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Wang Z, Vilhelmsen L, Rasnitsyn AP, Viertler A, Shih C, Wen S, Yang H, Wu Q, Zhang Y, Ren D, Gao T. Specialized ovipositor sensilla of Cretaceous wasps (Insecta: Hymenoptera) possibly reveal a unique way of host detection. Cladistics 2024. [PMID: 38712908 DOI: 10.1111/cla.12579] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/12/2023] [Revised: 04/02/2024] [Accepted: 04/04/2024] [Indexed: 05/08/2024] Open
Abstract
Insects have evolved complex sensory systems that are important for feeding, defence and reproduction. Parasitoid wasps often spend much time and effort in searching for concealed hosts with the help of specialized sensilla. However, the early evolution of such behaviour and sensilla is poorly known. We describe two fossil female wasps, †Tichostephanus kachinensis sp. nov. and †Tichostephanus longus sp. nov., from mid-Cretaceous Kachin amber. Phylogenetic analyses based on morphological data retrieved †Tichostephanus as deeply nested within Evanioidea and closely related to extant Gasteruptiidae and Evaniidae. Both of these Cretaceous wasps possess features, e.g. coronal tubercles and flexible ovipositor sheaths, that indicate that they might have laid eggs in wood where their larvae possibly parasitized insect larvae. They have a peculiar and unique 'bottle brush' of sensilla close to the apex of their ovipositor sheaths, which has not been observed in any extant parasitoid wasps. These sensilla comprise many regularly arranged plate-shaped setae, attached in relatively large sockets and with rows of longitudinal ridges. Such specialized sensilla perhaps served to enhance the ability to detect hosts inside wood.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhen Wang
- College of Life Sciences, Capital Normal University, Beijing, 100048, China
| | - Lars Vilhelmsen
- Natural History Museum of Denmark, SCIENCE, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Alexandr P Rasnitsyn
- A. A. Borissiak Palaeontological Institute, Russian Academy of Sciences, 117647, Moscow, Russia
- Natural History Museum, Cromwell Road, London, SW7 5BD, UK
| | - Alexandra Viertler
- Natural History Museum Basel, Augustinerstrasse 2, 4051, Basel, Switzerland
- Institute of Ecology and Evolution, University of Bern, Baltzerstrasse 6, 3012, Bern, Switzerland
| | - Chungkun Shih
- College of Life Sciences, Capital Normal University, Beijing, 100048, China
- Department of Paleobiology, National Museum of Natural History, Smithsonian Institution, Washington, DC, 20013, USA
| | - Shanshan Wen
- Huxuan Museum, 58-10 Maanshanlu, Shizhong District, Jinan, Shandong, 250000, China
| | - Hongru Yang
- College of Life Sciences, Capital Normal University, Beijing, 100048, China
| | - Qiong Wu
- College of Life Sciences, Capital Normal University, Beijing, 100048, China
| | - Yanjie Zhang
- College of Life Sciences, Capital Normal University, Beijing, 100048, China
| | - Dong Ren
- College of Life Sciences, Capital Normal University, Beijing, 100048, China
| | - Taiping Gao
- College of Life Sciences, Capital Normal University, Beijing, 100048, China
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2
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Eggs B, Fischer S, Csader M, Mikó I, Rack A, Betz O. Terebra steering in chalcidoid wasps. Front Zool 2023; 20:26. [PMID: 37553687 PMCID: PMC10408236 DOI: 10.1186/s12983-023-00503-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/05/2023] [Accepted: 07/13/2023] [Indexed: 08/10/2023] Open
Abstract
Various chalcidoid wasps can actively steer their terebra (= ovipositor shaft) in diverse directions, despite the lack of terebral intrinsic musculature. To investigate the mechanisms of these bending and rotational movements, we combined microscopical and microtomographical techniques, together with videography, to analyse the musculoskeletal ovipositor system of the ectoparasitoid pteromalid wasp Lariophagus distinguendus (Förster, 1841) and the employment of its terebra during oviposition. The ovipositor consists of three pairs of valvulae, two pairs of valvifers and the female T9 (9th abdominal tergum). The paired 1st and the 2nd valvulae are interlocked via the olistheter system, which allows the three parts to slide longitudinally relative to each other, and form the terebra. The various ovipositor movements are actuated by a set of nine paired muscles, three of which (i.e. 1st valvifer-genital membrane muscle, ventral 2nd valvifer-venom gland reservoir muscle, T9-genital membrane muscle) are described here for the first time in chalcidoids. The anterior and posterior 2nd valvifer-2nd valvula muscles are adapted in function. (1) In the active probing position, they enable the wasps to pull the base of each of the longitudinally split and asymmetrically overlapping halves of the 2nd valvula that are fused at the apex dorsally, thus enabling lateral bending of the terebra. Concurrently, the 1st valvulae can be pro- and retracted regardless of this bending. (2) These muscles can also rotate the 2nd valvula and therefore the whole terebra at the basal articulation, allowing bending in various directions. The position of the terebra is anchored at the puncture site in hard substrates (in which drilling is extremely energy- and time-consuming). A freely steerable terebra increases the chance of contacting a potential host within a concealed cavity. The evolution of the ability actively to steer the terebra can be considered a key innovation that has putatively contributed to the acquisition of new hosts to a parasitoid's host range. Such shifts in host exploitation, each followed by rapid radiations, have probably aided the evolutionary success of Chalcidoidea (with more than 500,000 species estimated).
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Affiliation(s)
- Benjamin Eggs
- Evolutionary Biology of Invertebrates, Institute of Evolution and Ecology, University of Tübingen, Auf der Morgenstelle 28, 72076, Tübingen, Germany.
| | - Stefan Fischer
- Evolutionary Biology of Invertebrates, Institute of Evolution and Ecology, University of Tübingen, Auf der Morgenstelle 28, 72076, Tübingen, Germany
- Tübingen Structural Microscopy Core Facility (TSM), University of Tübingen, Schnarrenbergstraße 94-96, 72076, Tübingen, Germany
| | - Michael Csader
- Evolutionary Biology of Invertebrates, Institute of Evolution and Ecology, University of Tübingen, Auf der Morgenstelle 28, 72076, Tübingen, Germany
- State Museum of Natural History Karlsruhe, Erbprinzenstraße 13, 76133, Karlsruhe, Germany
| | - István Mikó
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of New Hampshire Collection of Insects and Other Arthropods, University of New Hampshire, Spaulding Hall, Durham, NH, 03824, USA
| | - Alexander Rack
- ESRF - The European Synchrotron, Structure of Materials Group - ID19, CS 40220, 38043, Grenoble Cedex 9, France
| | - Oliver Betz
- Evolutionary Biology of Invertebrates, Institute of Evolution and Ecology, University of Tübingen, Auf der Morgenstelle 28, 72076, Tübingen, Germany
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3
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Virant-Doberlet M, Stritih-Peljhan N, Žunič-Kosi A, Polajnar J. Functional Diversity of Vibrational Signaling Systems in Insects. ANNUAL REVIEW OF ENTOMOLOGY 2023; 68:191-210. [PMID: 36198397 DOI: 10.1146/annurev-ento-120220-095459] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/16/2023]
Abstract
Communication by substrate-borne mechanical waves is widespread in insects. The specifics of vibrational communication are related to heterogeneous natural substrates that strongly influence signal transmission. Insects generate vibrational signals primarily by tremulation, drumming, stridulation, and tymbalation, most commonly during sexual behavior but also in agonistic, social, and mutualistic as well as defense interactions and as part of foraging strategies. Vibrational signals are often part of multimodal communication. Sensilla and organs detecting substrate vibration show great diversity and primarily occur in insect legs to optimize sensitivity and directionality. In the natural environment, signals from heterospecifics, as well as social and enemy interactions within vibrational communication networks, influence signaling and behavioral strategies. The exploitation of substrate-borne vibrational signaling offers a promising application for behavioral manipulation in pest control.
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Affiliation(s)
- Meta Virant-Doberlet
- Department of Organisms and Ecosystems Research, National Institute of Biology, Ljubljana, Slovenia;
| | - Nataša Stritih-Peljhan
- Department of Organisms and Ecosystems Research, National Institute of Biology, Ljubljana, Slovenia;
| | - Alenka Žunič-Kosi
- Department of Organisms and Ecosystems Research, National Institute of Biology, Ljubljana, Slovenia;
| | - Jernej Polajnar
- Department of Organisms and Ecosystems Research, National Institute of Biology, Ljubljana, Slovenia;
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4
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The complete mitochondrial genome of the woodwasp Euxiphydria potanini (Hymenoptera, Xiphydrioidea) and phylogenetic implications for symphytans. Sci Rep 2022; 12:17677. [PMID: 36271278 PMCID: PMC9587024 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-022-21457-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/22/2022] [Accepted: 09/27/2022] [Indexed: 01/18/2023] Open
Abstract
The long-necked woodwasp superfamily Xiphydrioidea belongs to the suborder Symphyta (Hymenoptera). Here we newly characterize the complete mitochondrial genome of the South Korean Euxiphydria potanini (Xiphydriidae) using next-generation sequencing: 16,500 bp long with 84.27% A + T content and 37 typical mitochondrial genes including those encoding 13 PCGs, 2 rRNAs, 22 tRNAs, and one A + T rich region. We compare the patterns of symphytan mitochondrial gene arrangement with those of an ancestral insect form and found some synapomorphic rearrangements in phylogenetic context. We use a variety of nucleotide and amino acid sequence alignments (thirteen mtPCGs and/or eight nDNAs) alongside step-by-step exclusions of long-branched taxa to elucidate the phylogenetic position of Xiphydrioidea and phylogenetic relationships among the seven symphytan superfamilies, except for Anaxyeloidea of which no mtgenome was available. The monophyly of symphytan superfamilies (with weak support for Pamphilioidea), sister-group relationship of Xiphydrioidea and Cephoidea, and Symphyta being paraphyletic to Apocrita, etc. are consistently supported by maximum likelihood and Bayesian inference trees. We also discuss the problematic phylogenetic positions of Orussoidea and Siricoidea and propose a hypothetical scenario of morphological character transition during hymenopteran evolution based on morphological key characteristics, such as the cenchrus and the wasp-waist.
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5
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Design and evaluation of an MRI-ready, self-propelled needle for prostate interventions. PLoS One 2022; 17:e0274063. [PMID: 36070302 PMCID: PMC9451087 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0274063] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/14/2022] [Accepted: 08/19/2022] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Prostate cancer diagnosis and focal laser ablation treatment both require the insertion of a needle for biopsy and optical fibre positioning. Needle insertion in soft tissues may cause tissue motion and deformation, which can, in turn, result in tissue damage and needle positioning errors. In this study, we present a prototype system making use of a wasp-inspired (bioinspired) self-propelled needle, which is able to move forward with zero external push force, thereby avoiding large tissue motion and deformation. Additionally, the actuation system solely consists of 3D printed parts and is therefore safe to use inside a magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) system. The needle consists of six parallel 0.25-mm diameter Nitinol rods driven by the actuation system. In the prototype, the self-propelled motion is achieved by advancing one needle segment while retracting the others. The advancing needle segment has to overcome a cutting and friction force while the retracting needle segments experience a friction force in the opposite direction. The needle self-propels through the tissue when the friction force of the five retracting needle segments overcomes the sum of the friction and cutting forces of the advancing needle segment. We tested the performance of the prototype in ex vivo human prostate tissue inside a preclinical MRI system in terms of the slip ratio of the needle with respect to the prostate tissue. The results showed that the needle was visible in MR images and that the needle was able to self-propel through the tissue with a slip ratio in the range of 0.78–0.95. The prototype is a step toward self-propelled needles for MRI-guided transperineal laser ablation as a method to treat prostate cancer.
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6
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Sansom TM, Oberst S, Richter A, Lai JCS, Saadatfar M, Nowotny M, Evans TA. Low radiodensity μCT scans to reveal detailed morphology of the termite leg and its subgenual organ. ARTHROPOD STRUCTURE & DEVELOPMENT 2022; 70:101191. [PMID: 35816830 DOI: 10.1016/j.asd.2022.101191] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/14/2021] [Revised: 05/27/2022] [Accepted: 06/09/2022] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
Termites sense tiny substrate-borne vibrations through subgenual organs (SGOs) located within their legs' tibiae. Little is known about the SGOs' structure and physical properties. We applied high-resolution (voxel size 0.45 μm) micro-computed tomography (μCT) to Australian termites, Coptotermes lacteus and Nasutitermes exitiosus (Hill) to test two staining techniques. We compared the effectiveness of a single stain of Lugol's iodine solution (LS) to LS followed by Phosphotungstic acid (PTA) solutions (1% and 2%). We then present results of a soldier of Nasutitermes exitiosus combining μCT with LS + 2%PTS stains and scanning electron microscopy to exemplify the visualisation of their SGOs. The termite's SGO due to its approximately oval shape was shown to have a maximum diameter of 60 μm and a minimum of 48 μm, covering 60 ± 4% of the leg's cross-section and 90.4 ± 5% of the residual haemolymph channel. Additionally, the leg and residual haemolymph channel cross-sectional area decreased around the SGO by 33% and 73%, respectively. We hypothesise that this change in cross-sectional area amplifies the vibrations for the SGO. Since SGOs are directly connected to the cuticle, their mechanical properties and the geometric details identified here may enable new approaches to determine how termites sense micro-vibrations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Travers M Sansom
- University of Technology Sydney, Centre for Audio, Acoustics and Vibration, Sydney, NSW, 2007, Australia.
| | - Sebastian Oberst
- University of Technology Sydney, Centre for Audio, Acoustics and Vibration, Sydney, NSW, 2007, Australia; School of Engineering and IT, University of New South Wales Canberra, Northcott Dr, Campbell ACT, 2612, Australia.
| | - Adrian Richter
- Institute of Zoology and Evolutionary Research, Friedrich-Schiller-University, Jena, Germany
| | - Joseph C S Lai
- School of Engineering and IT, University of New South Wales Canberra, Northcott Dr, Campbell ACT, 2612, Australia
| | - Mohammad Saadatfar
- School of Civil Engineering, The University of Sydney, 2006, Sydney, Australia
| | - Manuela Nowotny
- Institute of Zoology and Evolutionary Research, Friedrich-Schiller-University, Jena, Germany
| | - Theodore A Evans
- School of Biological Sciences, The University of Western Australia, 35 Stirling Hwy, Crawley, WA, 6009, Australia
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7
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Strauß J, Stritih-Peljhan N. Vibration detection in arthropods: Signal transfer, biomechanics and sensory adaptations. ARTHROPOD STRUCTURE & DEVELOPMENT 2022; 68:101167. [PMID: 35576788 DOI: 10.1016/j.asd.2022.101167] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/05/2021] [Revised: 04/07/2022] [Accepted: 04/14/2022] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
In arthropods, the detection of vibrational signals and stimuli is essential in several behaviours, including mate recognition and pair formation, prey detection, and predator evasion. These behaviours have been studied in several species of insects, arachnids, and crustaceans for vibration production and propagation in the environment. Vibration stimuli are transferred over the animals' appendages and the body to vibrosensory organs. Ultimately, the stimuli are transferred to act on the dendrites of the mechanosensitive sensilla. We refer to these two different levels of transfer as macromechanics and micromechanics, respectively. These biomechanical processes have important roles in filtering and pre-processing of stimuli, which are not carried out by neuronal components of sensory organs. Also, the macromechanical transfer is posture-dependent and enables behavioural control of vibration detection. Diverse sensory organs respond to vibrations, including cuticular sensilla (slit sensilla, campaniform sensilla) and internal chordotonal organs. These organs provide various adaptations, as they occur at diverse body positions with different mechanical couplings as input pathways. Macromechanics likely facilitated evolution of vibrosensory organs at specific body locations. Thus, vibration detection is a highly complex sensory capacity, which employs body and sensory mechanics for signal filtering, amplification, and analysis of frequency, intensity and directionality.
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Affiliation(s)
- Johannes Strauß
- AG Integrative Sensory Physiology, Institute for Animal Physiology, Justus Liebig University Gießen, Gießen, Germany; Center for Mind, Brain and Behavior (CMBB), University of Marburg and Justus Liebig University Gießen, Germany.
| | - Nataša Stritih-Peljhan
- National Institute of Biology, Department of Organisms and Ecosystems Research, Ljubljana, Slovenia.
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8
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Mesaglio T, Shaw SR. Observations of oviposition behaviour in the long‐tailed wasp
Megalyra fasciipennis
Westwood, 1832 (Hymenoptera: Megalyridae). AUSTRAL ECOL 2022. [DOI: 10.1111/aec.13163] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Thomas Mesaglio
- Centre for Ecosystem Science, School of Biological, Earth and Environmental Sciences UNSW Sydney Sydney New South Wales 2052 Australia
| | - Scott R. Shaw
- Department of Ecosystem Science and Management (3354) University of Wyoming 1000 East University Avenue, Laramie Wyoming 82071 USA
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9
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Oeyen JP, Baa-Puyoulet P, Benoit JB, Beukeboom LW, Bornberg-Bauer E, Buttstedt A, Calevro F, Cash EI, Chao H, Charles H, Chen MJM, Childers C, Cridge AG, Dearden P, Dinh H, Doddapaneni HV, Dolan A, Donath A, Dowling D, Dugan S, Duncan E, Elpidina EN, Friedrich M, Geuverink E, Gibson JD, Grath S, Grimmelikhuijzen CJP, Große-Wilde E, Gudobba C, Han Y, Hansson BS, Hauser F, Hughes DST, Ioannidis P, Jacquin-Joly E, Jennings EC, Jones JW, Klasberg S, Lee SL, Lesný P, Lovegrove M, Martin S, Martynov AG, Mayer C, Montagné N, Moris VC, Munoz-Torres M, Murali SC, Muzny DM, Oppert B, Parisot N, Pauli T, Peters RS, Petersen M, Pick C, Persyn E, Podsiadlowski L, Poelchau MF, Provataris P, Qu J, Reijnders MJMF, von Reumont BM, Rosendale AJ, Simao FA, Skelly J, Sotiropoulos AG, Stahl AL, Sumitani M, Szuter EM, Tidswell O, Tsitlakidis E, Vedder L, Waterhouse RM, Werren JH, Wilbrandt J, Worley KC, Yamamoto DS, van de Zande L, Zdobnov EM, Ziesmann T, Gibbs RA, Richards S, Hatakeyama M, Misof B, Niehuis O. Sawfly Genomes Reveal Evolutionary Acquisitions That Fostered the Mega-Radiation of Parasitoid and Eusocial Hymenoptera. Genome Biol Evol 2021; 12:1099-1188. [PMID: 32442304 PMCID: PMC7455281 DOI: 10.1093/gbe/evaa106] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 05/19/2020] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
The tremendous diversity of Hymenoptera is commonly attributed to the evolution of parasitoidism in the last common ancestor of parasitoid sawflies (Orussidae) and wasp-waisted Hymenoptera (Apocrita). However, Apocrita and Orussidae differ dramatically in their species richness, indicating that the diversification of Apocrita was promoted by additional traits. These traits have remained elusive due to a paucity of sawfly genome sequences, in particular those of parasitoid sawflies. Here, we present comparative analyses of draft genomes of the primarily phytophagous sawfly Athalia rosae and the parasitoid sawfly Orussus abietinus. Our analyses revealed that the ancestral hymenopteran genome exhibited traits that were previously considered unique to eusocial Apocrita (e.g., low transposable element content and activity) and a wider gene repertoire than previously thought (e.g., genes for CO2 detection). Moreover, we discovered that Apocrita evolved a significantly larger array of odorant receptors than sawflies, which could be relevant to the remarkable diversification of Apocrita by enabling efficient detection and reliable identification of hosts.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jan Philip Oeyen
- Center for Molecular Biodiversity Research, Zoologisches Forschungsmuseum Alexander Koenig, Bonn, Germany.,Lead Contact
| | | | | | - Leo W Beukeboom
- Groningen Institute for Evolutionary Life Sciences, University of Groningen, The Netherlands
| | | | - Anja Buttstedt
- B CUBE-Center for Molecular Bioengineering, Technische Universität Dresden, Germany
| | - Federica Calevro
- INSA-Lyon, INRAE, BF2I, UMR0203, Université de Lyon, Villeurbanne, France
| | - Elizabeth I Cash
- School of Life Sciences, College of Liberal Arts and Sciences, Arizona State University.,Department of Environmental Science, Policy, and Management, College of Natural Resources, University of California, Berkeley
| | - Hsu Chao
- Human Genome Sequencing Center, Department of Human and Molecular Genetics, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, Texas
| | - Hubert Charles
- INSA-Lyon, INRAE, BF2I, UMR0203, Université de Lyon, Villeurbanne, France
| | - Mei-Ju May Chen
- Graduate Institute of Biomedical Electronics and Bioinformatics, National Taiwan University, Taipei, Taiwan
| | | | - Andrew G Cridge
- Genomics Aotearoa and Biochemistry Department, University of Otago, Dunedin, New Zealand
| | - Peter Dearden
- Genomics Aotearoa and Biochemistry Department, University of Otago, Dunedin, New Zealand
| | - Huyen Dinh
- Human Genome Sequencing Center, Department of Human and Molecular Genetics, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, Texas
| | - Harsha Vardhan Doddapaneni
- Human Genome Sequencing Center, Department of Human and Molecular Genetics, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, Texas
| | | | - Alexander Donath
- Center for Molecular Biodiversity Research, Zoologisches Forschungsmuseum Alexander Koenig, Bonn, Germany
| | - Daniel Dowling
- Institute for Evolution and Biodiversity, University of Münster, Germany
| | - Shannon Dugan
- Human Genome Sequencing Center, Department of Human and Molecular Genetics, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, Texas
| | - Elizabeth Duncan
- School of Biology, Faculty of Biological Sciences, University of Leeds, United Kingdom
| | - Elena N Elpidina
- A.N. Belozersky Institute of Physico-Chemical Biology, Moscow State University, Russia
| | - Markus Friedrich
- Department of Biological Sciences, Wayne State University, Detroit
| | - Elzemiek Geuverink
- Groningen Institute for Evolutionary Life Sciences, University of Groningen, The Netherlands
| | - Joshua D Gibson
- Department of Biology, Georgia Southern University, Statesboro.,Department of Entomology, Purdue University, West Lafayette
| | - Sonja Grath
- Division of Evolutionary Biology, Faculty of Biology, Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität München, Planegg-Martinsried, Germany
| | | | - Ewald Große-Wilde
- Department of Evolutionary Neuroethology, Max-Planck-Institute for Chemical Ecology, Jena, Germany.,Faculty of Forestry and Wood Sciences, Czech University of Life Sciences Prague (CULS), Praha 6-Suchdol, Czech Republic
| | - Cameron Gudobba
- Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Neuroscience, University of Chicago
| | - Yi Han
- Human Genome Sequencing Center, Department of Human and Molecular Genetics, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, Texas
| | - Bill S Hansson
- Department of Evolutionary Neuroethology, Max-Planck-Institute for Chemical Ecology, Jena, Germany
| | - Frank Hauser
- Department of Biology, University of Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Daniel S T Hughes
- Human Genome Sequencing Center, Department of Human and Molecular Genetics, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, Texas
| | - Panagiotis Ioannidis
- Department of Genetic Medicine and Development, University of Geneva Medical School, Switzerland.,Swiss Institute of Bioinformatics, Geneva, Switzerland.,Institute of Molecular Biology and Biotechnology, Foundation for Research and Technology-Hellas, Heraklion, Crete, Greece
| | - Emmanuelle Jacquin-Joly
- INRAE, CNRS, IRD, UPEC, Univ. P7, Institute of Ecology and Environmental Sciences of Paris, Sorbonne Université, Versailles, France
| | | | - Jeffery W Jones
- Department of Biological Sciences, Oakland University, Rochester
| | - Steffen Klasberg
- Institute for Evolution and Biodiversity, University of Münster, Germany
| | - Sandra L Lee
- Human Genome Sequencing Center, Department of Human and Molecular Genetics, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, Texas
| | - Peter Lesný
- Institute of Evolutionary Biology and Ecology, Zoology and Evolutionary Biology, University of Bonn, Germany
| | - Mackenzie Lovegrove
- Genomics Aotearoa and Biochemistry Department, University of Otago, Dunedin, New Zealand
| | - Sebastian Martin
- Institute of Evolutionary Biology and Ecology, Zoology and Evolutionary Biology, University of Bonn, Germany
| | | | - Christoph Mayer
- Center for Molecular Biodiversity Research, Zoologisches Forschungsmuseum Alexander Koenig, Bonn, Germany
| | - Nicolas Montagné
- INRAE, CNRS, IRD, UPEC, Univ. P7, Institute of Ecology and Environmental Sciences of Paris, Sorbonne Université, Paris, France
| | - Victoria C Moris
- Department of Evolutionary Biology and Ecology, Institute of Biology I (Zoology), Albert Ludwig University Freiburg, Germany
| | - Monica Munoz-Torres
- Berkeley Bioinformatics Open-source Projects (BBOP), Environmental Genomics and Systems Biology Division, Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, Berkeley, California
| | - Shwetha Canchi Murali
- Human Genome Sequencing Center, Department of Human and Molecular Genetics, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, Texas
| | - Donna M Muzny
- Human Genome Sequencing Center, Department of Human and Molecular Genetics, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, Texas
| | - Brenda Oppert
- USDA Agricultural Research Service, Center for Grain and Animal Health Research, Manhattan, Kansas
| | - Nicolas Parisot
- INSA-Lyon, INRAE, BF2I, UMR0203, Université de Lyon, Villeurbanne, France
| | - Thomas Pauli
- Department of Evolutionary Biology and Ecology, Institute of Biology I (Zoology), Albert Ludwig University Freiburg, Germany
| | - Ralph S Peters
- Arthropoda Department, Center for Taxonomy and Evolutionary Research, Zoologisches Forschungsmuseum Alexander Koenig, Bonn, Germany
| | - Malte Petersen
- Center for Molecular Biodiversity Research, Zoologisches Forschungsmuseum Alexander Koenig, Bonn, Germany.,Max Planck Institute of Immunobiology and Epigenetics, Freiburg, Germany
| | | | - Emma Persyn
- INRAE, CNRS, IRD, UPEC, Univ. P7, Institute of Ecology and Environmental Sciences of Paris, Sorbonne Université, Paris, France
| | - Lars Podsiadlowski
- Center for Molecular Biodiversity Research, Zoologisches Forschungsmuseum Alexander Koenig, Bonn, Germany
| | | | - Panagiotis Provataris
- Center for Molecular Biodiversity Research, Zoologisches Forschungsmuseum Alexander Koenig, Bonn, Germany
| | - Jiaxin Qu
- Human Genome Sequencing Center, Department of Human and Molecular Genetics, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, Texas
| | - Maarten J M F Reijnders
- Department of Ecology and Evolution, University of Lausanne, Switzerland.,Swiss Institute of Bioinformatics, Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Björn Marcus von Reumont
- Institute for Insect Biotechnology, University of Gießen, Germany.,Center for Translational Biodiversity Genomics (LOEWE-TBG), Frankfurt, Germany
| | | | - Felipe A Simao
- Department of Genetic Medicine and Development, University of Geneva Medical School, Switzerland.,Swiss Institute of Bioinformatics, Geneva, Switzerland
| | - John Skelly
- Genomics Aotearoa and Biochemistry Department, University of Otago, Dunedin, New Zealand
| | | | - Aaron L Stahl
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of Cincinnati.,Department of Neuroscience, The Scripps Research Institute, Jupiter, Florida
| | - Megumi Sumitani
- Transgenic Silkworm Research Unit, Division of Biotechnology, Institute of Agrobiological Sciences, National Agriculture and Food Research Organization (NARO), Owashi, Tsukuba, Japan
| | - Elise M Szuter
- School of Life Sciences, College of Liberal Arts and Sciences, Arizona State University
| | - Olivia Tidswell
- Biochemistry Department, University of Otago, Dunedin, New Zealand.,Zoology Department, University of Cambridge, United Kingdom
| | | | - Lucia Vedder
- Center for Bioinformatics Tübingen (ZBIT), University of Tübingen, Germany
| | - Robert M Waterhouse
- Department of Ecology and Evolution, University of Lausanne, Switzerland.,Swiss Institute of Bioinformatics, Lausanne, Switzerland
| | | | - Jeanne Wilbrandt
- Center for Molecular Biodiversity Research, Zoologisches Forschungsmuseum Alexander Koenig, Bonn, Germany.,Computational Biology Group, Leibniz Institute on Aging-Fritz Lipmann Institute, Jena, Germany
| | - Kim C Worley
- Human Genome Sequencing Center, Department of Human and Molecular Genetics, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, Texas
| | - Daisuke S Yamamoto
- Division of Medical Zoology, Department of Infection and Immunity, Jichi Medical University, Yakushiji, Shimotsuke, Japan
| | - Louis van de Zande
- Groningen Institute for Evolutionary Life Sciences, University of Groningen, The Netherlands
| | - Evgeny M Zdobnov
- Department of Genetic Medicine and Development, University of Geneva Medical School, Switzerland.,Swiss Institute of Bioinformatics, Geneva, Switzerland
| | - Tanja Ziesmann
- Center for Molecular Biodiversity Research, Zoologisches Forschungsmuseum Alexander Koenig, Bonn, Germany
| | - Richard A Gibbs
- Human Genome Sequencing Center, Department of Human and Molecular Genetics, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, Texas
| | - Stephen Richards
- Human Genome Sequencing Center, Department of Human and Molecular Genetics, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, Texas
| | - Masatsugu Hatakeyama
- Insect Genome Research and Engineering Unit, Division of Applied Genetics, Institute of Agrobiological Sciences, NARO, Owashi, Tsukuba, Japan
| | - Bernhard Misof
- Center for Molecular Biodiversity Research, Zoologisches Forschungsmuseum Alexander Koenig, Bonn, Germany
| | - Oliver Niehuis
- Department of Evolutionary Biology and Ecology, Institute of Biology I (Zoology), Albert Ludwig University Freiburg, Germany
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10
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van Meer NMME, Cerkvenik U, Schlepütz CM, van Leeuwen JL, Gussekloo SWS. The ovipositor actuation mechanism of a parasitic wasp and its functional implications. J Anat 2020; 237:689-703. [PMID: 32533567 PMCID: PMC7495304 DOI: 10.1111/joa.13216] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/09/2020] [Revised: 04/23/2020] [Accepted: 04/23/2020] [Indexed: 11/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Parasitic wasps use specialized needle‐like structures, ovipositors, to drill into substrates to reach hidden hosts. The external ovipositor (terebra) consists of three interconnected, sliding elements (valvulae), which are moved reciprocally during insertion. This presumably reduces the required pushing force on the terebra and limits the risk of damage whilst probing. Although this is an important mechanism, it is still not completely understood how the actuation of the valvulae is achieved, and it has only been studied with the ovipositor in rest position. Additionally, very little is known about the magnitude of the forces generated during probing. We used synchrotron X‐ray microtomography to reconstruct the actuation mechanism of the parasitic wasp Diachasmimorpha longicaudata (Braconidae) in four distinct phases of the probing cycle. We show that only the paired first valvulae of the terebra move independently, while the second valvula moves with the metasoma (‘abdomen’). The first valvula movements are initiated by rotation of one chitin plate (first valvifer) with respect to another such plate (second valvifer). This is achieved indirectly by muscles connecting the non‐rotating second valvifer and the abdominal ninth tergite. Contrary to previous reports, we found muscle fibres running inside the terebra, although their function remains unclear. The estimated maximal forces that can be exerted by the first valvulae are small (protraction 1.19 mN and retraction 0.874 mN), which reduces the risk of buckling, but are sufficient for successful probing. The small net forces of the valvulae on the substrate may still lead to buckling of the terebra; we show that the sheaths surrounding the valvulae prevent this by effectively increasing the diameter and second moment of area of the terebra. Our findings improve the comprehension of hymenopteran probing mechanisms, the function of the associated muscles, and the forces and damage‐limiting mechanism that are involved in drilling a slender terebra into a substrate.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Uroš Cerkvenik
- Experimental Zoology Group, Wageningen University, Wageningen, The Netherlands
| | | | - Johan L van Leeuwen
- Experimental Zoology Group, Wageningen University, Wageningen, The Netherlands
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11
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Vilhelmsen L. From hair pin to safety pin: evolution of the ovipositor apparatus in Orussidae (Insecta: Hymenoptera). ZOOMORPHOLOGY 2019. [DOI: 10.1007/s00435-019-00468-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
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12
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Santos BF, Perrard A, Brady SG. Running in circles in phylomorphospace: host environment constrains morphological diversification in parasitic wasps. Proc Biol Sci 2019; 286:20182352. [PMID: 30963952 PMCID: PMC6364584 DOI: 10.1098/rspb.2018.2352] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/18/2018] [Accepted: 01/04/2019] [Indexed: 11/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Understanding phenotypic diversification and the conditions that spur morphological novelty or constraint is a major theme in evolutionary biology. Unequal morphological diversity between sister clades can result from either differences in the rate of morphological change or in the ability of clades to explore novel phenotype ranges. We combine an existing phylogenetic framework with new phylogenomic data and geometric morphometrics to explore the relative roles of rate versus mode of morphological evolution for a hyperdiverse group: cryptine ichneumonid wasps. Data from genomic ultraconserved elements confirm that cryptines are divided into two large clades: one specialized in the use of hosts that are deeply concealed under hard substrates, and another with a much more diversified host range. Using a phylomorphospace approach, we show that both clades have experienced similar rates of morphological evolution. Nonetheless, the more specialized group is much more restricted in morphospace occupation, indicating that it repeatedly evolved morphological change through the same morphospace regions. This is in agreement with our prediction that host use imposes constraints in the morphospace available to lineages, and reinforces an important distinction between evolutionary stasis as opposed to a scenario of continual morphological change restricted to a certain range of morphotypes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bernardo F. Santos
- Department of Entomology, National Museum of Natural History, 10th and Constitution Avenue NW, Washington, DC 20560-0165, USA
| | - Adrien Perrard
- Université Paris Diderot, Sorbonne Université, CNRS, IRD, INRA, Institute of Ecology and Environmental Sciences (UMR7618), 4 Place Jussieu, 75005 Paris, France
| | - Seán G. Brady
- Department of Entomology, National Museum of Natural History, 10th and Constitution Avenue NW, Washington, DC 20560-0165, USA
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13
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Hou Z, Zhong H, Nansen C, Wei C. An integrated analysis of hyperspectral and morphological data of cicada ovipositors revealed unexplored links to specific oviposition hosts. ZOOMORPHOLOGY 2019. [DOI: 10.1007/s00435-019-00433-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/27/2022]
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14
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Cerkvenik U, van Leeuwen J, Kovalev A, Gorb SN, Matsumura Y, Gussekloo SWS. Stiffness gradients facilitate ovipositor bending and spatial probing control in a parasitic wasp. J Exp Biol 2019; 222:jeb.195628. [DOI: 10.1242/jeb.195628] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/16/2018] [Accepted: 03/31/2019] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
Many parasitic wasps use slender and steerable ovipositors to lay eggs in hosts hidden in substrates, but it is currently unknown how steering is achieved. The ovipositors generally consist of three longitudinally connected elements, one dorsal and two ventral valves that can slide along each other. For the parasitic wasp Diachasmimorpha longicaudata, it has been shown that protraction of the ventral valves causes incurving of the ventral valves towards the dorsal one, which results in a change in probing direction. We hypothesise that this shape change is due to differences in bending stiffness along the ovipositor. Alignment of the stiff tip of the dorsal valve with a more flexible ventral S-shaped region situated just behind the tip straightens this S-bend and results in upwards rotation of the ventral tip. We show that the S-shaped region of the ventral valves has a low bending stiffness because it contains soft materials such as resilin. In contrast, the large cross-sectional area of the dorsal valve tip area probably results in a high bending stiffness. Elsewhere, the dorsal valve is less stiff than the ventral valves. Our results support the hypothesis that the interaction between the stiff dorsal valve portion and the more flexible S-shaped region co-determine the configurational tip changes required for steering the ovipositor in any desired direction along curved paths in the substrate. This provides novel insights in the understanding of steering mechanisms of the hymenopteran ovipositor, and for the application in man-made probes.
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Affiliation(s)
- U. Cerkvenik
- Experimental Zoology Group, Wageningen University, Wageningen, Netherlands
| | - J.L. van Leeuwen
- Experimental Zoology Group, Wageningen University, Wageningen, Netherlands
| | - A. Kovalev
- Zoological Institute: Functional Morphology and Biomechanics, Kiel University, Kiel, Germany
| | - S. N. Gorb
- Zoological Institute: Functional Morphology and Biomechanics, Kiel University, Kiel, Germany
| | - Y. Matsumura
- Zoological Institute: Functional Morphology and Biomechanics, Kiel University, Kiel, Germany
| | - S. W. S Gussekloo
- Experimental Zoology Group, Wageningen University, Wageningen, Netherlands
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15
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Eggs B, Birkhold AI, Röhrle O, Betz O. Structure and function of the musculoskeletal ovipositor system of an ichneumonid wasp. BMC ZOOL 2018. [DOI: 10.1186/s40850-018-0037-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
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16
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van Noort S, Triapitsyn SV. Revision of the Polynemadikobraz species-group with description of a remarkable new species from South Africa (Hymenoptera, Chalcidoidea, Mymaridae). Zookeys 2018; 783:67-84. [PMID: 30275727 PMCID: PMC6160806 DOI: 10.3897/zookeys.783.26872] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/22/2018] [Accepted: 07/16/2018] [Indexed: 11/12/2022] Open
Abstract
A new Afrotropical species of Polynema Haliday, 1833 (Hymenoptera: Mymaridae), Polynema (Polynema) sagittaria van Noort & Triapitsyn, sp. n., is described and illustrated based on specimens collected in the Cape Floral region in south-western South Africa. This species is morphologically closely related to the recently described Polynema (Polynema) dikobraz Triapitsyn, 2017 from Madagascar, both species possessing enlarged spine-like microtrichia on the fore wing disc that are unique among all the known world fairyflies. This new species belongs to the informal dikobraz species-group of the nominate subgenus of Polynema, which previously was only known from Madagascar. In addition, P.sagittaria has the ovipositor extending ventrally under the mesosoma to well in front of the head, in a bow-like curve, and housed in a narrow, anterior elongation of the metasoma, the basal sac. Occurrence and possible significance of such a bizarre ovipositor in other Mymaridae is discussed. All images and online keys are available on www.waspweb.org.
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Affiliation(s)
- Simon van Noort
- Research and Exhibitions Department, Iziko South African Museum, P.O. Box 61, Cape Town, 8000, South AfricaIziko South African MuseumCape TownSouth Africa
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of Cape Town, Private Bag, Rondebosch, 7701, South AfricaUniversity of Cape TownRondeboschSouth Africa
| | - Serguei V. Triapitsyn
- Entomology Research Museum, Department of Entomology, University of California, Riverside, California, 92521, USAUniversity of CaliforniaRiversideUnited States of America
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17
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Santos BF, Perrard A. Testing the Dutilleul syndrome: host use drives the convergent evolution of multiple traits in parasitic wasps. J Evol Biol 2018; 31:1430-1439. [PMID: 29957856 DOI: 10.1111/jeb.13343] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/28/2018] [Revised: 06/22/2018] [Accepted: 06/26/2018] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Abstract
Common life-history aspects among independent lineages often result in the repeated evolution of suites of adaptive traits, or 'syndromes'. Such syndromes can be key avenues to understand relationships between morphological and ecological traits, but are rarely tested due to insufficient trait shift repetitions. We use a hyperdiverse lineage to investigate the evolution of a syndrome. Cryptine ichneumonid wasps that parasitize insects concealed in hard substrates display several traits that are putative adaptations to that end. Using a phylogenetic framework from a combined multigene molecular and morphological data set with 308 cryptine species, we tested whether these traits were part of a morphofunctional syndrome related to host use. Ancestral state estimations show multiple origins for six investigated traits, which are correlated to each other and to the use of deeply concealed hosts, suggesting adaptation. Putatively adaptive traits showed a much stronger link among themselves than with an assemblage of 49 other morphological traits. However, estimation of the order of evolution in adaptive traits showed no structured pattern. The results indicate that the challenge of attacking deeply concealed hosts induced the repeated evolution of a 'Dutilleul syndrome', named after the 'walker-through-walls' character from French literature. They also point towards a dynamic scenario in the evolution of complex functional systems. These findings highlight the power of morphology to illuminate poorly known aspects of natural history, and how hyperdiverse lineages can be used to understand the evolution of complex traits.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bernardo F Santos
- Department of Entomology, National Museum of Natural History, Washington, DC, USA
| | - Adrien Perrard
- Université Paris Diderot, Sorbonne Université, CNRS, IRD, INRA, Institute of Ecology and Environmental Sciences, iEES-Paris, Paris, France
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18
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Schmitt M, Büscher TH, Gorb SN, Rajabi H. How does a slender tibia resist buckling? Effect of material, structural and geometric characteristics on buckling behaviour of the hindleg tibia in stick insect postembryonic development. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2018; 221:jeb.173047. [PMID: 29361600 DOI: 10.1242/jeb.173047] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/26/2017] [Accepted: 12/14/2017] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
During the lifespan of the stick insect Carausius morosus, their long and narrow tibiae experience substantial compressive loads. The mechanical load on the tibiae increases as the weight of the insect rises. The increase in body weight is accompanied by a notable increase in the insect's body size and, accordingly, by an increase in the length of the tibiae. Both of these changes can raise the risk of buckling of the tibiae. In this study, we tracked changes in the material and geometric properties of the hindleg tibia of C. morosus during growth. The results show that although buckling (either by Euler buckling or local buckling) is the dominant failure mode under compression, the tibia is very capable of maintaining its buckling resistance in each postembryonic developmental stage. This is essentially the result of a compromise between the increasing slenderness of the tibia and its increasing material stiffness. The use of an optimal radius to thickness ratio, a soft resilin-dominated core, and chitin fibres oriented in both longitudinal and circumferential directions are presumably additional strategies preventing buckling of the tibia. This study, providing the first quantitative data on changes in the biomechanical properties of cuticle during the entire life of an insect, is expected to shed more light on the structure-property-function relationship in this complex biological composite.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maximilian Schmitt
- Functional Morphology and Biomechanics, Institute of Zoology, Kiel University, Am Botanischen Garten 1-9, D-24098 Kiel, Germany.,Westphalian Institute for Biomimetics, Department of Mechanical Engineering, Westphalian University of Applied Sciences, Münsterstrasse 265, 46397 Bocholt, Germany
| | - Thies H Büscher
- Functional Morphology and Biomechanics, Institute of Zoology, Kiel University, Am Botanischen Garten 1-9, D-24098 Kiel, Germany
| | - Stanislav N Gorb
- Functional Morphology and Biomechanics, Institute of Zoology, Kiel University, Am Botanischen Garten 1-9, D-24098 Kiel, Germany
| | - Hamed Rajabi
- Functional Morphology and Biomechanics, Institute of Zoology, Kiel University, Am Botanischen Garten 1-9, D-24098 Kiel, Germany
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19
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Romani R, Ruschioni S, Riolo P, Isidoro N. Transmission and scanning electron microscopic observations on antennal apical pegs in the wasp species Pimplinae (Insecta: Hymenoptera). Micron 2018; 107:72-78. [PMID: 29432989 DOI: 10.1016/j.micron.2018.02.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/17/2017] [Revised: 02/01/2018] [Accepted: 02/01/2018] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
Pimplinae are parasitoids belonging to the family Ichneumonidae that attack and develops inside hidden host; female wasps evolved a peculiar host recognition strategy, that involves the use of self-produced vibrations which are transmitted through the antennae on the substrate and perceived back as an echo using the leg subgenual organ. In this study we investigated, using both scanning and transmission electron microscopy, the antennal tips of a few Pimplinae. In all the investigated species, the antennal tips present peculiar apical pegs with different shape and number, often defining a flattened sole devoid of other antennal structures, such as sensilla. These pegs are present in both sexes with different number and development, are inserted on the antennal wall through an inflexible socket and present a cuticular shaft with cuticle of different thickness. We never found the presence of sensory neurons or glandular epithelium associated with these pegs. Because of their peculiar morphological features, we hypothesize for the antennal apical pegs a role in the context of host searching behavior (in the case of the female through the vibrational sounding strategy), as well as during mating behavior.
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Affiliation(s)
- Roberto Romani
- Dipartimento Scienze Agrarie, Alimentari e Ambientali, Università Degli Studi Di Perugia, Borgo XX Giugno 74, Perugia, 06121, Italy.
| | - Sara Ruschioni
- Dipartimento Scienze Agrarie, Alimentari e Ambientali, Università Politecnica Delle Marche, Via Brecce Bianche, Ancona, 60131, Italy
| | - Paola Riolo
- Dipartimento Scienze Agrarie, Alimentari e Ambientali, Università Politecnica Delle Marche, Via Brecce Bianche, Ancona, 60131, Italy
| | - Nunzio Isidoro
- Dipartimento Scienze Agrarie, Alimentari e Ambientali, Università Politecnica Delle Marche, Via Brecce Bianche, Ancona, 60131, Italy
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20
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Abstract
Insect behavior can be manipulated by parasites, and in many cases, such manipulation involves the central and peripheral nervous system. Neuroparasitology is an emerging branch of biology that deals with parasites that can control the nervous system of their host. The diversity of parasites that can manipulate insect behavior ranges from viruses to macroscopic worms and also includes other insects that have evolved to become parasites (notably, parasitic wasps). It is remarkable that the precise manipulation observed does not require direct entry into the insect brain and can even occur when the parasite is outside the body. We suggest that a spatial view of manipulation provides a holistic approach to examining such interactions. Integration across approaches from natural history to advanced imaging techniques, omics, and experiments will provide new vistas in neuroparasitology. We also suggest that for researchers interested in the proximate mechanisms of insect behaviors, studies of parasites that have evolved to control such behavior is of significant value.
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Affiliation(s)
- David P Hughes
- Department of Entomology, Pennsylvania State University, University Park, Pennsylvania 16802, USA;
- Department of Biology, Pennsylvania State University, University Park, Pennsylvania 16802, USA
| | - Frederic Libersat
- Department of Life Sciences, Ben Gurion University, Beer Sheva 8410501, Israel;
- Zlotowski Center for Neurosciences, Ben Gurion University, Beer Sheva 8410501, Israel
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21
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Abstract
Drilling into solid substrates with slender beam-like structures is a mechanical challenge, but is regularly done by female parasitic wasps. The wasp inserts her ovipositor into solid substrates to deposit eggs in hosts, and even seems capable of steering the ovipositor while drilling. The ovipositor generally consists of three longitudinally connected valves that can slide along each other. Alternative valve movements have been hypothesized to be involved in ovipositor damage avoidance and steering during drilling. However, none of the hypotheses have been tested in vivo. We used 3D and 2D motion analysis to quantify the probing behavior of the fruit-fly parasitoid Diachasmimorpha longicaudata (Braconidae) at the levels of the ovipositor and its individual valves. We show that the wasps can steer and curve their ovipositors in any direction relative to their body axis. In a soft substrate, the ovipositors can be inserted without reciprocal motion of the valves. In a stiff substrate, such motions were always observed. This is in agreement with the damage avoidance hypothesis of insertion, as they presumably limit the overall net pushing force. Steering can be achieved by varying the asymmetry of the distal part of the ovipositor by protracting one valve set with respect to the other. Tip asymmetry is enhanced by curving of ventral elements in the absence of an opposing force, possibly due to pretension. Our findings deepen the knowledge of the functioning and evolution of the ovipositor in hymenopterans and may help to improve man-made steerable probes.
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22
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Insects, arachnids and centipedes venom: A powerful weapon against bacteria. A literature review. Toxicon 2017; 130:91-103. [PMID: 28242227 DOI: 10.1016/j.toxicon.2017.02.020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/21/2016] [Revised: 02/17/2017] [Accepted: 02/20/2017] [Indexed: 01/02/2023]
Abstract
Currently, new antimicrobial molecules extracted or obtained by natural sources, could be a valide alternative to traditional antibiotics. Most of these molecules are represented by antimicrobial peptides (AMPs), which are essential compounds of insect, arachnids and centipedes venom. AMPs, due to their strong effectiveness, low resistance rates and peculiar mode of action, seem to have all the suitable features to be a powerful weapon against several bacteria, especially considering the increasing antibiotic-resistance phenomena. The present literature review focuses on the antibacterial activity of bee, wasp, ant, scorpion, spider and scolopendra crude venom and of their main biological active compounds. After a brief overview of each animal and venom use in folkloristic medicine, this review reports, in a comprehensive table, the results obtained by the most relevant and recent researches carried out on the antibacterial activity of different venom and their AMPs. For each considered study, the table summarizes data concerning minimal inhibitory concentration values, minimal bactericidal concentration values, the methods employed, scientific name and common names and provenience of animal species from which the crude venom and its respective compounds were obtained.
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23
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Sakes A, Dodou D, Breedveld P. Buckling prevention strategies in nature as inspiration for improving percutaneous instruments: a review. BIOINSPIRATION & BIOMIMETICS 2016; 11:021001. [PMID: 26891469 DOI: 10.1088/1748-3190/11/2/021001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/05/2023]
Abstract
A typical mechanical failure mode observed in slender percutaneous instruments, such as needles and guidewires, is buckling. Buckling is observed when the axial compressive force that is required to penetrate certain tissue types exceeds the critical load of the instrument and manifests itself by sudden lateral deflection of the instrument. In nature, several organisms are able to penetrate substrates without buckling while using apparatuses with diameters smaller than those of off-the-shelf available percutaneous needles and guidewires. In this study we reviewed the apparatuses and buckling prevention strategies employed by biological organisms to penetrate substrates such as wood and skin. A subdivision is made between buckling prevention strategies that focus on increasing the critical load of the penetration tool and strategies that focus on decreasing the penetration load of the substrate. In total, 28 buckling prevention strategies were identified and categorized. Most organisms appear to be using a combination of buckling prevention strategies simultaneously. Integration and combination of these biological buckling prevention strategies in percutaneous instruments may contribute to increasing the success rate of percutaneous interventions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aimée Sakes
- Bio-Inspired Technology (BITE) Group, Department of Biomechanical Engineering, Faculty of Mechanical, Maritime and Materials Engineering, Delft University of Technology, Mekelweg 2, 2628 CD Delft, the Netherlands
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24
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Riolo P, Isidoro N, Ruschioni S, Minuz RL, Bin F, Romani R. Anatomy of the antennal dorsal organ in female ofNeodryinus typhlocybae(Hymenoptera: Dryinidae): A peculiar sensory structure possibly involved in perception of host vibration. J Morphol 2015; 277:128-37. [DOI: 10.1002/jmor.20485] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/25/2015] [Revised: 09/16/2015] [Accepted: 09/28/2015] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Paola Riolo
- Dipartimento Scienze Agrarie; Alimentari E Ambientali, Università Politecnica Delle Marche; via Brecce Bianche Ancona 60131 Italy
| | - Nunzio Isidoro
- Dipartimento Scienze Agrarie; Alimentari E Ambientali, Università Politecnica Delle Marche; via Brecce Bianche Ancona 60131 Italy
| | - Sara Ruschioni
- Dipartimento Scienze Agrarie; Alimentari E Ambientali, Università Politecnica Delle Marche; via Brecce Bianche Ancona 60131 Italy
| | - Roxana L. Minuz
- Dipartimento Scienze Agrarie; Alimentari E Ambientali, Università Politecnica Delle Marche; via Brecce Bianche Ancona 60131 Italy
| | - Ferdinando Bin
- Dipartimento Di Scienze Agrarie; Alimentari E Ambientali, Università Degli Studi Di Perugia; Borgo XX Giugno 74 Perugia 06121 Italy
| | - Roberto Romani
- Dipartimento Di Scienze Agrarie; Alimentari E Ambientali, Università Degli Studi Di Perugia; Borgo XX Giugno 74 Perugia 06121 Italy
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25
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Zhao ZL, Zhao HP, Ma GJ, Wu CW, Yang K, Feng XQ. Structures, properties, and functions of the stings of honey bees and paper wasps: a comparative study. Biol Open 2015; 4:921-8. [PMID: 26002929 PMCID: PMC4571097 DOI: 10.1242/bio.012195] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/30/2015] [Accepted: 05/11/2015] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Through natural selection, many animal organs with similar functions have evolved different macroscopic morphologies and microscopic structures. Here, we comparatively investigate the structures, properties and functions of honey bee stings and paper wasp stings. Their elegant structures were systematically observed. To examine their behaviors of penetrating into different materials, we performed penetration-extraction tests and slow motion analyses of their insertion process. In comparison, the barbed stings of honey bees are relatively difficult to be withdrawn from fibrous tissues (e.g. skin), while the removal of paper wasp stings is easier due to their different structures and insertion skills. The similarities and differences of the two kinds of stings are summarized on the basis of the experiments and observations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zi-Long Zhao
- AML, Department of Engineering Mechanics, Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, China Center for Nano and Micro Mechanics, Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, China
| | - Hong-Ping Zhao
- AML, Department of Engineering Mechanics, Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, China
| | - Guo-Jun Ma
- State Key Lab of Structural Analysis for Industrial Equipment, Faculty of Vehicle Engineering and Mechanics, Dalian University of Technology, Dalian, Liaoning 116024, China
| | - Cheng-Wei Wu
- State Key Lab of Structural Analysis for Industrial Equipment, Faculty of Vehicle Engineering and Mechanics, Dalian University of Technology, Dalian, Liaoning 116024, China
| | - Kai Yang
- AML, Department of Engineering Mechanics, Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, China
| | - Xi-Qiao Feng
- AML, Department of Engineering Mechanics, Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, China Center for Nano and Micro Mechanics, Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, China
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Barbs facilitate the helical penetration of honeybee (Apis mellifera ligustica) stingers. PLoS One 2014; 9:e103823. [PMID: 25089826 PMCID: PMC4121201 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0103823] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/26/2014] [Accepted: 07/02/2014] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
The stinger is a very small and efficient device that allows honeybees to perform two main physiological activities: repelling enemies and laying eggs for reproduction. In this study, we explored the specific characteristics of stinger penetration, where we focused on its movements and the effects of it microstructure. The stingers of Italian honeybees (Apis mellifera ligustica) were grouped and fixed onto four types of cubic substrates, before pressing into different substrates. The morphological characteristics of the stinger cross-sections were analyzed before and after penetration by microscopy. Our findings suggest that the honeybee stinger undergoes helical and clockwise rotation during penetration. We also found that the helical penetration of the stinger is associated directly with the spiral distribution of the barbs, thereby confirming that stinger penetration involves an advanced microstructure rather than a simple needle-like apparatus. These results provide new insights into the mechanism of honeybee stinger penetration.
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Strauß J, Lakes-Harlan R. Sensory neuroanatomy of stick insects highlights the evolutionary diversity of the orthopteroid subgenual organ complex. J Comp Neurol 2014; 521:3791-803. [PMID: 23749306 DOI: 10.1002/cne.23378] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/22/2013] [Revised: 04/24/2013] [Accepted: 05/23/2013] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Abstract
The subgenual organ is a scolopidial sense organ located in the tibia of many insects. In this study the neuroanatomy of the subgenual organ complex of stick insects is clarified for two species, Carausius morosus and Siyploidea sipylus. Neuronal tracing shows a subgenual organ complex that consists of a subgenual organ and a distal organ. There are no differences in neuroanatomy between the three thoracic leg pairs, and the sensory structures are highly similar in both species. A comparison of the neuroanatomy with other orthopteroid insects highlights two features unique in Phasmatodea. The subgenual organ contains a set of densely arranged sensory neurons in the anterior-ventral part of the organ, and a distal organ with 16-17 scolopidial sensilla in C. morosus and 20-22 scolopidial sensilla in S. sipylus. The somata of sensory neurons in the distal organ are organized in a linear array extending distally into the tibia, with only a few exceptions of closely associated neurons. The stick insect sense organs show a case of an elaborate scolopidial sense organ that evolved in addition to the subgenual organ. The neuroanatomy of stick insects is compared to that studied in other orthopteroid taxa (cockroaches, locusts, crickets, tettigoniids). The comparison of sensory structures indicates that elaborate scolopidial organs have evolved repeatedly among orthopteroids. The distal organ in stick insects has the highest number of sensory neurons known for distal organs so far.
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Affiliation(s)
- Johannes Strauß
- AG Integrative Sensory Physiology, Institute for Animal Physiology, Justus-Liebig-Universität Gießen, Germany
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Vilhelmsen L, Zimmermann D. Baltorussus total makeover: rejuvenation and sex change in an ancient parasitoid wasp lineage. PLoS One 2014; 9:e98412. [PMID: 24887435 PMCID: PMC4041779 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0098412] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/27/2013] [Accepted: 05/01/2014] [Indexed: 12/03/2022] Open
Abstract
The Orussidae is a small and rare but phylogenetically important family of parasitoid wasps. The fossil record of the family is also very poor. Baltorussus velteni was described from Baltic amber from an allegedly female specimen. This and another recently discovered specimen are examined with microCT scanning and standard microscopy. We reveal that both the holotype and the new specimen are actually males. Furthermore, the results of the microCT scanning allow us to integrate the fossils in a morphological data set assembled for extant Orussidae. Phylogenetic analyses consistently retrieve Baltorussus as a separate basal lineage within the crown group, whereas two Cretaceous fossils are placed as stem group orussids and a Dominican amber fossil in an extant genus. Based on the positions of the fossils, we estimate that the extant Orussidae radiated in the mid-Cretaceous (approx. 100 Ma ago). This is considerably younger than a previously suggested Early Jurassic date (180 Ma ago), which was primarily based on biogeographic evidence.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lars Vilhelmsen
- Biosystematics, Natural History Museum of Denmark, Copenhagen, Denmark
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29
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Libersat F, Gal R. Wasp Voodoo Rituals, Venom-Cocktails, and the Zombification of Cockroach Hosts. Integr Comp Biol 2014; 54:129-42. [DOI: 10.1093/icb/icu006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/14/2022] Open
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30
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Gal R, Kaiser M, Haspel G, Libersat F. Sensory arsenal on the stinger of the parasitoid jewel wasp and its possible role in identifying cockroach brains. PLoS One 2014; 9:e89683. [PMID: 24586962 PMCID: PMC3935893 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0089683] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/02/2013] [Accepted: 01/22/2014] [Indexed: 11/25/2022] Open
Abstract
The parasitoid jewel wasp uses cockroaches as live food supply for its developing larva. To this end, the adult wasp stings a cockroach and injects venom directly inside its brain, turning the prey into a submissive ‘zombie’. Here, we characterize the sensory arsenal on the wasp’s stinger that enables the wasp to identify the brain target inside the cockroach’s head. An electron microscopy study of the stinger reveals (a) cuticular depressions innervated by a single mechanosensory neuron, which are presumably campaniform sensilla; and (b) dome-shaped structures innervated by a single mechanosensory neuron and 4–5 chemosensory neurons, which are presumably contact-chemoreceptive sensilla. Extracellular electrophysiological recordings from stinger afferents show increased firing rate in response to mechanical stimulation with agarose. This response is direction-selective and depends upon the concentration (density) of the agarose, such that the most robust response is evoked when the stinger is stimulated in the distal-to-proximal direction (concomitant with the penetration during the natural stinging behavior) and penetrating into relatively hard (0.75%–2.5%) agarose pellets. Accordingly, wasps demonstrate a normal stinging behavior when presented with cockroaches in which the brain was replaced with a hard (2.5%) agarose pellet. Conversely, wasps demonstrate a prolonged stinging behavior when the cockroach brain was either removed or replaced by a soft (0.5%) agarose pellet, or when stinger sensory organs were ablated prior to stinging. We conclude that the parasitoid jewel wasp uses at least mechanosensory inputs from its stinger to identify the brain within the head capsule of the cockroach prey.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ram Gal
- Department of Life Sciences and the Zlotowski Center for Neuroscience, Ben-Gurion University of the Negev, Beer-Sheva, Israel
- * E-mail:
| | - Maayan Kaiser
- Department of Life Sciences and the Zlotowski Center for Neuroscience, Ben-Gurion University of the Negev, Beer-Sheva, Israel
| | - Gal Haspel
- Department of Biological Sciences, New Jersey Institute of Technology, Newark, New Jersey, United States of America
| | - Frederic Libersat
- Department of Life Sciences and the Zlotowski Center for Neuroscience, Ben-Gurion University of the Negev, Beer-Sheva, Israel
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Vilhelmsen L, Blank SM, Costa VA, Alvarenga TM, Smith DR. Phylogeny of the ophrynopine clade revisited: review of the parasitoid sawfly genera Ophrella Middlekauff, Ophrynopus Konow and Stirocorsia Konow (Hymenoptera : Orussidae). INVERTEBR SYST 2013. [DOI: 10.1071/is13006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
Abstract
The rare family Orussidae comprises the only parasitoid sawflies and are sister to the Apocrita, the latter comprising most of Hymenoptera. Because of this, their morphology and relationships have been particularly important for interpreting the morphology of and biological transitions within the order as a whole. Within the Orussidae the ophrynopines are a comparatively diverse clade with a predominantly southern hemisphere distribution. Here, a revised and expanded morphological dataset incorporating several new taxa is used to test ophrynopine relationships and provide further insights into their evolutionary history. The analyses largely corroborate previous results. The distribution pattern and the fossil record indicate that the ophrynopines radiated in the early Cenozoic in the Australasian-Oceanian and the Neotropic regions and later dispersed into the Nearctic, Eastern Palaearctic and Indomalayan regions. The South American genus Ophrella Middlekauff, 1985 is well supported as a monophyletic genus, whereas Ophrynopus Konow, 1897 is paraphyletic with respect to Stirocorsia Konow, 1897. Three new species, Ophrella eldorado Vilhelmsen, sp. nov., Ophrynopus guarani Blank, D.R. Smith & Vilhelmsen, sp. nov., and Ophrynopus rupestris Vilhelmsen, Costa & Alvarenga, sp. nov. are described. Ophrella lingulata Middlekauff, 1985 is treated as a junior synonym of Ophrella amazonica (Westwood, 1874). Stirocorsia is treated as a junior synonym of Ophrynopus. The species Ophrynopus apicalis (Togashi, 2000), Ophrynopus kohli (Konow, 1897), Ophrynopus maculipennis (F. Smith, 1859) and Ophrynopus tosensis (Tosawa & Sugihara, 1934), formerly in Stirocorsia, are transferred to Ophrynopus. Revised keys to the species of Ophrella, Ophrynopus and the genera in the ophrynopine clade are provided. In addition, Orussidae are recorded from Bolivia and French Guiana for the first time.
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Flores-Prado L, Niemeyer HM. Host location by ichneumonid parasitoids is associated with nest dimensions of the host bee species. NEOTROPICAL ENTOMOLOGY 2012; 41:283-287. [PMID: 23950063 DOI: 10.1007/s13744-012-0048-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/01/2012] [Accepted: 05/05/2012] [Indexed: 06/02/2023]
Abstract
Parasitoid fitness depends on the ability of females to locate a host. In some species of Ichneumonoidea, female parasitoids detect potential hosts through vibratory cues emanating from them or through vibrational sounding produced by antennal tapping on the substrate. In this study, we (1) describe host location behaviors in Grotea gayi Spinola (Hymenoptera: Ichneumonidae) and Labena sp. on nests of Manuelia postica Spinola (Hymenoptera: Apidae), (2) compare nest dimensions between parasitized and unparasitized nests, (3) correlate the length of M. postica nests with the number of immature individuals developing, and (4) establish the relative proportion of parasitized nests along the breeding period of M. postica. Based on our results, we propose that these parasitoids use vibrational sounding as a host location mechanism and that they are able to assess host nest dimensions and choose those which may provide them with a higher fitness. Finally, we discuss an ancestral host-parasitoid relationship between Manuelia and ichneumonid species.
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Affiliation(s)
- L Flores-Prado
- Instituto de Entomología, Fac de Ciencias Básicas, Univ Metropolitana de Ciencias de la Educación, Santiago, Chile.
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33
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Silent singers are not safe: selective response of a parasitoid to substrate-borne vibratory signals of stink bugs. Anim Behav 2011. [DOI: 10.1016/j.anbehav.2011.08.017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
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34
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Ko SY, Frasson L, Rodriguez y Baena F. Closed-Loop Planar Motion Control of a Steerable Probe With a “Programmable Bevel” Inspired by Nature. IEEE T ROBOT 2011. [DOI: 10.1109/tro.2011.2159411] [Citation(s) in RCA: 76] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
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35
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Frasson L, Ferroni F, Ko SY, Dogangil G, Rodriguez y Baena F. Experimental evaluation of a novel steerable probe with a programmable bevel tip inspired by nature. J Robot Surg 2011; 6:189-97. [DOI: 10.1007/s11701-011-0277-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/10/2011] [Accepted: 05/09/2011] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
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36
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Ulyshen MD, Mankin RW, Chen Y, Duan JJ, Poland TM, Bauer LS. Role of emerald ash borer (Coleoptera: Buprestidae) larval vibrations in host-quality assessment by Tetrastichus planipennisi (Hymenoptera: Eulophidae). JOURNAL OF ECONOMIC ENTOMOLOGY 2011; 104:81-86. [PMID: 21404843 DOI: 10.1603/ec10283] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/30/2023]
Abstract
The biological control agent Tetrastichus planipennisi Yang (Hymenoptera: Eulophidae) is a gregarious larval endoparasitoid of the emerald ash borer, Agrilus planipennis Fairmaire (Coleoptera: Buprestidae), an invasive cambium-feeding species responsible for recent, widespread mortality of ash (Fraxinus spp.) in North America. T. planipennisi is known to prefer late-instar emerald ash borer, but the cues used to assess host size by this species and most other parasitoids of concealed hosts remain unknown. We sought to test whether vibrations produced by feeding emerald ash borer vary with larval size and whether there are any correlations between these cues and T. planipennisi progeny number (i.e., brood size) and sex ratio. The amplitudes and rates of 3-30-ms vibrational impulses produced by emerald ash borer larvae of various sizes were measured in the laboratory before presenting the larvae to T. planipennisi. Impulse-rate did not vary with emerald ash borer size, but vibration amplitude was significantly higher for large larvae than for small larvae. T. planipennisi produced a significantly higher proportion of female offspring from large hosts than small hosts and was shown in previous work to produce more offspring overall from large hosts. There were no significant correlations, however, between the T. planipennisi progeny data and the emerald ash borer sound data. Because vibration amplitude varied significantly with host size, however, we are unable to entirely reject the hypothesis that T. planipennisi and possibly other parasitoids of concealed hosts use vibrational cues to assess host quality, particularly given the low explanatory potential of other external cues. Internal chemical cues also may be important.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michael D Ulyshen
- Department of Entomology, Michigan State University, East Lansing, MI 48824, USA.
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37
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Vilhelmsen L, Turrisi GF. Per arborem ad astra: morphological adaptations to exploiting the woody habitat in the early evolution of Hymenoptera. ARTHROPOD STRUCTURE & DEVELOPMENT 2011; 40:2-20. [PMID: 20951828 DOI: 10.1016/j.asd.2010.10.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/08/2010] [Revised: 10/07/2010] [Accepted: 10/07/2010] [Indexed: 05/30/2023]
Abstract
We survey morphological features of larval and adult wasps that undergo their entire larval development inside wood and interpret them in view of the lifestyle. The evolution of some of the characters is explored by mapping them on a recently published phylogeny of Hymenoptera. Based on this phylogeny, it is reasonable to assume that wood-living wasps evolved from a xylophagous/mycetophagous stage as displayed by woodwasps to a carnivorous/parasitoid lifestyle, preying on woodboring insect larvae. The latter mode of life is probably ancestral to the Apocrita which comprise the majority of the order; they share this lifestyle with their sister group, the Orussidae. However, most apocritan wasps have radiated into other habitats, the Orussidae and Stephanidae apparently being the only taxa that have retained the ancestral lifestyle of carnivorous wasps. Other apocritan lineages associated with wood (e.g., Aulacidae, Megalyridae, basal Cynipoidea and some Ichneumonoidea and Chalcidoidea) possibly entered this habitat secondarily and independently acquired morphological traits associated with it. The woody habitat was occupied by Hymenoptera during a crucial stage in their evolution where the transition from the phytophagous to carnivorous lifestyle took place. The anatomy of both larva and adults was extensively transformed in the process.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lars Vilhelmsen
- Zoological Museum, Natural History Museum of Denmark, Universitets parken 15, Copenhagen, Denmark.
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38
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Farris SM, Schulmeister S. Parasitoidism, not sociality, is associated with the evolution of elaborate mushroom bodies in the brains of hymenopteran insects. Proc Biol Sci 2010; 278:940-51. [PMID: 21068044 DOI: 10.1098/rspb.2010.2161] [Citation(s) in RCA: 108] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022] Open
Abstract
The social brain hypothesis posits that the cognitive demands of social behaviour have driven evolutionary expansions in brain size in some vertebrate lineages. In insects, higher brain centres called mushroom bodies are enlarged and morphologically elaborate (having doubled, invaginated and subcompartmentalized calyces that receive visual input) in social species such as the ants, bees and wasps of the aculeate Hymenoptera, suggesting that the social brain hypothesis may also apply to invertebrate animals. In a quantitative and qualitative survey of mushroom body morphology across the Hymenoptera, we demonstrate that large, elaborate mushroom bodies arose concurrent with the acquisition of a parasitoid mode of life at the base of the Euhymenopteran (Orussioidea + Apocrita) lineage, approximately 90 Myr before the evolution of sociality in the Aculeata. Thus, sociality could not have driven mushroom body elaboration in the Hymenoptera. Rather, we propose that the cognitive demands of host-finding behaviour in parasitoids, particularly the capacity for associative and spatial learning, drove the acquisition of this evolutionarily novel mushroom body architecture. These neurobehavioural modifications may have served as pre-adaptations for central place foraging, a spatial learning-intensive behaviour that is widespread across the Aculeata and may have contributed to the multiple acquisitions of sociality in this taxon.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sarah M Farris
- Department of Biology, West Virginia University, Morgantown, WV 26505, USA.
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39
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Frasson L, Ko SY, Turner A, Parittotokkaporn T, Vincent JF, Rodriguez y Baena F. STING: a soft-tissue intervention and neurosurgical guide to access deep brain lesions through curved trajectories. Proc Inst Mech Eng H 2010; 224:775-88. [PMID: 20608494 DOI: 10.1243/09544119jeim663] [Citation(s) in RCA: 47] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
Current trends in surgical intervention favour a minimally invasive approach, in which complex procedures are performed through very small incisions. Specifically, in neurosurgery there is a need for minimally invasive keyhole access, which conflicts with the lack of manoeuvrability of conventional rigid instruments. In an attempt to address this shortcoming, the current state of progress is reported on a soft-tissue intervention and neurosurgical guide (STING) to access deep brain lesions through curved trajectories. The underlying mechanism of motion, based on the reciprocal movement of interlocked probe segments, is biologically inspired and was designed around the unique features of the ovipositor of certain parasitic wasps. Work to date has focused on probe development, low- and high-level control, and trajectory planning. These aspects are described, together with results on each aspect of the work, including biomimetic microtexturing of the probe surface. Progress is very encouraging and demonstrates that forward motion into soft tissue through a reciprocating mechanism is indeed viable and can be achieved through a suitable combination of microtexturing and microfabrication techniques.
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Affiliation(s)
- L Frasson
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, Imperial College London, London, UK
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40
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VILHELMSEN LARS, MIKÓ ISTVAN, KROGMANN LARS. Beyond the wasp-waist: structural diversity and phylogenetic significance of the mesosoma in apocritan wasps (Insecta: Hymenoptera). Zool J Linn Soc 2010. [DOI: 10.1111/j.1096-3642.2009.00576.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 103] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
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41
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Frasson L, Parittotokkaporn T, Schneider A, Davies BL, Vincent JV, Huq SE, Degenaar P, Baena FMR. Biologically inspired microtexturing: investigation into the surface topography of next-generation neurosurgical probes. ANNUAL INTERNATIONAL CONFERENCE OF THE IEEE ENGINEERING IN MEDICINE AND BIOLOGY SOCIETY. IEEE ENGINEERING IN MEDICINE AND BIOLOGY SOCIETY. ANNUAL INTERNATIONAL CONFERENCE 2009; 2008:5611-4. [PMID: 19163989 DOI: 10.1109/iembs.2008.4650486] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
Abstract
Minimally Invasive (MI) surgery represents the future of many types of medical intervention (keyhole neurosurgery, natural orifice trans-luminal endoscopic surgery, etc.). However, the shortcomings of today's surgical tools fuel the need for the development of next-generation 'smart instrumentation', which will be more accurate and safer for the patient. This paper presents the preliminary results of a biologically inspired microtexturing method, based on UV-lithography, and its application to MI neurosurgery. These results suggest that the size and geometry of the texture 'printed' on the outer surface of a neurosurgical probe clearly affect the insertion and extraction forces generated at the brain-probe interface. Thus, by carefully choosing an appropriate microtexture, unique insertion characteristics can be obtained, which can improve the performance of existing instruments (e.g. reducing slippage in permanent electrodes such as those used in deep brain stimulation) or enable the development of novel designs altogether.
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Affiliation(s)
- L Frasson
- Faculty of Engineering, Imperial College London, SW7 2AZ, UK
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42
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Turrisi GF, Jennings JT, Vilhelmsen L. Phylogeny and generic concepts of the parasitoid wasp family Aulacidae (Hymenoptera: Evanioidea). INVERTEBR SYST 2009. [DOI: 10.1071/is08031] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
Abstract
The results of the first phylogenetic investigation of members of the Aulacidae of the world are presented. The main objective was to test the monophyly of the currently recognised genera. In total, 79 morphological characters were scored for a substantial sample of the extant aulacid fauna, including 72 species, as well as 12 outgroup taxa belonging to Evaniidae, Gasteruptiidae, Megalyridae, Trigonalidae, Braconidae and Stephanidae. All zoogeographic regions were represented. The dataset was analysed under different conditions (ordered, unordered, equal and implied weighting). The results under different weighting conditions are not fully congruent and many relationships remain unresolved. However, the analyses demonstrate that the current generic classification of the Aulacidae is not a natural one. There is support for a very large, monophyletic clade which includes all Pristaulacus Kieffer spp. + Panaulix Benoit spp. This suggests a wider generic concept for Pristaulacus, which is redefined and rediagnosed here. As a consequence, Panaulix becomes a junior synonym of Pristaulacus (syn. nov.), and the two described species of Panaulix are transferred to Pristaulacus: Pristaulacus rex (Benoit, 1984), comb. nov., and Pristaulacus irenae (Madl, 1990), comb. nov. The genus Aulacus Jurine was consistently paraphyletic and is not valid as currently defined. Furthermore, we failed to retrieve a consistent topology among the different clades of Aulacus. A satisfactory reclassification of Aulacus, however, requires a much more comprehensive taxon sample and/or additional character data.
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LAURENNE NINA, KARATOLOS NIKOS, QUICKE DONALDLJ. Hammering homoplasy: multiple gains and losses of vibrational sounding in cryptine wasps (Insecta: Hymenoptera: Ichneumonidae). Biol J Linn Soc Lond 2008. [DOI: 10.1111/j.1095-8312.2008.01114.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
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44
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Vilhelmsen L, Turrisi GF, Beutel RG. Distal leg morphology, subgenual organs and host detection in Stephanidae (Insecta, Hymenoptera). J NAT HIST 2008. [DOI: 10.1080/00222930802105155] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
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45
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Xiaoyi W, Zhongqi Y. Behavioral mechanisms of parasitic wasps for searching concealed insect hosts. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2008. [DOI: 10.1016/s1872-2032(08)60039-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/22/2022]
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46
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Newland PL, Yates P. Nitrergic modulation of an oviposition digging rhythm in locusts. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2008; 210:4448-56. [PMID: 18055633 DOI: 10.1242/jeb.010009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
In locusts, a central pattern generator underlies the rhythmic movements of the ovipositor valves that serve to drive the abdomen into damp soil in order to lay eggs. We have investigated the role of nitric oxide (NO) in the control of this oviposition digging rhythm. NO increases the frequency of the rhythm by acting via sGC to elevate cGMP, which in turn acts via PKG. Increasing exogenous NO levels using the NO donors SNAP and PAPANONOate increased the cycle frequency of the fictive digging rhythm, as did increasing endogenous NO by bath application of the substrate for NOS, l-arginine. On the other hand, application of the NO scavenger PTIO decreased the cycle frequency, indicating that NO must normally exert a continuous and dynamic role on the central pattern generator underlying the oviposition rhythm. Inhibiting the main molecular target of NO, soluble guanylate cyclase, with ODQ reduced the cycle frequency of the rhythm, suggesting that NO mediated its effects via sGC and cyclic GMP. Further evidence for this was produced by bath application of 8-Br-cGMP, which increased the frequency of the rhythm. Bath application of the generic protein kinase inhibitor and a selective PKG inhibitor, H-7 and KT-5823, respectively, reduced the frequency of the rhythm, suggesting that PKG acted as a target for cGMP. Thus, we conclude that NO plays a key role in regulating the frequency of the central pattern generator controlling rhythmic egg-laying movements in locusts by acting via sGC/cGMP-PKG.
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Affiliation(s)
- Philip L Newland
- School of Biological Sciences, Biomedical Science Building, University of Southampton, Bassett Crescent East, Southampton, UK.
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Ecological aspects of the external morphology and functionality of the psychomyiid female ovipositor (Insecta, Trichoptera). ZOOMORPHOLOGY 2004. [DOI: 10.1007/s00435-004-0104-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
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VILHELMSEN LARS. The old wasp and the tree: fossils, phylogeny and biogeography in the Orussidae (Insecta, Hymenoptera). Biol J Linn Soc Lond 2004. [DOI: 10.1111/j.1095-8312.2004.00327.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
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