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Santoro L, Cefalo G, Canalini F, Rossi S, Scarpa M. Diagnosis of alpha-Mannosidosis: Practical approaches to reducing diagnostic delays in this ultra-rare disease. Mol Genet Metab 2024; 142:108444. [PMID: 38555683 DOI: 10.1016/j.ymgme.2024.108444] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/20/2023] [Revised: 02/29/2024] [Accepted: 03/12/2024] [Indexed: 04/02/2024]
Abstract
Alpha-mannosidosis is an ultra-rare lysosomal disease that is caused by variants of the MAN2B1 gene on chromosome 19p13. These variants result in faulty or absent alpha-mannosidase in lysosomes, which leads to intracellular accumulation of mannose-containing oligosaccharides. Diagnosis of alpha-mannosidosis is often delayed, in part because of the rarity of the disease, its gradual onset and heterogeneity of presentation, but also because of the similarity of many signs and symptoms of the disease to those of other lysosomal diseases. Treatment of alpha-mannosidosis was previously limited to hematopoietic stem cell transplantation, but outcomes are variable and not all patients are eligible or have a suitable donor. Recently, an enzyme replacement therapy, recombinant human alpha-mannosidase (velmanase alfa), was approved for the treatment of non-neurological manifestations in adult and pediatric patients with alpha-mannosidosis. Treatment with velmanase alfa reduces serum levels of oligosaccharides, increases levels of immunoglobulin G, and improves patients' functional capacity and quality of life, although it is not effective for the neurologic phenotype because it does not cross the blood-brain barrier. Since the effects of velmanase alfa are more marked in children than adults, early diagnosis to allow early initiation of treatment has become more important. To support this, patient, parent/caregiver, and clinician awareness and education is imperative. A number of approaches can be taken to meet this goal, such as the development of disease registries, validated diagnostic algorithms, and screening tools, improved under-/post-graduate clinician education, easily accessible and reliable information for patients/families (such as that made available on the internet), and the formation of patient advocacy groups. Such approaches may raise awareness of alpha-mannosidosis, reduce the diagnostic delay and thus improve the lives of those affected.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lucia Santoro
- Department of Clinical Sciences, Division of Pediatrics, Polytechnic University of Marche, Ospedali Riuniti, Presidio Salesi, Ancona, Italy.
| | - Graziella Cefalo
- Clinical Department of Pediatrics, ASST Santi Paolo e Carlo, San Paolo Hospital, University of Milan, Milan, Italy.
| | | | | | - Maurizio Scarpa
- Regional Coordinating Center for Rare Diseases, Udine University Hospital, P.le S. Maria della Misericordia 15, Udine 33100, Italy.
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Bertolini A, Rigoldi M, Cianflone A, Mariani R, Piperno A, Canonico F, Cefalo G, Carubbi F, Simonati A, Urban ML, Beccari T, Parini R. Long-term outcome of a cohort of Italian patients affected with alpha-Mannosidosis. Clin Dysmorphol 2024; 33:1-8. [PMID: 37791705 PMCID: PMC10702697 DOI: 10.1097/mcd.0000000000000474] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/21/2023] [Accepted: 07/28/2023] [Indexed: 10/05/2023]
Abstract
Alpha-mannosidosis (MIM #248500) is an ultra-rare autosomal recessive lysosomal storage disease with multi-system involvement and a wide phenotypic spectrum. Information on long-term outcomes remains poor. We present the long-term outcomes (median, 19 years) of nine patients with alpha-mannosidosis, three females and six males, followed at a single center. The findings of the nine patients were collected from medical records and reported as mean ± SD or median, and range. The age of onset of the first symptoms ranged from 0-1 to 10 years. The diagnostic delay ranged from 2 to 22 years (median= 11 years). Coarse face, hearing, heart valves, joints, gait, language, dysarthria, psychiatric symptoms, I.Q., MRI, walking disabilities, orthopedic disturbances and surgeries showed a slow worsening over the decades. Our patients showed a slowly worsening progressive outcome over the decades. Psychiatric symptoms were present in 100% of our population and improved with the appropriate pharmacological intervention. This aspect requires attention when following up on these patients. Our description of the long-term evolution of alpha-mannosidosis patients may provide basic knowledge for understanding the effects of specific treatments.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anna Bertolini
- Rare Diseases Unit, Department of Medicine and Surgery, San Gerardo Hospital IRCCS, University of Milano-Bicocca, Monza, Italy
| | - Miriam Rigoldi
- Istituto di Ricerche Farmacologiche Mario Negri IRCCS, Clinical Research Center for Rare Diseases Aldo e Cele Daccò, Bergamo, Italy
| | - Annalia Cianflone
- Rare Diseases Unit, Department of Medicine and Surgery, San Gerardo Hospital IRCCS, University of Milano-Bicocca, Monza, Italy
| | - Raffaella Mariani
- Rare Diseases Unit, Department of Medicine and Surgery, San Gerardo Hospital IRCCS, University of Milano-Bicocca, Monza, Italy
| | - Alberto Piperno
- Rare Diseases Unit, Department of Medicine and Surgery, San Gerardo Hospital IRCCS, University of Milano-Bicocca, Monza, Italy
| | - Francesco Canonico
- Department of Radiology, San Gerardo Hospital IRCCS, University of Milano-Bicocca, Monza, Italy
| | - Graziella Cefalo
- Clinical Department of Pediatrics, San Paolo Hospital, ASST Santi Paolo e Carlo, University of Milan, Milan, Italy
| | - Francesca Carubbi
- Department of Biomedical, Metabolic and Neural Sciences, University of Modena and Reggio Emilia, NOCSAE Hospital, AOU Modena, Modena, Italy
| | - Alessandro Simonati
- Department of Surgery, Dentistry, Paediatrics and Gynaecology, University of Verona School of Medicine, Verona, Italy
| | - Maria Letizia Urban
- Department of Experimental and Clinical Medicine, University of Florence, Firenze, Italy
| | - Tommaso Beccari
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences; University of Perugia, Perugia, Italy
| | - Rossella Parini
- Rare Diseases Unit, Department of Medicine and Surgery, San Gerardo Hospital IRCCS, University of Milano-Bicocca, Monza, Italy
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Leong M, Sathi B, Davis A, Hamid S, Wu S, Woods J, Kharbanda S, Li X, Hou J. Alpha-mannosidosis: a case with novel ultrastructural and light microscopy findings. J Pediatr Endocrinol Metab 2023; 36:1186-1190. [PMID: 37979187 DOI: 10.1515/jpem-2023-0357] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/20/2023] [Accepted: 10/20/2023] [Indexed: 11/20/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES Alpha-mannosidosis is a rare genetic lysosomal storage condition leading to the systemic buildup of oligomannoside. Clinical presentation and associated conditions, as well as the full extent of histopathologic changes associated with this disease process, are not fully understood. CASE PRESENTATION We present the case of an 8-year-1-month old patient with persistent anemia and who was initially diagnosed with Celiac disease before ultimately being diagnosed with alpha-mannosidosis. As part of his diagnostic work-up, duodenal and bone marrow biopsies were examined by pathology. Duodenal biopsies showed foamy plasma cells expanding the lamina propria which triggered a workup for a genetic storage disease; features suggestive of Celiac disease which resolved on gluten-free diet were also noted by pathology. Bone marrow analysis via electron microscopy showed cytoplasmic granules and inclusions in multiple immune cell lines. CONCLUSIONS Alpha-mannosidosis can occur with Celiac disease and milder forms may only be suspected from incidental pathology findings. The ultrastructural bone marrow findings from this case, the first to be reported from human, show numerous disease-associated changes in multiple immune cell lines whose contribution to disease-associated immunodeficiency is unclear.
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Affiliation(s)
- Matthew Leong
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Cedars-Sinai Medical Center, Los Angeles, CA, USA
| | - Bindu Sathi
- Pediatric Hematology Oncology, Valley Children's Hospital, Madera, CA, USA
| | - Amy Davis
- Department of Pathology, Valley Children's Hospital, Madera, CA, USA
| | - Syed Hamid
- Department of Gastroenterology, Valley Children's Hospital, Madera, CA, USA
| | - Sandy Wu
- Department of Pathology, Valley Children's Hospital, Madera, CA, USA
| | - Jeremy Woods
- Department of Pediatrics, Valley Children's Hospital, Madera, CA, USA
- Department of Pediatrics, Stanford University, Palo Alto, CA, USA
| | - Sandhya Kharbanda
- Department of Pediatric Bone Marrow Transplantation, UCSF Benioff Children's Hospitals, San Francisco, CA, USA
| | - Xiaomo Li
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Cedars-Sinai Medical Center, Los Angeles, CA, USA
| | - Jean Hou
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Cedars-Sinai Medical Center, Los Angeles, CA, USA
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Lopes N, Maia ML, Pereira CS, Mondragão-Rodrigues I, Martins E, Ribeiro R, Gaspar A, Aguiar P, Garcia P, Cardoso MT, Rodrigues E, Leão-Teles E, Giugliani R, Coutinho MF, Alves S, Macedo MF. Leukocyte Imbalances in Mucopolysaccharidoses Patients. Biomedicines 2023; 11:1699. [PMID: 37371793 DOI: 10.3390/biomedicines11061699] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/26/2023] [Revised: 06/07/2023] [Accepted: 06/09/2023] [Indexed: 06/29/2023] Open
Abstract
Mucopolysaccharidoses (MPSs) are rare inherited lysosomal storage diseases (LSDs) caused by deficient activity in one of the enzymes responsible for glycosaminoglycans lysosomal degradation. MPS II is caused by pathogenic mutations in the IDS gene, leading to deficient activity of the enzyme iduronate-2-sulfatase, which causes dermatan and heparan sulfate storage in the lysosomes. In MPS VI, there is dermatan sulfate lysosomal accumulation due to pathogenic mutations in the ARSB gene, leading to arylsulfatase B deficiency. Alterations in the immune system of MPS mouse models have already been described, but data concerning MPSs patients is still scarce. Herein, we study different leukocyte populations in MPS II and VI disease patients. MPS VI, but not MPS II patients, have a decrease percentage of natural killer (NK) cells and monocytes when compared with controls. No alterations were identified in the percentage of T, invariant NKT, and B cells in both groups of MPS disease patients. However, we discovered alterations in the naïve versus memory status of both helper and cytotoxic T cells in MPS VI disease patients compared to control group. Indeed, MPS VI disease patients have a higher frequency of naïve T cells and, consequently, lower memory T cell frequency than control subjects. Altogether, these results reveal MPS VI disease-specific alterations in some leukocyte populations, suggesting that the type of substrate accumulated and/or enzyme deficiency in the lysosome may have a particular effect on the normal cellular composition of the immune system.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nuno Lopes
- Instituto de Biologia Molecular e Celular (IBMC), Universidade do Porto, 4200-135 Porto, Portugal
| | - Maria L Maia
- Instituto de Biologia Molecular e Celular (IBMC), Universidade do Porto, 4200-135 Porto, Portugal
| | - Cátia S Pereira
- Instituto de Biologia Molecular e Celular (IBMC), Universidade do Porto, 4200-135 Porto, Portugal
- Cell Activation & Gene Expression (CAGE), Instituto de Investigação e Inovação em Saúde (i3S), Universidade do Porto, 4200-135 Porto, Portugal
| | - Inês Mondragão-Rodrigues
- Instituto de Biologia Molecular e Celular (IBMC), Universidade do Porto, 4200-135 Porto, Portugal
- Cell Activation & Gene Expression (CAGE), Instituto de Investigação e Inovação em Saúde (i3S), Universidade do Porto, 4200-135 Porto, Portugal
- Departamento de Ciências Médicas, Universidade de Aveiro, Campus Universitário de Santiago, Agra do Crasto, Edifício 30, 3810-193 Aveiro, Portugal
| | - Esmeralda Martins
- Centro de Referência de Doenças Hereditárias do Metabolismo (DHM), Centro Hospitalar Universitário de Santo António, 4099-001 Porto, Portugal
| | - Rosa Ribeiro
- Centro de Referência de Doenças Hereditárias do Metabolismo (DHM), Centro Hospitalar Universitário de Santo António, 4099-001 Porto, Portugal
| | - Ana Gaspar
- Centro de Referência de Doenças Hereditárias do Metabolismo (DHM), Centro Hospitalar e Universitário Lisboa Norte (CHULN), 1649-035 Lisbon, Portugal
| | - Patrício Aguiar
- Centro de Referência de Doenças Hereditárias do Metabolismo (DHM), Centro Hospitalar e Universitário Lisboa Norte (CHULN), 1649-035 Lisbon, Portugal
- Faculdade de Medicina da Universidade de Lisboa, Universidade de Lisboa, 1649-190 Lisbon, Portugal
| | - Paula Garcia
- Centro de Referência de Doenças Hereditárias do Metabolismo (DHM), Centro Hospitalar e Universitário de Coimbra, Centro de Desenvolvimento da Criança, 3000-075 Coimbra, Portugal
| | - Maria Teresa Cardoso
- Centro de Referência de Doenças Hereditárias do Metabolismo (DHM), Centro Hospitalar Universitário de São João (CHUSJ), 4200-319 Porto, Portugal
| | - Esmeralda Rodrigues
- Centro de Referência de Doenças Hereditárias do Metabolismo (DHM), Centro Hospitalar Universitário de São João (CHUSJ), 4200-319 Porto, Portugal
| | - Elisa Leão-Teles
- Centro de Referência de Doenças Hereditárias do Metabolismo (DHM), Centro Hospitalar Universitário de São João (CHUSJ), 4200-319 Porto, Portugal
| | - Roberto Giugliani
- Hospital de Clínicas de Porto Alegre, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul, DASA e Casa dos Raros, Porto Alegre 90610-150, Brazil
| | - Maria F Coutinho
- Research and Development Unit, Department of Genetics, INSA, 4000-055 Porto, Portugal
| | - Sandra Alves
- Research and Development Unit, Department of Genetics, INSA, 4000-055 Porto, Portugal
| | - M Fátima Macedo
- Instituto de Biologia Molecular e Celular (IBMC), Universidade do Porto, 4200-135 Porto, Portugal
- Cell Activation & Gene Expression (CAGE), Instituto de Investigação e Inovação em Saúde (i3S), Universidade do Porto, 4200-135 Porto, Portugal
- Departamento de Ciências Médicas, Universidade de Aveiro, Campus Universitário de Santiago, Agra do Crasto, Edifício 30, 3810-193 Aveiro, Portugal
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Iwanicka-Pronicka K, Guzek A, Sarnecki J, Tylki-Szymańska A. Audiological and radiological study of eight polish patients with alpha-mannosidosis. Int J Pediatr Otorhinolaryngol 2023; 169:111556. [PMID: 37099947 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijporl.2023.111556] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/26/2022] [Revised: 02/21/2023] [Accepted: 04/13/2023] [Indexed: 04/28/2023]
Abstract
Alpha-mannosidase catalyze lysosomal cleaving of mannose residues from glycoproteins. The enzyme is encoded by the MAN2B1 gene. Biallelic pathogenic variants cause enzymatic deficiency, which clinically results in alpha-mannosidosis (AM), an autosomal recessively inherited condition. Typical features observed in AM patients include intellectual disability, loss of speech, dysmorphic features, progressive motor problems, ataxia, hearing impairment and recurrent otitis. The cause of the latter is mainly attributed to immunodeficiency. The aim of our study was to demonstrate the otolaryngologic and hearing outcomes in patients with AM. The study group consisted of 8 AM patients: 6 males and 2 females, aged 2.5-37 yrs. The clinical course, dysmorphic ENT features, hearing status and the HRCT scans of the temporal bones were analyzed. MS Excel for Windows and Statistica software package were used for the comparison of interaural audiometric loss, mean hearing loss and mean hearing threshold for each patient's audiometric frequency tested. We identified ENT dysmorphic features in all of our AM patients, while the hearing loss was detected in 6 out of our 8 patients. For those cases, the onset of deafness was noted in the first decade of life, this impairment was sensorineural, of cochlear origin, bilateral, of a moderate degree (mean loss 62.76 dB; median 60 dB, standard deviation 12.5 dB), symmetrical and stable. The shape of the audiometric curves of our patients can be described as slightly sloping towards the higher tested frequencies, with a marked improvement at 4 kHz. The radiological examination revealed normal structures of the ears, with the exception of one case where a persistent otitis generated a cochlear gap. We therefore concluded that the hearing loss in our AM patients derived from cochlear impairment unrelated with recurrent otitis.
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Affiliation(s)
- K Iwanicka-Pronicka
- Department of Medical Genetics, The Children's Memorial Health Institute, Al. Dzieci Polskich 20, 04-730, Warsaw, Poland.
| | - A Guzek
- Department of Audiology and Phoniatrics, The Children's Memorial Health Institute, Al. Dzieci Polskich 20, 04-730, Warsaw, Poland
| | - J Sarnecki
- Department of Diagnostic Imaging, The Children's Memorial Health Institute, Al. Dzieci Polskich 20, 04-730, Warsaw, Poland
| | - A Tylki-Szymańska
- Department of Pediatrics, Nutrition and Metabolic Diseases, The Children's Memorial Health Institute, Al. Dzieci Polskich 20, 04-730, Warsaw, Poland
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Guffon N, Konstantopoulou V, Hennermann JB, Muschol N, Bruno I, Tummolo A, Ceravolo F, Zardi G, Ballabeni A, Lund A. Long-term safety and efficacy of velmanase alfa treatment in children under 6 years of age with alpha-mannosidosis: A phase 2, open label, multicenter study. J Inherit Metab Dis 2023. [PMID: 36849760 DOI: 10.1002/jimd.12602] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/03/2022] [Revised: 02/15/2023] [Accepted: 02/23/2023] [Indexed: 03/01/2023]
Abstract
Alpha-mannosidosis (AM) is a rare, autosomal recessive, lysosomal storage disorder caused by alpha-mannosidase deficiency that leads to the accumulation of mannose-rich oligosaccharides. AM symptoms and severity vary among individuals; consequently, AM is often not diagnosed until late childhood. Velmanase alfa (VA), a recombinant human lysosomal alpha-mannosidase product, is the first enzyme replacement therapy indicated to treat non-neurological symptoms of AM in Europe. Previous studies suggested that early VA treatment in children may produce greater clinical benefit over the disease course than starting treatment in adolescents or adults; however, long-term studies in children are limited, and very few studies include children under 6 years of age. The present phase 2, multicenter, open-label study evaluated the safety and efficacy of long-term VA treatment in children under 6 years of age with AM. Five children (three males) received VA weekly for ≥24 months, and all children completed the study. Four children experienced adverse drug reactions (16 events) and two experienced infusion-related reactions (12 events). Most (99.5%) adverse events were mild or moderate, and none caused study discontinuation. Four children developed antidrug antibodies (three were neutralizing). After VA treatment, all children improved in one or more efficacy assessments of serum oligosaccharide concentrations (decreases), hearing, immunological profile, and quality of life, suggesting a beneficial effect of early treatment. Although the small study size limits conclusions, these results suggest that long-term VA treatment has an acceptable safety profile, is well tolerated, and may provide potential benefits to patients with AM under 6 years of age.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nathalie Guffon
- Reference Centre of Inherited Metabolic Diseases, CERLYMM, HCL, Lyon, France
| | | | - Julia B Hennermann
- Center for Pediatric and Adolescent Medicine, Villa Metabolica, University Medical Center Mainz, Mainz, Germany
| | - Nicole Muschol
- Department of Pediatrics, International Center for Lysosomal Disorders (ICLD), University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, Hamburg, Germany
| | - Irene Bruno
- Institute for Maternal and Child Health-IRCCS Burlo Garofolo, Trieste, Italy
| | - Albina Tummolo
- Department of Metabolic Diseases and Clinical Genetics, Bari, Italy
| | | | | | | | - Allan Lund
- Centre for Inherited Metabolic Diseases, Department of Paediatrics and Adolescent Medicine and Department of Clinical Genetics, Copenhagen University Hospital, Rigshospitalet, Copenhagen, Denmark
- Department of Clinical Medicine, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
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Vashakmadze ND, Zhurkova NV, Mikhaylova LK, Babaykina MA, Karaseva MS, Pashkova KV, Zakharova EY, Namazova-Baranova LS. Alfa-mannosidosis: Frequent Symptoms in Rare Patient. CURRENT PEDIATRICS 2023. [DOI: 10.15690/vsp.v21i6s.2498] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/19/2023]
Abstract
Background. Alfa-mannosidosis is ultra-rare autosomal recessive lysosomal storage disease caused by the mutation in the MAN2B1 gene. Pathogenic nucleotide variants and structural changes in this gene lead to acid alpha-mannosidase deficiency, this enzyme is involved in oligosaccharides degradation. This disease is characterized by multisystem involvement and chronic progressive course. Clinical case description. The clinical case attracted our attention due to the late disease diagnosis in a boy living in a metropolis. The child has classic clinical manifestations of the disease: typical phenotype, spinal deformity, developmental speech and motor delays, hearing loss, hepatomegaly, splenomegaly, umbilical and inguinal hernias. Despite developmental speech delay and frequent recurrent otitis, the patient has not been referred to surdologist examination until the age of 4.5 years. Intriguing fact is the presence of congenital cataract that was the reason for surgery twice. Conclusion. Congenital cataract is one of the early manifestation of this disease. 3 out of 8 patients with alfa-mannosidosis observed in our centre had congenital cataract. We assume that such patients should be referred to genetics for the early exclusion of alpha-mannosidosis. Late diagnosis and progressive course of the disease led to early disability of the patient. Nowadays, as enzyme replacement therapy is available, it is crucial to identify these patients timely in order to improve their quality of life and increase survivability.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nato D. Vashakmadze
- Research Institute of Pediatrics and Children’s Health in Petrovsky National Research Centre of Surgery; Pirogov Russian National Research Medical University
| | - Natalia V. Zhurkova
- Research Institute of Pediatrics and Children’s Health in Petrovsky National Research Centre of Surgery; Research Centre for Medical Genetics
| | - Ludmila K. Mikhaylova
- Research Institute of Pediatrics and Children’s Health in Petrovsky National Research Centre of Surgery
| | - Marina A. Babaykina
- Research Institute of Pediatrics and Children’s Health in Petrovsky National Research Centre of Surgery
| | - Maria S. Karaseva
- Research Institute of Pediatrics and Children’s Health in Petrovsky National Research Centre of Surgery
| | - Kristina V. Pashkova
- Research Institute of Pediatrics and Children’s Health in Petrovsky National Research Centre of Surgery
| | | | - Leyla S. Namazova-Baranova
- Research Institute of Pediatrics and Children’s Health in Petrovsky National Research Centre of Surgery; Pirogov Russian National Research Medical University
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Die α-Mannosidose: eine seltene, aber unterdiagnostizierte Erkrankung? Monatsschr Kinderheilkd 2022. [DOI: 10.1007/s00112-022-01595-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/14/2022]
Abstract
ZusammenfassungBei der α‑Mannosidose handelt es sich um eine seltene lysosomale Speichererkrankung, bedingt durch eine autosomal-rezessiv vererbte Defizienz der α‑Mannosidase. Die Erkrankung weist ein breites klinisches Spektrum mit chronisch progredientem Verlauf auf. Charakteristische klinische Zeichen in den ersten Lebensjahren sind Hörminderung, Entwicklungsverzögerung, rezidivierende Infekte und/oder faziale Dysmorphie. Im weiteren Verlauf der Erkrankung manifestieren sich zunehmende skeletale Probleme und eine Ataxie, beide zu Immobilität führend. Im Gegensatz zu anderen lysosomalen Speichererkrankungen zeigt sich nach dem 20. Lebensjahr meist kein weiterer Verlust kognitiver Fähigkeiten. Ab dem Alter von 15 Jahren entwickeln ca. 25 % der Patienten psychiatrische Symptome. Aufgrund der Seltenheit der Erkrankung werden viele Patienten verspätet, z. T. erst im Erwachsenenalter, diagnostiziert.Mittlerweile stehen 2 Therapieoptionen zur Behandlung der α‑Mannosidose zur Verfügung. Bei frühzeitiger Diagnosestellung ist die hämatopoetische Stammzelltransplantation eine wichtige therapeutische Option mit potenziell positivem Effekt auf die neurokognitive Entwicklung. Die Enzymersatztherapie mit Velmanase alfa ist seit 2018 in Europa zugelassen und eine therapeutische Option zur Behandlung der nichtneurologischen Manifestationen bei α‑Mannosidose. Sie hat jedoch keinen Einfluss auf neurologische Manifestationen der Erkrankung.Zur Verbesserung der Diagnostik von Kindern und Jugendlichen mit der seltenen Erkrankung α‑Mannosidose möchte dieser Beitrag das Wissen um und das Bewusstsein für diese Erkrankung schärfen. Die frühe Diagnose einer α‑Mannosidose erspart nicht nur den Familien einen jahrelangen diagnostischen Leidensweg, sondern ermöglicht auch den betroffenen Patienten ein verbessertes Auskommen durch einen frühen Therapiestart.
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9
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Hennermann JB, Raebel EM, Donà F, Jacquemont ML, Cefalo G, Ballabeni A, Malm D. Mortality in patients with alpha-mannosidosis: a review of patients' data and the literature. Orphanet J Rare Dis 2022; 17:287. [PMID: 35871018 PMCID: PMC9308362 DOI: 10.1186/s13023-022-02422-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/21/2022] [Accepted: 06/30/2022] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Alpha-mannosidosis is a rare autosomal recessive lysosomal storage disorder (LSD) caused by reduced activity of alpha-mannosidase. Clinical manifestations include skeletal dysmorphism, mental impairment, hearing loss and recurrent infections. The severe type of the disease leads to early childhood death, while patients with milder forms can live into adulthood. There are no mortality studies to date. This study aimed to investigate the age at death and the causes of death of patients with alpha-mannosidosis who had not received disease-modifying treatment. METHODS Clinicians and LSD patient organisations (POs) from 33 countries were invited to complete a questionnaire between April-May 2021. Cause of death and age at death was available for 15 patients. A literature review identified seven deceased patients that met the inclusion criteria. RESULTS Median age at death for patients reported by clinicians/POs was 45 years (mean 40.3 ± 13.2, range 18-56, n = 15); 53% were female. One death occurred during the patient's second decade of life, and 14 out of 15 deaths (93.3%) during or after the patients' third decade, including four (26.7%) during their sixth decade. Median age at death for patients identified from the literature was 4.3 years (mean 15.7 ± 17.0, range 2.2-41, n = 7); two were female. Four of the seven patients (57.1%) died within the first decade of life. Seven of 15 deaths (46.7%) reported by clinicians/POs were recorded as pneumonia and three (20.0%) as cancer. Other causes of death included acute renal failure due to sepsis after intestinal perforation, decrease of red blood cells of unknown origin, kidney failure with systemic lupus erythematosus, aortic valve insufficiency leading to heart failure, and dehydration due to catatonia. Three out of seven causes of death (42.9%) reported in the literature were associated with septicaemia, two (28.6%) with respiratory failure and one to pneumonia following aspiration. CONCLUSIONS This study suggests that pneumonia has been the primary cause of death during recent decades in untreated patients with alpha-mannosidosis, followed by cancer. Determining the causes of mortality and life expectancy in these patients is crucial to further improve our understanding of the natural history of alpha-mannosidosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Julia B. Hennermann
- grid.410607.4Villa Metabolica, University Medical Center Mainz, Mainz, Germany
| | | | - Francesca Donà
- grid.467287.80000 0004 1761 6733Chiesi Farmaceutici S.p.A., Parma, Italy
| | - Marie-Line Jacquemont
- grid.440886.60000 0004 0594 5118Génétique Médicale, CHU La Réunion Site GHSR, Saint Pierre, France
| | - Graziella Cefalo
- grid.4708.b0000 0004 1757 2822San Paolo Hospital, University of Milan, Milan, Italy
| | - Andrea Ballabeni
- grid.467287.80000 0004 1761 6733Chiesi Farmaceutici S.p.A., Parma, Italy
| | - Dag Malm
- Tromsø Centre of Internal Medicine, Tromsø, Norway
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Lipiński P, Różdżyńska-Świątkowska A, Iwanicka-Pronicka K, Perkowska B, Pokora P, Tylki-Szymańska A. Long-term outcome of patients with alpha-mannosidosis – A single center study. Mol Genet Metab Rep 2022; 30:100826. [PMID: 35242565 PMCID: PMC8856903 DOI: 10.1016/j.ymgmr.2021.100826] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/19/2021] [Revised: 11/22/2021] [Accepted: 11/22/2021] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Introduction Alpha-mannosidosis (AM) is a rare autosomal recessive lysosomal storage disease which the natural history has not been exhaustively described yet. The aim of this study was to present the long-term follow-up of 12 Polish patients with AM, evaluate the clinical, biochemical, and molecular findings and progression of the disease. Material and methods The article presents a long-term (over 30 years) observational, retrospective, single-center study of patients with AM. Results The hearing loss, as one of the first symptoms, was detected in childhood (mean age of 2 years and 6 months) in 10 patients. The other symptoms include: recurrent infections (all patients), inguinal hernias (6 patients), craniosynostosis (1 patient). The mean age at AM diagnosis was 6 years while median was 4 years (age range: 1 year and 8 months – 12 years). The most commonly identified variant in the MAN2B1 gene was c.2245C > T, p.(Arg749Trp). The mean time of follow-up in our study was approximately 14 years (range: 1 year – 26 years). Following birth, children with AM grow slowly, finally reaching the 3rd percentile (or values below the 3rd percentile). Hearing loss was not progressive while a gradual exacerbation of intellectual disability with no developmental regression was observed in all patients. Ataxia was diagnosed in 6 patients in the second decade of life (age range 15–20 years). Conclusions Our study revealed the sensorineural hearing loss as one of the first noted symptom in AM which was congenital and non-progressive during the natural course of disease. A detailed anthropometric phenotype of AM patients was provided with observation of the growth decline during the long-term follow-up. Our study confirmed the existence of two distinguished clinical phenotypes of AM (mild and moderate), and also the lack of clear genotype-phenotype correlation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Patryk Lipiński
- Department of Pediatrics, Nutrition and Metabolic Diseases, The Children's Memorial Health Institute, 04-730 Warsaw, Poland
| | | | | | - Barbara Perkowska
- Department of Pediatrics, Nutrition and Metabolic Diseases, The Children's Memorial Health Institute, 04-730 Warsaw, Poland
| | - Paulina Pokora
- Department of Pediatrics, Nutrition and Metabolic Diseases, The Children's Memorial Health Institute, 04-730 Warsaw, Poland
| | - Anna Tylki-Szymańska
- Department of Pediatrics, Nutrition and Metabolic Diseases, The Children's Memorial Health Institute, 04-730 Warsaw, Poland
- Corresponding author at: Department of Pediatrics, Nutrition and Metabolic Diseases, The Children's Memorial Health Institute, Al. Dzieci Polskich 20, 04-730 Warsaw, Poland.
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11
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Nir V, Bentur L, Tal G, Gur M, Gut G, Ilivitzki A, Zucker-Toledano M, Hanna M, Toukan Y, Bar-Yoseph R. Comprehensive cardiopulmonary assessment in α mannosidosis. Pediatr Pulmonol 2020; 55:2348-2353. [PMID: 32445542 DOI: 10.1002/ppul.24864] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/11/2020] [Revised: 05/15/2020] [Accepted: 05/18/2020] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION α Mannosidosis is an extremely rare, progressive, and complex lysosomal storage disease, characterized by mental retardation, hearing impairment, coarse facial features, skeletal abnormalities, and pulmonary involvement. While bone marrow transplantation has been the only therapeutic option to date, nowadays new treatment options are being explored, which may affect pulmonary and exercise capacity. AIM AND METHODS To assess cardiopulmonary involvement in patients with α mannosidosis by pulmonary function tests, cardiopulmonary exercise testing, and low irradiation chest computed tomography (CT). RESULTS Five patients aged 11 to 28 years were followed in our Respiratory-Metabolic Clinic. All five had pulmonary symptoms and received inhaled therapy. Three patients underwent bone marrow transplantation. Parenchymal lung disease was evident in 3/5 chest CT tests. Pulmonary function tests were abnormal in all patients and showed obstructive/restrictive impairment with air trapping. All five patients showed reduced peak oxygen uptake (median 23.1; range 20.4-32.2 mL/minute/kg, median %predicted 62; range %predicted 59-79). CONCLUSIONS Pulmonary involvement is a known complication in this rare disease. Comprehensive cardiopulmonary evaluation is feasible among these patients and may help in assessing disease progression and response to new treatment modalities.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vered Nir
- Pediatric Pulmonary Institute, Ruth Children's Hospital, Rambam Health Care Campus, Haifa, Israel
| | - Lea Bentur
- Pediatric Pulmonary Institute, Ruth Children's Hospital, Rambam Health Care Campus, Haifa, Israel.,The Bruce Rappaport Faculty of Medicine, Technion-Israel Institute of Technology, Haifa, Israel
| | - Galit Tal
- Metabolic Clinic, Ruth Children's Hospital, Rambam Health Care Campus, Haifa, Israel
| | - Michal Gur
- Pediatric Pulmonary Institute, Ruth Children's Hospital, Rambam Health Care Campus, Haifa, Israel.,The Bruce Rappaport Faculty of Medicine, Technion-Israel Institute of Technology, Haifa, Israel
| | - Guy Gut
- Pediatric Pulmonary Institute, Ruth Children's Hospital, Rambam Health Care Campus, Haifa, Israel
| | - Anat Ilivitzki
- The Bruce Rappaport Faculty of Medicine, Technion-Israel Institute of Technology, Haifa, Israel.,Pediatric Radiology, Ruth Children's Hospital, Rambam Health Care Campus, Haifa, Israel
| | - Merav Zucker-Toledano
- Pediatric Cardiology, Ruth Children's Hospital, Rambam Health Care Campus, Haifa, Israel
| | - Moneera Hanna
- Pediatric Pulmonary Institute, Ruth Children's Hospital, Rambam Health Care Campus, Haifa, Israel
| | - Yazeed Toukan
- Pediatric Pulmonary Institute, Ruth Children's Hospital, Rambam Health Care Campus, Haifa, Israel.,The Bruce Rappaport Faculty of Medicine, Technion-Israel Institute of Technology, Haifa, Israel
| | - Ronen Bar-Yoseph
- Pediatric Pulmonary Institute, Ruth Children's Hospital, Rambam Health Care Campus, Haifa, Israel.,The Bruce Rappaport Faculty of Medicine, Technion-Israel Institute of Technology, Haifa, Israel
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12
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Lund AM, Borgwardt L, Cattaneo F, Ardigò D, Geraci S, Gil-Campos M, De Meirleir L, Laroche C, Dolhem P, Cole D, Tylki-Szymanska A, Lopez-Rodriguez M, Guillén-Navarro E, Dali CI, Héron B, Fogh J, Muschol N, Phillips D, Van den Hout JMH, Jones SA, Amraoui Y, Harmatz P, Guffon N. Comprehensive long-term efficacy and safety of recombinant human alpha-mannosidase (velmanase alfa) treatment in patients with alpha-mannosidosis. J Inherit Metab Dis 2018; 41:1225-1233. [PMID: 29725868 PMCID: PMC6326957 DOI: 10.1007/s10545-018-0175-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/16/2017] [Revised: 03/10/2018] [Accepted: 03/21/2018] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Long-term outcome data provide important insights into the clinical utility of enzyme replacement therapies. Such data are presented for velmanase alfa in the treatment of alpha-mannosidosis (AM). METHODS Patient data (n = 33; 14 adults, 19 paediatric) from the clinical development programme for velmanase alfa were integrated in this prospectively-designed analysis of long-term efficacy and safety. Patients who participated in the phase I/II or phase III trials and were continuing to receive treatment after completion of the trials were invited to participate in a comprehensive evaluation visit to assess long-term outcomes. Primary endpoints were changes in serum oligosaccharide and the 3-minute stair climb test (3MSCT). RESULTS Mean (SD) treatment exposure was 29.3 (15.2) months. Serum oligosaccharide levels were significantly reduced in the overall population at 12 months (mean change: -72.7%, P < 0.001) and remained statistically significant at last observation (-62.8%, P < 0.001). A mean improvement of +9.3% in 3MSCT was observed at 12 months (P = 0.013), which also remained statistically significant at last observation (+13.8%, P = 0.004), with a more pronounced improvement detected in the paediatric subgroup. No treatment-emergent adverse events were reported leading to permanent treatment discontinuation. CONCLUSIONS Patients treated with velmanase alfa experienced improvements in biochemical and functional measures that were maintained for up to 4 years. Long term follow-up is important and further supports the use of velmanase alfa as an effective and well-tolerated treatment for AM. Based on the currently available data set, no baseline characteristic can be predictive of treatment outcome. Early treatment during paediatric age showed better outcome in functional endpoints.
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Affiliation(s)
- Allan M Lund
- Departments of Paediatrics and Adolescent Medicine, Centre for Inherited Metabolic Diseases, Copenhagen, Denmark
- Department of Clinical Genetics, Centre for Inherited Metabolic Diseases, Copenhagen University Hospital, Rigshospitalet, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Line Borgwardt
- Departments of Paediatrics and Adolescent Medicine, Centre for Inherited Metabolic Diseases, Copenhagen, Denmark.
- Department of Clinical Genetics, Centre for Inherited Metabolic Diseases, Copenhagen University Hospital, Rigshospitalet, Copenhagen, Denmark.
- Center for Genomic Medicine, Copenhagen University Hospital, Rigshospitalet, Copenhagen, Denmark.
| | | | | | | | - Mercedes Gil-Campos
- Unidad de Metabolismo e Investigación Pediátrica, Hospital Universitario Reina Sofía, IMIBIC, Universidad de Córdoba, CIBERObn, Córdoba, Spain
| | - Linda De Meirleir
- Paediatric Neurology and Metabolism, Universitair Ziekenhuis, Brussels, Belgium
| | | | | | - Duncan Cole
- Department of Medical Biochemistry and Immunology, University Hospital of Wales, Cardiff, Wales, UK
| | - Anna Tylki-Szymanska
- Department of Paediatric, Nutrition and Metabolic Diseases, The Children's Memorial Health Institute, Warsaw, Poland
| | | | - Encarna Guillén-Navarro
- Medical Genetics Section, Hospital Clínico Universitario Virgen de la Arrixaca, IMIB-Arrixaca, CIBERER-ISCIII, Madrid, Spain
| | - Christine I Dali
- Departments of Paediatrics and Adolescent Medicine, Centre for Inherited Metabolic Diseases, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Bénédicte Héron
- Service de Neuropédiatrie, Centre de Référence des Maladies Lysosomales, and Sorbonne Université, GRC n°19, pathologies Congénitales du Cervelet-LeucoDystrophies, AP-HP, Hôpital Armand Trousseau, F-75012, Paris, France
| | | | - Nicole Muschol
- International Center for Lysosomal Disorders, University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, Hamburg, Germany
| | | | - J M Hannerieke Van den Hout
- Center for Lysosomal and Metabolic Diseases (department of Pediatrics), Erasmus MC University Medical Center - Sophia Children's Hospital, Rotterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Simon A Jones
- Manchester Centre for Genomic Medicine, Central Manchester University Hospitals NHS Foundation Trust, Manchester, UK
| | - Yasmina Amraoui
- Center for Pediatric and Adolescent Medicine, Villa Metabolica, University Medical Center Mainz, Mainz, Germany
| | - Paul Harmatz
- UCSF Benioff Children's Hospital Oakland, Oakland, CA, USA
| | - Nathalie Guffon
- Centre de Référence des Maladies Héréditaires du Métabolisme, Hôpital Femme Mère Enfant, Lyon, France
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13
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Otomo T, Schweizer M, Kollmann K, Schumacher V, Muschol N, Tolosa E, Mittrücker HW, Braulke T. Mannose 6 phosphorylation of lysosomal enzymes controls B cell functions. J Cell Biol 2015; 208:171-80. [PMID: 25601403 PMCID: PMC4298682 DOI: 10.1083/jcb.201407077] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/17/2014] [Accepted: 12/08/2014] [Indexed: 01/25/2023] Open
Abstract
Antigen processing and presentation and cytotoxic targeting depend on the activities of several lysosomal enzymes that require mannose 6-phosphate (M6P) sorting signals for efficient intracellular transport and localization. In this paper, we show that mice deficient in the formation of M6P residues exhibit significant loss of cathepsin proteases in B cells, leading to lysosomal dysfunction with accumulation of storage material, impaired antigen processing and presentation, and subsequent defects in B cell maturation and antibody production. The targeting of lysosomal and granular enzymes lacking M6P residues is less affected in dendritic cells and T cells and sufficient for maintenance of degradative and lytic functions. M6P deficiency also impairs serum immunoglobulin levels and antibody responses to vaccination in patients. Our data demonstrate the critical role of M6P-dependent transport routes for B cell functions in vivo and humoral immunity in mice and human.
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Affiliation(s)
- Takanobu Otomo
- Department of Biochemistry, Children's Hospital; Department of Electron Microscopy, Center for Molecular Neurobiology; and Department of Immunology, University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, 20246 Hamburg, Germany Department of Pediatrics, Osaka University Graduate School of Medicine, 5650871 Suita, Osaka, Japan
| | - Michaela Schweizer
- Department of Biochemistry, Children's Hospital; Department of Electron Microscopy, Center for Molecular Neurobiology; and Department of Immunology, University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, 20246 Hamburg, Germany
| | - Katrin Kollmann
- Department of Biochemistry, Children's Hospital; Department of Electron Microscopy, Center for Molecular Neurobiology; and Department of Immunology, University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, 20246 Hamburg, Germany
| | - Valéa Schumacher
- Department of Biochemistry, Children's Hospital; Department of Electron Microscopy, Center for Molecular Neurobiology; and Department of Immunology, University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, 20246 Hamburg, Germany
| | - Nicole Muschol
- Department of Biochemistry, Children's Hospital; Department of Electron Microscopy, Center for Molecular Neurobiology; and Department of Immunology, University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, 20246 Hamburg, Germany
| | - Eva Tolosa
- Department of Biochemistry, Children's Hospital; Department of Electron Microscopy, Center for Molecular Neurobiology; and Department of Immunology, University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, 20246 Hamburg, Germany
| | - Hans-Willi Mittrücker
- Department of Biochemistry, Children's Hospital; Department of Electron Microscopy, Center for Molecular Neurobiology; and Department of Immunology, University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, 20246 Hamburg, Germany
| | - Thomas Braulke
- Department of Biochemistry, Children's Hospital; Department of Electron Microscopy, Center for Molecular Neurobiology; and Department of Immunology, University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, 20246 Hamburg, Germany
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Alroy J, Garganta C, Wiederschain G. Secondary biochemical and morphological consequences in lysosomal storage diseases. BIOCHEMISTRY (MOSCOW) 2014; 79:619-36. [DOI: 10.1134/s0006297914070049] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
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15
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Malm D, Riise Stensland HMF, Edvardsen Ø, Nilssen Ø. The natural course and complications of alpha-mannosidosis--a retrospective and descriptive study. J Inherit Metab Dis 2014; 37:79-82. [PMID: 23739775 DOI: 10.1007/s10545-013-9622-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/18/2013] [Revised: 05/11/2013] [Accepted: 05/16/2013] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
Most alpha-mannosidosis patients described have been children and information on the natural course of the disorder has been based on a very limited number of observations. In order to assess the disease presentation in detail and to study disease characteristics, a study was started in 1991 and has been ongoing for over 20 years. Patients with confirmed alpha-mannosidosis were recruited through The International Society for Mannosidosis and Related Diseases (ISMRD) where families affected with alpha-mannosidosis received a questionnaire on general clinical information to be filled out by the responsible physician. The questionnaire was returned by 125 patients (64%). Of these, 45 patients were 15 years old or older at the time of evaluation. The questionnaire allowed us to assess the following features: Facial dysmorphism, columnar disease, arthritis, myopathy, hearing impairment, mental impairment, psychosis, bone disease and motor function as well as general health. This study describes the progression of alpha-mannosidosis and may be helpful in determining the clinical characteristics for assessments of prognosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dag Malm
- Tromsø Centre of Internal Medicine (TIS as), 9008, Tromsø, Norway,
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16
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Abstract
Biochemical disorders in lysosomal storage diseases consist of the interruption of metabolic pathways involved in the recycling of the degradation products of one or several types of macromolecules. The progressive accumulation of these primary storage products is the direct consequence of the genetic defect and represents the initial pathogenic event. Downstream consequences for the affected cells include the accumulation of secondary storage products and the formation of histological storage lesions, which appear as intracellular vacuoles that represent the pathological hallmark of lysosomal storage diseases. Relationships between storage products and storage lesions are not simple and are still largely not understood. Primary storage products induce malfunction of the organelles where they accumulate, these being primarily, but not only, lysosomes. Consequences for cell metabolism and intracellular trafficking combine the effects of primary storage product toxicity and the compensatory mechanisms activated to protect the cell. Induced disorders extend far beyond the primarily interrupted metabolic pathway.
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Abstract
Alpha-mannosidosis is an inherited lysosomal storage disorder characterized by immune deficiency, facial and skeletal abnormalities, hearing impairment, and intellectual disability. It occurs in approximately 1 of 500,000 live births. The children are often born apparently normal, and their condition worsens progressively. Some children are born with ankle equinus or develop hydrocephalus in the first year of life. Main features are immune deficiency (manifested by recurrent infections, especially in the first decade of life), skeletal abnormalities (mild-to-moderate dysostosis multiplex, scoliosis and deformation of the sternum), hearing impairment (moderate-to-severe sensorineural hearing loss), gradual impairment of mental functions and speech, and often, periods of psychosis. Associated motor function disturbances include muscular weakness, joint abnormalities and ataxia. The facial trait include large head with prominent forehead, rounded eyebrows, flattened nasal bridge, macroglossia, widely spaced teeth, and prognathism. Slight strabismus is common. The clinical variability is significant, representing a continuum in severity. The disorder is caused by lysosomal alpha-mannosidase deficiency. Alpha-mannosidosis is inherited in an autosomal recessive fashion and is caused by mutations in the MAN2B1 gene located on chromosome 19 (19 p13.2-q12). Diagnosis is made by measuring acid alpha-mannosidase activity in leukocytes or other nucleated cells and can be confirmed by genetic testing. Elevated urinary secretion of mannose-rich oligosaccharides is suggestive, but not diagnostic. Differential diagnoses are mainly the other lysosomal storage diseases like the mucopolysaccharidoses. Genetic counseling should be given to explain the nature of the disease and to detect carriers. Antenatal diagnosis is possible, based on both biochemical and genetic methods. The management should be pro-active, preventing complications and treating manifestations. Infections must be treated frequently. Otolaryngological treatment of fluid in the middle ear is often required and use of hearing aids is invariably required. Early educational intervention for development of social skills is needed and physiotherapy is important to improve bodily function. Orthopedic surgery may be necessary. The long-term prognosis is poor. There is an insidiously slow progression of neuromuscular and skeletal deterioration over several decades, making most patients wheel-chair dependent. No patients manage to be completely socially independent. Many patients are over 50 years of age.
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18
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Immune system irregularities in lysosomal storage disorders. Acta Neuropathol 2008; 115:159-74. [PMID: 17924126 DOI: 10.1007/s00401-007-0296-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 68] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/01/2007] [Revised: 09/11/2007] [Accepted: 09/13/2007] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Lysosomal storage disorders (LSDs) are genetically inherited diseases characterized by the accumulation of disease-specific biological materials such as proteolipids or metabolic intermediates within the lysosome. The lysosomal compartment's central importance to normal cellular function can be appreciated by examining the various pathologies that arise in LSDs. These disorders are invariably fatal, and many display profound neurological impairment that begins in childhood. However, recent studies have revealed that several LSDs also have irregularities in the function of the immune system. Gaucher disease, mucopolysaccharidosis VII, and alpha-mannosidosis are examples of a subset of LSD patients that are predisposed towards immune suppression. In contrast, GM2 gangliosidosis, globoid cell leukodystrophy, Niemann-Pick disease type C1 and juvenile neuronal ceroid lipofuscinosis are LSDs that are predisposed towards immune system hyperactivity. Antigen presentation and processing by dedicated antigen presenting cells (APCs), secretion of pore-forming perforins by cytotoxic-T lymphocytes, and release of pro-inflammatory mediators by mast cells are among the many crucial immune system functions in which the lysosome plays a central role. Although the relationship between the modification of the lysosomal compartment in LSDs and modulation of the immune system remains unknown, there is emerging evidence for early neuroimmune responses in a variety of LSDs. In this review we bridge biochemical studies on the lysosomal compartment's role in the immune system with clinical data on immune system irregularities in a subset of LSDs.
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19
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Malm D, Pantel J, Linaker OM. Psychiatric symptoms in alpha-mannosidosis. JOURNAL OF INTELLECTUAL DISABILITY RESEARCH : JIDR 2005; 49:865-71. [PMID: 16207285 DOI: 10.1111/j.1365-2788.2005.00765.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/04/2023]
Abstract
Alpha-mannosidosis is characterized by mild to moderate intellectual disability (ID), moderate to severe neurosensory hearing loss, frequent infections, psychomotor disturbances and skeletal dysmorphism. For the first time, a panel of nine alpha-mannosidosis patients with psychiatric symptoms is presented. The clinical picture has several similarities: a physical or psychological stressor precedes a rapid development of a state of confusion, delusions, hallucinations, anxiety and often depression leading to a severe loss of function. This usually lasts 3-12 weeks, and is followed by a period of somnolence and asthenia. It may be more prevalent in females. In four of the described patients search for organic causes of the syndrome was performed, but revealed only negative findings. Because of the limited number of cases no firm conclusion about the benefit of various psychotropic drugs can be drawn from our observation. Psychiatric symptoms could affect as many as 25% of patients with alpha-mannosidosis. First onset is typically in late puberty to early adolescence. The episodes may be recurrent, and of limited duration although medication may be necessary to alleviate symptoms. Our observations indicate that alpha-mannosidosis is associated with an increased risk of psychiatric symptoms. These should not be dismissed as part of the ID but should give rise to the initiation of adequate diagnostic work-up, treatment and support.
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Affiliation(s)
- D Malm
- Institute of Clinical Medicine, University Hospital of Tromsoe, Norway.
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Gerards AH, Winia WPCA, Westerga J, Dijkmans BAC, van Soesbergen RM. Destructive joint disease in alpha-mannosidosis. A case report and review of the literature. Clin Rheumatol 2003; 23:40-2. [PMID: 14749981 DOI: 10.1007/s10067-003-0770-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/28/2002] [Accepted: 03/07/2003] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
Abstract
Storage of oligosaccharides due to a deficiency of alpha-mannosidase can lead to joint destruction in children and young adults. Treating hip destruction with a prosthesis might be successful in some of these patients, although diminished bone quality increases the risk of loosening of the prosthesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- A H Gerards
- Slotervaartziekenhuis, VU Medical Centre, Amsterdam, The Netherlands.
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21
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Albert MH, Schuster F, Peters C, Schulze S, Pontz BF, Muntau AC, Röschinger W, Stachel DK, Enders A, Haas RJ, Schmid I. T-cell-depleted peripheral blood stem cell transplantation for alpha-mannosidosis. Bone Marrow Transplant 2003; 32:443-6. [PMID: 12900784 DOI: 10.1038/sj.bmt.1704148] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Abstract
Alpha-mannosidosis (alpha-mannosidosis) is a lysosomal storage disease characterized by accumulation of oligosaccharides in various tissues leading to symptoms such as coarse facial features, dysostosis multiplex, hearing disabilities, mental developmental delay and skeletal involvement (dysostosis multiplex). Without treatment, the severe infantile onset form of this autosomal recessive disease leads to progressive neurodegeneration and sometimes to early death. Stem cell transplantation has been shown to be an effective treatment. In the five patients published so far, correction of skeletal abnormalities and improvement of neuropsychological capabilities have been observed. We report the first patient who received a T-cell-depleted peripheral blood stem cell transplantation (PBSCT) for alpha-mannosidosis. The diagnosis of alpha-mannosidosis was made at the age of 14 months. At the age of 24 months, he underwent PBSCT with T-cell depletion by CD34-positive selection from his HLA phenotypically identical mother. Conditioning was carried out with busulfan (20 mg/kg), cyclophosphamide (200 mg/kg), OKT3 and methylprednisolone. The patient is alive and well 27 months after PBSCT and has made significant developmental progress. The pattern of urinary oligosaccharides has returned to almost normal. CD34-positive-selected PBSCT is a feasible option to reduce risk for GVHD for these patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- M H Albert
- Division of Pediatric Hematology/Oncology, Dr v. Haunersches Kinderspital, Ludwig-Maximilians-University, Munich, Germany.
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