a TCGA sample survey. Results from multiple approaches revealed that targeting these two increased signals by combining various chemotherapeutic agents, including Cisplatin, Doxorubicin or Mitomycin C, with ASC-J9® led to increase the therapeutic efficacy. The combined therapy increases the expression of the pro-apoptosis BAX gene and cell cycle inhibitor p21 gene, yet suppresses the expression of the pro-survival BCL2 gene in miBCa cells. Preclinical studies using an in vivo mouse model with xenografted miBCa cells confirmed in vitro cell line data showing that treatment with ASC-J9® combined with Cisplatin can result in suppressing miBCa progression better than Cisplatin alone. Conclusions Together, these results support a novel therapeutic approach via combining Cisplatin with ASC-J9® to better suppress the progression of miBCa. Electronic supplementary material The online version of this article (10.1186/s13046-019-1258-0) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chi-Ping Huang
- Sex Hormone Research Center and Department of Urology, China Medical University/Hospital, Taichung, 404, Taiwan
| | - Jinbo Chen
- Department of Urology, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, 410008, China.,George Whipple Lab for Cancer Research, Departments of Pathology, Urology, Radiation Oncology and The Wilmot Cancer Institute, University of Rochester Medical Center, Rochester, NY, USA
| | - Chi-Cheng Chen
- Sex Hormone Research Center and Department of Urology, China Medical University/Hospital, Taichung, 404, Taiwan.,Department of Urology, Taichung Tzu Chi Hospital, Buddhist Tzu Chi Medical Foundation, Taichung, 404, Taiwan
| | - Guodong Liu
- George Whipple Lab for Cancer Research, Departments of Pathology, Urology, Radiation Oncology and The Wilmot Cancer Institute, University of Rochester Medical Center, Rochester, NY, USA
| | - Yong Zhang
- Department of Urology, the Second Hospital of Hebei Medical University, Shijiazhuang, 050000, China
| | - Edward Messing
- George Whipple Lab for Cancer Research, Departments of Pathology, Urology, Radiation Oncology and The Wilmot Cancer Institute, University of Rochester Medical Center, Rochester, NY, USA
| | - Shuyuan Yeh
- George Whipple Lab for Cancer Research, Departments of Pathology, Urology, Radiation Oncology and The Wilmot Cancer Institute, University of Rochester Medical Center, Rochester, NY, USA
| | - Chawnshang Chang
- Sex Hormone Research Center and Department of Urology, China Medical University/Hospital, Taichung, 404, Taiwan. .,George Whipple Lab for Cancer Research, Departments of Pathology, Urology, Radiation Oncology and The Wilmot Cancer Institute, University of Rochester Medical Center, Rochester, NY, USA.
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13
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Xu J, Hua X, Jin H, Zhu J, Li Y, Li J, Huang C. NFκB2 p52 stabilizes rhogdiβ mRNA by inhibiting AUF1 protein degradation via a miR-145/Sp1/USP8-dependent axis. Mol Carcinog 2019; 58:777-793. [PMID: 30604907 DOI: 10.1002/mc.22970] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/05/2018] [Revised: 12/26/2018] [Accepted: 12/27/2018] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
Abstract
Although overexpression of the non-canonical NFκB subunit p52 has been observed in several tumors, the function and mechanism of p52 in bladder cancer (BC) are less well understood. Here, we aimed at understanding the role and mechanism underlying p52 regulation of BC invasion. Human p52 was stably knockdown with shRNA targeting p52 in two bladder cancer cell lines (T24 and UMUC3). Two constitutively expressing constructs, p52 and p100, were stably transfected in to T24 or UMUC3, respectively. The stable transfectants were used to determine function and mechanisms responsible for p52 regulation of BC invasion. We demonstrate that p52 mediates human BC invasion. Knockdown of p52 impaired bladder cancer invasion by reduction of rhogdiβ mRNA stability and expression. Positively regulation of rhogdiβ mRNA stability was mediated by p52 promoting AUF1 protein degradation, consequently resulting in reduction of AUF1 binding to rhogdiβ mRNA. Further studies indicated that AUF1 protein degradation was mediated by upregulating USP8 transcription, which was modulated by its negative regulatory transcription factor Sp1. Moreover, we found that p52 upregulated miR-145, which directly bound to the 3'-UTR of sp1 mRNA, leading to downregulation of Sp1 protein translation. Our results reveal a comprehensive pathway that p52 acts as a positive regulator of BC invasion by initiating a novel miR-145/Sp1/USP8/AUF1/RhoGDIβ axis. These findings provide insight into the understanding of p52 in the pathology of human BC invasion and progression, which may be useful information in the development of preventive and therapeutic approaches for using p52 as a potential target.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jiawei Xu
- Nelson Institute of Environmental Medicine, New York University, School of Medicine, New York, New York
- Department of Pediatrics, Union Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China
| | - Xiaohui Hua
- Nelson Institute of Environmental Medicine, New York University, School of Medicine, New York, New York
| | - Honglei Jin
- Nelson Institute of Environmental Medicine, New York University, School of Medicine, New York, New York
| | - Junlan Zhu
- Nelson Institute of Environmental Medicine, New York University, School of Medicine, New York, New York
| | - Yang Li
- Nelson Institute of Environmental Medicine, New York University, School of Medicine, New York, New York
| | - Jingxia Li
- Nelson Institute of Environmental Medicine, New York University, School of Medicine, New York, New York
| | - Chuangshu Huang
- Nelson Institute of Environmental Medicine, New York University, School of Medicine, New York, New York
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14
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Durairajan S, Jebaraj Walter CE, Samuel MD, Palani D, G DJD, C GPD, Pasupati S, Johnson T. Differential expression of NF-κB heterodimer RelA/p50 in human urothelial carcinoma. PeerJ 2018; 6:e5563. [PMID: 30225173 PMCID: PMC6139250 DOI: 10.7717/peerj.5563] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/02/2018] [Accepted: 08/11/2018] [Indexed: 12/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Urothelial carcinoma (UC) is the fifth most common malignancy that accounts for 5% of all cancers. Diagnostic markers that predict UC progressions are inadequate. NF-κB contributes towards disease progression upon constitutive activation in many solid tumors. The nuclear localization of NF-κB indicates increased transcriptional activity while cytoplasmic localization indicates the inactive protein repository that can be utilized readily by a malignant cell. This study delineates the nuclear and cytoplasmic differential expression of NF-κB heterodimers in UC progression. Methods The involvement of the NF-κB proteins in UC was analyzed in silico using cytoscape. The expression of NF-κB heterodimers was analyzed by immunohistochemistry. Results PINA4MS app in cytoscape revealed over expression of RelA and suppression of NF-κB1 (p50 precursor) in UC whereas the expression of NF-κB target proteins remained unhindered. Immunohistochemical localization showed nuclear RelA/p50 in low grade UC whereas in high grade only RelA expression was observed. Conversely, cytoplasmic expression of RelA/p50 remained extensive across high and low grade UC tissues (p < 0.005). RelA nuclear and cytoplasmic expression (p < 0.005) was directly proportional to the disease progression. In our study, some of the high-grade UC tissues with squamous differentiation and muscle invasion had extensive nuclear p50 localization. The phenomenon of RelA/p50 expression seen increased in low-grade UC than high grade UC might be due to their interaction with other members of NF-κB family of proteins. Thus, NF-κB RelA/p50 differential expression may play a unique role in UC pathogenesis and can serve as a biomarker for diagnosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sankari Durairajan
- Department of Biotechnology, Sri Ramachandra Medical College and Research Institute, Chennai, India
| | | | - Mary Divya Samuel
- Manipal Institute of Regenerative Medicine, Manipal Academy of Higher Education (formerly Manipal University), Manipal, India
| | - Dinesh Palani
- Department of Biotechnology, Sri Ramachandra Medical College and Research Institute, Chennai, India
| | - Dicky John Davis G
- Department of Bioinformatics, Sri Ramachandra Medical College and Research Institute, Chennai, India
| | - George Priya Doss C
- Department of Integrative Biology, School of Biosciences and Technology, Vellore Institute of Technology, Vellore, Tamilnadu, India
| | - Sneha Pasupati
- Department of Integrative Biology, School of Biosciences and Technology, Vellore Institute of Technology, Vellore, Tamilnadu, India
| | - Thanka Johnson
- Department of Pathology, Sri Ramachandra Medical College and Research Institute, Chennai, India
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15
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RIPK4 promotes bladder urothelial carcinoma cell aggressiveness by upregulating VEGF-A through the NF-κB pathway. Br J Cancer 2018; 118:1617-1627. [PMID: 29867225 PMCID: PMC6008479 DOI: 10.1038/s41416-018-0116-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/20/2017] [Revised: 03/06/2018] [Accepted: 04/19/2018] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Constitutively activated nuclear factor kappa B (NF-κB) signalling plays vital roles in bladder urothelial carcinoma (BC) progression. We investigate the effect of receptor-interacting protein kinase 4 (RIPK4) on NF-κB activation and BC progression. METHODS The expression of RIPK4 was examined in 25 cryopreserved paired bladder samples and 112 paraffin BC specimens. In vivo and in vitro assays were performed to validate effect of RIPK4 on NF-κB pathway-mediated BC progression. RESULTS High expression of RIPK4 was observed in BC tissues and was an independent predictor for poor overall survival. Up or downregulating the expression of RIPK4 enhanced or inhibited, respectively, the migration and invasion of BC cells in vitro and in vivo. Mechanistically, RIPK4 promoted K63-linked polyubiquitination of tumour necrosis factor receptor-associated factor 2 (TRAF2), receptor-interacting protein (RIP) and NF-κB essential modulator (NEMO). RIPK4 also promoted nuclear localisation of NF-κB-p65, and maintained activation of NF-κB substantially, leading to upregulation of VEGF-A, ultimately promoting BC cell aggressiveness. CONCLUSIONS Our data highlighted the molecular aetiology and clinical significance of RIPK4 in BC: upregulation of RIPK4 contributes to NF-κB activation, and upregulates VEGF-A, and BC progression. Targeting RIPK4 might represent a new therapeutic strategy to improve survival for patients with BC.
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16
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Inoue S, Ide H, Mizushima T, Jiang G, Netto GJ, Gotoh M, Miyamoto H. Nuclear Factor-κB Promotes Urothelial Tumorigenesis and Cancer Progression via Cooperation with Androgen Receptor Signaling. Mol Cancer Ther 2018; 17:1303-1314. [PMID: 29592878 DOI: 10.1158/1535-7163.mct-17-0786] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/16/2017] [Revised: 12/13/2017] [Accepted: 03/14/2018] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
We investigated the role of NF-κB in the development and progression of urothelial cancer as well as cross-talk between NF-κB and androgen receptor (AR) signals in urothelial cells. Immunohistochemistry in surgical specimens showed that the expression levels of NF-κB/p65 (P = 0.015)/phospho-NF-κB/p65 (P < 0.001) were significantly elevated in bladder tumors, compared with those in nonneoplastic urothelial tissues. The rates of phospho-NF-κB/p65 positivity were also significantly higher in high-grade (P = 0.015)/muscle-invasive (P = 0.033) tumors than in lower grade/non-muscle-invasive tumors. Additionally, patients with phospho-NF-κB/p65-positive muscle-invasive bladder cancer had significantly higher risks of disease progression (P < 0.001) and cancer-specific mortality (P = 0.002). In immortalized human normal urothelial SVHUC cells stably expressing AR, NF-κB activators and inhibitors accelerated and prevented, respectively, their neoplastic transformation induced by a chemical carcinogen 3-methylcholanthrene. Bladder tumors were identified in 56% (mock), 89% (betulinic acid), and 22% (parthenolide) of N-butyl-N-(4-hydroxybutyl)nitrosamine-treated male C57BL/6 mice at 22 weeks of age. NF-κB activators and inhibitors also significantly induced and reduced, respectively, cell proliferation/migration/invasion of AR-positive bladder cancer lines, but not AR-knockdown or AR-negative lines, and their growth in xenograft-bearing mice. In both nonneoplastic and neoplastic urothelial cells, NF-κB activators/inhibitors upregulated/downregulated, respectively, AR expression, whereas AR overexpression was associated with increases in the expression levels of NF-κB/p65 and phospho-NF-κB/p65. Thus, NF-κB appeared to be activated in bladder cancer, which was associated with tumor progression. NF-κB activators/inhibitors were also found to modulate tumorigenesis and tumor outgrowth in AR-activated urothelial cells. Accordingly, NF-κB inhibition, together with AR inactivation, has the potential of being an effective chemopreventive and/or therapeutic approach for urothelial carcinoma. Mol Cancer Ther; 17(6); 1303-14. ©2018 AACR.
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Affiliation(s)
- Satoshi Inoue
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, University of Rochester Medical Center, Rochester, New York
- James P. Wilmot Cancer Institute, University of Rochester Medical Center, Rochester, New York
- Department of Pathology, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland
- James Buchanan Brady Urological Institute, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland
- Department of Urology, Nagoya University Graduate School of Medicine, Nagoya, Japan
| | - Hiroki Ide
- Department of Pathology, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland
- James Buchanan Brady Urological Institute, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland
- Department of Urology, Keio University School of Medicine, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Taichi Mizushima
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, University of Rochester Medical Center, Rochester, New York
- James P. Wilmot Cancer Institute, University of Rochester Medical Center, Rochester, New York
- Department of Pathology, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland
- James Buchanan Brady Urological Institute, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland
| | - Guiyang Jiang
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, University of Rochester Medical Center, Rochester, New York
- James P. Wilmot Cancer Institute, University of Rochester Medical Center, Rochester, New York
| | - George J Netto
- Department of Pathology, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland
- James Buchanan Brady Urological Institute, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland
- Department of Pathology, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, Alabama
| | - Momokazu Gotoh
- Department of Urology, Nagoya University Graduate School of Medicine, Nagoya, Japan
| | - Hiroshi Miyamoto
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, University of Rochester Medical Center, Rochester, New York.
- James P. Wilmot Cancer Institute, University of Rochester Medical Center, Rochester, New York
- Department of Pathology, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland
- James Buchanan Brady Urological Institute, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland
- Department of Urology, University of Rochester Medical Center, Rochester, New York
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17
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Aberrant expression of KPNA2 is associated with a poor prognosis and contributes to OCT4 nuclear transportation in bladder cancer. Oncotarget 2018; 7:72767-72776. [PMID: 27611951 PMCID: PMC5341943 DOI: 10.18632/oncotarget.11889] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/20/2016] [Accepted: 08/31/2016] [Indexed: 11/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Recent studies show that Karyopherin alpha 2 (KPNA2) is up-regulated in quite a number of cancers and associated with poor prognosis. Here, we found that expression levels of KPNA2 and OCT4 are up-regulated in bladder cancer tissues and significantly associated with primary tumor stage and bladder cancer patients' poorer prognosis. Our data also showed decreased cell proliferation and migration rates of bladder cancer cell lines when the expression of KPNA2 and OCT4 was silenced. Meanwhile, cell apoptosis rate was increased. Furthermore, Co-IP and immunofluorescence assay showed the KPNA2 interacts with OCT4 and inhibits OCT4 nuclear transportation when KPNA2 was silenced. Thus, we confirmed that up-regulated KPNA2 and OCT4 expression is a common feature of bladder cancer that is correlated with increased aggressive tumor behavior. Also, we propose that KPNA2 regulates the process of OCT4 nuclear transportation in bladder cancer.
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18
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Inhibition of PHLPP2/cyclin D1 protein translation contributes to the tumor suppressive effect of NFκB2 (p100). Oncotarget 2018; 7:34112-30. [PMID: 27095572 PMCID: PMC5085141 DOI: 10.18632/oncotarget.8746] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/01/2016] [Accepted: 03/31/2016] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Although the precursor protein of NFκB2 (p100) is thought to act as a tumor suppressor in mammalian cells, the molecular mechanism of its anti-tumor activity is far from clear. Here, we are, for the first time, to report that p100 protein expression was dramatically decreased in bladder cancers of N-butyl-N-(4-hydroxybutyl)-nitrosamine (BBN)-treated mice and human patients. Knockdown of p100 in cultured human bladder cancer cells promoted anchorage-independent growth accompanied with elevating abundance of cell-cycle-related proteins and accelerated cell-cycle progression. Above effects could be completely reversed by ectopically expression of p100, but not p52. Mechanistically, p100 inhibited Cyclin D1 protein translation by activating the transcription of LARP7 and its hosted miR-302d, which could directly bind to 3'-UTR of cyclin d1 mRNA and inhibited its protein translation. Furthermore, p100 suppressed the expression of PHLPP2 (PH domain and leucine-rich repeat protein phosphatases 2), thus promoting CREB phosphorylation at Ser133 and subsequently leading to miR-302d transcription. Taken together, our studies not only for the first time establish p100 as a key tumor suppressor of bladder cancer growth, but also identify a novel molecular cascade of PHLPP2/CREB/miR-302d that mediates the tumor suppressive function of p100.
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Mitrakas L, Gravas S, Papandreou C, Koukoulis G, Karasavvidou F, Dimakopoulos G, Weingärtner K, Karatzas A, Zachos I, Tzortzis V. Primary High-Grade Non-Muscle-Invasive Bladder Cancer: High NFκB Expression in Tumor Specimens Distinguishes Patients Who are at Risk for Disease Progression. Pathol Oncol Res 2017; 25:225-231. [DOI: 10.1007/s12253-017-0340-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/06/2017] [Accepted: 10/20/2017] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
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20
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Sui X, Lei L, Chen L, Xie T, Li X. Inflammatory microenvironment in the initiation and progression of bladder cancer. Oncotarget 2017; 8:93279-93294. [PMID: 29190997 PMCID: PMC5696263 DOI: 10.18632/oncotarget.21565] [Citation(s) in RCA: 50] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/25/2017] [Accepted: 09/08/2017] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Accumulating evidence suggests the idea that chronic inflammation may play a critical role in various malignancies including bladder cancer and long-term treatment with non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs) is significantly effective in reducing certain cancer incidence and mortality. However, the molecular mechanisms leading to malignant transformation and the progression of bladder cancer in a chronically inflammatory environment remain largely unknown. In this review, we will describe the role of inflammation in the formation and development of bladder cancer and summarize the possible molecular mechanisms by which chronic inflammation regulates cell immune response, proliferation and metastasis. Understanding the novel function orchestrating inflammation and bladder cancer will hopefully provide us insights into their future clinical significance in preventing bladder carcinogenesis and progression.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xinbing Sui
- Department of Medical Oncology Holistic Integrative Oncology Institutes and Holistic Integrative Pharmacy Institutes, The Affiliated Hospital of Hangzhou Normal University, College of Medicine, Hangzhou Normal University, Hangzhou, China.,Department of Medical Oncology Holistic Integrative Cancer Center of Traditional Chinese and Western Medicine, The Affiliated Hospital of Hangzhou Normal University, Hangzhou, China
| | - Liming Lei
- Department of Cardiovascular Surgery of Guangdong Cardiovascular Institute, Guangdong General Hospital, Guangdong Academy of Medical Sciences, Laboratory of South China Structural Heart Disease, Guangzhou, China
| | - Liuxi Chen
- Department of Medical Oncology, Sir Run Run Shaw Hospital, College of Medicine, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China
| | - Tian Xie
- Department of Medical Oncology Holistic Integrative Oncology Institutes and Holistic Integrative Pharmacy Institutes, The Affiliated Hospital of Hangzhou Normal University, College of Medicine, Hangzhou Normal University, Hangzhou, China.,Department of Medical Oncology Holistic Integrative Cancer Center of Traditional Chinese and Western Medicine, The Affiliated Hospital of Hangzhou Normal University, Hangzhou, China
| | - Xue Li
- Departments of Urology and Pathology, Boston Children's Hospital, Boston, MA, USA.,Department of Surgery, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
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21
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Mukherjee N, Cardenas E, Bedolla R, Ghosh R. SETD6 regulates NF-κB signaling in urothelial cell survival: Implications for bladder cancer. Oncotarget 2017; 8:15114-15125. [PMID: 28122346 PMCID: PMC5362471 DOI: 10.18632/oncotarget.14750] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/01/2016] [Accepted: 01/10/2017] [Indexed: 11/29/2022] Open
Abstract
Non-muscle invasive bladder cancer has a high recurrence rate of 45-70%, progressing to muscle invasive disease in about 15% of those patients over a 5-year period. Administration of the mycobacterium, Bacillus Calmette-Guerin (BCG) that induces local inflammation resulting in tumor remission in responsive patients is frequently used for treatment. BCG-treated patients with NF-κB del/del genotype have an increased risk of recurrence suggesting an important role of NF-κB in bladder cancer. Since protein methyltransferases play critical roles in modulating chromatin structure and gene expression, we screened a focused array of epigenetic modification genes to identify differential expression between normal urothelial and bladder cancer cells. We found and validated high expression of the SET-domain-containing protein methyltransferase, SETD6. SETD6 monomethylates NF-κB-p65 at lysine 310. Our results show that primary urothelial cells and normal bladder tissue have nearly undetectable message and protein level of SETD6 that increases in transformed urothelial cells and is further increased in bladder cancer cells and tissues. Overexpression of SETD6 in transformed urothelial cells increased cell survival and colony formation while knockdown in cancer cells decreased both parameters. Luciferase reporter assays showed that SETD6 induced the canonical NF-κB signaling pathway. Further, the use of catalytic SETD6 and IκBα mutant shows that SETD6 positively regulates survival by affecting p65 message, protein level and its function as determined by increased expression of NF-κB target genes. Our findings suggest that SETD6 plays an important role in NF-κB regulation and may have an important role in NF-κB-mediated local inflammatory response following BCG treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Neelam Mukherjee
- Department of Urology, School of Medicine, University of Texas Health Science Center at San Antonio, San Antonio, TX 78229, USA
| | - Eduardo Cardenas
- Department of Urology, School of Medicine, University of Texas Health Science Center at San Antonio, San Antonio, TX 78229, USA
| | - Roble Bedolla
- Department of Urology, School of Medicine, University of Texas Health Science Center at San Antonio, San Antonio, TX 78229, USA
| | - Rita Ghosh
- Department of Urology, School of Medicine, University of Texas Health Science Center at San Antonio, San Antonio, TX 78229, USA.,Department of Pharmacology, School of Medicine, University of Texas Health Science Center at San Antonio, San Antonio, TX 78229, USA.,Department of Molecular Medicine and School of Medicine, University of Texas Health Science Center at San Antonio, San Antonio, TX 78229, USA.,Department of Cancer Therapy and Research Center, School of Medicine, University of Texas Health Science Center at San Antonio, San Antonio, TX 78229, USA
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22
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Zhu J, Li Y, Chen C, Ma J, Sun W, Tian Z, Li J, Xu J, Liu CS, Zhang D, Huang C, Huang H. NF-κB p65 Overexpression Promotes Bladder Cancer Cell Migration via FBW7-Mediated Degradation of RhoGDIα Protein. Neoplasia 2017; 19:672-683. [PMID: 28772241 PMCID: PMC5540704 DOI: 10.1016/j.neo.2017.06.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/13/2017] [Revised: 05/26/2017] [Accepted: 06/05/2017] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND: Since invasive bladder cancer (BC) is one of the most lethal urological malignant tumors worldwide, understanding the molecular mechanisms that trigger the migration, invasion, and metastasis of BC has great significance in reducing the mortality of this disease. Although RelA/p65, a member of the NF-kappa B transcription factor family, has been reported to be upregulated in human BCs, its regulation of BC motility and mechanisms have not been explored yet. METHODS: NF-κBp65 expression was evaluated in N-butyl-N-(4-hydroxybutyl)-nitrosamine (BBN)–induced high invasive BCs by immunohistochemistry staining and in human BC cell lines demonstrated by Western Blot. The effects of NF-κBp65 knockdown on BC cell migration and invasion, as well as its regulated RhoGDIα and FBW7, were also evaluated in T24T cells by using loss- and gain-function approaches. Moreover, the interaction of FBW7 with RhoGDIα was determined with immunoprecipitation assay, while critical role of ubiquitination of RhoGDIα by FBW7 was also demonstrated in the studies. RESULTS: p65 protein was remarkably upregulated in the BBN-induced high invasive BCs and in human BC cell lines. We also observed that p65 overexpression promoted BC cell migration by inhibiting RhoGDIα expression. The regulatory effect of p65 on RhoGDIα expression is mediated by its upregulation of FBW7, which specifically interacted with RhoGDIα and promoted RhoGDIα ubiquitination and degradation. Mechanistic studies revealed that p65 stabilizing the E3 ligase FBW7 protein was mediated by its attenuating pten mRNA transcription. CONCLUSIONS: We demonstrate that p65 overexpression inhibits pten mRNA transcription, which stabilizes the protein expression of ubiquitin E3 ligase FBW7, in turn increasing the ubiquitination and degradation of RhoGDIα protein and finally promoting human BC migration. The novel identification of p65/PTEN/FBW7/RhoGDIα axis provides a significant insight into understanding the nature of BC migration, further offering a new theoretical support for cancer therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Junlan Zhu
- School of Laboratory Medicine and Life Science, Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, Zhejiang, China 325035; Nelson Institute of Environmental Medicine, New York University School of Medicine, Tuxedo, NY 10987, USA
| | - Yang Li
- School of Laboratory Medicine and Life Science, Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, Zhejiang, China 325035; Nelson Institute of Environmental Medicine, New York University School of Medicine, Tuxedo, NY 10987, USA
| | - Caiyi Chen
- School of Laboratory Medicine and Life Science, Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, Zhejiang, China 325035
| | - Jiugao Ma
- School of Laboratory Medicine and Life Science, Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, Zhejiang, China 325035
| | - Wenrui Sun
- School of Laboratory Medicine and Life Science, Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, Zhejiang, China 325035
| | - Zhongxian Tian
- School of Laboratory Medicine and Life Science, Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, Zhejiang, China 325035; Nelson Institute of Environmental Medicine, New York University School of Medicine, Tuxedo, NY 10987, USA
| | - Jingxia Li
- Nelson Institute of Environmental Medicine, New York University School of Medicine, Tuxedo, NY 10987, USA
| | - Jiheng Xu
- School of Laboratory Medicine and Life Science, Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, Zhejiang, China 325035; Nelson Institute of Environmental Medicine, New York University School of Medicine, Tuxedo, NY 10987, USA
| | - Claire S Liu
- Nelson Institute of Environmental Medicine, New York University School of Medicine, Tuxedo, NY 10987, USA
| | - Dongyun Zhang
- Nelson Institute of Environmental Medicine, New York University School of Medicine, Tuxedo, NY 10987, USA
| | - Chuanshu Huang
- School of Laboratory Medicine and Life Science, Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, Zhejiang, China 325035; Nelson Institute of Environmental Medicine, New York University School of Medicine, Tuxedo, NY 10987, USA.
| | - Haishan Huang
- School of Laboratory Medicine and Life Science, Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, Zhejiang, China 325035.
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23
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NF-κB suppresses apoptosis and promotes bladder cancer cell proliferation by upregulating survivin expression in vitro and in vivo. Sci Rep 2017; 7:40723. [PMID: 28139689 PMCID: PMC5282527 DOI: 10.1038/srep40723] [Citation(s) in RCA: 55] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/19/2016] [Accepted: 12/09/2016] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Nuclear factor kappa-B (NF-κB) activation is a common phenomenon in cancers, which results in the aberrant expression of NF-κB target genes and leads to malignant transformation, metastatic dissemination, abnormal cell proliferation or resistance to cell death. Survivin is a unique member of the IAP family, a well-known cancer-specific molecule and a molecular marker of poor clinical outcome in several cancer types, including bladder cancer. YM-155, a potent survivin suppressor, has been shown to have anti-tumor activity in preclinical cell lines, xenograft models and phase I/II studies. In the present study, we investigated the function of the NF-κB/survivin pathway in bladder cancer. We found that NF-κB can promote cell cycle progression and reduce apoptosis by upregulating survivin expression, thereby increasing cellular proliferation. We further confirmed the tumorigenic function of the NF-κB/survivin pathway in vivo using a xenograft tumor model of stable NF-κB-overexpressing 5637 cells. Moreover, we found that YM-155 significantly induced apoptosis and decreased cellular proliferation as well as tumor growth in mice. Our results demonstrate the carcinogenic function of the NF-κB/survivin pathway in bladder cancer and the role of YM-155 as a promising agent for the strategic treatment of bladder cancer.
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Cao S, Liu S, Wang F, Liu J, Li M, Wang C, Xi S. DMA(V) in Drinking Water Activated NF-κB Signal Pathway and Increased TGF-β and IL-1β Expressions in Bladder Epithelial Cells of Rats. Mediators Inflamm 2015; 2015:790652. [PMID: 26617437 PMCID: PMC4651728 DOI: 10.1155/2015/790652] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/01/2015] [Accepted: 10/19/2015] [Indexed: 01/03/2023] Open
Abstract
Dimethylarsinic acid (DMA(V)) is the main product of arsenic methylation metabolism in vivo and is rat bladder carcinogen and tumor promoting agent. In this study, we measured the expressions of mRNA and proteins of NF-κB pathway members, IKKα, IKKβ, p65, and p50 in rat bladder epithelium by qRT-PCR and immunohistochemical analysis after rats received drinking water containing 100 and 200 ppm DMA(V) for 10 weeks. Transforming growth factor-β (TGF-β) immunoexpression in rat bladder epithelium and urine level of IL-1β also were determined. We found that DMA(V) dramatically increased the mRNA levels of NF-κB p50 and IKKα in the bladder epithelium of rats compared to the control group. Immunohistochemical examinations showed that DMA(V) increased immunoreactivities of IKKα, IKKβ, and phospho-NF-κB p50 in the cytoplasm and phospho-NF-κB p50 and p65 in nucleus of rat urothelial cells. In addition, DMA(V) treated rats exhibited significantly increased inflammatory factor TGF-β immunoreactivity in bladder epithelium and IL-1β secretion in urine. These data suggest that DMA(V) could activate NF-κB signal pathway and increase TGF-β and IL-1β expressions in bladder epithelial cells of rats.
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Affiliation(s)
- Siqi Cao
- Department of Environmental and Occupational Health, School of Public Health, China Medical University, No. 77 Puhe Road, Shenyang North New Area, Shenyang, Liaoning 110122, China
| | - Shengnan Liu
- Department of Environmental and Occupational Health, School of Public Health, China Medical University, No. 77 Puhe Road, Shenyang North New Area, Shenyang, Liaoning 110122, China
| | - Fei Wang
- Department of Environmental and Occupational Health, School of Public Health, China Medical University, No. 77 Puhe Road, Shenyang North New Area, Shenyang, Liaoning 110122, China
| | - Jieyu Liu
- Department of Environmental and Occupational Health, School of Public Health, China Medical University, No. 77 Puhe Road, Shenyang North New Area, Shenyang, Liaoning 110122, China
| | - Mengdan Li
- Department of Environmental and Occupational Health, School of Public Health, China Medical University, No. 77 Puhe Road, Shenyang North New Area, Shenyang, Liaoning 110122, China
| | - Chen Wang
- Department of Environmental and Occupational Health, School of Public Health, China Medical University, No. 77 Puhe Road, Shenyang North New Area, Shenyang, Liaoning 110122, China
| | - Shuhua Xi
- Department of Environmental and Occupational Health, School of Public Health, China Medical University, No. 77 Puhe Road, Shenyang North New Area, Shenyang, Liaoning 110122, China
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25
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Nesi G, Nobili S, Cai T, Caini S, Santi R. Chronic inflammation in urothelial bladder cancer. Virchows Arch 2015; 467:623-633. [PMID: 26263854 DOI: 10.1007/s00428-015-1820-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/20/2015] [Revised: 07/17/2015] [Accepted: 07/28/2015] [Indexed: 01/25/2023]
Abstract
The association between inflammation and cancer has been pointed out in epidemiological and clinical studies, revealing how chronic inflammation may contribute to carcinogenesis in various malignancies. However, the molecular events leading to malignant transformation in a chronically inflamed environment are not fully understood. In urothelial carcinoma of the urinary bladder, inflammation plays a dual role. On the one hand, chronic inflammation is a well-established risk factor for the development of bladder cancer (BC), as seen in Schistosoma haematobium infection. On the other, intravesical therapy by bacillus Calmette-Guérin (BCG), which induces inflammation, offers protection against cancer recurrence. The large variety of pro-inflammatory mediators expressed by BC and immune cells binds to specific receptors which control signalling pathways. These activate transcription of a plethora of downstream factors. This review summarizes recent data regarding inflammation and urothelial carcinoma, with special emphasis on the role the inflammatory response plays in BC recurrence risk and progression.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gabriella Nesi
- Division of Pathological Anatomy, Department of Surgery and Translational Medicine, University of Florence, Largo Brambilla 3, 50134, Florence, Italy.
| | - Stefania Nobili
- Section of Clinical Pharmacology and Oncology, Department of Health Sciences, University of Florence, Viale Pieraccini 6, 50139, Florence, Italy
| | - Tommaso Cai
- Department of Urology, Santa Chiara Regional Hospital, Largo Medaglie d'Oro 9, 50011, Trento, Italy
| | - Saverio Caini
- Unit of Molecular and Nutritional Epidemiology, Institute for Cancer Research and Prevention (ISPO), Via delle Oblate 2, 50139, Florence, Italy
| | - Raffaella Santi
- Division of Pathological Anatomy, Department of Surgery and Translational Medicine, University of Florence, Largo Brambilla 3, 50134, Florence, Italy
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26
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Ito Y, Kikuchi E, Tanaka N, Kosaka T, Suzuki E, Mizuno R, Shinojima T, Miyajima A, Umezawa K, Oya M. Down-regulation of NF kappa B activation is an effective therapeutic modality in acquired platinum-resistant bladder cancer. BMC Cancer 2015; 15:324. [PMID: 25926105 PMCID: PMC4424446 DOI: 10.1186/s12885-015-1315-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/29/2014] [Accepted: 04/10/2015] [Indexed: 01/25/2023] Open
Abstract
Background No previous study has addressed the efficacy of NF-κB blockade when bladder tumors develop acquired resistance toward CDDP-treatments. We investigated the changes in NF-κB activation and therapeutic impact of NF-κB blockade by the novel NF-κB inhibitor dehydroxymethyl derivative of epoxyquinomicin (DHMEQ) in CDDP-resistant bladder cancer cells. Methods Two human invasive bladder cancer cell lines, T24 and T24PR, were used. The T24PR cell line was newly established as an acquired platinum-resistant subline by culturing in CDDP-containing medium for 6 months. Expression of intranuclear p65 protein in the fractionated two cell lines was determined by Western blotting analysis. DNA-binding activity of NF-κB was detected by electrophoretic mobility shift assay. The cytotoxic effects and induction of apoptosis were analyzed in vivo and in vitro. Results Intranuclear expression and DNA-binding activity of p65 were strongly enhanced in T24PR cells compared with those of T24 cells, and both were significantly suppressed by DHMEQ. Lowered cell viability and strong induction of apoptosis were observed by treatment with DHMEQ alone in these chemo-resistant cells compared with parent cells. As T24PR cells did not show dramatic cross-resistance to paclitaxel in the in vitro study, we next examined whether the combination of DHMEQ with paclitaxel could enhance the therapeutic effect of the paclitaxel treatment in T24PR tumors. Using mouse xenograft models, the mean volume of tumors treated with the combination of DHMEQ (2 mg/kg) and paclitaxel (10 mg/kg) was significantly smaller than those treated with paclitaxel alone (p < 0.05), and the reduction of tumor volume in mice treated with DHMEQ in combination with paclitaxel and paclitaxel alone as compared to vehicle control was 66.9% and 17.0%, respectively. Conclusion There was a distinct change in the activation level of NF-κB between T24 and T24PR cells, suggesting strong nuclear localization of NF-κB could be a promising target after developing acquired platinum-resistance in bladder cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yujiro Ito
- Department of Urology, Keio University School of Medicine, 35 Shinanomachi, Shinjuku-ku, Tokyo, 160-8582, Japan.
| | - Eiji Kikuchi
- Department of Urology, Keio University School of Medicine, 35 Shinanomachi, Shinjuku-ku, Tokyo, 160-8582, Japan.
| | - Nobuyuki Tanaka
- Department of Urology, Keio University School of Medicine, 35 Shinanomachi, Shinjuku-ku, Tokyo, 160-8582, Japan.
| | - Takeo Kosaka
- Department of Urology, Keio University School of Medicine, 35 Shinanomachi, Shinjuku-ku, Tokyo, 160-8582, Japan.
| | - Eriko Suzuki
- Department of Applied Biological Science, Tokyo University of Agriculture and Technology, 3-8-1 Harumi-cho, Fuchu-shi, Tokyo, 183-8538, Japan.
| | - Ryuichi Mizuno
- Department of Urology, Keio University School of Medicine, 35 Shinanomachi, Shinjuku-ku, Tokyo, 160-8582, Japan.
| | - Toshiaki Shinojima
- Department of Urology, Keio University School of Medicine, 35 Shinanomachi, Shinjuku-ku, Tokyo, 160-8582, Japan.
| | - Akira Miyajima
- Department of Urology, Keio University School of Medicine, 35 Shinanomachi, Shinjuku-ku, Tokyo, 160-8582, Japan.
| | - Kazuo Umezawa
- Department of Molecular Target Medicine Screening, Aichi Medical University, 1-1 Yazakokarimata, Nagakute, Aichi, 480-1195, Japan.
| | - Mototsugu Oya
- Department of Urology, Keio University School of Medicine, 35 Shinanomachi, Shinjuku-ku, Tokyo, 160-8582, Japan.
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Mukherjee N, Houston TJ, Cardenas E, Ghosh R. To be an ally or an adversary in bladder cancer: the NF-κB story has not unfolded. Carcinogenesis 2015; 36:299-306. [PMID: 25543121 PMCID: PMC4425835 DOI: 10.1093/carcin/bgu321] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/16/2014] [Revised: 12/09/2014] [Accepted: 12/21/2014] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Signaling and regulation of transcription factor nuclear factor-kappaB (NF-κB) has been an area of extensive research since its first discovery nearly three decades ago. Members of the NF-κB family have been reported to critically mediate a multitude of responses in normal cells. Therefore, it is not surprising that NF-κB function can go awry and result in pathological conditions including cancer. Despite its critical importance, the functional role of NF-κB has not received the same attention in cancers of all tissue types. In the case of cancer of the urinary bladder, which is the second most common urologic cancer, the involvement of NF-κB in the development of superficial or muscle invasive disease and during cancer recurrence is rudimentary at best. Nuclear expression of p65/RelA is seen in bladder cancer patients and has been found to negatively affect survival of patients with superficial and muscle invasive disease. Despite these observations, the exact mechanism of NF-κB upregulation and function remains unknown. Furthermore, the emergence of a tumor suppressive role for NF-κB in recent years suggests that the family may play the role of a double-edged sword in cancer, which remains unexplored in bladder cancer. The challenge now is to delineate the increasing complexity of this pathway in the development and progression of bladder cancer. Here, we review key aspects of the current knowledge of signaling and regulation by the NF-κB family focusing on its controversial role in cancer and highlight the importance of studying NF-κB in bladder cancer in particular.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | - Rita Ghosh
- Department of Urology, Department of Pharmacology, Department of Molecular Medicine and Cancer Therapy and Research Center, School of Medicine, University of Texas Health Science Center at San Antonio, San Antonio, TX 78229, USA
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28
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Wu CT, Chang YH, Lin PY, Chen WC, Chen MF. Thrombomodulin expression regulates tumorigenesis in bladder cancer. BMC Cancer 2014; 14:375. [PMID: 24886404 PMCID: PMC4051376 DOI: 10.1186/1471-2407-14-375] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/22/2014] [Accepted: 05/22/2014] [Indexed: 01/22/2023] Open
Abstract
Background The identification of potential tumor markers will help improve therapeutic planning and patient management. Thrombomodulin (TM) is a sensitive urothelial marker. TM was reported to be one of the endogenous anti-metastatic factors and has diagnostic and prognostic values for the progression of carcinoma. In the present study, we examine the role of TM in bladder cancer. Methods We studied the role of TM in tumor behavior and related signaling pathways in vitro using the human bladder cancer cell lines HT1376, HT1197, J82 and T24, and in vivo using animal models. We also selected clinical specimens from 100 patients with bladder cancer for immunohistochemical staining to evaluate the predictive capacity of TM in tumor invasiveness. Results The data revealed that positive immunoreactivity for TM was inversely correlated with clinical stage and DNA methyltransferase 1 immunoreactivity. Decreased TM expression could predict the aggressive tumor growth and advanced clinical stage in bladder cancer. When TM was inhibited, tumor growth rate and invasion ability were augmented in vitro and in vivo. The underlying changes included increased cell proliferation, enhanced epithelial-mesenchymal transition (EMT) and angiogenesis. Moreover, inhibition of NF-κB activation significantly increased TM expression and attenuated tumor aggressiveness in bladder cancer. Conclusions TM plays an important role in bladder cancer tumor aggressiveness in vitro and in vivo and is a clinically significant predictor that may represent a suitable therapeutic target for bladder cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | - Miao-Fen Chen
- Chang Gung University, College of medicine, Taoyuan, Taiwan.
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29
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Salazar L, Kashiwada T, Krejci P, Meyer AN, Casale M, Hallowell M, Wilcox WR, Donoghue DJ, Thompson LM. Fibroblast growth factor receptor 3 interacts with and activates TGFβ-activated kinase 1 tyrosine phosphorylation and NFκB signaling in multiple myeloma and bladder cancer. PLoS One 2014; 9:e86470. [PMID: 24466111 PMCID: PMC3900522 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0086470] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/19/2013] [Accepted: 12/09/2013] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
Cancer is a major public health problem worldwide. In the United States alone, 1 in 4 deaths is due to cancer and for 2013 a total of 1,660,290 new cancer cases and 580,350 cancer-related deaths are projected. Comprehensive profiling of multiple cancer genomes has revealed a highly complex genetic landscape in which a large number of altered genes, varying from tumor to tumor, impact core biological pathways and processes. This has implications for therapeutic targeting of signaling networks in the development of treatments for specific cancers. The NFκB transcription factor is constitutively active in a number of hematologic and solid tumors, and many signaling pathways implicated in cancer are likely connected to NFκB activation. A critical mediator of NFκB activity is TGFβ-activated kinase 1 (TAK1). Here, we identify TAK1 as a novel interacting protein and target of fibroblast growth factor receptor 3 (FGFR3) tyrosine kinase activity. We further demonstrate that activating mutations in FGFR3 associated with both multiple myeloma and bladder cancer can modulate expression of genes that regulate NFκB signaling, and promote both NFκB transcriptional activity and cell adhesion in a manner dependent on TAK1 expression in both cancer cell types. Our findings suggest TAK1 as a potential therapeutic target for FGFR3-associated cancers, and other malignancies in which TAK1 contributes to constitutive NFκB activation.
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MESH Headings
- Apoptosis
- Biomarkers, Tumor/genetics
- Biomarkers, Tumor/metabolism
- Blotting, Western
- Cell Adhesion
- Cell Proliferation
- Gene Expression Profiling
- Humans
- Immunoprecipitation
- MAP Kinase Kinase Kinases/genetics
- MAP Kinase Kinase Kinases/metabolism
- Multiple Myeloma/genetics
- Multiple Myeloma/metabolism
- Multiple Myeloma/pathology
- NF-kappa B/genetics
- NF-kappa B/metabolism
- Oligonucleotide Array Sequence Analysis
- Peptide Fragments
- Phosphorylation
- RNA, Messenger/genetics
- Real-Time Polymerase Chain Reaction
- Receptor, Fibroblast Growth Factor, Type 3/genetics
- Receptor, Fibroblast Growth Factor, Type 3/metabolism
- Reverse Transcriptase Polymerase Chain Reaction
- Signal Transduction
- Spectrometry, Mass, Matrix-Assisted Laser Desorption-Ionization
- Transforming Growth Factor beta/genetics
- Transforming Growth Factor beta/metabolism
- Tumor Cells, Cultured
- Two-Hybrid System Techniques
- Tyrosine/metabolism
- Urinary Bladder Neoplasms/genetics
- Urinary Bladder Neoplasms/metabolism
- Urinary Bladder Neoplasms/pathology
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Affiliation(s)
- Lisa Salazar
- Department of Psychiatry and Human Behavior, University of California Irvine, Irvine, California, United States of America
| | - Tamara Kashiwada
- Department of Biological Chemistry, University of California Irvine, Irvine, California, United States of America
| | - Pavel Krejci
- Medical Genetics Institute, Cedars-Sinai Medical Center, Los Angeles, California, United States of America
- Institute of Experimental Biology, Masaryk University and Department of Cytokinetics, Institute of Biophysics AS CR, v.v.i., Brno, Czech Republic
- Department of Pediatrics, UCLA School of Medicine, Los Angeles, California, United States of America
| | - April N. Meyer
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, California, United States of America
| | - Malcolm Casale
- Department of Neurobiology and Behavior, University of California Irvine, Irvine, California, United States of America
| | - Matthew Hallowell
- Department of Psychiatry and Human Behavior, University of California Irvine, Irvine, California, United States of America
| | - William R. Wilcox
- Medical Genetics Institute, Cedars-Sinai Medical Center, Los Angeles, California, United States of America
- Department of Pediatrics, UCLA School of Medicine, Los Angeles, California, United States of America
| | - Daniel J. Donoghue
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, California, United States of America
- Moores Cancer Center, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, California, United States of America
| | - Leslie Michels Thompson
- Department of Psychiatry and Human Behavior, University of California Irvine, Irvine, California, United States of America
- Department of Biological Chemistry, University of California Irvine, Irvine, California, United States of America
- Department of Neurobiology and Behavior, University of California Irvine, Irvine, California, United States of America
- Chao Family Comprehensive Cancer Center, University of California Irvine, Irvine, California, United States of America
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30
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Degoricija M, Situm M, Korać J, Miljković A, Matić K, Paradžik M, Marinović Terzić I, Jerončić A, Tomić S, Terzić J. High NF-κB and STAT3 activity in human urothelial carcinoma: a pilot study. World J Urol 2014; 32:1469-75. [PMID: 24448750 DOI: 10.1007/s00345-014-1237-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/16/2013] [Accepted: 01/06/2014] [Indexed: 01/23/2023] Open
Abstract
PURPOSE Given that the tumor-promoting inflammation has been previously established in squamous cell carcinoma of the bladder but its contribution to development of urothelial carcinoma (UC) still remains elusive, our aim was to study changes in expression and activity of inflammation-mediating NF-κB and STAT3 transcription factors in human urothelial bladder carcinoma as well as expression of their target genes cyclin D1, VEGFA and TGFβ1. METHODS Gene expression of STAT3, NF-κB, TGFβ1, cyclin D1 and VEGFA was measured by quantitative real-time polymerase chain reaction in both tumor and healthy bladder tissue from 36 patients with UC of the bladder. Activation of STAT3 and NF-κB was assessed with immunohistochemistry and immunoblot. RESULTS Urothelial bladder carcinoma displayed elevated expression as well as activation of NF-κB (P = 5.38e-10) and STAT3 (P = 0.002) transcription factors. Furthermore, elevated level of expression was observed for cyclin D1, VEGFA and TGFβ1 (P = 9.71e-09, P = 9.71e-09, P = 5.38e-10). Preliminary statistical analysis indicated that the level of upregulation of STAT3 or NF-κB was probably not dependent upon the grade (P = 0.984 and 0.803, respectively) and invasiveness of the tumor (0.399 and 0.949), nor to the gender (0.780 and 0.536) and age (0.660 and 0.816) of the patients. CONCLUSIONS NF-κB and STAT3 signaling pathways, as main inflammatory mediators, are found to be activated in urothelial bladder carcinoma indicating that chronic inflammatory processes are accompanying development of this tumor type. Future studies will have to determine possible causative role of inflammatory processes in development of urothelial bladder carcinomas.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marina Degoricija
- Department of Immunology, School of Medicine, University of Split, Šoltanska 2, 21000, Split, Croatia
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31
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Guan Z, Ding C, Du Y, Zhang K, Zhu JN, Zhang T, He D, Xu S, Wang X, Fan J. HAF drives the switch of HIF-1α to HIF-2α by activating the NF-κB pathway, leading to malignant behavior of T24 bladder cancer cells. Int J Oncol 2013; 44:393-402. [PMID: 24316875 PMCID: PMC3898811 DOI: 10.3892/ijo.2013.2210] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/07/2013] [Accepted: 11/19/2013] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Hypoxia is a characteristic feature of solid tumors, leading to malignant behavior. During this process, HIF family members (HIFs) and the NF-κB pathway are activated. In addition, the hypoxia-associated factor (HAF) is reported to participate in the regulation of HIFs. However, the precise relationship among HIFs, HAF and the NF-κB pathway in bladder cancer (BC) remains unknown. In the current investigation, T24 BC cells were exposed to hypoxia, or by plasmid transfection to overexpress HAF or RelA (P65) to demonstrate their roles. The results indicate that hypoxia leads to the elevation of HAF plus activation of the NF-κB pathway, accompanied by the switch of HIF-1α to HIF-2α, resulting in the enhanced ability of malignancy in T24 cells. In order to further demonstrate the significance of this switch, HIF-1α and HIF-2α were co-transfected into T24 cells with HIF-β, respectively. The following results indicate that the T24hif-2α/β cells show enhanced ability of malignancy, accompanied by the maintenance of stem-cell markers, but the T24hif-1α/β cells show higher expression of metabolism-related genes. Boyden assays and wound-healing assays indicate the enhanced ability of malignancy for T24hif-2α/β. Thus, we conclude that on the hypoxic microenvironment, the switching of HIF-1α to HIF-2α, which is driven by HAF through activating the NF-κB pathway, contributes to the malignancy of T24 cells, accompanied by the maintenance of stem-cell markers. This provides us an avenue for understanding the progression of bladder cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhenfeng Guan
- Oncology Research Lab, Key Laboratory of Environment and Genes Related to Diseases, Ministry of Education, Xi'an, P.R. China
| | - Chen Ding
- Oncology Research Lab, Key Laboratory of Environment and Genes Related to Diseases, Ministry of Education, Xi'an, P.R. China
| | - Yiqing Du
- Oncology Research Lab, Key Laboratory of Environment and Genes Related to Diseases, Ministry of Education, Xi'an, P.R. China
| | - Kai Zhang
- Oncology Research Lab, Key Laboratory of Environment and Genes Related to Diseases, Ministry of Education, Xi'an, P.R. China
| | - Jian Ning Zhu
- Oncology Research Lab, Key Laboratory of Environment and Genes Related to Diseases, Ministry of Education, Xi'an, P.R. China
| | - Tingting Zhang
- Oncology Research Lab, Key Laboratory of Environment and Genes Related to Diseases, Ministry of Education, Xi'an, P.R. China
| | - Dalin He
- Department of Urology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Medical College of Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an, P.R. China
| | - Shan Xu
- Oncology Research Lab, Key Laboratory of Environment and Genes Related to Diseases, Ministry of Education, Xi'an, P.R. China
| | - Xinyang Wang
- Oncology Research Lab, Key Laboratory of Environment and Genes Related to Diseases, Ministry of Education, Xi'an, P.R. China
| | - Jinhai Fan
- Department of Urology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Medical College of Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an, P.R. China
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Koga F, Numao N, Saito K, Masuda H, Fujii Y, Kawakami S, Kihara K. Sensitivity to chemoradiation predicts development of metastasis in muscle-invasive bladder cancer patients. Urol Oncol 2013; 31:1270-5. [DOI: 10.1016/j.urolonc.2012.01.014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/05/2012] [Revised: 01/30/2012] [Accepted: 01/31/2012] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
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TRAIL and osteoprotegerin (OPG) expression in bladder urothelial carcinoma: correlation with clinicopathological parameters and prognosis. Pathology 2013; 45:138-44. [DOI: 10.1097/pat.0b013e32835c9891] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
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Huang HS, Liu ZM, Chen PC, Tseng HY, Yeh BW. TG-interacting factor-induced superoxide production from NADPH oxidase contributes to the migration/invasion of urothelial carcinoma. Free Radic Biol Med 2012; 53:769-78. [PMID: 22728270 DOI: 10.1016/j.freeradbiomed.2012.06.014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/01/2012] [Revised: 06/07/2012] [Accepted: 06/12/2012] [Indexed: 01/11/2023]
Abstract
Urothelial carcinoma (UC) of the bladder is the fourth most common cancer and the ninth leading cause of death from cancer among men in the United States. However, higher recurrence, resistance to therapy, and poor diagnostic/prognostic biomarkers of UC prompt us to identify novel targets to improve the clinical applications. TG-interacting factor (TGIF), a transcriptional corepressor to modulate the TGF-β signaling, is associated with various types of human cancer. In the present study, we found that cellular migration activity, reactive oxygen species production, AKT(S473) phosphorylation, TGIF, and p67(phox) expression were higher in invasive T24 cells than in noninvasive RT4 cells. In addition, overexpression of TGIF in RT4 cells enhanced cellular migration/invasion ability; it involved NADPH oxidase 2 (Nox2)/p67(phox) complex activation, reactive oxygen species production, and AKT(S473) phosphorylation. In contrast, the migration/invasion ability of T24 cells was suppressed by the knockdown of TGIF or p67(phox), respectively. Overexpression of AKT1 could increase cellular superoxide production and invasion. Moreover, by using the PI3K/AKT inhibitor wortmannin or shRNA of AKT1, the TGIF-induced Nox activation and superoxide production were significantly inhibited. Accordingly, we suggest that PI3K/AKT signaling mediates TGIF-induced Nox2/p67(phox) complex activation and the resultant superoxide production which reinforces the PI3K/AKT signaling to promote the cellular migration/invasion ability of UC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Huei-Sheng Huang
- Department of Medical Laboratory Science and Biotechnology, College of Medicine, National Cheng Kung University, Tainan 701, Taiwan.
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Pontes HAR, Pontes FSC, Fonseca FP, de Carvalho PL, Pereira EM, de Abreu MC, de Freitas Silva BS, dos Santos Pinto D. Nuclear factor κB and cyclooxygenase-2 immunoexpression in oral dysplasia and oral squamous cell carcinoma. Ann Diagn Pathol 2012; 17:45-50. [PMID: 22818026 DOI: 10.1016/j.anndiagpath.2012.04.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/31/2012] [Revised: 03/18/2012] [Accepted: 04/19/2012] [Indexed: 10/28/2022]
Abstract
Oral leukoplakia is the main potentially malignant oral lesion, and oral squamous cell carcinoma accounts for more than 95% of all malignant neoplasms in the oral cavity. Therefore, the aim of this study was to verify the immunoexpression of nuclear factor κB (NF-κB) and cyclooxygenase-2 (COX-2) proteins in dysplastic oral lesions and oral squamous cell carcinoma. Immunohistochemical reactions were performed on 6 inflammatory fibrous hyperplasia, 28 oral leukoplakia, and 15 oral squamous cell carcinoma paraffin-embedded samples. Immunoperoxidase reaction for NF-κB and COX-2 was applied on the specimens, and the positivity of the reactions was calculated for 1000 epithelial cells. Using the analysis of variance and the Tukey post hoc statistical analyses, a significantly increased immunoexpression for NF-κB was observed when oral squamous cell carcinoma samples were compared with the other groups studied. However, using the Kruskal-Wallis and the Dunn post hoc tests, a statistically significant result for COX-2 expression was obtained only when the moderate dysplasia group was compared with the inflammatory fibrous hyperplasia group. Nuclear factor κB may participate in the malignant phenotype acquisition process of the oral squamous cell carcinoma in its late stages, whereas COX-2 may be involved in the early stages of oral carcinogenesis process.
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Inflammatory pathways as promising targets to increase chemotherapy response in bladder cancer. Mediators Inflamm 2012; 2012:528690. [PMID: 22811589 PMCID: PMC3395159 DOI: 10.1155/2012/528690] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/28/2012] [Revised: 05/22/2012] [Accepted: 05/22/2012] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
While more and more physicians are choosing chemotherapy for patients with bladder cancer, the current treatment is still far from satisfactory due to low response rate and severe side effects. Emerging evidence indicates that inflammatory microenvironment is involved in the pathogenesis of bladder cancer. Recent studies have also provided ample evidence that chemotherapy response is influenced by activation of major inflammatory mediators, including transcription factors, cytokines, chemokines, and COX-2. We reviewed all published literature addressing the roles of inflammatory microenvironment in bladder cancer and evaluating emerging evidence that inflammatory pathways represent potential therapeutic targets to enhance chemotherapy of bladder cancer.
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Takeda T, Kikuchi E, Mikami S, Suzuki E, Matsumoto K, Miyajima A, Okada Y, Oya M. Prognostic role of KiSS-1 and possibility of therapeutic modality of metastin, the final peptide of the KiSS-1 gene, in urothelial carcinoma. Mol Cancer Ther 2012; 11:853-63. [PMID: 22367780 DOI: 10.1158/1535-7163.mct-11-0521] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/02/2023]
Abstract
The KiSS-1 gene has been reported to be a metastasis suppressor gene in human melanoma. The gene product was isolated from human placenta as the ligand of GPR54, a G protein-coupled receptor, and the C-terminally amidated peptide of 54 amino acids is called metastin. The binding of metastin to GPR54 has been shown to inhibit tumor metastasis in some tumor cells; however, its function remains unclear in urothelial carcinoma. We first evaluated KiSS-1 expression and GPR54 expression in 151 patients with upper urinary tract urothelial carcinoma to determine their prognostic significance. Next, we examined the role of metastin in the invasiveness and lung metastasis of MBT-2 variant (MBT-2V), which is a highly metastatic murine bladder cancer cell. Multivariate analysis revealed that KiSS-1 expression was an independent predictor of metastasis and overall survival. However, GPR54 expression was not selected. Hematogeneous metastasis had a significantly lower level of KiSS-1 expression compared with lymph node metastasis. Metastin treatment significantly reduced the invasiveness of MBT-2V cells and inhibited the DNA-binding activity of NF-κB by blocking its nuclear translocation, leading to a reduction in the expression and activity of matrix metalloproteinase-9. Metastin treatment dramatically prevented the occurrence of lung metastatic nodules (6.3 ± 2.3, n = 15) compared with controls (30.4 ± 5.1, n = 15; P < 0.01), as well as had survival benefit. KiSS-1 plays an important role in the prognosis of upper tract urothelial carcinoma and metastin may be an effective inhibitor of metastasis in urothelial carcinoma through its blockade of NF-κB function.
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Affiliation(s)
- Toshikazu Takeda
- Department of Urology, Keio University School of Medicine, Tokyo, Japan
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Koga F, Yoshida S, Tatokoro M, Kawakami S, Fujii Y, Kumagai J, Neckers L, Kihara K. ErbB2 and NFκB overexpression as predictors of chemoradiation resistance and putative targets to overcome resistance in muscle-invasive bladder cancer. PLoS One 2011; 6:e27616. [PMID: 22102915 PMCID: PMC3213163 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0027616] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/27/2011] [Accepted: 10/20/2011] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Radical cystectomy for muscle-invasive bladder cancer (MIBC) patients frequently impairs their quality of life (QOL) due to urinary diversion. To improve their QOL, a bladder-sparing alternative strategy using chemoradiation has been developed. In bladder-sparing protocols, complete response (CR) to induction chemoradiation is a prerequisite for bladder preservation and favorable survival. Thus predicting chemoradiation resistance and overcoming it would increase individual MIBC patients' chances of bladder preservation. The aim of this study is to investigate putative molecular targets for treatment aimed at improving chemoradiation response. Expression levels of erbB2, NFκB, p53, and survivin were evaluated immunohistochemically in pretreatment biopsy samples from 35 MIBC patients in whom chemoradiation sensitivity had been pathologically evaluated in cystectomy specimens, and associations of these expression levels with chemoradiation sensitivity and cancer-specific survival (CSS) were investigated. Of the 35 patients, 11 (31%) achieved pathological CR, while tumors in the remaining 24 patients (69%) were chemoradiation-resistant. Multivariate analysis identified erbB2 and NFκB overexpression and hydronephrosis as significant and independent risk factors for chemoradiation resistance with respective relative risks of 11.8 (P = 0.014), 15.4 (P = 0.024) and 14.3 (P = 0.038). The chemoradiation resistance rate was 88.5% for tumors overexpressing erbB2 and/or NFκB, but only 11.1% for those negative for both (P <0.0001). The 5-year CSS rate was 74% overall. Through multivariate analysis, overexpression of erbB2 and/or NFκB was identified as an independent risk factor for bladder cancer death with marginal significance (hazard ratio 21.5, P = 0.056) along with chemoradiation resistance (P = 0.003) and hydronephrosis (P = 0.018). The 5-year CSS rate for the 11 patients achieving pathological CR was 100%, while that for the 24 with chemoradiation-resistant disease was 61% (P = 0.018). Thus, erbB2 and NFκB overexpression are relevant to chemoradiation resistance and are putative targets aimed at overcoming chemoradiation resistance in MIBC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fumitaka Koga
- Department of Urology, Tokyo Medical and Dental University Graduate School, Tokyo, Japan.
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Jeon HG, Yoon CY, Yu JH, Park MJ, Lee JE, Jeong SJ, Hong SK, Byun SS, Lee SE. Induction of caspase mediated apoptosis and down-regulation of nuclear factor-κB and Akt signaling are involved in the synergistic antitumor effect of gemcitabine and the histone deacetylase inhibitor trichostatin A in human bladder cancer cells. J Urol 2011; 186:2084-93. [PMID: 21944112 DOI: 10.1016/j.juro.2011.06.053] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/24/2011] [Indexed: 01/24/2023]
Abstract
PURPOSE Previously we reported that the histone deacetylase inhibitor trichostatin A (Sigma®) synergistically potentiates the antitumor effects of cisplatin in human bladder cancer cells. In the current study we explored the synergistic interaction between trichostatin A and gemcitabine (Novartis Korea, Seoul, Korea), the other mainstay chemotherapeutic regimen for advanced bladder cancer. MATERIALS AND METHODS The bladder cancer cell lines HTB5, HTB9, T24, J82, UMUC14 and SW1710 (ATCC®) were exposed to gemcitabine and/or trichostatin A. Synergism between the 2 drugs was determined by the combination index based on the Cell Counting Kit-8 assay (Dojindo Molecular Technologies, Rockville, Maryland) and by a clonogenic assay. Flow cytometry was used to evaluate cell cycle distribution and apoptosis. The expression of cell cycle (p21(WAF1/CIP1), cyclin A, B1 and D1, p-CDC2C, CDC2C, p-CDC25C, CDC25C and pRb), apoptosis (caspase-3, 8 and 9, PARP, Bcl-2, Bad and Bax), NF-κB (NF-κB, p-IκBα, IκBα, p-IKKα, IKKα, cIAP1, cIAP2 and XIAP) and survival (p-Akt, Akt, p-mTOR, mTOR and PTEN) related proteins was analyzed by Western blot. RESULTS Isobolic analysis of the Cell Counting Kit-8 assay revealed strong synergism between gemcitabine and trichostatin A, which caused a 4.6 to 25.4-fold gemcitabine dose reduction and a 1.9 to 41.4-fold trichostatin A dose reduction while killing an estimated 90% of bladder cancer cells. The underlying mechanisms could be synergistic cell cycle arrest, induction of caspase mediated apoptosis, and down-regulation of the antiapoptotic NF-κB and Akt signaling pathways. CONCLUSIONS Results show that trichostatin A may synergistically enhance gemcitabine mediated cell cycle arrest and apoptosis, suggesting the potential of using histone deacetylase inhibitors as combination agents to enhance the antitumor effect of gemcitabine for advanced bladder cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hwang Gyun Jeon
- Department of Urology, CHA Bundang Medical Center, CHA University, Seongnam, South Korea
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Yeh HC, Huang CH, Yang SF, Li CC, Chang LL, Lin HH, Ke HL, Wei YC, Wu WJ. Nuclear factor-κB activation predicts an unfavourable outcome in human upper urinary tract urothelial carcinoma. BJU Int 2011; 106:1223-9. [PMID: 20132196 DOI: 10.1111/j.1464-410x.2010.09210.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/24/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE to examine the hypothesis that nuclear factor-κB (NF-κB), a transcription factor involved in anti-apoptosis, invasion, and angiogenesis, plays a role in the carcinogenesis of upper urinary tract urothelial carcinoma (UUT-UC) and has prognostic value for survival. PATIENTS AND METHODS in all, 90 patients with UUT-UC [mean (range) age, 64.5 (24-84) years] who underwent surgery at our institution from January 1991 to December 2005 were included. Clinicopathological data were collected retrospectively. We performed immunohistochemical staining for NF-κB (p65) on paraffin-embedded sections of the tumour and corresponding normal tissues. The association between survival and potential prognostic factors was examined. RESULTS the median follow-up was 40 months. In all, 55 patients (61.1%) with UUT-UC overexpressed cytoplasmic NF-κB, and nuclear immunoreactivity for NF-κB was detected in 24 patients (26.7%). On univariate analysis, significant prognostic factors for survival were tumour location, stage, grade, lymph node involvement, and nuclear NF-κB expression. On multivariate analysis, nuclear NF-κB positivity was an independent predictor for disease-specific survival [Cox regression hazard ratio (HR) 2.87; P= 0.025] and overall survival (HR 2.24; P= 0.037). CONCLUSION these results imply a role for nuclear NF-κB expression in the tumorigenesis of UUT-UC. Nuclear NF-κB may serve as a useful independent molecular marker to predict outcome and may represent a promising therapeutic target for patients with UUT-UC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hsin-Chih Yeh
- Department of Urology, Kaohsiung Municipal Ta-Tung Hospital, Taiwan
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Naito S, Bilim V, Yuuki K, Ugolkov A, Motoyama T, Nagaoka A, Kato T, Tomita Y. Glycogen synthase kinase-3beta: a prognostic marker and a potential therapeutic target in human bladder cancer. Clin Cancer Res 2010; 16:5124-32. [PMID: 20889919 DOI: 10.1158/1078-0432.ccr-10-0275] [Citation(s) in RCA: 63] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE Although recent studies have shown glycogen synthase kinase-3β (GSK-3β), a serine/threonine kinase, as a positive regulator of pancreatic, colon, and kidney cancer cell survival and proliferation, the role of GSK-3 in bladder cancer remains unknown. Our objectives were to determine the subcellular localization of GSK-3β and to evaluate the effect of GSK-3 inhibition in bladder cancer. EXPERIMENTAL DESIGN We used immunohistochemical staining and nuclear/cytosolic fractionation to determine the expression pattern of GSK-3β in human urothelial carcinomas. To study the effect of GSK-3 inhibition on bladder cancer cell proliferation and survival, we used pharmacologic inhibitors of GSK-3, RNA interference, MTS assay, bromodeoxyuridine incorporation assay, quantitative reverse transcriptase-PCR, and Western blotting. RESULTS We found aberrant nuclear accumulation of GSK-3β in 62% (43 of 69) and 91% (21 of 23) of noninvasive and invasive human urothelial carcinomas, respectively. GSK-3β nuclear staining was significantly associated with high-grade tumors (P < 0.001), advanced stage of bladder cancer (P < 0.05), metastasis (P < 0.05), and worse cause-specific survival (P < 0.05) in bladder cancer patients. Moreover, we found that pharmacologic inhibition or genetic depletion of GSK-3β resulted in decreased viability of bladder cancer cells. CONCLUSIONS Our results suggest nuclear accumulation of GSK-3β as a novel prognostic marker in bladder cancer, show that GSK-3 contributes to urothelial cancer cell proliferation and survival, and identify GSK-3 as a potential therapeutic target in human bladder cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sei Naito
- Laboratory of Molecular Oncology, Department of Urology, Yamagata University School of Medicine, Yamagata, Japan
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Kim EY, Seo JM, Kim C, Lee JE, Lee KM, Kim JH. BLT2 promotes the invasion and metastasis of aggressive bladder cancer cells through a reactive oxygen species-linked pathway. Free Radic Biol Med 2010; 49:1072-81. [PMID: 20600831 DOI: 10.1016/j.freeradbiomed.2010.06.023] [Citation(s) in RCA: 63] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/15/2010] [Revised: 06/03/2010] [Accepted: 06/21/2010] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
Aggressive bladder cancer is a major cause of morbidity and mortality. Despite the fact that metastatic disease results in death in the majority of bladder cancer cases, the molecular events regulating the invasive phenotype of aggressive bladder cancer are not well understood. In this study, immunohistochemical examination showed that the leukotriene B(4) receptor BLT2 is overexpressed in advanced malignant bladder cancers (human transitional cell carcinomas) in proportion to advancing stages, with high prognostic significance (p<0.001). Blockade of BLT2 with the specific antagonist LY255283 or siRNA knockdown significantly suppressed the invasiveness of highly aggressive 253J-BV bladder cancer cells. Moreover, our results demonstrated that BLT2 mediates invasiveness through a signaling pathway dependent on NAD(P)H oxidase (Nox) 1- and Nox4-induced generation of reactive oxygen species (ROS) and subsequent NF-kappaB stimulation. Metastasis of 253J-BV cells in mice was also dramatically suppressed by inhibition of BLT2 or its signaling. These findings suggest that a BLT2-Nox-ROS-NF-kappaB cascade plays a critical role in bladder cancer invasion and metastasis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eun-Young Kim
- College of Life Sciences and Biotechnology, College of Medicine, Korea University, Seoul 136-701, Korea
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Kontos S, Sotiropoulou-Bonikou G, Kominea A, Melachrinou M, Balampani E, Bonikos D. Coordinated increased expression of Cyclooxygenase2 and nuclear factor κB is a steady feature of urinary bladder carcinogenesis. Adv Urol 2010; 2010:871356. [PMID: 20827306 PMCID: PMC2933857 DOI: 10.1155/2010/871356] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/07/2010] [Accepted: 07/15/2010] [Indexed: 02/08/2023] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVES The inescapable relationship between chronic inflammation and carcinogenesis has long been established. Our objective was to investigate COX-2 and NF-κB immunohistochemical expression in a large series of normal epithelium and bladder carcinomas. METHODS Immunohistochemical methodology was performed on formalin-fixed, paraffin-embedded sections from urinary bladder carcinomas of 140 patients (94 males and 46 females with bladder carcinomas). RESULTS COX-2 expression is increased in the cytoplasm of bladder cells, during loss of cell differentiation (r(s) = 0.61, P-value < .001) and in muscle invasive carcinomas (P-value < .001). A strong positive association between tumor grade and nuclear expression of NFκB has been established. A positive correlation between COX-2 and nuclear NFκB immunoreactivity was observed. CONCLUSIONS The possible coordinated upregulation of NFκB and COX-2, during bladder carcinogenesis, indicates that agents inhibitors of these two molecules may represent a possible new treatment strategy, by virtue of their role in bladder carcinogenesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stylianos Kontos
- Department of Pathology, Medical School, University of Patras, 26504 Rion, Greece, Department of Urology, General Hospital of Nikaia, 18543 Peiraeus, Greece.
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Kontos S, Kominea A, Melachrinou M, Balampani E, Sotiropoulou-Bonikou G. Inverse expression of estrogen receptor-β and nuclear factor-κB in urinary bladder carcinogenesis. Int J Urol 2010; 17:801-9. [DOI: 10.1111/j.1442-2042.2010.02603.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
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D-type cyclins in superficial and muscle-invasive bladder urothelial carcinoma: correlation with clinicopathological data and prognostic significance. J Cancer Res Clin Oncol 2010; 136:1563-71. [PMID: 20174823 DOI: 10.1007/s00432-010-0814-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/20/2009] [Accepted: 02/01/2010] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE To elucidate the role of D-type cyclins in both superficial (Ta-T1) and muscle-invasive (T2-T4) urothelial carcinomas (UCs), investigating their potential prognostic usefulness. METHODS Paraffin-embedded tissues from 157 patients with bladder UC were immunostained for cyclins D1, D2 and D3. RESULTS Cyclin D1 expression positively correlated with D2 and negatively with D3. Cyclin D1 expression decreased with increasing grade (P = 0.0001) and tumour T-category in the entire cohort and in muscle-invasive carcinomas (P = 0.0001 and P = 0.0033). Cyclin D2 correlated with grade (P = 0.0005) and T-category (P = 0.0078), a relationship which remained significant in muscle-invasive (P = 0.0135). Cyclin D3 immunoreactivity increased with histologic grade and T-category in the entire cohort (P = 0.0001 in both relationships), in superficial (P = 0.0034) and in muscle-invasive carcinomas (P = 0.0036, respectively). Survival analysis in superficial tumours showed that higher cyclin D1 (P = 0.0001) and higher cyclin D3 levels (P = 0.0032) were correlated with a lesser probability of survival. In muscle-invasive tumours, lower cyclin D1 (P = 0.0234), and D2 (P = 0.0424) and higher cyclin D3 (P = 0.0322) correlated with shortened survival. In multivariate analysis in superficial tumours only cyclin D3 expression remained significant. Cyclin D3 expression also retained its adverse significance in muscle-invasive tumours. CONCLUSIONS Cyclin D1 overexpression seems to be more important during early T-categories of bladder carcinogenesis, whereas cyclin D3 is implicated in the acquisition of a more aggressive phenotype. Cyclin D3 overexpression emerges as an independent adverse prognostic marker in both superficial and muscle-invasive tumours. Cyclin D1 is an independent indicator of shortened survival only in muscle-invasive tumours.
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Kodaira K, Kikuchi E, Kosugi M, Horiguchi Y, Matsumoto K, Kanai K, Suzuki E, Miyajima A, Nakagawa K, Tachibana M, Umezawa K, Oya M. Potent cytotoxic effect of a novel nuclear factor-kappaB inhibitor dehydroxymethylepoxyquinomicin on human bladder cancer cells producing various cytokines. Urology 2010; 75:805-12. [PMID: 20156648 DOI: 10.1016/j.urology.2009.11.048] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/26/2009] [Revised: 11/03/2009] [Accepted: 11/23/2009] [Indexed: 01/28/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES To explore the potential therapeutic effects of the nuclear factor-kappaB (NF-kappaB) inhibitor dehydroxymethylepoxyquinomicin (DHMEQ). KU-19-19 cells, originally derived from a patient with invasive bladder cancer who exhibited marked leukocytosis, produce multiple cytokines. This model of clinically advanced bladder cancer, in which NF-kappaB is constitutively activated, was used in this study. METHODS Expression of p65 protein in fractionated KU-19-19 cells was determined by Western blotting analysis. DNA-binding activity of NF-kappaB was detected by electrophoretic mobility shift assay. The cytotoxic effects and induction of apoptosis by DHMEQ were analyzed, and cytokines in the supernatant of KU-19-19 cells cultured with or without DHMEQ were measured by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA). Athymic nude mice bearing KU-19-19 subcutaneous tumors were subjected to intraperitoneal administration of 2 mg/kg/d DHMEQ for 3 weeks. Tumor growth was monitored and microvessel density, vascular endothelial growth factor expression, and the apoptotic index of tumors were evaluated by tissue immunohistochemistry. RESULTS NF-kappaB was constitutively activated in KU-19-19 cells. DHMEQ reversibly inhibited the DNA-binding activity of NF-kappaB by blocking its nuclear translocation. Both cell viability and production of cytokines were significantly and dose-dependently suppressed by DHMEQ, and significant apoptosis was also induced. In in vivo studies, the mean tumor volume in mice treated with DHMEQ was significantly smaller than in controls. Immunohistochemical analysis of tumors revealed marked reduction in microvessel density, vascular endothelial growth factor expression, and induction of apoptosis. CONCLUSIONS Blockade of NF-kappaB function by DHMEQ may be a useful new molecular targeting treatment for highly aggressive bladder cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kiichiro Kodaira
- Department of Urology, Keio University School of Medicine, Tokyo, Japan
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Aggarwal BB, Gehlot P. Inflammation and cancer: how friendly is the relationship for cancer patients? Curr Opin Pharmacol 2009; 9:351-69. [PMID: 19665429 PMCID: PMC2730981 DOI: 10.1016/j.coph.2009.06.020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 265] [Impact Index Per Article: 17.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/30/2009] [Revised: 06/22/2009] [Accepted: 06/23/2009] [Indexed: 02/03/2023]
Abstract
Evidence has emerged in the last two decades that at the molecular level most chronic diseases, including cancer, are caused by a dysregulated inflammatory response. The identification of transcription factors such as NF-kappaB, AP-1 and STAT3 and their gene products such as tumor necrosis factor, interleukin-1, interleukin-6, chemokines, cyclooxygenase-2, 5 lipooxygenase, matrix metalloproteases, and vascular endothelial growth factor, adhesion molecules and others have provided the molecular basis for the role of inflammation in cancer. These inflammatory pathways are activated by tobacco, stress, dietary agents, obesity, alcohol, infectious agents, irradiation, and environmental stimuli, which together account for as much as 95% of all cancers. These pathways have been implicated in transformation, survival, proliferation, invasion, angiogenesis, metastasis, chemoresistance, and radioresistance of cancer, so much so that survival and proliferation of most types of cancer stem cells themselves appear to be dependent on the activation of these inflammatory pathways. Most of this evidence, however, is from preclinical studies. Whether these pathways have any role in prevention, progression, diagnosis, prognosis, recurrence or treatment of cancer in patients, is the topic of discussion of this review. We present evidence that inhibitors of inflammatory biomarkers may have a role in both prevention and treatment of cancer.
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