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Wang X, Zhou B. Motor development-focused exercise training enhances gross motor skills more effectively than ordinary physical activity in healthy preschool children: an updated meta-analysis. Front Public Health 2024; 12:1414152. [PMID: 38835603 PMCID: PMC11148274 DOI: 10.3389/fpubh.2024.1414152] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/08/2024] [Accepted: 05/07/2024] [Indexed: 06/06/2024] Open
Abstract
Purpose The growth of certain human brain structures peaks at early ages, and complex motor interventions could positively facilitate this process. This study aims to offer an updated meta-analysis regarding the effectiveness of motor development-focused exercise training on gross motor skills in preschool children. Methods We searched English- and Chinese-language electronic databases as of March 2024. The main eligibility criteria were as follows: participants were healthy children aged 3 to 6 years old, and the experimental design was a randomized controlled trial, with the control arm participating in either free play or ordinary physical education curriculum. We conducted a Hartung-Knapp random-effects meta-analysis of the standardized mean difference for locomotor, object control, or gross motor quotient. Results The search identified 23 eligible studies, of which approximately 75% were considered to have a low risk of bias. Compared with active control, exercise training showed a large to very large effect size. Cohen's d values were 1.13, 1.55, and 1.53 for locomotor, object control, and gross motor quotient, respectively. From a probabilistic viewpoint, these effect sizes correspond to events that are "very likely to occur" and "almost sure to occur." Due to variations in intervention programs, all outcome measures showed high heterogeneity. Conclusion This updated meta-analysis offers a realistic synthesis of the current evidence, leading to the conclusion that targeted motor skill exercise training can almost certainly enhance preschool children's gross motor skills. Practical implications are discussed regarding the refinement of the instructional framework and the dissemination of these findings in preschool settings.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Bo Zhou
- College of Physical Education, Hunan Normal University, Changsha, China
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Wang Y, Teng Y, Liu T, Tang Y, Liang W, Wang W, Li Z, Xia Q, Xu F, Liu S. Morphological changes in the cerebellum during aging: evidence from convolutional neural networks and shape analysis. Front Aging Neurosci 2024; 16:1359320. [PMID: 38694258 PMCID: PMC11061448 DOI: 10.3389/fnagi.2024.1359320] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/21/2023] [Accepted: 03/06/2024] [Indexed: 05/04/2024] Open
Abstract
The morphology and function of the cerebellum are associated with various developmental disorders and healthy aging. Changes in cerebellar morphology during the aging process have been extensively investigated, with most studies focusing on changes in cerebellar regional volume. The volumetric method has been used to quantitatively demonstrate the decrease in the cerebellar volume with age, but it has certain limitations in visually presenting the morphological changes of cerebellar atrophy from a three-dimensional perspective. Thus, we comprehensively described cerebellar morphological changes during aging through volume measurements of subregions and shape analysis. This study included 553 healthy participants aged 20-80 years. A novel cerebellar localized segmentation algorithm based on convolutional neural networks was utilized to analyze the volume of subregions, followed by shape analysis for localized atrophy assessment based on the cerebellar thickness. The results indicated that out of the 28 subregions in the absolute volume of the cerebellum, 15 exhibited significant aging trends, and 16 exhibited significant sex differences. Regarding the analysis of relative volume, only 11 out of the 28 subregions of the cerebellum exhibited significant aging trends, and 4 exhibited significant sex differences. The results of the shape analysis revealed region-specific atrophy of the cerebellum with increasing age. Regions displaying more significant atrophy were predominantly located in the vermis, the lateral portions of bilateral cerebellar hemispheres, lobules I-III, and the medial portions of the posterior lobe. This atrophy differed between sexes. Men exhibited slightly more severe atrophy than women in most of the cerebellar regions. Our study provides a comprehensive perspective for observing cerebellar atrophy during the aging process.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yu Wang
- Department of Anatomy and Neurobiology, Research Center for Sectional and Imaging Anatomy, Shandong Provincial Key Laboratory of Mental Disorder, Shandong Key Laboratory of Digital Human and Clinical Anatomy, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Cheeloo College of Medicine, Shandong University, Jinan, China
- Institute of Brain and Brain-Inspired Science, Shandong University, Jinan, China
| | - Ye Teng
- Department of Anatomy and Neurobiology, Research Center for Sectional and Imaging Anatomy, Shandong Provincial Key Laboratory of Mental Disorder, Shandong Key Laboratory of Digital Human and Clinical Anatomy, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Cheeloo College of Medicine, Shandong University, Jinan, China
- Institute of Brain and Brain-Inspired Science, Shandong University, Jinan, China
| | - Tianci Liu
- Department of Anatomy and Neurobiology, Research Center for Sectional and Imaging Anatomy, Shandong Provincial Key Laboratory of Mental Disorder, Shandong Key Laboratory of Digital Human and Clinical Anatomy, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Cheeloo College of Medicine, Shandong University, Jinan, China
- Institute of Brain and Brain-Inspired Science, Shandong University, Jinan, China
| | - Yuchun Tang
- Department of Anatomy and Neurobiology, Research Center for Sectional and Imaging Anatomy, Shandong Provincial Key Laboratory of Mental Disorder, Shandong Key Laboratory of Digital Human and Clinical Anatomy, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Cheeloo College of Medicine, Shandong University, Jinan, China
- Institute of Brain and Brain-Inspired Science, Shandong University, Jinan, China
| | - Wenjia Liang
- Department of Anatomy and Neurobiology, Research Center for Sectional and Imaging Anatomy, Shandong Provincial Key Laboratory of Mental Disorder, Shandong Key Laboratory of Digital Human and Clinical Anatomy, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Cheeloo College of Medicine, Shandong University, Jinan, China
- Institute of Brain and Brain-Inspired Science, Shandong University, Jinan, China
| | - Wenjun Wang
- Department of Anatomy and Neurobiology, Research Center for Sectional and Imaging Anatomy, Shandong Provincial Key Laboratory of Mental Disorder, Shandong Key Laboratory of Digital Human and Clinical Anatomy, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Cheeloo College of Medicine, Shandong University, Jinan, China
- Institute of Brain and Brain-Inspired Science, Shandong University, Jinan, China
| | - Zhuoran Li
- Department of Ultrasound, Shandong Provincial Hospital Affiliated to Shandong First Medical University, Jinan, China
| | - Qing Xia
- Department of Anatomy and Neurobiology, Research Center for Sectional and Imaging Anatomy, Shandong Provincial Key Laboratory of Mental Disorder, Shandong Key Laboratory of Digital Human and Clinical Anatomy, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Cheeloo College of Medicine, Shandong University, Jinan, China
- Institute of Brain and Brain-Inspired Science, Shandong University, Jinan, China
| | - Feifei Xu
- Department of Anatomy and Neurobiology, Research Center for Sectional and Imaging Anatomy, Shandong Provincial Key Laboratory of Mental Disorder, Shandong Key Laboratory of Digital Human and Clinical Anatomy, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Cheeloo College of Medicine, Shandong University, Jinan, China
- Institute of Brain and Brain-Inspired Science, Shandong University, Jinan, China
| | - Shuwei Liu
- Department of Anatomy and Neurobiology, Research Center for Sectional and Imaging Anatomy, Shandong Provincial Key Laboratory of Mental Disorder, Shandong Key Laboratory of Digital Human and Clinical Anatomy, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Cheeloo College of Medicine, Shandong University, Jinan, China
- Institute of Brain and Brain-Inspired Science, Shandong University, Jinan, China
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3
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Arleo A, Bareš M, Bernard JA, Bogoian HR, Bruchhage MMK, Bryant P, Carlson ES, Chan CCH, Chen LK, Chung CP, Dotson VM, Filip P, Guell X, Habas C, Jacobs HIL, Kakei S, Lee TMC, Leggio M, Misiura M, Mitoma H, Olivito G, Ramanoël S, Rezaee Z, Samstag CL, Schmahmann JD, Sekiyama K, Wong CHY, Yamashita M, Manto M. Consensus Paper: Cerebellum and Ageing. CEREBELLUM (LONDON, ENGLAND) 2024; 23:802-832. [PMID: 37428408 PMCID: PMC10776824 DOI: 10.1007/s12311-023-01577-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 06/08/2023] [Indexed: 07/11/2023]
Abstract
Given the key roles of the cerebellum in motor, cognitive, and affective operations and given the decline of brain functions with aging, cerebellar circuitry is attracting the attention of the scientific community. The cerebellum plays a key role in timing aspects of both motor and cognitive operations, including for complex tasks such as spatial navigation. Anatomically, the cerebellum is connected with the basal ganglia via disynaptic loops, and it receives inputs from nearly every region in the cerebral cortex. The current leading hypothesis is that the cerebellum builds internal models and facilitates automatic behaviors through multiple interactions with the cerebral cortex, basal ganglia and spinal cord. The cerebellum undergoes structural and functional changes with aging, being involved in mobility frailty and related cognitive impairment as observed in the physio-cognitive decline syndrome (PCDS) affecting older, functionally-preserved adults who show slowness and/or weakness. Reductions in cerebellar volume accompany aging and are at least correlated with cognitive decline. There is a strongly negative correlation between cerebellar volume and age in cross-sectional studies, often mirrored by a reduced performance in motor tasks. Still, predictive motor timing scores remain stable over various age groups despite marked cerebellar atrophy. The cerebello-frontal network could play a significant role in processing speed and impaired cerebellar function due to aging might be compensated by increasing frontal activity to optimize processing speed in the elderly. For cognitive operations, decreased functional connectivity of the default mode network (DMN) is correlated with lower performances. Neuroimaging studies highlight that the cerebellum might be involved in the cognitive decline occurring in Alzheimer's disease (AD), independently of contributions of the cerebral cortex. Grey matter volume loss in AD is distinct from that seen in normal aging, occurring initially in cerebellar posterior lobe regions, and is associated with neuronal, synaptic and beta-amyloid neuropathology. Regarding depression, structural imaging studies have identified a relationship between depressive symptoms and cerebellar gray matter volume. In particular, major depressive disorder (MDD) and higher depressive symptom burden are associated with smaller gray matter volumes in the total cerebellum as well as the posterior cerebellum, vermis, and posterior Crus I. From the genetic/epigenetic standpoint, prominent DNA methylation changes in the cerebellum with aging are both in the form of hypo- and hyper-methylation, and the presumably increased/decreased expression of certain genes might impact on motor coordination. Training influences motor skills and lifelong practice might contribute to structural maintenance of the cerebellum in old age, reducing loss of grey matter volume and therefore contributing to the maintenance of cerebellar reserve. Non-invasive cerebellar stimulation techniques are increasingly being applied to enhance cerebellar functions related to motor, cognitive, and affective operations. They might enhance cerebellar reserve in the elderly. In conclusion, macroscopic and microscopic changes occur in the cerebellum during the lifespan, with changes in structural and functional connectivity with both the cerebral cortex and basal ganglia. With the aging of the population and the impact of aging on quality of life, the panel of experts considers that there is a huge need to clarify how the effects of aging on the cerebellar circuitry modify specific motor, cognitive, and affective operations both in normal subjects and in brain disorders such as AD or MDD, with the goal of preventing symptoms or improving the motor, cognitive, and affective symptoms.
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Affiliation(s)
- Angelo Arleo
- Sorbonne Université, INSERM, CNRS, Institut de la Vision, 17 rue Moreau, F-75012, Paris, France
| | - Martin Bareš
- First Department of Neurology, Faculty of Medicine, Masaryk University and St. Anne's Teaching Hospital, Brno, Czech Republic
- Department of Neurology, School of Medicine, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, USA
| | - Jessica A Bernard
- Department of Psychological and Brain Sciences, Texas A&M University, 4235 TAMU, College Station, TX, 77843, USA
- Texas A&M Institute for Neuroscience, Texas A&M University, College Station, TX, USA
| | - Hannah R Bogoian
- Department of Psychology, Georgia State University, Atlanta, GA, USA
| | - Muriel M K Bruchhage
- Department of Psychology, Stavanger University, Institute of Social Sciences, Kjell Arholms Gate 41, 4021, Stavanger, Norway
- King's College London, Institute of Psychiatry, Psychology and Neuroscience, Centre for Neuroimaging Sciences, Box 89, De Crespigny Park, London, PO, SE5 8AF, UK
- Rhode Island Hospital, Department for Diagnostic Imaging, 1 Hoppin St, Providence, RI, 02903, USA
- Department of Paediatrics, Warren Alpert Medical School of Brown University, 222 Richmond St, Providence, RI, 02903, USA
| | - Patrick Bryant
- Freie Universität Berlin, Fachbereich Mathematik und Informatik, Arnimallee 12, 14195, Berlin, Germany
| | - Erik S Carlson
- Department of Psychiatry and Behavioural Sciences, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, USA
- Geriatric Research, Education and Clinical Center, Veteran's Affairs Medical Center, Puget Sound, Seattle, WA, USA
| | - Chetwyn C H Chan
- Department of Psychology, The Education University of Hong Kong, New Territories, Tai Po, Hong Kong, China
| | - Liang-Kung Chen
- Center for Healthy Longevity and Aging Sciences, National Yang Ming Chiao Tung University College of Medicine, Taipei, Taiwan
- Center for Geriatric and Gerontology, Taipei Veterans General Hospital, Taipei, Taiwan
- Taipei Municipal Gan-Dau Hospital (managed by Taipei Veterans General Hospital), Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Chih-Ping Chung
- Center for Healthy Longevity and Aging Sciences, National Yang Ming Chiao Tung University College of Medicine, Taipei, Taiwan
- Department of Neurology, Neurological Institute, Taipei Veterans General Hospital, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Vonetta M Dotson
- Department of Psychology, Georgia State University, Atlanta, GA, USA
- Gerontology Institute, Georgia State University, Atlanta, GA, USA
| | - Pavel Filip
- Department of Neurology, Charles University, First Faculty of Medicine and General University Hospital, Prague, Czech Republic
- Center for Magnetic Resonance Research (CMRR), University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN, USA
| | - Xavier Guell
- Department of Neurology, Massachusetts General Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
- Laboratory for Neuroanatomy and Cerebellar Neurobiology, Massachusetts General Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Christophe Habas
- CHNO Des Quinze-Vingts, INSERM-DGOS CIC 1423, 28 rue de Charenton, 75012, Paris, France
- Université Versailles St Quentin en Yvelines, Paris, France
| | - Heidi I L Jacobs
- School for Mental Health and Neuroscience, Alzheimer Centre Limburg, Maastricht University, PO BOX 616, 6200, MD, Maastricht, The Netherlands
- Faculty of Psychology and Neuroscience, Department of Cognitive Neuroscience, Maastricht University, PO BOX 616, 6200, MD, Maastricht, The Netherlands
- Gordon Center for Medical Imaging, Department of Radiology, Massachusetts General Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
| | | | - Tatia M C Lee
- State Key Laboratory of Brain and Cognitive Sciences, The University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, China
- Laboratory of Neuropsychology and Human Neuroscience, Department of Psychology, The University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, China
| | - Maria Leggio
- Department of Psychology, Sapienza University of Rome, Rome, Italy
- Ataxia Laboratory, I.R.C.C.S. Santa Lucia Foundation, Rome, Italy
| | - Maria Misiura
- Department of Psychology, Georgia State University, Atlanta, GA, USA
| | - Hiroshi Mitoma
- Department of Medical Education, Tokyo Medical University, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Giusy Olivito
- Department of Psychology, Sapienza University of Rome, Rome, Italy
- Ataxia Laboratory, I.R.C.C.S. Santa Lucia Foundation, Rome, Italy
| | - Stephen Ramanoël
- Sorbonne Université, INSERM, CNRS, Institut de la Vision, 17 rue Moreau, F-75012, Paris, France
- Université Côte d'Azur, LAMHESS, Nice, France
| | - Zeynab Rezaee
- Noninvasive Neuromodulation Unit, Experimental Therapeutics & Pathophysiology Branch, National Institute of Mental Health, NIH, Bethesda, USA
| | - Colby L Samstag
- Department of Psychiatry and Behavioural Sciences, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, USA
- Geriatric Research, Education and Clinical Center, Veteran's Affairs Medical Center, Puget Sound, Seattle, WA, USA
| | - Jeremy D Schmahmann
- Department of Neurology, Massachusetts General Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
- Laboratory for Neuroanatomy and Cerebellar Neurobiology, Massachusetts General Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
- Ataxia Center, Cognitive Behavioural neurology Unit, Massachusetts General Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Kaoru Sekiyama
- Graduate School of Advanced Integrated Studies in Human Survivability, Kyoto University, Kyoto, Japan
| | - Clive H Y Wong
- Department of Psychology, The Education University of Hong Kong, New Territories, Tai Po, Hong Kong, China
| | - Masatoshi Yamashita
- Research Center for Child Mental Development, University of Fukui, Fukui, Japan
- United Graduate School of Child Development, Osaka University, Kanazawa University, Hamamatsu University School of Medicine, Chiba University and University of Fukui, Osaka, Japan
| | - Mario Manto
- Service de Neurologie, Médiathèque Jean Jacquy, CHU-Charleroi, Charleroi, Belgium.
- Service des Neurosciences, University of Mons, Mons, Belgium.
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4
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Rice LC, Rochowiak RN, Plotkin MR, Rosch KS, Mostofsky SH, Crocetti D. Sex Differences and Behavioral Associations with Typically Developing Pediatric Regional Cerebellar Gray Matter Volume. CEREBELLUM (LONDON, ENGLAND) 2024; 23:589-600. [PMID: 37382829 PMCID: PMC10986327 DOI: 10.1007/s12311-023-01569-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 05/15/2023] [Indexed: 06/30/2023]
Abstract
The cerebellum contributes to motor and higher-order control throughout neurodevelopment, with marked growth during childhood. Few studies have investigated differential associations of cerebellar morphometry with function in males and females. The present study examines sex differences in regional cerebellar gray matter volume (GMV) and the moderating effect of sex on the relationship between GMV and motor, cognitive, and emotional functions in a large cohort of typically developing (TD) children. Participants included 371 TD children (123 females, age 8-12 years). A convolutional neural network-based approach was employed for cerebellar parcellation. Volumes were harmonized using ComBat to adjust for hardware-induced variations. Regression analyses examined the effect of sex on GMV and whether sex moderated the relationship between GMV and motor, cognitive, and emotional functions. Males showed larger GMV in right lobules I-V, bilateral lobules VI, crus II/VIIb, and VIII, left lobule X, and vermis regions I-V and VIII-X. Greater motor function correlated with less vermis VI-VII GMV in females. Greater cognitive function correlated with greater left lobule VI GMV in females and less left lobule VI GMV in males. Finally, greater internalizing symptoms correlated with greater bilateral lobule IX GMV in females but less in males. These findings reveal sexually dimorphic patterns of cerebellar structure and associations with motor, cognitive, and emotional functions. Males generally show larger GMV than females. Larger GMV was associated with better cognitive functioning for females and better motor/emotional functioning for males.
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Affiliation(s)
- Laura C Rice
- Center for Neurodevelopmental and Imaging Research, Kennedy Krieger Institute, 716 N. Broadway, Baltimore, MD, 21205, USA
- Department of Neurology, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, 21205, USA
| | - Rebecca N Rochowiak
- Center for Neurodevelopmental and Imaging Research, Kennedy Krieger Institute, 716 N. Broadway, Baltimore, MD, 21205, USA
| | - Micah R Plotkin
- Center for Neurodevelopmental and Imaging Research, Kennedy Krieger Institute, 716 N. Broadway, Baltimore, MD, 21205, USA
| | - Keri S Rosch
- Center for Neurodevelopmental and Imaging Research, Kennedy Krieger Institute, 716 N. Broadway, Baltimore, MD, 21205, USA
- Neuropsychology Department, Kennedy Krieger Institute, Baltimore, MD, 21205, USA
- Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, 21205, USA
| | - Stewart H Mostofsky
- Center for Neurodevelopmental and Imaging Research, Kennedy Krieger Institute, 716 N. Broadway, Baltimore, MD, 21205, USA
- Department of Neurology, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, 21205, USA
- Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, 21205, USA
| | - Deana Crocetti
- Center for Neurodevelopmental and Imaging Research, Kennedy Krieger Institute, 716 N. Broadway, Baltimore, MD, 21205, USA.
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Bègue I, Elandaloussi Y, Delavari F, Cao H, Moussa-Tooks A, Roser M, Coupé P, Leboyer M, Kaiser S, Houenou J, Brady R, Laidi C. The Cerebellum and Cognitive Function: Anatomical Evidence from a Transdiagnostic Sample. CEREBELLUM (LONDON, ENGLAND) 2023:10.1007/s12311-023-01645-y. [PMID: 38151675 DOI: 10.1007/s12311-023-01645-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 11/30/2023] [Indexed: 12/29/2023]
Abstract
Multiple lines of evidence across human functional, lesion, and animal data point to a cerebellar role, in particular of crus I, crus II, and lobule VIIB, in cognitive function. However, a mapping of distinct facets of cognitive function to cerebellar structure is missing. We analyzed structural neuroimaging data from the Healthy Brain Network (HBN). Cerebellar parcellation was performed with a validated automated segmentation pipeline (CERES) and stringent visual quality check (n = 662 subjects retained from initial n = 1452). Canonical correlation analyses (CCA) examined regional gray matter volumetric (GMV) differences in association to cognitive function (quantified with NIH Toolbox Cognition domain, NIH-TB), accounting for psychopathology severity, age, sex, scan location, and intracranial volume. Multivariate CCA uncovered a significant correlation between two components entailing a latent cognitive canonical (NIH-TB subscales) and a brain canonical variate (cerebellar GMV and intracranial volume, ICV), surviving bootstrapping and permutation procedures. The components correspond to partly shared cerebellar-cognitive function relationship with a first map encompassing cognitive flexibility (r = 0.89), speed of processing (r = 0.65), and working memory (r = 0.52) associated with regional GMV in crus II (r = 0.57) and lobule X (r = 0.59) and a second map including the crus I (r = 0.49) and lobule VI (r = 0.49) associated with working memory (r = 0.51). We show evidence for a structural subspecialization of the cerebellum topography for cognitive function in a transdiagnostic sample.
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Affiliation(s)
- Indrit Bègue
- Department of Psychiatry, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical School & Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA.
- Department of Psychiatry, McLean Hospital & Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA.
- Department of Psychiatry, University Hospitals of Geneva & University of Geneva, Geneva, Switzerland.
| | - Yannis Elandaloussi
- INSERM U955, Institut Mondor de La Recherche Biomédicale (IRMB), Univ. Paris Est Créteil, Equipe 15 Neuropsychiatrie Translationnelle, Créteil, France
- La Fondation Fondamental, Créteil, France
- NeuroSpin, Neuroimaging Platform, CEA, UNIACT Lab, PsyBrain Team, Saclay, France
| | - Farnaz Delavari
- Developmental Imaging and Psychopathology Laboratory, University of Geneva School of Medicine, Geneva, Switzerland
- Neuro-X Institute, École Polytechnique Fédérale de Lausanne, Geneva, Switzerland
| | - Hengyi Cao
- Institute of Behavioral Science, Feinstein Institutes for Medical Research, Manhasset, NY, USA
- Division of Psychiatry Research, Zucker Hillside Hospital, Queens, NY, USA
| | - Alexandra Moussa-Tooks
- Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, TN, USA
| | - Mathilde Roser
- INSERM U955, Institut Mondor de La Recherche Biomédicale (IRMB), Univ. Paris Est Créteil, Equipe 15 Neuropsychiatrie Translationnelle, Créteil, France
- La Fondation Fondamental, Créteil, France
- NeuroSpin, Neuroimaging Platform, CEA, UNIACT Lab, PsyBrain Team, Saclay, France
| | - Pierrick Coupé
- LABRI UMR 5800, CNRS, Univ. Bordeaux, Bordeaux INPTalence, France
| | - Marion Leboyer
- INSERM U955, Institut Mondor de La Recherche Biomédicale (IRMB), Univ. Paris Est Créteil, Equipe 15 Neuropsychiatrie Translationnelle, Créteil, France
- La Fondation Fondamental, Créteil, France
| | - Stefan Kaiser
- Department of Psychiatry, University Hospitals of Geneva & University of Geneva, Geneva, Switzerland
| | - Josselin Houenou
- INSERM U955, Institut Mondor de La Recherche Biomédicale (IRMB), Univ. Paris Est Créteil, Equipe 15 Neuropsychiatrie Translationnelle, Créteil, France
- La Fondation Fondamental, Créteil, France
- NeuroSpin, Neuroimaging Platform, CEA, UNIACT Lab, PsyBrain Team, Saclay, France
| | - Roscoe Brady
- Department of Psychiatry, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical School & Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Charles Laidi
- INSERM U955, Institut Mondor de La Recherche Biomédicale (IRMB), Univ. Paris Est Créteil, Equipe 15 Neuropsychiatrie Translationnelle, Créteil, France.
- La Fondation Fondamental, Créteil, France.
- NeuroSpin, Neuroimaging Platform, CEA, UNIACT Lab, PsyBrain Team, Saclay, France.
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6
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Ilardi CR, La Marra M, Amato R, Di Cecca A, Di Maio G, Ciccarelli G, Migliaccio M, Cavaliere C, Federico G. The "Little Circles Test" (LCT): a dusted-off tool for assessing fine visuomotor function. Aging Clin Exp Res 2023; 35:2807-2820. [PMID: 37910290 DOI: 10.1007/s40520-023-02571-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/19/2023] [Accepted: 09/18/2023] [Indexed: 11/03/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND The fine visuomotor function is commonly impaired in several neurological conditions. However, there is a scarcity of reliable neuropsychological tools to assess such a critical domain. AIMS The aim of this study is to explore the psychometric properties and provide normative data for the Visual-Motor Speed and Precision Test (VMSPT). RESULTS Our normative sample included 220 participants (130 females) aged 18-86 years (mean education = 15.24 years, SD = 3.98). Results showed that raw VMSPT scores were affected by higher age and lower education. No effect of sex or handedness was shown. Age- and education-based norms were provided. VMSPT exhibited weak-to-strong correlations with well-known neuropsychological tests, encompassing a wide range of cognitive domains of clinical relevance. By gradually intensifying the cognitive demands, the test becomes an indirect, performance-oriented measure of executive functioning. Finally, VMSPT seems proficient in capturing the speed-accuracy trade-off typically observed in the aging population. CONCLUSIONS This study proposes the initial standardization of a versatile, time-efficient, and cost-effective neuropsychological tool for assessing fine visuomotor coordination. We propose renaming the VMSPT as the more approachable "Little Circles Test" (LCT).
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Marco La Marra
- Department of Experimental Medicine, University of Campania "Luigi Vanvitelli", Naples, Italy
| | - Raffaella Amato
- Department of Experimental Medicine, University of Campania "Luigi Vanvitelli", Naples, Italy
| | - Angelica Di Cecca
- IRCCS SYNLAB SDN S.P.A., Via Emanuele Gianturco 113, 80143, Naples, Italy
| | - Girolamo Di Maio
- Department of Experimental Medicine, University of Campania "Luigi Vanvitelli", Naples, Italy
| | | | - Miriana Migliaccio
- IRCCS SYNLAB SDN S.P.A., Via Emanuele Gianturco 113, 80143, Naples, Italy
| | - Carlo Cavaliere
- IRCCS SYNLAB SDN S.P.A., Via Emanuele Gianturco 113, 80143, Naples, Italy
| | - Giovanni Federico
- IRCCS SYNLAB SDN S.P.A., Via Emanuele Gianturco 113, 80143, Naples, Italy
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7
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Guder S, Sadeghi F, Zittel S, Quandt F, Choe C, Bönstrup M, Cheng B, Thomalla G, Gerloff C, Schulz R. Disability and persistent motor deficits are linked to structural crossed cerebellar diaschisis in chronic stroke. Hum Brain Mapp 2023; 44:5336-5345. [PMID: 37471691 PMCID: PMC10543354 DOI: 10.1002/hbm.26434] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/23/2023] [Revised: 06/15/2023] [Accepted: 07/07/2023] [Indexed: 07/22/2023] Open
Abstract
Brain imaging has significantly contributed to our understanding of the cerebellum being involved in recovery after non-cerebellar stroke. Due to its connections with supratentorial brain networks, acute stroke can alter the function and structure of the contralesional cerebellum, known as crossed cerebellar diaschisis (CCD). Data on the spatially precise distribution of structural CCD and their implications for persistent deficits after stroke are notably limited. In this cross-sectional study, structural MRI and clinical data were analyzed from 32 chronic stroke patients, at least 6 months after the event. We quantified lobule-specific contralesional atrophy, as a surrogate of structural CCD, in patients and healthy controls. Volumetric data were integrated with clinical scores of disability and motor deficits. Diaschisis-outcome models were adjusted for the covariables age, lesion volume, and damage to the corticospinal tract. We found that structural CCD was evident for the whole cerebellum, and particularly for lobules V and VI. Lobule VI diaschisis was significantly correlated with clinical scores, that is, volume reductions in contralesional lobule VI were associated with higher levels of disability and motor deficits. Lobule V and the whole cerebellum did not show similar diaschisis-outcome relationships across the spectrum of the clinical scores. These results provide novel insights into stroke-related cerebellar plasticity and might thereby promote lobule VI as a key area prone to structural CCD and potentially involved in recovery and residual motor functioning.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stephanie Guder
- Department of NeurologyUniversity Medical Center Hamburg‐EppendorfHamburgGermany
| | - Fatemeh Sadeghi
- Department of NeurologyUniversity Medical Center Hamburg‐EppendorfHamburgGermany
| | - Simone Zittel
- Department of NeurologyUniversity Medical Center Hamburg‐EppendorfHamburgGermany
| | - Fanny Quandt
- Department of NeurologyUniversity Medical Center Hamburg‐EppendorfHamburgGermany
| | - Chi‐un Choe
- Department of NeurologyUniversity Medical Center Hamburg‐EppendorfHamburgGermany
| | - Marlene Bönstrup
- Department of NeurologyUniversity Medical Center Hamburg‐EppendorfHamburgGermany
- Department of NeurologyUniversity Medical Center LeipzigLeipzigGermany
| | - Bastian Cheng
- Department of NeurologyUniversity Medical Center Hamburg‐EppendorfHamburgGermany
| | - Götz Thomalla
- Department of NeurologyUniversity Medical Center Hamburg‐EppendorfHamburgGermany
| | - Christian Gerloff
- Department of NeurologyUniversity Medical Center Hamburg‐EppendorfHamburgGermany
| | - Robert Schulz
- Department of NeurologyUniversity Medical Center Hamburg‐EppendorfHamburgGermany
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8
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Kutz DF, Fröhlich S, Rudisch J, Müller K, Voelcker-Rehage C. Sex-dependent performance differences in curvilinear aiming arm movements in octogenarians. Sci Rep 2023; 13:9777. [PMID: 37328601 PMCID: PMC10276047 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-023-36889-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/30/2022] [Accepted: 06/12/2023] [Indexed: 06/18/2023] Open
Abstract
In an aging society, it is necessary to detect the cognitive decline of individuals at an early stage using simple measurement methods. This makes early health care possible for those affected. The aim of the study was to develop a classifier for cognitive state in older adults with and without mild cognitive impairment (MCI) based on kinematic parameters of linear and curvilinear aiming arm movements. In a group of 224 older adults over 80 years of age (cognitively healthy and MCI), the movement duration and intersegment intervals of linear and curvilinear arm movements of 20 cm were recorded. Movement duration was significantly longer in the curvilinear condition than in the straight movement, and MCI participants required significantly more time than cognitively healthy participants. Post-hoc analysis on the fluidity of movement in the curvilinear condition showed that MCI men had significantly longer inter-segmental intervals than non-MCI men. No difference was found in women. Based on the inter-segmental intervals, a simple classifier could be developed that correctly classified 63% of the men. In summary, aiming arm movements are only conditionally suitable as a classifier for cognitive states. For the construction of an ideal classifier, age-related degeneration of cortical and subcortical motor areas should be considered.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dieter F Kutz
- Department of Neuromotor Behavior and Exercise, Institute of Sport and Exercise Sciences, University of Muenster, Wilhelm-Schickard-Str. 8, 48149, Münster, Germany.
| | - Stephanie Fröhlich
- Department of Neuromotor Behavior and Exercise, Institute of Sport and Exercise Sciences, University of Muenster, Wilhelm-Schickard-Str. 8, 48149, Münster, Germany
| | - Julian Rudisch
- Department of Neuromotor Behavior and Exercise, Institute of Sport and Exercise Sciences, University of Muenster, Wilhelm-Schickard-Str. 8, 48149, Münster, Germany
| | - Katrin Müller
- Faculty of Behavioural and Social Sciences, Institute of Human Movement Science and Health, Chemnitz University of Technology, 09107, Chemnitz, Germany
| | - Claudia Voelcker-Rehage
- Department of Neuromotor Behavior and Exercise, Institute of Sport and Exercise Sciences, University of Muenster, Wilhelm-Schickard-Str. 8, 48149, Münster, Germany
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9
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Ilardi CR, di Maio G, Villano I, Messina G, Monda V, Messina A, Porro C, Panaro MA, Gamboz N, Iavarone A, La Marra M. The assessment of executive functions to test the integrity of the nigrostriatal network: A pilot study. Front Psychol 2023; 14:1121251. [PMID: 37063521 PMCID: PMC10090354 DOI: 10.3389/fpsyg.2023.1121251] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/17/2023] [Accepted: 03/13/2023] [Indexed: 03/30/2023] Open
Abstract
BackgroundParkinson’s disease (PD) is a chronic neurodegenerative disorder characterized by motor and non-motor symptoms. The latter mainly include affective, sleep, and cognitive deficits. Non-demented PD patients often demonstrate impairments in several executive domains following neuropsychological evaluation. The current pilot study aims at assessing the discriminatory power of the Frontal Assessment Battery-15 (FAB15) in differentiating (i) non-demented PD patients and healthy controls and (ii) PD patients with more and less pronounced motor symptoms.MethodsThirty-nine non-demented early-stage PD patients in the “on” dopamine state (26 females, mean age = 64.51 years, SD = 6.47, mean disease duration = 5.49 years, SD = 2.28) and 39 healthy participants (24 females, mean age = 62.60 years, SD = 5.51) were included in the study. All participants completed the FAB15. Motor symptoms of PD patients were quantified via the Unified Parkinson’s Disease Rating Scale-Part III (UPDRS-Part III) and Hoehn and Yahr staging scale (H&Y).ResultsThe FAB15 score, adjusted according to normative data for sex, age, and education, proved to be sufficiently able to discriminate PD patients from healthy controls (AUC = 0.69 [95% CI 0.60–0.75], SE = 0.06, p = 0.04, optimal cutoff = 11.29). Conversely, the battery lacked sufficient discriminative capability to differentiate PD patients based on the severity of motor symptoms.ConclusionThe FAB15 may be a valid tool for distinguishing PD patients from healthy controls. However, it might be less sensitive in identifying clinical phenotypes characterized by visuospatial impairments resulting from posteroparietal and/or temporal dysfunctions. In line with previous evidence, the battery demonstrated to be not expendable in the clinical practice for monitoring the severity of PD-related motor symptoms.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Girolamo di Maio
- Department of Experimental Medicine, University of Campania “Luigi Vanvitelli”, Naples, Italy
| | - Ines Villano
- Department of Experimental Medicine, University of Campania “Luigi Vanvitelli”, Naples, Italy
- *Correspondence: Ines Villano,
| | - Giovanni Messina
- Department of Clinical and Experimental Medicine, University of Foggia, Foggia, Italy
| | - Vincenzo Monda
- Department of Movement Sciences and Wellbeing, University of Naples “Parthenope”, Naples, Italy
| | - Antonietta Messina
- Department of Experimental Medicine, University of Campania “Luigi Vanvitelli”, Naples, Italy
| | - Chiara Porro
- Department of Clinical and Experimental Medicine, University of Foggia, Foggia, Italy
| | - Maria Antonietta Panaro
- Department of Biosciences, Biotechnologies and Biopharmaceutics, University of Bari, Bari, Italy
| | - Nadia Gamboz
- Laboratory of Experimental Psychology, Suor Orsola Benincasa University, Naples, Italy
| | | | - Marco La Marra
- Department of Experimental Medicine, University of Campania “Luigi Vanvitelli”, Naples, Italy
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10
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Cooper CP, Shafer AT, Armstrong NM, An Y, Erus G, Davatzikos C, Ferrucci L, Rapp PR, Resnick SM. Associations of baseline and longitudinal change in cerebellum volume with age-related changes in verbal learning and memory. Neuroimage 2023; 272:120048. [PMID: 36958620 DOI: 10.1016/j.neuroimage.2023.120048] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/15/2022] [Revised: 03/17/2023] [Accepted: 03/20/2023] [Indexed: 03/25/2023] Open
Abstract
The cerebellum is involved in higher-order cognitive functions, e.g., learning and memory, and is susceptible to age-related atrophy. Yet, the cerebellum's role in age-related cognitive decline remains largely unknown. We investigated cross-sectional and longitudinal associations between cerebellar volume and verbal learning and memory. Linear mixed effects models and partial correlations were used to examine the relationship between changes in cerebellum volumes (total cerebellum, cerebellum white matter [WM], cerebellum hemisphere gray matter [GM], and cerebellum vermis subregions) and changes in verbal learning and memory performance among 549 Baltimore Longitudinal Study of Aging participants (2,292 visits). All models were adjusted by baseline demographic characteristics (age, sex, race, education), and APOE e4 carrier status. In examining associations between change with change, we tested an additional model that included either hippocampal (HC), cuneus, or postcentral gyrus (PoCG) volumes to assess whether cerebellar volumes were uniquely associated with verbal learning and memory. Cross-sectionally, the association of baseline cerebellum GM and WM with baseline verbal learning and memory was age-dependent, with the oldest individuals showing the strongest association between volume and performance. Baseline volume was not significantly associated with change in learning and memory. However, analysis of associations between change in volumes and changes in verbal learning and memory showed that greater declines in verbal memory were associated with greater volume loss in cerebellum white matter, and preserved GM volume in cerebellum vermis lobules VI-VII. The association between decline in verbal memory and decline in cerebellar WM volume remained after adjustment for HC, cuneus, and PoCG volume. Our findings highlight that associations between cerebellum volume and verbal learning and memory are age-dependent and regionally specific.
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Affiliation(s)
- C'iana P Cooper
- Neurocognitive Aging Section, Laboratory of Behavioral Neuroscience, National Institute on Aging, Baltimore, Maryland
| | - Andrea T Shafer
- Brain Aging and Behavior Section, Laboratory of Behavioral Neuroscience, National Institute on Aging, Baltimore, Maryland
| | - Nicole M Armstrong
- Brain Aging and Behavior Section, Laboratory of Behavioral Neuroscience, National Institute on Aging, Baltimore, Maryland; Department of Psychiatry and Human Behavior, Warren Alpert Medical School, Brown University, Providence, Rhode Island
| | - Yang An
- Brain Aging and Behavior Section, Laboratory of Behavioral Neuroscience, National Institute on Aging, Baltimore, Maryland
| | - Guray Erus
- Section of Biomedical Image Analysis, Department of Radiology, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania
| | - Christos Davatzikos
- Section of Biomedical Image Analysis, Department of Radiology, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania
| | - Luigi Ferrucci
- Translational Gerontology Branch, Longitudinal Studies Section, National Institute on Aging, National Institutes of Health, Baltimore, Maryland
| | - Peter R Rapp
- Neurocognitive Aging Section, Laboratory of Behavioral Neuroscience, National Institute on Aging, Baltimore, Maryland
| | - Susan M Resnick
- Brain Aging and Behavior Section, Laboratory of Behavioral Neuroscience, National Institute on Aging, Baltimore, Maryland.
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11
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Stalter J, Yogeswaran V, Vogel W, Sörös P, Mathys C, Witt K. The impact of aging on morphometric changes in the cerebellum: A voxel-based morphometry study. Front Aging Neurosci 2023; 15:1078448. [PMID: 36743442 PMCID: PMC9895411 DOI: 10.3389/fnagi.2023.1078448] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/24/2022] [Accepted: 01/05/2023] [Indexed: 01/22/2023] Open
Abstract
Introduction Aging influences the morphology of the central nervous system. While several previous studies focused on morphometric changes of the supratentorial parts, investigations on age-related cerebellar changes are rare. The literature concerning the morphological changes in the cerebellum is heterogenous depending (i) on the methods used (cerebellar analysis in the context of a whole brain analysis or specific methods for a cerebellar analysis), (ii) the life span that was investigated, and (iii) the analytic approach (i.e., using linear or non-linear methods). Methods We fill this research gap by investigating age-dependent cerebellar changes in the aging process occurring before the age of 70 in healthy participants, using non-linear methods and the spatially unbiased infratentorial template (SUIT) toolbox which is specifically developed to examine the cerebellum. Furthermore, to derive an overview of the possible behavioral correlates, we relate our findings to functional maps of the cerebellum. Twenty-four older participants (mean age 64.42 years, SD ± 4.8) and 25 younger participants (mean age 24.6 years, SD ± 2.14) were scanned using a 3 T-MRI, and the resulting data were processed using a SUIT. Results Gray matter (GM) volume loss was found in older participants in three clusters in the right cerebellar region, namely crus I/II and lobule VI related to the frontoparietal network, with crus I being functionally related to the default-mode network and lobule VI extending into vermis VIIa related to the ventral-attention-network. Discussion Our results underline an age-related decline in GM volume in the right cerebellar regions that are functionally predominantly related to non-motor networks and cognitive tasks regions of the cerebellum before the age of 70.
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Affiliation(s)
- Johannes Stalter
- Department of Neurology, Carl von Ossietzky University Oldenburg, Oldenburg, Germany,*Correspondence: Johannes Stalter,
| | - Vinuya Yogeswaran
- Department of Neurology, Carl von Ossietzky University Oldenburg, Oldenburg, Germany
| | - Wolfgang Vogel
- Department of Neurology, Carl von Ossietzky University Oldenburg, Oldenburg, Germany
| | - Peter Sörös
- Department of Neurology, Carl von Ossietzky University Oldenburg, Oldenburg, Germany,Center of Neurosensory Sciences, Carl von Ossietzky University Oldenburg, Oldenburg, Germany
| | - Christian Mathys
- Center of Neurosensory Sciences, Carl von Ossietzky University Oldenburg, Oldenburg, Germany,Institute of Radiology and Neuroradiology, Evangelical Hospital Oldenburg, Oldenburg, Germany
| | - Karsten Witt
- Department of Neurology, Carl von Ossietzky University Oldenburg, Oldenburg, Germany,Center of Neurosensory Sciences, Carl von Ossietzky University Oldenburg, Oldenburg, Germany
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12
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Schmitt JE, DeBevits JJ, Roalf DR, Ruparel K, Gallagher RS, Gur RC, Alexander-Bloch A, Eom TY, Alam S, Steinberg J, Akers W, Khairy K, Crowley TB, Emanuel B, Zakharenko SS, McDonald-McGinn DM, Gur RE. A Comprehensive Analysis of Cerebellar Volumes in the 22q11.2 Deletion Syndrome. BIOLOGICAL PSYCHIATRY. COGNITIVE NEUROSCIENCE AND NEUROIMAGING 2023; 8:79-90. [PMID: 34848384 PMCID: PMC9162086 DOI: 10.1016/j.bpsc.2021.11.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/13/2021] [Revised: 10/12/2021] [Accepted: 11/08/2021] [Indexed: 01/17/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND The presence of a 22q11.2 microdeletion (22q11.2 deletion syndrome [22q11DS]) ranks among the greatest known genetic risk factors for the development of psychotic disorders. There is emerging evidence that the cerebellum is important in the pathophysiology of psychosis. However, there is currently limited information on cerebellar neuroanatomy in 22q11DS specifically. METHODS High-resolution 3T magnetic resonance imaging was acquired in 79 individuals with 22q11DS and 70 typically developing control subjects (N = 149). Lobar and lobule-level cerebellar volumes were estimated using validated automated segmentation algorithms, and subsequently group differences were compared. Hierarchical clustering, principal component analysis, and graph theoretical models were used to explore intercerebellar relationships. Cerebrocerebellar structural connectivity with cortical thickness was examined via linear regression models. RESULTS Individuals with 22q11DS had, on average, 17.3% smaller total cerebellar volumes relative to typically developing subjects (p < .0001). The lobules of the superior posterior cerebellum (e.g., VII and VIII) were particularly affected in 22q11DS. However, all cerebellar lobules were significantly smaller, even after adjusting for total brain volumes (all cerebellar lobules p < .0002). The superior posterior lobule was disproportionately associated with cortical thickness in the frontal lobes and cingulate cortex, brain regions known be affected in 22q11DS. Exploratory analyses suggested that the superior posterior lobule, particularly Crus I, may be associated with psychotic symptoms in 22q11DS. CONCLUSIONS The cerebellum is a critical but understudied component of the 22q11DS neuroendophenotype.
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Affiliation(s)
- J Eric Schmitt
- Brain Behavior Laboratory, Neurodevelopment and Psychosis Section, Department of Psychiatry, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania; Division of Neuroradiology, Department of Radiology, Hospital of the University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania.
| | - John J DeBevits
- Division of Neuroradiology, Department of Radiology, Hospital of the University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania
| | - David R Roalf
- Brain Behavior Laboratory, Neurodevelopment and Psychosis Section, Department of Psychiatry, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania
| | - Kosha Ruparel
- Brain Behavior Laboratory, Neurodevelopment and Psychosis Section, Department of Psychiatry, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania
| | - R Sean Gallagher
- Brain Behavior Laboratory, Neurodevelopment and Psychosis Section, Department of Psychiatry, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania
| | - Ruben C Gur
- Brain Behavior Laboratory, Neurodevelopment and Psychosis Section, Department of Psychiatry, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania
| | - Aaron Alexander-Bloch
- Brain Behavior Laboratory, Neurodevelopment and Psychosis Section, Department of Psychiatry, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania
| | - Tae-Yeon Eom
- Department of Developmental Neurobiology, St. Jude Children's Research Hospital, Memphis, Tennessee
| | - Shahinur Alam
- Center for Bioimage Informatics, St. Jude Children's Research Hospital, Memphis, Tennessee
| | - Jeffrey Steinberg
- Center for Bioimage Informatics, St. Jude Children's Research Hospital, Memphis, Tennessee
| | - Walter Akers
- Center for Bioimage Informatics, St. Jude Children's Research Hospital, Memphis, Tennessee
| | - Khaled Khairy
- Center for In Vivo Imaging and Therapeutics, St. Jude Children's Research Hospital, Memphis, Tennessee
| | - T Blaine Crowley
- Division of Human Genetics, Children's Hospital of Philadelphia, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania
| | - Beverly Emanuel
- Department of Pediatrics, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania; Division of Human Genetics, Children's Hospital of Philadelphia, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania
| | - Stanislav S Zakharenko
- Department of Developmental Neurobiology, St. Jude Children's Research Hospital, Memphis, Tennessee
| | - Donna M McDonald-McGinn
- Department of Pediatrics, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania; Division of Human Genetics, Children's Hospital of Philadelphia, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania
| | - Raquel E Gur
- Brain Behavior Laboratory, Neurodevelopment and Psychosis Section, Department of Psychiatry, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania; Division of Neuroradiology, Department of Radiology, Hospital of the University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania
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13
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Hicks TH, Ballard HK, Sang H, Bernard JA. Age-volume associations in cerebellar lobules by sex and reproductive stage. Brain Struct Funct 2022; 227:2439-2455. [PMID: 35876952 PMCID: PMC10167909 DOI: 10.1007/s00429-022-02535-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/22/2022] [Accepted: 07/01/2022] [Indexed: 11/02/2022]
Abstract
The cerebellum has established associations with motor function and a well-recognized role in cognition. In advanced age, cognitive and motor impairments contribute to reduced quality of life and are more common. Regional cerebellar volume is associated with performance across these domains and sex hormones may influence this volume. Examining sex differences in regional cerebellar volume in conjunction with age, and in the context of reproductive stage stands to improve our understanding of cerebellar aging and pathology. Data from 508 healthy adults (ages 18-88; 47% female) from the Cambridge Centre for Ageing and Neuroscience database were used here. CERES was used to assess lobular volume in T1-weighted images. We examined sex differences in adjusted regional cerebellar volume while controlling for age. A subgroup of participants (n = 370, 50% female) was used to assess group differences in female reproductive stages as compared to age-matched males. Sex differences in adjusted volume were seen across most anterior and posterior cerebellar lobules. Most of these lobules had significant linear relationships with age in males and females. While there were no interactions between sex and reproductive stage groups, exploratory analyses in females alone revealed multiple regional differences by reproductive stage. We found sex differences in volume across much of the cerebellum, linear associations with age, and did not find an interaction for sex and reproductive stage on regional cerebellar volume. Longitudinal investigation into hormonal influences on cerebellar structure and function is warranted as hormonal changes with menopause may impact cerebellar volume over time.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tracey H Hicks
- Department of Psychological and Brain Sciences, Texas A&M University, 4235 TAMU, College Station, TX, 77840, USA.
| | - Hannah K Ballard
- Texas A&M University Institute for Neuroscience, 3474 TAMU, College Station, TX, 77843, USA
| | - Huiyan Sang
- Department of Statistics, Texas A&M University, 3143 TAMU, College Station, TX, 77843, USA
| | - Jessica A Bernard
- Department of Psychological and Brain Sciences, Texas A&M University, 4235 TAMU, College Station, TX, 77840, USA
- Texas A&M University Institute for Neuroscience, 3474 TAMU, College Station, TX, 77843, USA
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14
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Zheng W, Wang L, Yang B, Chen Q, Hu Y, Du J, Li X, Chen X, Qin W, Li B, Liang T, Li K, Lu J, Chen N. Specific brain gray matter volume changes in pediatric complete spinal cord injury without fracture or dislocation using voxel-based morphometry analysis: Preliminary Results. J Neurotrauma 2022; 40:931-938. [PMID: 35950623 DOI: 10.1089/neu.2022.0247] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
This study aims to investigate the brain gray matter volume (GMV) alterations of pediatric complete thoracolumbar spinal cord injury without fracture or dislocation (SCIWOFD) using voxel-based morphometry (VBM) analysis and assess the sensitive neuroimaging biomarkers which may be surrogate targets to enhance brain plasticity. A total of 52 pediatric subjects (age range, 6-12 years), including 25 pediatric SCIWOFD patients and 27 typically developing (TD) children were recruited. Independent two-sample t test was performed to assess between-group differences of brain GMV. Partial correlation analyses were performed to explore the correlations between GMV values and ISNCSCI scores, age at the time of injury, time after initial SCI. Receiver operating characteristic (ROC) analysis was performed to compute the sensitivity and specificity of the imaging biomarkers for pediatric SCIWOFD diagnosis. As the results, pediatric SCIWOFD patients showed significantly decreased GMV of bilateral Cerebellum lobule VIII, right middle occipital gyrus (MOG) and putamen (PUT), left pallidum (PAL) and thalamus (THA), and increased GMV of Vermis_III, right Cerebellum lobule VI and SupraMarginal gyrus (SMG). Additionally, GMV of left PAL and right PUT were negatively correlated with the pinprick/light touch sensory scores in pediatric SCIWOFD patients. Finally, when using the GMV values of left PAL and right PUT in combination as the predictor, area under the curve (AUC) reached the highest, of 0.93. These findings provided evidence that the brain undergoes GMV changes following pediatric SCIWOFD, which may suggest important targets for functional remodeling after SCI in children and provide valuable information for the development of novel and effective rehabilitation therapies in the future.
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Affiliation(s)
- Weimin Zheng
- Xuanwu Hospital Capital Medical University, Department of Radiology and Nuclear medicine, Beijing, China.,Beijing Key Laboratory of Magnetic Resonance Imaging and Brain Informatics, Beijing, PR China, Beijing, Beijing, China;
| | - Ling Wang
- Xuanwu Hospital Capital Medical University, Department of Radiology and Nuclear medicine, Beijing, China.,Beijing Key Laboratory of Magnetic Resonance Imaging and Brain Informatics, Beijing, China;
| | - Beining Yang
- Xuanwu Hospital Capital Medical University, Department of Radiology and Nuclear medicine, Beijing, China.,Beijing Key Laboratory of Magnetic Resonance Imaging and Brain Informatics, Beijing, China;
| | - Qian Chen
- Capital Medical University Affiliated Beijing Friendship Hospital Department of Radiology, Beijing, China;
| | - Yongsheng Hu
- Xuanwu Hospital Capital Medical University, Department of Functional Neurosurgery, Beijing, China;
| | - Jubao Du
- Xuanwu Hospital Capital Medical University, Department of Rehabilitation Medicine, Beijing, China;
| | - Xuejing Li
- China Rehabilitation Research Center, Department of Radiology, Beijing, Beijing, China;
| | - Xin Chen
- Xuanwu Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing, PR China, Department of Radiology and Nuclear medicine, Beijing, Beijing, China.,Beijing Key Laboratory of Magnetic Resonance Imaging and Brain Informatics, Beijing, PR China, Beijing, Beijing, China;
| | - Wen Qin
- Department of Radiology, Tianjin Medical University General Hospital, , Tianjin, Tianjin, China;
| | - Baowei Li
- Affiliated Hospital of Hebei Engineering University, Department of medical imaging, Handan, Hebei, China;
| | - Tengfei Liang
- Affiliated Hospital of Hebei Engineering University, Department of medical imaging, Handan, Hebei, China;
| | - Kuncheng Li
- Xuanwu Hospital, Capital Medical University,Beijing, PR China, Department of Radiology and Nuclear medicine, Beijing, Beijing, China.,Beijing Key Laboratory of Magnetic Resonance Imaging and Brain Informatics, Beijing, PR China, Beijing, Beijing, China;
| | - Jie Lu
- Xuanwu Hospital Capital Medical University, Department of Radiology and Nuclear medicine, Beijing, China.,Beijing Key Laboratory of Magnetic Resonance Imaging and Brain Informatics, Beijing, China;
| | - Nan Chen
- Xuanwu Hospital Capital Medical University, Department of Radiology and Nuclear medicine, Beijing, China.,Beijing Key Laboratory of Magnetic Resonance Imaging and Brain Informatics, Beijing, China;
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15
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Sadeghihassanabadi F, Frey BM, Backhaus W, Choe CU, Zittel S, Schön G, Bönstrup M, Cheng B, Thomalla G, Gerloff C, Schulz R. Structural cerebellar reserve positively influences outcome after severe stroke. Brain Commun 2022; 4:fcac203. [PMID: 36337341 PMCID: PMC9629400 DOI: 10.1093/braincomms/fcac203] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/27/2022] [Revised: 05/30/2022] [Accepted: 08/02/2022] [Indexed: 12/25/2022] Open
Abstract
The concept of brain reserve capacity positively influencing the process of recovery after stroke has been continuously developed in recent years. Global measures of brain health have been linked with a favourable outcome. Numerous studies have evidenced that the cerebellum is involved in recovery after stroke. However, it remains an open question whether characteristics of cerebellar anatomy, quantified directly after stroke, might have an impact on subsequent outcome after stroke. Thirty-nine first-ever ischaemic non-cerebellar stroke patients underwent MRI brain imaging early after stroke and longitudinal clinical follow-up. Structural images were used for volumetric analyses of distinct cerebellar regions. Ordinal logistic regression analyses were conducted to associate cerebellar volumes with functional outcome 3-6 months after stroke, operationalized by the modified Rankin Scale. Larger volumes of cerebellar lobules IV, VI, and VIIIB were positively correlated with favourable outcome, independent of the severity of initial impairment, age, and lesion volume (P < 0.01). The total cerebellar volume did not exhibit a significant structure-outcome association. The present study reveals that pre-stroke anatomy of distinct cerebellar lobules involved in motor and cognitive functioning might be linked to outcome after acute non-cerebellar stroke, thereby promoting the emerging concepts of structural brain reserve for recovery processes after stroke.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Benedikt M Frey
- Department of Neurology, University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, 20246 Hamburg, Germany
| | - Winifried Backhaus
- Department of Neurology, University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, 20246 Hamburg, Germany
| | - Chi-un Choe
- Department of Neurology, University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, 20246 Hamburg, Germany
| | - Simone Zittel
- Department of Neurology, University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, 20246 Hamburg, Germany
| | - Gerhard Schön
- Institute of Medical Biometry and Epidemiology, University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, 20246 Hamburg, Germany
| | - Marlene Bönstrup
- Department of Neurology, University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, 20246 Hamburg, Germany,Department of Neurology, University Medical Center Leipzig, 04103 Leipzig, Germany
| | - Bastian Cheng
- Department of Neurology, University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, 20246 Hamburg, Germany
| | - Götz Thomalla
- Department of Neurology, University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, 20246 Hamburg, Germany
| | - Christian Gerloff
- Department of Neurology, University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, 20246 Hamburg, Germany
| | - Robert Schulz
- Correspondence to: Robert Schulz MD University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf Martinistraße 52, 20246 Hamburg, Germany E-mail:
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16
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Jin Y, Fan X, Xu X, Pan N, Jing J, Song X, Tan S, Guo X, Li X. The Differences in Structure and Function of the Cerebellum Between Cantonese-Mandarin Bilinguals and Mandarin Monolinguals: a Multi-model MRI Study. CEREBELLUM (LONDON, ENGLAND) 2022:10.1007/s12311-022-01433-0. [PMID: 35718855 DOI: 10.1007/s12311-022-01433-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 06/10/2022] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
The effects of the long-term bilingual experience on structure and function of the cerebellum remain unclear. To explore whether there are differences in cerebellar gray matter structure between Cantonese-Mandarin bilinguals and Mandarin monolinguals and whether these different cerebellar structures have different resting-state functional connectivity (RSFC) with the cerebrum between the two groups, 30 Cantonese-Mandarin bilingual and 30 Mandarin monolingual college students were scanned by the T1-weighted magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) and resting-state functional MRI. Voxel-based morphology (VBM) analysis and RSFC analysis were used to analyze the cerebellar gray matter volume (GMV) and cerebellar-cerebro functional connectivity, respectively. Correlation analysis was performed between GMV/RSFC and the rapid automatized naming (RAN) and cognitive control. Compared to Mandarin monolinguals, Cantonese-Mandarin bilinguals showed larger GMV in bilateral cerebellar inferior posterior lobe (including bilateral VIIIa, VIIIb,IX, and right X, Vermis VIIIb, and Vermis IX) and a significant increase in RSFC coupling of the right inferior cerebellar posterior lobe with orbital part of left inferior frontal gyrus (IFG). In addition, there was a positive correlation between average response time (RT) of Mandarin alphanumeric RAN and RSFC between the right inferior posterior lobe of cerebellum and left IFG of all participants. The long-term Cantonese-Mandarin bilingual experience can increase the GMV of the bilateral cerebellar inferior posterior lobe and the RSFC between the right inferior cerebellar posterior lobe with orbital part of left inferior frontal gyrus (IFG).
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuying Jin
- Department of Maternal and Child Health, School of Public Health, Sun Yat-Sen University, Guangzhou, Guangdong, 510080, China
| | - Xiaoxuan Fan
- Department of Maternal and Child Health, School of Public Health, Sun Yat-Sen University, Guangzhou, Guangdong, 510080, China
| | - Xiaoyu Xu
- Department of Maternal and Child Health, School of Public Health, Sun Yat-Sen University, Guangzhou, Guangdong, 510080, China
| | - Ning Pan
- Department of Maternal and Child Health, School of Public Health, Sun Yat-Sen University, Guangzhou, Guangdong, 510080, China
| | - Jin Jing
- Department of Maternal and Child Health, School of Public Health, Sun Yat-Sen University, Guangzhou, Guangdong, 510080, China
| | - Xiaojing Song
- Department of Maternal and Child Health, School of Public Health, Sun Yat-Sen University, Guangzhou, Guangdong, 510080, China
| | - Si Tan
- Department of Maternal and Child Health, School of Public Health, Sun Yat-Sen University, Guangzhou, Guangdong, 510080, China
| | - Xuning Guo
- Department of Maternal and Child Health, School of Public Health, Sun Yat-Sen University, Guangzhou, Guangdong, 510080, China
| | - Xiuhong Li
- Department of Maternal and Child Health, School of Public Health, Sun Yat-Sen University, Guangzhou, Guangdong, 510080, China.
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17
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Bernard JA. Don't forget the little brain: A framework for incorporating the cerebellum into the understanding of cognitive aging. Neurosci Biobehav Rev 2022; 137:104639. [PMID: 35346747 PMCID: PMC9119942 DOI: 10.1016/j.neubiorev.2022.104639] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/18/2021] [Revised: 02/28/2022] [Accepted: 03/23/2022] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
With the rapidly growing population of older adults, an improved understanding of brain and cognitive aging is critical, given the impacts on health, independence, and quality of life. To this point, we have a well-developed literature on the cortical contributions to cognition in advanced age. However, while this work has been foundational for our understanding of brain and behavior in older adults, subcortical contributions, particularly those from the cerebellum, have not been integrated into these models and frameworks. Incorporating the cerebellum into models of cognitive aging is an important step for moving the field forward. There has also been recent interest in this structure in Alzheimer's dementia, indicating that such work may be beneficial to our understanding of neurodegenerative disease. Here, I provide an updated overview of the cerebellum in advanced age and propose that it serves as a critical source of scaffolding or reserve for cortical function. Age-related impacts on cerebellar function further impact cortical processing, perhaps resulting in many of the activation patterns commonly seen in aging.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jessica A Bernard
- Department of Psychological and Brain Sciences, USA; Texas A&M Institute for Neuroscience, Texas A&M University, USA.
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18
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Hupfeld KE, Geraghty JM, McGregor HR, Hass CJ, Pasternak O, Seidler RD. Differential Relationships Between Brain Structure and Dual Task Walking in Young and Older Adults. Front Aging Neurosci 2022; 14:809281. [PMID: 35360214 PMCID: PMC8963788 DOI: 10.3389/fnagi.2022.809281] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/04/2021] [Accepted: 01/31/2022] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Almost 25% of all older adults experience difficulty walking. Mobility difficulties for older adults are more pronounced when they perform a simultaneous cognitive task while walking (i.e., dual task walking). Although it is known that aging results in widespread brain atrophy, few studies have integrated across more than one neuroimaging modality to comprehensively examine the structural neural correlates that may underlie dual task walking in older age. We collected spatiotemporal gait data during single and dual task walking for 37 young (18–34 years) and 23 older adults (66–86 years). We also collected T1-weighted and diffusion-weighted MRI scans to determine how brain structure differs in older age and relates to dual task walking. We addressed two aims: (1) to characterize age differences in brain structure across a range of metrics including volumetric, surface, and white matter microstructure; and (2) to test for age group differences in the relationship between brain structure and the dual task cost (DTcost) of gait speed and variability. Key findings included widespread brain atrophy for the older adults, with the most pronounced age differences in brain regions related to sensorimotor processing. We also found multiple associations between regional brain atrophy and greater DTcost of gait speed and variability for the older adults. The older adults showed a relationship of both thinner temporal cortex and shallower sulcal depth in the frontal, sensorimotor, and parietal cortices with greater DTcost of gait. Additionally, the older adults showed a relationship of ventricular volume and superior longitudinal fasciculus free-water corrected axial and radial diffusivity with greater DTcost of gait. These relationships were not present for the young adults. Stepwise multiple regression found sulcal depth in the left precentral gyrus, axial diffusivity in the superior longitudinal fasciculus, and sex to best predict DTcost of gait speed, and cortical thickness in the superior temporal gyrus to best predict DTcost of gait variability for older adults. These results contribute to scientific understanding of how individual variations in brain structure are associated with mobility function in aging. This has implications for uncovering mechanisms of brain aging and for identifying target regions for mobility interventions for aging populations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kathleen E. Hupfeld
- Department of Applied Physiology and Kinesiology, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL, United States
| | - Justin M. Geraghty
- Department of Applied Physiology and Kinesiology, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL, United States
| | - Heather R. McGregor
- Department of Applied Physiology and Kinesiology, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL, United States
| | - C. J. Hass
- Department of Applied Physiology and Kinesiology, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL, United States
| | - Ofer Pasternak
- Departments of Psychiatry and Radiology, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, United States
| | - Rachael D. Seidler
- Department of Applied Physiology and Kinesiology, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL, United States
- University of Florida Norman Fixel Institute for Neurological Diseases, Gainesville, FL, United States
- *Correspondence: Rachael D. Seidler
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19
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Finger Tapping as a Biomarker to Classify Cognitive Status in 80+-Year-Olds. J Pers Med 2022; 12:jpm12020286. [PMID: 35207773 PMCID: PMC8878665 DOI: 10.3390/jpm12020286] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/02/2021] [Revised: 02/10/2022] [Accepted: 02/11/2022] [Indexed: 12/10/2022] Open
Abstract
This study examined the association between finger tapping and cognitive function in a group of 225 elderly participants (116 males; age 79–92 years; M = 82.5; SD = 2.4). Finger tapping was assessed in two conditions: self-selected pace and fast pace. Based on cognitive assessments, including the MoCA and CERA-NP test battery, participants were classified as cognitively healthy individuals (CHI), participants with mild cognitive impairments (MCI), and those with possible MCI (pMCI). Results of the analyses show significant differences between groups, sex and the group × sex interaction in four parameters for the self-selected pace condition and eight parameters for the fast pace condition. These parameters were used for classification by means of linear discriminant analysis (LDA). The first LDA component showed significant differences between CHI and pMCI and between CHI and MCI. Furthermore, the second LDA component showed significant differences between CHI and pMCI as well as between pMCI and MCI. Nevertheless, the algorithm correctly classified only 50% of participants, regardless of group, suggesting that tapping parameters are only partially useful for classification in early stages of dementia. We discuss these findings in terms of the diadochokinetic nature of finger tapping as associated with the age-related degeneration of cortical and subcortical motor areas.
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20
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Bernard JA, Ballard HK, Jackson TB. Cerebellar Dentate Connectivity across Adulthood: A Large-Scale Resting State Functional Connectivity Investigation. Cereb Cortex Commun 2021; 2:tgab050. [PMID: 34527949 PMCID: PMC8436571 DOI: 10.1093/texcom/tgab050] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/20/2021] [Revised: 06/20/2021] [Accepted: 07/19/2021] [Indexed: 12/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Cerebellar contributions to behavior in advanced age are of interest and importance, given its role in motor and cognitive performance. There are differences and declines in cerebellar structure in advanced age and cerebellar resting state connectivity is lower. However, the work on this area to date has focused on the cerebellar cortex. The deep cerebellar nuclei provide the primary cerebellar inputs and outputs to the cortex, as well as the spinal and vestibular systems. Dentate networks can be dissociated such that the dorsal region is associated with the motor cortex, whereas the ventral aspect is associated with the prefrontal cortex. However, whether dentato-thalamo-cortical networks differ across adulthood remains unknown. Here, using a large adult sample (n = 590) from the Cambridge Center for Ageing and Neuroscience, we investigated dentate connectivity across adulthood. We replicated past work showing dissociable resting state networks in the dorsal and ventral aspects of the dentate. In both seeds, we demonstrated that connectivity is lower with advanced age, indicating that connectivity differences extend beyond the cerebellar cortex. Finally, we demonstrated sex differences in dentate connectivity. This expands our understanding of cerebellar circuitry in advanced age and underscores the potential importance of this structure in age-related performance differences.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jessica A Bernard
- Department of Psychological and Brain Sciences, Texas A&M University, College Station, TX 77843, USA
| | - Hannah K Ballard
- Texas A&M Institute for Neuroscience, Texas A&M University, College Station, TX 77843, USA
| | - Trevor Bryan Jackson
- Department of Psychological and Brain Sciences, Texas A&M University, College Station, TX 77843, USA
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21
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Payne M, Mali I, McKinnell ZE, Vangsness L, Shrestha TB, Bossmann SH, Plakke B. Increased volumes of lobule VI in a valproic acid model of autism are associated with worse set-shifting performance in male Long-Evan rats. Brain Res 2021; 1765:147495. [PMID: 33894224 PMCID: PMC8205983 DOI: 10.1016/j.brainres.2021.147495] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/09/2021] [Revised: 04/15/2021] [Accepted: 04/17/2021] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Abstract
Autism spectrum disorder (ASD) is a neurodevelopmental disorder with a skewed sex-based diagnostic ratio. While males are at a higher risk for ASD, it is critical to understand the neurobiology of the disorder to develop better treatments for both males and females. Our prior work has demonstrated that VPA (valproic acid) treated offspring had impaired performance on an attentional set-shifting task. The current study used MRI and regions of interest analyses to measure the volumes of cerebellar subregions in VPA and controls rats that had participated in the attentional set-shifting task. VPA males had significantly more volume in lobule VI compared to male controls. VPA female rats had significantly less volume in lobules I, IV and X compared to female controls. In addition, it was revealed that decreases in volume for VPA females was associated with worse performance. Males with increases in lobule VI were also impaired on the set-shifting task. Similar volumetric differences within the cerebellum have been observed in humans with ASD, which suggests that the VPA model is capturing some of the same brain changes observed in humans with ASD, and that these changes in volume may be impacting cognition.
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Affiliation(s)
- Macy Payne
- Department of Chemistry, Kansas State University, Manhattan, KS, USA
| | - Ivina Mali
- Department of Chemistry, Kansas State University, Manhattan, KS, USA
| | - Zach E McKinnell
- Department of Psychological Sciences, Kansas State University, Manhattan, KS, USA
| | - Lisa Vangsness
- Department of Psychology, Wichita State University, Wichita, KS, USA
| | - Tej B Shrestha
- Department of Anatomy & Physiology, Nanotechnology Innovation Center of Kansas State-NICKS, KS, USA
| | - Stefan H Bossmann
- Department of Chemistry, Kansas State University, Manhattan, KS, USA
| | - Bethany Plakke
- Department of Psychological Sciences, Kansas State University, Manhattan, KS, USA.
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22
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Hibino H, Gorniak SL. Dependence and reduced motor function in heart failure: future directions for well-being. Heart Fail Rev 2021; 27:1043-1051. [PMID: 34302579 DOI: 10.1007/s10741-021-10145-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 07/08/2021] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
While patients with heart failure experience a wide range of symptoms, evidence is mounting that patients with heart failure suffer from reduced functional independence. Given that the number of patients with heart failure is rising and considering the adverse outcomes of reduced functional independence, understanding the underlying mechanisms of reduced functionality in patients with heart failure is of increasing importance. Yet, little information exists on how heart failure negatively affects functional independence, including motor function. This article summarizes reports of reduced independence and highlights its significant adverse outcomes in the patients with heart failure. Finally, this article discusses potential causes of reduced independence based on existing reports of impaired central and peripheral nervous systems in the patients with heart failure. Overall, the article provides a solid foundation for future studies investigating motor impairments in patients with heart failure. Such studies may lead to advances in treatment and prevention of reduced independence associated with heart failure, which ultimately contribute to the well-being of patients with heart failure.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hidetaka Hibino
- Department of Health and Human Performance, University of Houston, 3855 Holman St., Garrison 104, Houston, TX, 77204-6015, USA
| | - Stacey L Gorniak
- Department of Health and Human Performance, University of Houston, 3855 Holman St., Garrison 104, Houston, TX, 77204-6015, USA.
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23
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Williams CM, Peyre H, Toro R, Ramus F. Neuroanatomical norms in the UK Biobank: The impact of allometric scaling, sex, and age. Hum Brain Mapp 2021; 42:4623-4642. [PMID: 34268815 PMCID: PMC8410561 DOI: 10.1002/hbm.25572] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/22/2020] [Revised: 06/03/2021] [Accepted: 06/11/2021] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Few neuroimaging studies are sufficiently large to adequately describe population‐wide variations. This study's primary aim was to generate neuroanatomical norms and individual markers that consider age, sex, and brain size, from 629 cerebral measures in the UK Biobank (N = 40,028). The secondary aim was to examine the effects and interactions of sex, age, and brain allometry—the nonlinear scaling relationship between a region and brain size (e.g., total brain volume)—across cerebral measures. Allometry was a common property of brain volumes, thicknesses, and surface areas (83%) and was largely stable across age and sex. Sex differences occurred in 67% of cerebral measures (median |β| = .13): 37% of regions were larger in males and 30% in females. Brain measures (49%) generally decreased with age, although aging effects varied across regions and sexes. While models with an allometric or linear covariate adjustment for brain size yielded similar significant effects, omitting brain allometry influenced reported sex differences in variance. Finally, we contribute to the reproducibility of research on sex differences in the brain by replicating previous studies examining cerebral sex differences. This large‐scale study advances our understanding of age, sex, and brain allometry's impact on brain structure and provides data for future UK Biobank studies to identify the cerebral regions that covary with specific phenotypes, independently of sex, age, and brain size.
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Affiliation(s)
- Camille Michèle Williams
- Laboratoire de Sciences Cognitives et Psycholinguistique, Département d'Études Cognitives, École Normale Supérieure, EHESS, CNRS, PSL University, Paris, France
| | - Hugo Peyre
- Laboratoire de Sciences Cognitives et Psycholinguistique, Département d'Études Cognitives, École Normale Supérieure, EHESS, CNRS, PSL University, Paris, France.,INSERM UMR 1141, Paris Diderot University, Paris, France.,Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, Robert Debré Hospital, APHP, Paris, France
| | - Roberto Toro
- Human Genetics and Cognitive Functions, Institut Pasteur, UMR 3571 CNRS, Paris, France.,Center for Research and Interdisciplinarity (CRI), INSERM U1284, Paris, France.,Université de Paris, Paris, France
| | - Franck Ramus
- Laboratoire de Sciences Cognitives et Psycholinguistique, Département d'Études Cognitives, École Normale Supérieure, EHESS, CNRS, PSL University, Paris, France
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24
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Petrigna L, Treigienė M, Thomas E, Mani D, Pajaujiene S, Drid P, Lavanco G, Palma A, Bianco A. Time spent on the smartphone does not relate to manual dexterity in young adults. BMC Neurosci 2021; 22:34. [PMID: 33975543 PMCID: PMC8111913 DOI: 10.1186/s12868-021-00639-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/14/2020] [Accepted: 04/29/2021] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
Background The Grooved Pegboard Test (GPT) is widely adopted to evaluate manual dexterity, it presents normative data but the test is influenced by different factors. The influence of time spent on smartphones has not been considered before, for this reason, the objective of this study was to evaluate if smartphone use influences the time to complete the GPT. A total of 38 (21 women; 17 men) young adults 20.7 (1.5) years participated in the study. The time spent on the smartphones during the last seven days was recorded through the device itself and the GPT performance was measured. A correlation analysis between the time spent on the smartphone and GPT was performed while the t-test was adopted to evaluate gender differences. Results No statistically significant differences were detected between men and women in the time to complete the GPT (p = 0.20) and in the time spent on the smartphone (p = 0.87). The GPT and the time spent using the smartphone were not correlated (r = 0.044, p = 0.78). Conclusion The time spent on the smartphone by young adults does not influence the time to complete the GPT, indicating that smartphone use does not influence measures of manual dexterity. Supplementary Information The online version contains supplementary material available at 10.1186/s12868-021-00639-y.
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Affiliation(s)
- Luca Petrigna
- Sport and Exercise Research Unit, Department of Psychology, Educational Science and Human Movement, University of Palermo, Via Giovanni Pascoli 6, 90144, Palermo, Italy. .,Department of Coaching Science, Lithuanian Sports University, Kaunas, Lithuania.
| | - Milda Treigienė
- Department of Coaching Science, Lithuanian Sports University, Kaunas, Lithuania
| | - Ewan Thomas
- Sport and Exercise Research Unit, Department of Psychology, Educational Science and Human Movement, University of Palermo, Via Giovanni Pascoli 6, 90144, Palermo, Italy
| | - Diba Mani
- Department of Applied Physiology and Kinesiology, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL, 32608, USA
| | - Simona Pajaujiene
- Department of Coaching Science, Lithuanian Sports University, Kaunas, Lithuania
| | - Patrik Drid
- Faculty of Sport and Physical Education, University of Novi Sad, Lovcenska 16, 21000, Novi Sad, Serbia
| | - Gioacchino Lavanco
- Sport and Exercise Research Unit, Department of Psychology, Educational Science and Human Movement, University of Palermo, Via Giovanni Pascoli 6, 90144, Palermo, Italy
| | - Antonio Palma
- Sport and Exercise Research Unit, Department of Psychology, Educational Science and Human Movement, University of Palermo, Via Giovanni Pascoli 6, 90144, Palermo, Italy
| | - Antonino Bianco
- Sport and Exercise Research Unit, Department of Psychology, Educational Science and Human Movement, University of Palermo, Via Giovanni Pascoli 6, 90144, Palermo, Italy
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25
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Gellersen HM, Guell X, Sami S. Differential vulnerability of the cerebellum in healthy ageing and Alzheimer's disease. Neuroimage Clin 2021; 30:102605. [PMID: 33735787 PMCID: PMC7974323 DOI: 10.1016/j.nicl.2021.102605] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/27/2020] [Revised: 01/12/2021] [Accepted: 02/15/2021] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
Recent findings challenge the prior notion that the cerebellum remains unaffected by Alzheimer's disease (AD). Yet, it is unclear whether AD exacerbates age-related cerebellar grey matter decline or engages distinct structural and functional territories. We performed a meta-analysis of cerebellar grey matter loss in normal ageing and AD. We mapped voxels with structural decline onto established brain networks, functional parcellations, and along gradients that govern the functional organisation of the cerebellum. Importantly, these gradients track continuous changes in cerebellar specialisation providing a more nuanced measure of the functional profile of regions vulnerable to ageing and AD. Gradient 1 progresses from motor to cognitive territories; Gradient 2 isolates attentional processing; Gradient 3 captures lateralisation differences in cognitive functions. We identified bilateral and right-lateralised posterior cerebellar atrophy in ageing and AD, respectively. Age- and AD-related structural decline only showed partial spatial overlap in right lobule VI/Crus I. Despite the seemingly distinct patterns of AD- and age-related atrophy, the functional profiles of these regions were similar. Both participate in the same macroscale networks (default mode, frontoparietal, attention), support executive functions and language processing, and did not exhibit a difference in relative positions along Gradients 1 or 2. However, Gradient 3 values were significantly different in ageing vs. AD, suggesting that the roles of left and right atrophied cerebellar regions exhibit subtle functional differences despite their membership in similar macroscale networks. These findings provide an unprecedented characterisation of structural and functional differences and similarities in cerebellar grey matter loss between normal ageing and AD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Helena M Gellersen
- Behavioural and Clinical Neuroscience Institute (BCNI), Department of Psychology, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK.
| | - Xavier Guell
- Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Massachusetts General Hospital, and Harvard Medical School, USA.
| | - Saber Sami
- Norwich Medical School, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, University of East Anglia, Norwich Research Park, Norwich, UK.
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26
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Bernard JA, Nguyen AD, Hausman HK, Maldonado T, Ballard HK, Jackson TB, Eakin SM, Lokshina Y, Goen JRM. Shaky scaffolding: Age differences in cerebellar activation revealed through activation likelihood estimation meta-analysis. Hum Brain Mapp 2020; 41:5255-5281. [PMID: 32936989 PMCID: PMC7670650 DOI: 10.1002/hbm.25191] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/31/2020] [Revised: 07/27/2020] [Accepted: 08/15/2020] [Indexed: 01/10/2023] Open
Abstract
Cognitive neuroscience research has provided foundational insights into aging, but has focused primarily on the cerebral cortex. However, the cerebellum is subject to the effects of aging. Given the importance of this structure in the performance of motor and cognitive tasks, cerebellar differences stand to provide critical insights into age differences in behavior. However, our understanding of cerebellar functional activation in aging is limited. Thus, we completed a meta‐analysis of neuroimaging studies across task domains. Unlike in the cortex where an increase in bilateral activation is seen during cognitive task performance with advanced age, there is less overlap in cerebellar activation across tasks in older adults (OAs) relative to young. Conversely, we see an increase in activation overlap in OAs during motor tasks. We propose that this is due to inputs for comparator processing in the context of control theory (cortical and spinal) that may be differentially impacted in aging. These findings advance our understanding of the aging mind and brain.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jessica A Bernard
- Department of Psychological and Brain Sciences, Texas A&M University, College Station, Texas, USA.,Texas A&M Institute for Neuroscience, Texas A&M University, College Station, Texas, USA
| | - An D Nguyen
- Department of Psychological and Brain Sciences, Texas A&M University, College Station, Texas, USA.,Department of Cognitive Science, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, Maryland, USA
| | - Hanna K Hausman
- Department of Psychological and Brain Sciences, Texas A&M University, College Station, Texas, USA.,Department of Clinical and Health Psychology, University of Florida, Gainesville, Florida, USA
| | - Ted Maldonado
- Department of Psychological and Brain Sciences, Texas A&M University, College Station, Texas, USA
| | - Hannah K Ballard
- Texas A&M Institute for Neuroscience, Texas A&M University, College Station, Texas, USA
| | - T Bryan Jackson
- Department of Psychological and Brain Sciences, Texas A&M University, College Station, Texas, USA
| | - Sydney M Eakin
- Department of Psychological and Brain Sciences, Texas A&M University, College Station, Texas, USA
| | - Yana Lokshina
- Texas A&M Institute for Neuroscience, Texas A&M University, College Station, Texas, USA
| | - James R M Goen
- Department of Psychological and Brain Sciences, Texas A&M University, College Station, Texas, USA
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27
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Han S, An Y, Carass A, Prince JL, Resnick SM. Longitudinal analysis of regional cerebellum volumes during normal aging. Neuroimage 2020; 220:117062. [PMID: 32592850 PMCID: PMC10683793 DOI: 10.1016/j.neuroimage.2020.117062] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/14/2020] [Revised: 06/07/2020] [Accepted: 06/14/2020] [Indexed: 01/23/2023] Open
Abstract
Some cross-sectional studies suggest reduced cerebellar volumes with aging, but there have been few longitudinal studies of age changes in cerebellar subregions in cognitively healthy older adults. In this work, 2,023 magnetic resonance (MR) images of 822 cognitively normal participants from the Baltimore Longitudinal Study of Aging (BLSA) were analyzed. Participants ranged in age from 50 to 95 years (mean 70.7 years) at the baseline assessment. Follow-up intervals were 1-9 years (mean 3.7 years) for participants with two or more visits. We used a recently developed cerebellum parcellation algorithm based on convolutional neural networks to divide the cerebellum into 28 subregions. Linear mixed effects models were applied to the volume of each cerebellar subregion to investigate cross-sectional and longitudinal age effects, as well as effects of sex and their interactions, after adjusting for intracranial volume. Our findings suggest spatially varying atrophy patterns across the cerebellum with respect to age and sex both cross-sectionally and longitudinally.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shuo Han
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, The Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, MD, 21218, USA; Laboratory of Behavioral Neuroscience, National Institute on Aging, National Institutes of Health, Baltimore, MD, 20892, USA.
| | - Yang An
- Laboratory of Behavioral Neuroscience, National Institute on Aging, National Institutes of Health, Baltimore, MD, 20892, USA
| | - Aaron Carass
- Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, The Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, MD, 21218, USA; Department of Computer Science, The Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, MD, 21218, USA
| | - Jerry L Prince
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, The Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, MD, 21218, USA; Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, The Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, MD, 21218, USA; Department of Computer Science, The Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, MD, 21218, USA
| | - Susan M Resnick
- Laboratory of Behavioral Neuroscience, National Institute on Aging, National Institutes of Health, Baltimore, MD, 20892, USA
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Han S, Carass A, He Y, Prince JL. Automatic cerebellum anatomical parcellation using U-Net with locally constrained optimization. Neuroimage 2020; 218:116819. [PMID: 32438049 PMCID: PMC7416473 DOI: 10.1016/j.neuroimage.2020.116819] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/13/2019] [Revised: 03/06/2020] [Accepted: 03/25/2020] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
The cerebellum plays a central role in sensory input, voluntary motor action, and many neuropsychological functions and is involved in many brain diseases and neurological disorders. Cerebellar parcellation from magnetic resonance images provides a way to study regional cerebellar atrophy and also provides an anatomical map for functional imaging. In a recent comparison, a multi-atlas approach proved to be superior to other parcellation methods including some based on convolutional neural networks (CNNs) which have a considerable speed advantage. In this work, we developed an alternative CNN design for cerebellar parcellation, yielding a method that achieves the leading performance to date. The proposed method was evaluated on multiple data sets to show its broad applicability, and a Singularity container has been made publicly available.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shuo Han
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, The Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, MD, 21218, USA.
| | - Aaron Carass
- Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, The Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, MD, 21218, USA; Department of Computer Science, The Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, MD, 21218, USA
| | - Yufan He
- Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, The Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, MD, 21218, USA
| | - Jerry L Prince
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, The Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, MD, 21218, USA; Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, The Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, MD, 21218, USA; Department of Computer Science, The Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, MD, 21218, USA
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Solstrand Dahlberg L, Lungu O, Doyon J. Cerebellar Contribution to Motor and Non-motor Functions in Parkinson's Disease: A Meta-Analysis of fMRI Findings. Front Neurol 2020; 11:127. [PMID: 32174883 PMCID: PMC7056869 DOI: 10.3389/fneur.2020.00127] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/07/2019] [Accepted: 02/04/2020] [Indexed: 01/19/2023] Open
Abstract
Background: Parkinson's disease (PD) results in both motor and non-motor symptoms. Traditionally, the underlying mechanism of PD has been linked to neurodegeneration of the basal ganglia. Yet it does not adequately account for the non-motor symptoms of the disease, suggesting that other brain regions may be involved. One such region is the cerebellum, which is known to be involved, together with the basal ganglia, in both motor and non-motor functions. Many studies have found the cerebellum to be hyperactive in PD patients, a finding that is seldom discussed in detail, and warrants further examination. The current study thus aims to examine quantitively the current literature on the cerebellar involvement in both motor and non-motor functioning in PD. Methods: A meta-analysis of functional neuroimaging literature was conducted with Seed-based D mapping. Only the studies testing functional activation in response to motor and non-motor paradigms in PD and healthy controls (HC) were included in the meta-analysis. Separate analyses were conducted by including only studies with non-motor paradigms, as well as meta-regressions with UPDRS III scores and disease duration. Results: A total of 57 studies with both motor and non-motor paradigms fulfilled our inclusion criteria and were included in the meta-analysis, which revealed hyperactivity in Crus I-II and vermal III in PD patients compared to HC. An analysis including only studies with cognitive paradigms revealed a cluster of increased activity in PD patients encompassing lobule VIIB and VIII. Another meta-analysis including the only 20 studies that employed motor paradigms did not reveal any significant group differences. However, a descriptive analysis of these studies revealed that 60% of them reported cerebellar hyperactivations in PD and included motor paradigm with significant cognitive task demands, as opposed to 40% presenting the opposite pattern and using mainly force grip tasks. The meta-regression with UPDRS III scores found a negative association between motor scores and activation in lobule VI and vermal VII-VIII. No correlation was found with disease duration. Discussion: The present findings suggest that one of the main cerebellar implications in PD is linked to cognitive functioning. The negative association between UPDRS scores and activation in regions implicated in motor functioning indicate that there is less involvement of these areas as the disease severity increases. In contrast, the lack of correlation with disease duration seems to indicate that the cerebellar activity may be a compensatory mechanism to the dysfunctional basal ganglia, where certain sub-regions of the cerebellum are employed to cope with motor demands. Yet future longitudinal studies are needed to fully address this possibility.
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Affiliation(s)
- Linda Solstrand Dahlberg
- Department of Neurology & Neurosurgery, McConnell Brain Imaging Centre, Montreal Neurological Institute, McGill University, Montreal, QC, Canada
| | - Ovidiu Lungu
- Department of Neurology & Neurosurgery, McConnell Brain Imaging Centre, Montreal Neurological Institute, McGill University, Montreal, QC, Canada
- Department of Psychiatry, University of Montreal, Montreal, QC, Canada
| | - Julien Doyon
- Department of Neurology & Neurosurgery, McConnell Brain Imaging Centre, Montreal Neurological Institute, McGill University, Montreal, QC, Canada
- Functional Neuroimaging Unit, Centre de Recherche de l'Institut Universitaire de Gériatrie de Montréal, Montreal, QC, Canada
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Argyropoulos GPD, van Dun K, Adamaszek M, Leggio M, Manto M, Masciullo M, Molinari M, Stoodley CJ, Van Overwalle F, Ivry RB, Schmahmann JD. The Cerebellar Cognitive Affective/Schmahmann Syndrome: a Task Force Paper. CEREBELLUM (LONDON, ENGLAND) 2020; 19:102-125. [PMID: 31522332 PMCID: PMC6978293 DOI: 10.1007/s12311-019-01068-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 131] [Impact Index Per Article: 32.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
Sporadically advocated over the last two centuries, a cerebellar role in cognition and affect has been rigorously established in the past few decades. In the clinical domain, such progress is epitomized by the "cerebellar cognitive affective syndrome" ("CCAS") or "Schmahmann syndrome." Introduced in the late 1990s, CCAS reflects a constellation of cerebellar-induced sequelae, comprising deficits in executive function, visuospatial cognition, emotion-affect, and language, over and above speech. The CCAS thus offers excellent grounds to investigate the functional topography of the cerebellum, and, ultimately, illustrate the precise mechanisms by which the cerebellum modulates cognition and affect. The primary objective of this task force paper is thus to stimulate further research in this area. After providing an up-to-date overview of the fundamental findings on cerebellar neurocognition, the paper substantiates the concept of CCAS with recent evidence from different scientific angles, promotes awareness of the CCAS as a clinical entity, and examines our current insight into the therapeutic options available. The paper finally identifies topics of divergence and outstanding questions for further research.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Kim van Dun
- Rehabilitation Research Center REVAL, UHasselt, Hasselt, Belgium
| | - Michael Adamaszek
- Clinical and Cognitive Neurorehabilitation, Center of Neurology and Neurorehabilitation, Klinik Bavaria Kreischa, An der Wolfsschlucht 1-2, 01703 Kreischa, Germany
| | - Maria Leggio
- Department of Psychology, Sapienza University of Rome, Rome, Italy
- Ataxia Laboratory, IRCCS Fondazione Santa Lucia, Rome, Italy
| | - Mario Manto
- Department of Neurology, CHU-Charleroi, 6000 Charleroi, Belgium
- Department of Neurosciences, University of Mons, 7000 Mons, Belgium
| | - Marcella Masciullo
- SPInal REhabilitation Lab (SPIRE), IRCCS Fondazione Santa Lucia, Via Ardeatina 306, 00179 Rome, Italy
| | - Marco Molinari
- Neuro-Robot Rehabilitation Lab, IRCCS Fondazione Santa Lucia, Via Ardeatina 306, 00179 Rome, Italy
| | | | | | - Richard B. Ivry
- Department of Psychology, University of California, Berkeley, CA USA
| | - Jeremy D. Schmahmann
- Ataxia Unit, Cognitive Behavioral Neurology Unit, Laboratory for Neuroanatomy and Cerebellar Neurobiology, Department of Neurology Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA USA
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Rezaee Z, Dutta A. Lobule‐Specific Dosage Considerations for Cerebellar Transcranial Direct Current Stimulation During Healthy Aging: A Computational Modeling Study Using Age‐Specific Magnetic Resonance Imaging Templates. Neuromodulation 2020; 23:341-365. [DOI: 10.1111/ner.13098] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/19/2019] [Revised: 12/02/2019] [Accepted: 12/18/2019] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Zeynab Rezaee
- Department of Biomedical Engineering University at Buffalo Buffalo NY USA
| | - Anirban Dutta
- Department of Biomedical Engineering University at Buffalo Buffalo NY USA
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32
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Porcu M, Wintermark M, Suri JS, Saba L. The influence of the volumetric composition of the intracranial space on neural activity in healthy subjects: a resting‐state functional magnetic resonance study. Eur J Neurosci 2019; 51:1944-1961. [DOI: 10.1111/ejn.14627] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/08/2019] [Revised: 10/15/2019] [Accepted: 11/22/2019] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Michele Porcu
- Department of Medical Imaging AOU of Cagliari University of Cagliari Cagliari Italy
| | - Max Wintermark
- Department of Radiology Neuroradiology Division Stanford University Stanford CA USA
| | - Jasjit S. Suri
- Diagnostic and Monitoring Division AtheroPoint Roseville CA USA
| | - Luca Saba
- Department of Medical Imaging AOU of Cagliari University of Cagliari Cagliari Italy
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33
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Maldonado T, Goen JRM, Imburgio MJ, Eakin SM, Bernard JA. Single session high definition transcranial direct current stimulation to the cerebellum does not impact higher cognitive function. PLoS One 2019; 14:e0222995. [PMID: 31600223 PMCID: PMC6786549 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0222995] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/10/2019] [Accepted: 09/11/2019] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
The prefrontal cortex is central to higher order cognitive function. However, the cerebellum, generally thought to be involved in motor control and learning, has also been implicated in higher order cognition. Recent work using transcranial direct current stimulation (tDCS) provides some support for right cerebellar involvement in higher order cognition, though the results are mixed, and often contradictory. Here, we used cathodal high definition tDCS (HD-tDCS) over the right cerebellum to assess the impact of HD-tDCS on modulating cognitive performance. We predicted that stimulation would result in performance decreases, which would suggest that optimal cerebellar function is necessary for cognitive performance, much like the prefrontal cortex. That is, it is not simply a structure that lends support to complete difficult tasks. While the expected cognitive behavioral effects were present, we did not find effects of stimulation. This has broad implications for cerebellar tDCS research, particularly for those who are interested in using HD-tDCS as a way of examining cerebellar function. Further implications, limitations, and future directions are discussed with particular emphasis on why null findings might be critical in developing a clear picture of the effects of tDCS on the cerebellum.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ted Maldonado
- Department of Psychological and Brain Sciences, Texas A&M University, College Station, Texas, United States of America
| | - James R. M. Goen
- Department of Psychological and Brain Sciences, Texas A&M University, College Station, Texas, United States of America
| | - Michael J. Imburgio
- Department of Psychological and Brain Sciences, Texas A&M University, College Station, Texas, United States of America
| | - Sydney M. Eakin
- Department of Psychological and Brain Sciences, Texas A&M University, College Station, Texas, United States of America
| | - Jessica A. Bernard
- Department of Psychological and Brain Sciences, Texas A&M University, College Station, Texas, United States of America
- Texas A&M Institute for Neuroscience, Texas A&M University, College Station, Texas, United States of America
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Argyropoulos GPD, van Dun K, Adamaszek M, Leggio M, Manto M, Masciullo M, Molinari M, Stoodley CJ, Van Overwalle F, Ivry RB, Schmahmann JD. The Cerebellar Cognitive Affective/Schmahmann Syndrome: a Task Force Paper. CEREBELLUM (LONDON, ENGLAND) 2019. [PMID: 31522332 DOI: 10.1007/s12311‐019‐01068‐8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Sporadically advocated over the last two centuries, a cerebellar role in cognition and affect has been rigorously established in the past few decades. In the clinical domain, such progress is epitomized by the "cerebellar cognitive affective syndrome" ("CCAS") or "Schmahmann syndrome." Introduced in the late 1990s, CCAS reflects a constellation of cerebellar-induced sequelae, comprising deficits in executive function, visuospatial cognition, emotion-affect, and language, over and above speech. The CCAS thus offers excellent grounds to investigate the functional topography of the cerebellum, and, ultimately, illustrate the precise mechanisms by which the cerebellum modulates cognition and affect. The primary objective of this task force paper is thus to stimulate further research in this area. After providing an up-to-date overview of the fundamental findings on cerebellar neurocognition, the paper substantiates the concept of CCAS with recent evidence from different scientific angles, promotes awareness of the CCAS as a clinical entity, and examines our current insight into the therapeutic options available. The paper finally identifies topics of divergence and outstanding questions for further research.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Kim van Dun
- Rehabilitation Research Center REVAL, UHasselt, Hasselt, Belgium
| | - Michael Adamaszek
- Clinical and Cognitive Neurorehabilitation, Center of Neurology and Neurorehabilitation, Klinik Bavaria Kreischa, An der Wolfsschlucht 1-2, 01703, Kreischa, Germany
| | - Maria Leggio
- Department of Psychology, Sapienza University of Rome, Rome, Italy.,Ataxia Laboratory, IRCCS Fondazione Santa Lucia, Rome, Italy
| | - Mario Manto
- Department of Neurology, CHU-Charleroi, 6000, Charleroi, Belgium.,Department of Neurosciences, University of Mons, 7000, Mons, Belgium
| | - Marcella Masciullo
- SPInal REhabilitation Lab (SPIRE), IRCCS Fondazione Santa Lucia, Via Ardeatina 306, 00179, Rome, Italy
| | - Marco Molinari
- Neuro-Robot Rehabilitation Lab, IRCCS Fondazione Santa Lucia, Via Ardeatina 306, 00179, Rome, Italy
| | | | | | - Richard B Ivry
- Department of Psychology, University of California, Berkeley, CA, USA
| | - Jeremy D Schmahmann
- Ataxia Unit, Cognitive Behavioral Neurology Unit, Laboratory for Neuroanatomy and Cerebellar Neurobiology, Department of Neurology Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
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Rezaee Z, Dutta A. Cerebellar Lobules Optimal Stimulation (CLOS): A Computational Pipeline to Optimize Cerebellar Lobule-Specific Electric Field Distribution. Front Neurosci 2019; 13:266. [PMID: 31031578 PMCID: PMC6473058 DOI: 10.3389/fnins.2019.00266] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/01/2018] [Accepted: 03/06/2019] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Objective Cerebellar transcranial direct current stimulation (ctDCS) is challenging due to the complexity of the cerebellar structure which is reflected by the well-known variability in ctDCS effects. Therefore, our objective is to present a freely available computational modeling pipeline for cerebellar lobules’ optimal stimulation (CLOS). Methods CLOS can optimize lobule-specific electric field distribution following finite element analysis (FEA) using freely available computational modeling pipelines. We modeled published ctDCS montages with 5 cm × 5 cm anode placed 3 cm lateral to inion, and the same sized cathode was placed on the: (1) contralateral supra-orbital area (called Manto montage), and (2) buccinators muscle (called Celnik montage). Also, a published (3) 4×1 HD-ctDCS electrode montage was modeled. We also investigated the effects of the subject-specific head model versus Colin 27 average head model on lobule-specific electric field distribution. Three-way analysis of variance (ANOVA) was used to determine the effects of lobules, montage, and head model on the electric field distribution. The differences in lobule-specific electric field distribution across different freely available computational pipelines were also evaluated using subject-specific head model. We also presented an application of our computational pipeline to optimize a ctDCS electrode montage to deliver peak electric field at the cerebellar lobules VII-IX related to ankle function. Results Eta-squared effect size after three-way ANOVA for electric field strength was 0.05 for lobule, 0.00 for montage, 0.04 for the head model, 0.01 for lobule∗montage interaction, 0.01 for lobule∗ head model interaction, and 0.00 for montage∗head model interaction. The electric field strength of both the Celnik and the Manto montages affected the lobules Crus I/II, VIIb, VIII, and IX of the targeted cerebellar hemisphere where Manto montage had a spillover to the contralateral cerebellar hemisphere. The 4×1 HD-ctDCS montage primarily affected the lobules Crus I/II of the targeted cerebellar hemisphere. All three published ctDCS montages were found to be not optimal for ankle function (lobules VII-IX), so we presented a novel HD-ctDCS electrode montage. Discussion Our freely available CLOS pipeline can be leveraged to optimize electromagnetic stimulation to target cerebellar lobules related to different cognitive and motor functions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zeynab Rezaee
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, University at Buffalo, Buffalo, NY, United States
| | - Anirban Dutta
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, University at Buffalo, Buffalo, NY, United States
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36
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Visuospatial imagery in healthy individuals with different hypnotizability levels. Neurosci Lett 2019; 690:158-161. [PMID: 30342994 DOI: 10.1016/j.neulet.2018.10.039] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/20/2018] [Revised: 10/01/2018] [Accepted: 10/16/2018] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
Hypnotizability is a psychophysiological trait associated with morpho-functional brain differences. Since also cerebellar peculiarities have been reported in individuals with different hypnotizability levels and the cerebellar function is relevant to spatial imagery, the present study was aimed at investigating possible hypnotizability-related differences in the ability of spatial imagery. Highly (highs, N = 31), low (lows, N = 17) and medium (mediums, N = 16) hypnotizable participants (classified by Stanford Hypnotic Susceptibility Scale, form A) of both genders were submitted to a test of mental rotation, which requires the integrity of both executive and cerebellar structures. In order to disentangle the role of the cerebellum from that of executive circuits as much as possible, visuospatial and verbal working memory tests, which mainly reflect executive processes, were also performed. Healthy highs exhibited higher scores of mental rotation ability compared to mediums in the absence of significant differences in visual-spatial and verbal working memory. Lows reported intermediate scores not significantly different from both highs' and mediums'. Different cognitive strategies were observed in the three groups as the correlations between mental rotation, visuospatial and verbal working memory were different in highs, mediums and lows. In conclusion, present findings represent the first report of hypnotizability-related differences in a mental rotation task, which is relevant to several cognitive functions.
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Koppelmans V, Scott JM, Downs ME, Cassady KE, Yuan P, Pasternak O, Wood SJ, De Dios YE, Gadd NE, Kofman I, Riascos R, Reuter-Lorenz PA, Bloomberg JJ, Mulavara AP, Ploutz-Snyder LL, Seidler RD. Exercise effects on bed rest-induced brain changes. PLoS One 2018; 13:e0205515. [PMID: 30308004 PMCID: PMC6181401 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0205515] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/19/2018] [Accepted: 09/26/2018] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
PURPOSE Spaceflight negatively affects sensorimotor behavior; exercise mitigates some of these effects. Head down tilt bed rest (HDBR) induces body unloading and fluid shifts, and is often used to investigate spaceflight effects. Here, we examined whether exercise mitigates effects of 70 days HDBR on the brain and if fitness and brain changes with HDBR are related. METHODS HDBR subjects were randomized to no-exercise (n = 5) or traditional aerobic and resistance exercise (n = 5). Additionally, a flywheel exercise group was included (n = 8). Exercise protocols for exercise groups were similar in intensity, therefore these groups were pooled in statistical analyses. Pre and post-HDBR MRI (structure and structural/functional connectivity) and physical fitness measures (lower body strength, muscle cross sectional area, VO2 max, body composition) were collected. Voxel-wise permutation analyses were used to test group differences in brain changes, and their associations with fitness changes. RESULTS Comparisons of exercisers to controls revealed that exercise led to smaller fitness deterioration with HDBR but did not affect brain volume or connectivity. Group comparisons showed that exercise modulated post-HDBR recovery of brain connectivity in somatosensory regions. Posthoc analysis showed that this was related to functional connectivity decrease with HDBR in non-exercisers but not in exercisers. Correlational analyses between fitness and brain changes showed that fitness decreases were associated with functional connectivity and volumetric increases (all r >.74), potentially reflecting compensation. Modest brain changes or even decreases in connectivity and volume were observed in subjects who maintained or showed small fitness gains. These results did not survive Bonferroni correction, but can be considered meaningful because of the large effect sizes. CONCLUSION Exercise performed during HDBR mitigates declines in fitness and strength. Associations between fitness and brain connectivity and volume changes, although unadjusted for multiple comparisons in this small sample, suggest that supine exercise reduces compensatory HDBR-induced brain changes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vincent Koppelmans
- School of Kinesiology, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan, United States of America
- Department of Psychiatry, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, Utah, United States of America
| | - Jessica M. Scott
- Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York, New York, United States of America
- Universities Space Research Association, NASA Johnson Space Center, Houston, Texas, United States of America
| | | | - Kaitlin E. Cassady
- Department of Psychology, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan, United States of America
| | - Peng Yuan
- School of Kinesiology, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan, United States of America
| | - Ofer Pasternak
- Department of Psychiatry and Radiology, Brigham and Women’s Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, United States of America
| | - Scott J. Wood
- NASA Johnson Space Center, Houston, Texas, United States of America
| | | | | | - Igor Kofman
- KBRwyle, Houston, Texas, United States of America
| | - Roy Riascos
- The University of Texas Health Science Center, Houston, Texas, United States of America
| | - Patricia A. Reuter-Lorenz
- Department of Psychology, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan, United States of America
- Neuroscience Program, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan, United States of America
| | | | | | - Lori L. Ploutz-Snyder
- School of Kinesiology, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan, United States of America
- Universities Space Research Association, NASA Johnson Space Center, Houston, Texas, United States of America
| | - Rachael D. Seidler
- School of Kinesiology, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan, United States of America
- Department of Psychology, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan, United States of America
- Department of Applied Physiology & Kinesiology, University of Florida, Gainesville, Florida, United States of America
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Ma X, Su W, Li S, Li C, Wang R, Chen M, Chen H. Cerebellar atrophy in different subtypes of Parkinson's disease. J Neurol Sci 2018; 392:105-112. [PMID: 30036781 DOI: 10.1016/j.jns.2018.06.027] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/11/2018] [Revised: 06/27/2018] [Accepted: 06/28/2018] [Indexed: 01/20/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND To investigate, using Magnetic Resonance Imaging (MRI) and voxel-based morphometry (VBM), morphometric changes of cerebellum in Parkinson's disease with different motor and affective subtypes. METHODS Fifty-four patients with idiopathic Parkinson's disease (PD) were classified into tremor-predominant-PD (PDT) (n = 37) and akinetic/rigidity-predominant-PD (PDAR) (n = 17). Moreover, PD groups were divided into four affective subtypes, including depressive but not anxious PD (dPD, n = 5), anxious but not depressive PD (aPD, n = 8), comorbid depressive and anxious PD (coPD, n = 8), and PD patients without depressive or anxious symptoms (nPD, n = 33). They were additionally compared at a group level with thirty-nine normal controls (NCs). An analysis of covariance followed by post hoc tests was performed to examine the alterations of cerebellar grey matter volume (GMV) in different groups of PD. RESULTS Compared with NCs, PD showed grey matter (GM) atrophy in the right Crus II, pyramis, culmen, the right lobules IV, and V, and the left lobule VI. PDT, PDAR and NCs did not differ in the volume of the cerebellum. Relative to nPD group, dPD group exhibited GMV reduction in the left Crus I, while aPD group showed GMV reduction in the tonsil and the right lobule VIII. The GM atrophy was also found in the coPD group compared to NCs, including the tonsil, the left lobule VIII, the right lobule VI, the left Crus I, and vermis IV, and V. There was a significant negative correlation between the Hamilton Rating Scale for Depression (HAMD) score and the right lobule IX volume, and a significant negative correlation between the Hamilton Rating Scale for Anxiety (HAMA) score and the right lobule VIII volume. CONCLUSIONS These findings suggest that cerebellar changes are involved in PD. It also supports a possible role of the cerebellum in the depressive and anxious symptoms in PD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xinxin Ma
- Department of Neurology, Beijing Hospital, National Center of Gerontology, No. 1 Da-Hua Road, Dong Dan, Beijing 100730, China
| | - Wen Su
- Department of Neurology, Beijing Hospital, National Center of Gerontology, No. 1 Da-Hua Road, Dong Dan, Beijing 100730, China
| | - Shuhua Li
- Department of Neurology, Beijing Hospital, National Center of Gerontology, No. 1 Da-Hua Road, Dong Dan, Beijing 100730, China
| | - Chunmei Li
- Department of Radiology, Beijing Hospital, National Center of Gerontology, No. 1 Da-Hua Road, Dong Dan, Beijing 100730, China
| | - Rui Wang
- Department of Radiology, Beijing Hospital, National Center of Gerontology, No. 1 Da-Hua Road, Dong Dan, Beijing 100730, China
| | - Min Chen
- Department of Radiology, Beijing Hospital, National Center of Gerontology, No. 1 Da-Hua Road, Dong Dan, Beijing 100730, China
| | - Haibo Chen
- Department of Neurology, Beijing Hospital, National Center of Gerontology, No. 1 Da-Hua Road, Dong Dan, Beijing 100730, China.
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Abstract
Accumulating evidence points to a critical role for the human cerebellum in both motor and nonmotor behaviors. A core tenet of this new understanding of cerebellar function is the existence of functional subregions within the cerebellum that differentially support motor, cognitive, and affective behaviors. This cerebellar functional topography - based on converging evidence from neuroanatomic, neuroimaging, and clinical studies - is evident in both adult and pediatric populations. The sensorimotor homunculi in the anterior lobe and lobule VIII established in early tract tracing and electrophysiologic studies are evident in both task-based and resting-state human functional imaging studies. In patients, damage to the anterior cerebellum, extending into medial lobule VI, is associated with the cerebellar motor syndrome. The cerebellar posterior lobe, including vermal and hemispheric regions of lobules VI and VII, is reciprocally interconnected with cerebral association and paralimbic cortices. Resting-state and task-based neuroimaging studies show functional activation patterns in these regions during higher-level cognitive tasks, and lesions of the posterior cerebellum lead to the cerebellar cognitive affective/Schmahmann syndrome with its characteristic intellectual and emotional impairments. The existence of cerebellar connectional and functional topography provides the critical anatomic substrate for a cerebellar role in both motor and nonmotor functions. It also establishes a framework for interpreting cerebellar activation patterns, cognitive and behavioral outcomes following cerebellar damage, and the cerebellar structural and functional differences reported in a range of neurodevelopmental and neuropsychiatric disorders.
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Affiliation(s)
- Catherine J Stoodley
- Department of Psychology and Center for Behavioral Neuroscience, American University, Washington, DC, United States
| | - Jeremy D Schmahmann
- Ataxia Unit, Cognitive Behavioral Neurology Unit and Laboratory for Neuroanatomy and Cerebellar Neurobiology, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, MA, United States.
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Zadka Ł, Dzięgiel P, Kulus M, Olajossy M. Clinical Phenotype of Depression Affects Interleukin-6 Synthesis. J Interferon Cytokine Res 2017; 37:231-245. [PMID: 28418766 DOI: 10.1089/jir.2016.0074] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Major depressive disorder (MDD) is not a single disease, but a number of various ailments that form one entity. Psychomotor retardation, anhedonia, sleep disorders, an increased suicide risk, and anxiety are the main symptoms that often define the clinical diagnosis of depression. Interleukin-6 (IL-6), as one of the proinflammatory cytokines, seems to be overexpressed during certain mental disorders, including MDD. Overexpression of IL-6 in depression is thought to be a factor associated with bad prognosis and worse disease course. IL-6 may directly affect brain functioning and production of neurotransmitters; moreover, its concentration is correlated with certain clinical symptoms within the wide range of depressive symptomatology. Furthermore, there is a strong correlation between IL-6 synthesis and psychosomatic functioning of the patient. This article discusses potential sources and significance of IL-6 in the pathogenesis of depression.
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Affiliation(s)
- Łukasz Zadka
- 1 Department of Histology and Embryology, Wroclaw Medical University , Wrocław, Poland .,2 II Department of Psychiatry and Psychiatric Rehabilitation, Independent Public Teaching Hospital No 1 in Lublin, Medical University of Lublin , Lublin, Poland
| | - Piotr Dzięgiel
- 1 Department of Histology and Embryology, Wroclaw Medical University , Wrocław, Poland
| | - Michał Kulus
- 1 Department of Histology and Embryology, Wroclaw Medical University , Wrocław, Poland
| | - Marcin Olajossy
- 2 II Department of Psychiatry and Psychiatric Rehabilitation, Independent Public Teaching Hospital No 1 in Lublin, Medical University of Lublin , Lublin, Poland
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