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Dong P, Mei C, Yang Y, Zhou Y, Xu Y, Song L, Yu C. Blocking BAFF Alleviates Hepatic Fibrosis in Schistosoma japonicum-Infected Mice. Pathogens 2023; 12:793. [PMID: 37375483 DOI: 10.3390/pathogens12060793] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/21/2023] [Revised: 05/25/2023] [Accepted: 05/27/2023] [Indexed: 06/29/2023] Open
Abstract
Schistosomiasis is an immunopathogenic disease characterized by egg granuloma and fibrosis. The hepatic fibrosis of schistosomiasis is caused by the coordinated action of local immune cells, liver-resident cells and related cytokines around the eggs of the liver. B-cell-activating factor (BAFF), expressed in many cells, is an essential factor for promoting the survival, differentiation, and maturation of cells. The overexpression of BAFF is closely related to many autoimmune diseases and fibrosis, but has not been reported to play a role in liver fibrosis caused by schistosomiasis. In the study, we found that, during Schistosoma japonicum (S. japonicum) infection in mice, the level of BAFF and its receptor BAFF-R progressively increased, then decreased with the extension of infection time, which was consistent with the progression of hepatic granuloma and fibrosis. Anti-BAFF treatment attenuated the histopathological damage in the liver of infected mice. The average areas of individual granulomas and liver fibrosis in anti-BAFF treatment mice were significantly lower than those in control mice, respectively. Anti-BAFF treatment increased the IL-10, decreased IL-4, IL-6, IL-17A, TGF-β, and downregulated the antibody level against S. japonicum antigens. These results suggested that BAFF acts a strong player in the immunopathology of schistosomiasis. Anti-BAFF treatment may influence Th2 and Th17 responses, and reduce the inflammatory reaction and fibrosis of schistosomiasis liver egg granuloma. It is suggested that BAFF might be a prospective target for the development of new methods to treat schistosomiasis liver fibrosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Panpan Dong
- National Health Commission Key Laboratory of Parasitic Disease Control and Prevention, Jiangsu Provincial Key Laboratory on Parasite and Vector Control Technology, Jiangsu Provincial Medical Key Laboratory, Jiangsu Institute of Parasitic Diseases, Wuxi 214064, China
| | - Congjin Mei
- National Health Commission Key Laboratory of Parasitic Disease Control and Prevention, Jiangsu Provincial Key Laboratory on Parasite and Vector Control Technology, Jiangsu Provincial Medical Key Laboratory, Jiangsu Institute of Parasitic Diseases, Wuxi 214064, China
| | - Yingying Yang
- National Health Commission Key Laboratory of Parasitic Disease Control and Prevention, Jiangsu Provincial Key Laboratory on Parasite and Vector Control Technology, Jiangsu Provincial Medical Key Laboratory, Jiangsu Institute of Parasitic Diseases, Wuxi 214064, China
| | - Yonghua Zhou
- National Health Commission Key Laboratory of Parasitic Disease Control and Prevention, Jiangsu Provincial Key Laboratory on Parasite and Vector Control Technology, Jiangsu Provincial Medical Key Laboratory, Jiangsu Institute of Parasitic Diseases, Wuxi 214064, China
| | - Yongliang Xu
- National Health Commission Key Laboratory of Parasitic Disease Control and Prevention, Jiangsu Provincial Key Laboratory on Parasite and Vector Control Technology, Jiangsu Provincial Medical Key Laboratory, Jiangsu Institute of Parasitic Diseases, Wuxi 214064, China
| | - Lijun Song
- National Health Commission Key Laboratory of Parasitic Disease Control and Prevention, Jiangsu Provincial Key Laboratory on Parasite and Vector Control Technology, Jiangsu Provincial Medical Key Laboratory, Jiangsu Institute of Parasitic Diseases, Wuxi 214064, China
| | - Chuanxin Yu
- National Health Commission Key Laboratory of Parasitic Disease Control and Prevention, Jiangsu Provincial Key Laboratory on Parasite and Vector Control Technology, Jiangsu Provincial Medical Key Laboratory, Jiangsu Institute of Parasitic Diseases, Wuxi 214064, China
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Liu G, Miao F, Wang Y, Kou J, Yang K, Li W, Xiong C, Zhang F, Wang X, Yan H, Wei C, Zhao C, Yan G. Comparative proteomics analysis of Schistosoma japonicum developed in different Oncomelania snails as intermediate hosts. Front Cell Infect Microbiol 2022; 12:959766. [PMID: 36710964 PMCID: PMC9875565 DOI: 10.3389/fcimb.2022.959766] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/02/2022] [Accepted: 09/26/2022] [Indexed: 12/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Schistosomiasis is a tropical parasitic disease that seriously endangers humans and animals. In this study, two Oncomelania snails, Oncomelania hupensis (O. hupensis) and Oncomelania weishan (O. weishan), were infected with Schistosoma japonicum (S. japonicum) cercariae during the early period, and ICR mice were subsequently infected with two kinds of miracidia that developed in male and female adult worms. In this study, isobaric tags for relative and absolute quantification (iTRAQ) were used to identify four channels: 113, 115, 117, and 119. A total of 2364 adult schistosome proteins were identified, and 1901 proteins were quantitative. Our results revealed 68 differentially expressed proteins (DEPs) in female adult worms, including 24 upregulated proteins and 44 downregulated proteins, and 55 DEPs in male adult worms, including 25 upregulated proteins and 30 downregulated proteins. LC-MS/MS and bioinformatics analysis indicated that these DEPs are mainly concentrated in cellular composition, molecular function, biological function and catabolism pathways. In summary, this proteomics analysis of adult schistosomes that hatched in two intermediate hosts helps to improve our understanding of the growth and developmental mechanisms of S. japonicum.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gongzhen Liu
- College of Agriculture and Forestry, Linyi University, Linyi, Shandong Province, China,Shandong Institute of Parasitic Diseases, Shandong First Medical University & Shandong Academy of Medical Sciences, Jining, Shandong Province, China
| | - Feng Miao
- Shandong Institute of Parasitic Diseases, Shandong First Medical University & Shandong Academy of Medical Sciences, Jining, Shandong Province, China,*Correspondence: Feng Miao,
| | - Yongbin Wang
- Shandong Institute of Parasitic Diseases, Shandong First Medical University & Shandong Academy of Medical Sciences, Jining, Shandong Province, China
| | - Jingxuan Kou
- Shandong Institute of Parasitic Diseases, Shandong First Medical University & Shandong Academy of Medical Sciences, Jining, Shandong Province, China
| | - Kun Yang
- Jiangsu Institutes of Parasitic Diseases, Wuxi, Jiangsu Province, China
| | - Wei Li
- Jiangsu Institutes of Parasitic Diseases, Wuxi, Jiangsu Province, China
| | - Chunrong Xiong
- Jiangsu Institutes of Parasitic Diseases, Wuxi, Jiangsu Province, China
| | - Fengjian Zhang
- Jiangsu Institutes of Parasitic Diseases, Wuxi, Jiangsu Province, China
| | - Xinyao Wang
- Jiangsu Institutes of Parasitic Diseases, Wuxi, Jiangsu Province, China
| | - Haoyun Yan
- Fourth Hospital of Weishan, Jining, Shandong Province, China
| | - Changyin Wei
- Shandong Weishan Center for Disease Prevention and Control, Jining, Shandong Province, China
| | - Changlei Zhao
- Shandong Institute of Parasitic Diseases, Shandong First Medical University & Shandong Academy of Medical Sciences, Jining, Shandong Province, China
| | - Ge Yan
- Shandong Institute of Parasitic Diseases, Shandong First Medical University & Shandong Academy of Medical Sciences, Jining, Shandong Province, China
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Cardoso IA, de Souza AKL, Burgess AMG, Chalmers IW, Hoffmann KF, Nonato MC. Characterization of class II fumarase from Schistosoma mansoni provides the molecular basis for selective inhibition. Int J Biol Macromol 2021; 175:406-421. [PMID: 33549669 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijbiomac.2021.01.180] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/13/2020] [Revised: 01/20/2021] [Accepted: 01/28/2021] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Abstract
Schistosomiasis is a neglected tropical disease that affects more than 250 million people worldwide. The only drug available for its treatment undergoes first-pass hepatic metabolism and is not capable of preventing reinfection, which makes the search of new therapies urgently needed. Due to the essential role of fumarases in metabolism, these enzymes represent potential targets for developing novel schistosomiasis treatments. Here, we evaluate the expression profiles for class I and class II fumarases from Schistosoma mansoni (SmFHI and SmFHII, respectively), and report the complete characterization of SmFHII. The first SmFHII structure in complex with L-malate was determined at 1.85 Å resolution. The significant thermoshift observed for SmFHII in the presence of identified ligands makes the differential scanning fluorimetry an adequate technique for ligand screening. A complete kinetic characterization of SmFHII was performed, and comparison with the human fumarase (HsFH) revealed differences regarding the turnover number (kcat). Structural characterization allowed us to identify differences between SmFHII and HsFH that could be explored to design new selective inhibitors. This work represents the very first step towards validate the fumarases as drug targets to treat schistosomiasis. Our results provide the structural basis to rational search for selective ligands.
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Affiliation(s)
- Iara Aimê Cardoso
- Laboratório de Cristalografia de Proteínas, Departamento de Ciências BioMoleculares, Faculdade de Ciências Farmacêuticas de Ribeirão Preto, Universidade de São Paulo, Ribeirão Preto, SP, Brazil
| | - Aline Kusumota Luiz de Souza
- Laboratório de Cristalografia de Proteínas, Departamento de Ciências BioMoleculares, Faculdade de Ciências Farmacêuticas de Ribeirão Preto, Universidade de São Paulo, Ribeirão Preto, SP, Brazil
| | - Adam Muslem George Burgess
- The Institute of Biological, Environmental and Rural Sciences (IBERS), Aberystwyth University, Wales, United Kingdom
| | - Iain Wyllie Chalmers
- The Institute of Biological, Environmental and Rural Sciences (IBERS), Aberystwyth University, Wales, United Kingdom
| | - Karl Francis Hoffmann
- The Institute of Biological, Environmental and Rural Sciences (IBERS), Aberystwyth University, Wales, United Kingdom
| | - Maria Cristina Nonato
- Laboratório de Cristalografia de Proteínas, Departamento de Ciências BioMoleculares, Faculdade de Ciências Farmacêuticas de Ribeirão Preto, Universidade de São Paulo, Ribeirão Preto, SP, Brazil.
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A Biological and Immunological Characterization of Schistosoma Japonicum Heat Shock Proteins 40 and 90α. Int J Mol Sci 2020; 21:ijms21114034. [PMID: 32512920 PMCID: PMC7312537 DOI: 10.3390/ijms21114034] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/13/2020] [Revised: 05/27/2020] [Accepted: 06/03/2020] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
We characterized Schistosoma japonicum HSP40 (Sjp40) and HSP90α (Sjp90α) in this study. Western blot analysis revealed both are present in soluble egg antigens and egg secretory proteins, implicating them in triggering the host immune response after secretion from eggs into host tissues. These observations were confirmed by immunolocalization showing both HSPs are located in the Reynolds’ layer within mature eggs, suggesting they are secreted by miracidia and accumulate between the envelope and the eggshell. Both HSPs are present in the musculature and parenchyma of adult males and in the vitelline cells of females; only Sjp90α is present on the tegument of adults. Sjp40 was able to enhance the expression of macrophages, dendritic cells, and eosinophilic cells in mouse liver non-parenchymal cells, whereas rSjp90α only stimulated the expression of dendritic cells. T helper 1 (Th1), Th2, and Th17 responses were increased upon rSjp40 stimulation in vitro, but rSjp90 only stimulated an increased Th17 response. Sjp40 has an important role in reducing the expression of fibrogenic gene markers in hepatic stellate cells in vitro. Overall, these findings provide new information on HSPs in S. japonicum, improving our understanding of the pathological roles they play in their interaction with host immune cells.
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Ma L, Li D, Yuan C, Zhang X, Ta N, Zhao X, Li Y, Feng X. SjCRT, a recombinant Schistosoma japonicum calreticulin, induces maturation of dendritic cells and a Th1-polarized immune response in mice. Parasit Vectors 2017; 10:570. [PMID: 29132406 PMCID: PMC5683313 DOI: 10.1186/s13071-017-2516-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/17/2017] [Accepted: 10/31/2017] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND It is well known that immunization of radiation-attenuated (RA) schistosoma cercariae or schistosomula can induce high levels of protective immunity against schistosoma cercariae reinfection in many animals. Many studies have shown that the Th1 cellular immune response is crucial for the protective effect elicited by RA schistosomula. However, the molecular mechanism of this strong protective immunity remains unclear. METHODS The expression profiles of Schistosoma japonicum calreticulin (SjCRT) in RA and normal schistosoma-derived cells were investigated by flow cytometry. The effect of recombinant SjCRT (rSjCRT) on mouse dendritic cells (DCs) was determined by FACS, ELISA and RT-PCR analysis. We also analyzed the effects of SjCRT on the activation of spleen cells from mice immunized with rSjCRT by detecting lymphocyte proliferation and the cytokine profiles of splenocytes. RESULTS We found that the expression level of SjCRT in the cells from RA larvae was significantly higher than that in cells from normal schistosomula at early stages of development (day 4). The results of effect of rSjCRT on mouse DCs showed that rSjCRT could induce phenotypic and functional maturation of DCs, and SjCRT bound to the surface of DCs through the CD91 receptor and could be engulfed by DCs. The results of activation of splenocytes from mice immunized with rSjCRT also demonstrate that rSjCRT can effectively stimulate the proliferative response of splenic lymphocytes, elicit splenocytes from immunized mice to secrete high levels of IFN-γ, TNF-α and IL-4, and activate CD4+ T cells to produce high levels of IFN-γ. CONCLUSION SjCRT is one of the immunostimulatory molecules released from RA schistosomula cells, might play a crucial role in conferring a Th1-polarized immune response induced by RA cercariae/schistosomula in mice, and is a candidate molecule responsible for the high levels of protective immunity induced by RA schistosomula.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lizhen Ma
- Shanghai Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Key Laboratory of Animal Parasitology, Ministry of Agriculture of China, Shanghai, 200241 China
| | - Dandan Li
- Shanghai Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Key Laboratory of Animal Parasitology, Ministry of Agriculture of China, Shanghai, 200241 China
- College of Life and Environmental Sciences, Shanghai Normal University, Shanghai, 250014 China
| | - Chunxiu Yuan
- Shanghai Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Key Laboratory of Animal Parasitology, Ministry of Agriculture of China, Shanghai, 200241 China
- Jiangsu Co-innovation Center for Prevention and Control of Important Animal Infectious Diseases and Zoonoses, Yangzhou, Jiangsu Province 225009 China
| | - Xiangqian Zhang
- Shanghai Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Key Laboratory of Animal Parasitology, Ministry of Agriculture of China, Shanghai, 200241 China
| | - Na Ta
- Shanghai Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Key Laboratory of Animal Parasitology, Ministry of Agriculture of China, Shanghai, 200241 China
| | - Xiaochao Zhao
- Shanghai Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Key Laboratory of Animal Parasitology, Ministry of Agriculture of China, Shanghai, 200241 China
| | - Yumei Li
- Shanghai Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Key Laboratory of Animal Parasitology, Ministry of Agriculture of China, Shanghai, 200241 China
- College of Life and Environmental Sciences, Shanghai Normal University, Shanghai, 250014 China
| | - Xingang Feng
- Shanghai Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Key Laboratory of Animal Parasitology, Ministry of Agriculture of China, Shanghai, 200241 China
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Ma S, Zai J, Han Y, Hong Y, Zhang M, Cao X, Han Q, Lu K, Zhao Z, Lin J, Fu Z. Characterization of Schistosoma japonicum tetraspanning orphan receptor and its role in binding to complement C2 and immunoprotection against murine schistosomiasis. Parasit Vectors 2017; 10:288. [PMID: 28599669 PMCID: PMC5466742 DOI: 10.1186/s13071-017-2229-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/21/2016] [Accepted: 06/02/2017] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Schistosomiasis remains an important global public health problem, as millions of people are at risk of acquiring infection. An ideal method for sustainable control of schistosomiasis would be to develop an efficient vaccine. Schistosomes can survive in the host vascular system by immune evasion, regulating the host complement cascade. Schistosoma japonicum tetraspanning orphan receptor (SjTOR) is a complement regulator, which is a tegument membrane protein. To date there is no experimental evidence to explain the function of SjTOR. RESULTS We cloned the first extracellular domain of the SjTOR (SjTOR-ed1) gene and expressed the gene in Escherichia coli. The expression level of SjTOR in different developmental stages of S. japonicum was assessed by quantitative real-time RT-PCR. Western blotting showed that recombinant SjTOR-ed1 (rSjTOR-ed1) could be recognised by schistosome-infected mouse serum. Immunolocalization indicated that the protein was mainly distributed on the tegument of the parasite. Haemolytic assays and ELISA revealed that rSjTOR-ed1 could inhibit complement hemolysis and bind to complement C2. Purified rSjTOR-ed1 emulsified with ISA206 adjuvant could induce a significant reduction of worm burden from 24.51 to 26.51%, and liver egg numbers from 32.92 to 39.62% in two independent trials in mice. CONCLUSIONS The results of this study indicated that rSjTOR-ed1 could inhibit complement hemolysis and bind to complement C2, and it is a potential vaccine candidate that protects against S. japonicum infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shuai Ma
- Key Laboratory of Animal Parasitology, Ministry of Agriculture, Shanghai Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Shanghai, 200241, China
| | - Jinli Zai
- Key Laboratory of Animal Parasitology, Ministry of Agriculture, Shanghai Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Shanghai, 200241, China
| | - Yanhui Han
- College of Animal Science, Henan Institute of Science and Technology, Xinxiang, Henan Province, 453003, China
| | - Yang Hong
- Key Laboratory of Animal Parasitology, Ministry of Agriculture, Shanghai Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Shanghai, 200241, China
| | - Min Zhang
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Henan University of Science and Technology, Luoyang, Henan Province, 471023, China
| | - Xiaodan Cao
- Key Laboratory of Animal Parasitology, Ministry of Agriculture, Shanghai Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Shanghai, 200241, China
| | - Qian Han
- Key Laboratory of Animal Parasitology, Ministry of Agriculture, Shanghai Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Shanghai, 200241, China
| | - Ke Lu
- Key Laboratory of Animal Parasitology, Ministry of Agriculture, Shanghai Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Shanghai, 200241, China
| | - Zhixin Zhao
- Key Laboratory of Animal Parasitology, Ministry of Agriculture, Shanghai Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Shanghai, 200241, China
| | - Jiaojiao Lin
- Key Laboratory of Animal Parasitology, Ministry of Agriculture, Shanghai Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Shanghai, 200241, China.,Jiangsu Co-innovation Center for Prevention and Control of Important Animal Infectious Diseases and Zoonoses, Yangzhou, 225009, China
| | - Zhiqiang Fu
- Key Laboratory of Animal Parasitology, Ministry of Agriculture, Shanghai Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Shanghai, 200241, China. .,Jiangsu Co-innovation Center for Prevention and Control of Important Animal Infectious Diseases and Zoonoses, Yangzhou, 225009, China.
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Oliveira KC, Carvalho MLP, Bonatto JMC, Schechtman D, Verjovski-Almeida S. Human TNF-α induces differential protein phosphorylation in Schistosoma mansoni adult male worms. Parasitol Res 2015; 115:817-28. [PMID: 26547565 DOI: 10.1007/s00436-015-4812-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/25/2015] [Accepted: 11/02/2015] [Indexed: 01/12/2023]
Abstract
Schistosoma mansoni and its vertebrate host have a complex and intimate connection in which several molecular stimuli are exchanged and affect both organisms. Human tumor necrosis factor alpha (hTNF-α), a pro-inflammatory cytokine, is known to induce large-scale gene expression changes in the parasite and to affect several parasite biological processes such as metabolism, egg laying, and worm development. Until now, the molecular mechanisms for TNF-α activity in worms are not completely understood. Here, we aimed at exploring the effect of hTNF-α on S. mansoni protein phosphorylation by 2D gel electrophoresis followed by a quantitative analysis of phosphoprotein staining and protein identification by mass spectrometry. We analyzed three biological replicates of adult male worms exposed to hTNF-α and successfully identified 32 protein spots with a statistically significant increase in phosphorylation upon in vitro exposure to hTNF-α. Among the differentially phosphorylated proteins, we found proteins involved in metabolism, such as glycolysis, galactose metabolism, urea cycle, and aldehyde metabolism, as well as proteins related to muscle contraction and to cytoskeleton remodeling. The most differentially phosphorylated protein (30-fold increase in phosphorylation) was 14-3-3, whose function is known to be modulated by phosphorylation, belonging to a signal transduction protein family that regulates a variety of processes in all eukaryotic cells. Further, 75% of the identified proteins are known in mammals to be related to TNF-α signaling, thus suggesting that TNF-α response may be conserved in the parasite. We propose that this work opens new perspectives to be explored in the study of the molecular crosstalk between host and pathogen.
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Affiliation(s)
- Katia C Oliveira
- Núcleo de Enteroparasitas, Centro de Parasitologia e Micologia, Instituto Adolfo Lutz, 01614-000, São Paulo, SP, Brazil.,Disciplina de Parasitologia, Departamento de Microbiologia, Imunologia e Parasitologia, Universidade Federal de São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Mariana L P Carvalho
- Departamento de Bioquímica, Instituto de Química, Universidade de São Paulo, 05508-900, São Paulo, SP, Brazil
| | - José Matheus C Bonatto
- Departamento de Bioquímica, Instituto de Química, Universidade de São Paulo, 05508-900, São Paulo, SP, Brazil
| | - Debora Schechtman
- Departamento de Bioquímica, Instituto de Química, Universidade de São Paulo, 05508-900, São Paulo, SP, Brazil
| | - Sergio Verjovski-Almeida
- Departamento de Bioquímica, Instituto de Química, Universidade de São Paulo, 05508-900, São Paulo, SP, Brazil. .,Instituto Butantan, 05503-900, São Paulo, SP, Brazil.
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Duan MM, Xu RM, Yuan CX, Li YY, Liu Q, Cheng GF, Lin JJ, Feng XG. SjHSP70, a recombinant Schistosoma japonicum heat shock protein 70, is immunostimulatory and induces protective immunity against cercarial challenge in mice. Parasitol Res 2015; 114:3415-29. [PMID: 26091761 DOI: 10.1007/s00436-015-4567-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/12/2015] [Accepted: 06/01/2015] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
High levels of protective immunity can be induced in different animals immunized with radiation-attenuated (RA) Schistosoma cercariae or schistosomula. However, the schistosome-derived molecules responsible for the strong protective effect elicited by RA schistosome larvae have not been identified or characterized. The 70-kDa heat shock proteins of schistosomes are considered major immunogens, and may play an important role in stimulating high levels of innate and adaptive immune responses in an RA schistosome vaccine model. Here, we demonstrate the immunobiological functions of Schistosoma japonicum heat shock protein 70 (SjHSP70) by investigating its expression profile in RA-schistosomula-derived cells, evaluating the protection induced by recombinant SjHSP70 (rSjHSP70) against cercarial challenge, and assaying the humoral and cellular immune responses to rSjHSP70 in BALB/c and C57BL/6 mice. The expression of SjHSP70 on the surfaces of cells from RA or normal schistosomula was determined with flow cytometry. Its expression was significantly higher on early RA schistosomula cells than on the cells from normal parasites. The protection afforded both BALB/c and C57BL/6 mice vaccinated with rSjHSP70 alone, rSj22.6 (a membrane-anchoring protein of S. japonicum) alone, or a combination of rSj22.6 and rSjHSP70 without adjuvant was evaluated. rSjHSP70 alone induced the highest protective effect against S. japonicum cercarial challenge, followed by the rSj22.6 plus rSjHSP70 combination and then rSj22.6 alone, in both mouse strains. Like ISA206 adjuvant, rSjHSP70 enhanced the protective efficacy induced by rSj22.6 in the C57BL/6 mouse strain. Antigen-specific IgG1 and IgG2a responses were detected with enzyme-linked immunosorbent assays in mice immunized with rSjHSP70 alone, rSj22.6 alone, or the rSj22.6 plus rSjHSP70 combination. Immunization with rSjHSP70 or the rSj22.6 plus rSjHSP70 combination induced mixed Th1/Th2-type antibody responses in BALB/c mice and a Th2-type antibody response in C57BL/6 mice. The profiles of cytokine production by splenic lymphocytes in both strains of mice immunized with the antigens described above were detected in vitro using a Cytometric Bead Array. The profiles of the proinflammatory cytokines interferon γ, tumor necrosis factor α, interleukin 6 (IL-6), and IL-17A and the regulatory cytokine IL-10 induced by the rSj22.6 plus rSjHSP70 combination were similar to those induced by rSj22.6 emulsified with the ISA206 adjuvant control. Like the ISA206 adjuvant, rSjHSP70 protein enhanced the proinflammatory and Th2-type or regulatory cytokine production induced by the rSj22.6 antigen. These results indicate that SjHSP70 is exposed on the surfaces of cells from RA schistosomula, and that rSjHSP70 protein is a promising protective antigen with a potential adjuvant function. Thus, SjHSP70 protein might play a key role in the protective immunity elicited by the RA schistosome vaccine.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ming Ming Duan
- Shanghai Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Key Laboratory of Animal Parasitology, Ministry of Agriculture of China, Shanghai, 200241, China
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Ludolf F, Patrocínio PR, Corrêa-Oliveira R, Gazzinelli A, Falcone FH, Teixeira-Ferreira A, Perales J, Oliveira GC, Silva-Pereira RA. Serological screening of the Schistosoma mansoni adult worm proteome. PLoS Negl Trop Dis 2014; 8:e2745. [PMID: 24651847 PMCID: PMC3961189 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pntd.0002745] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/14/2013] [Accepted: 02/01/2014] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND New interventions tools are a priority for schistosomiasis control and elimination, as the disease is still highly prevalent. The identification of proteins associated with active infection and protective immune response may constitute the basis for the development of a successful vaccine and could also indicate new diagnostic candidates. In this context, post-genomic technologies have been progressing, resulting in a more rational discovery of new biomarkers of resistance and antigens for diagnosis. METHODOLOGY/PRINCIPAL FINDINGS Two-dimensional electrophoresed Schistosoma mansoni adult worm protein extracts were probed with pooled sera of infected and non-infected (naturally resistant) individuals from a S. mansoni endemic area. A total of 47 different immunoreactive proteins were identified by mass spectrometry. Although the different pooled sera shared most of the immunoreactive protein spots, nine protein spots reacted exclusively with the serum pool of infected individuals, which correspond to annexin, major egg antigen, troponin T, filamin, disulphide-isomerase ER-60 precursor, actin and reticulocalbin. One protein spot, corresponding to eukaryotic translation elongation factor, reacted exclusively with the pooled sera of non-infected individuals living in the endemic area. Western blotting of two selected recombinant proteins, major egg antigen and hemoglobinase, showed a similar recognition pattern of that of the native protein. CONCLUDING/SIGNIFICANCE Using a serological proteome analysis, a group of antigens related to the different infection status of the endemic area residents was identified and may be related to susceptibility or resistance to infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fernanda Ludolf
- Centro de Pesquisas René Rachou-Fiocruz/MG, Genomics and Computational Biology Group, Belo Horizonte, Minas Gerais, Brazil
- National Institute of Science and Technology in Tropical Diseases – INCT-DT, Brazil
| | - Paola R. Patrocínio
- Centro de Pesquisas René Rachou-Fiocruz/MG, Genomics and Computational Biology Group, Belo Horizonte, Minas Gerais, Brazil
| | - Rodrigo Corrêa-Oliveira
- National Institute of Science and Technology in Tropical Diseases – INCT-DT, Brazil
- Centro de Pesquisas René Rachou-Fiocruz/MG, Cellular and Molecular Immunology Laboratory, Belo Horizonte, Minas Gerais, Brazil
| | - Andréa Gazzinelli
- National Institute of Science and Technology in Tropical Diseases – INCT-DT, Brazil
- Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais, Nursing School, Belo Horizonte, Minas Gerais, Brazil
| | - Franco H. Falcone
- The University of Nottingham, School of Pharmacy, Division of Molecular and Cellular Science, Nottingham, East Midlands, United Kingdom
| | - André Teixeira-Ferreira
- Fiocruz/RJ, Department of Physiology and Pharmacodynamics, Toxicology Laboratory, Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
| | - Jonas Perales
- Fiocruz/RJ, Department of Physiology and Pharmacodynamics, Toxicology Laboratory, Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
| | - Guilherme C. Oliveira
- Centro de Pesquisas René Rachou-Fiocruz/MG, Genomics and Computational Biology Group, Belo Horizonte, Minas Gerais, Brazil
- National Institute of Science and Technology in Tropical Diseases – INCT-DT, Brazil
| | - Rosiane A. Silva-Pereira
- Centro de Pesquisas René Rachou-Fiocruz/MG, Genomics and Computational Biology Group, Belo Horizonte, Minas Gerais, Brazil
- * E-mail:
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10
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Tian F, Hou M, Chen L, Gao Y, Zhang X, Ji M, Wu G. Proteomic analysis of schistosomiasis japonica vaccine candidate antigens recognized by UV-attenuated cercariae-immunized porcine serum IgG2. Parasitol Res 2013; 112:2791-803. [PMID: 23715679 DOI: 10.1007/s00436-013-3447-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/25/2013] [Accepted: 04/29/2013] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
Many studies have showed that the radiation-attenuated cercariae (RAC) vaccine could induce the high protection of laboratory animals to resist the schistosoma infection by cellular and humoral mechanism. Here, we aimed to identify possible vaccine antigens by using specific IgG2 antibody from RAC-vaccinated pigs or vaccination and challenge pigs. The antigens from the schistosomal soluble worm antigen preparation (SWAP) recognized by the porcine IgG2 antibody were obtained using immunoprecipitation technique. These antigens were separated by 2-D electrophoresis, and 116 spots were successfully identified by MALDI-TOF MS from about 400 putative spots in gels. Among these spots, 113 spots could match to the Schistosoma japonicum. These identified proteins in four groups were classified by Gene Ontology (Go) database, and the mainly functions of these proteins were involved in binding, catalytic activity (thioredoxin peroxidase-2, et al.), signal transduction class (MAP Kinase, et al.), cell process (the heat shock 70-kDa protein 9B, et al.), and the intracellular component (tektin, et al.). Our methods suggested that it was possible to pull-down the interesting proteins recognized by specific antibodies. Our results may provide new clues for exploring the mechanism of high protection induced by RAC and shed some light on the research for anti-schistosomiasis japonica vaccine.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fang Tian
- Department of Pathogen Biology& Immunology, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, Jiangsu, China
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11
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Hong Y, Han Y, Fu Z, Han H, Qiu C, Zhang M, Yang J, Shi Y, Li X, Lin J. Characterization and Expression of theSchistosoma japonicumThioredoxin Peroxidase-2 Gene. J Parasitol 2013; 99:68-76. [DOI: 10.1645/ge-3096.1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
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12
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Molecular cloning and characterization of glutamine synthetase, a tegumental protein from Schistosoma japonicum. Parasitol Res 2012; 111:2367-76. [PMID: 23011789 DOI: 10.1007/s00436-012-3092-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/11/2012] [Accepted: 08/21/2012] [Indexed: 10/27/2022]
Abstract
Glutamine synthetase catalyzes the synthesis of glutamine, providing nitrogen for the production of purines, pyrimidines, amino acids, and other compounds required in many pivotal cellular events. Herein, a full-length cDNA encoding Schistosoma japonicum glutamine synthetase (SjGS) was isolated from 21-day schistosomes. The entire open reading frame of SjGS contains a 1,095-bp coding region corresponding to 364 amino acids with a calculated molecular weight of 40.7 kDa. NCBIP blast shows that the putative amino acid of SjGS contains a classic β-grasp domain and a catalytic domain of glutamine synthetase. The relative mRNA expression of SjGS was evaluated in 7-, 13-, 21-, 28-, 35-, and 42-day worms of S. japonicum in the final host and higher expression at day 21, and 42 worms were observed. This protein was also detected in worm extracts using Western blot. Immunofluorescence studies indicated that the SjGS protein was mainly distributed on tegument and parenchyma in 28-day adult worms. The recombinant glutamine synthetase with a molecular weight of 45 kDa was expressed in Escherichia coli and purified in its active form. The enzyme activity of the recombinant protein was 3.30 ± 0.67 U.μg-1. The enzyme activity was highly stable over a wide range of pH (6-9) and temperature (25-40 °C) under physiological conditions. The transcription of SjGS was upregulated in praziquantel-treated worms at 2-, 4-, and 24-h posttreatment compared with the untreated control. As a first step towards the clarification of the role of glutamine synthetase in schistosome species, we have cloned and characterized cDNAs encoding SjGS in S. japonicum, and the data presented suggest that SjGS is an important molecule in the development of the schistosome.
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13
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Molecular cloning and characterization of a HSP70 gene from Schistosoma japonicum. Parasitol Res 2011; 110:1785-93. [DOI: 10.1007/s00436-011-2700-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/12/2011] [Accepted: 10/13/2011] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
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14
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Qian CY, Huang B, Yu CX, Zhang J, Yin XR, Wang J, Song LJ, Zhang W, Ke XD. Detection of the circulating antigen 14-3-3 protein of Schistosoma japonicum by time-resolved fluoroimmunoassay in rabbits. Parasit Vectors 2011; 4:95. [PMID: 21619661 PMCID: PMC3115898 DOI: 10.1186/1756-3305-4-95] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/18/2011] [Accepted: 05/28/2011] [Indexed: 11/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Schistosomiasis remains a major public health concern that afflicts millions of people worldwide. Low levels of Schistosoma infection require more sensitive diagnostic methods. In this study, a time-resolved fluoroimmunoassay (TRFIA) was developed for detecting the signal transduction protein 14-3-3, a circulating antigen of Schistosoma japonicum. Results The detection limit of 14-3-3-TRFIA was 0.78 ng/ml, with a linear measurement range from 0.78 to 800 ng/ml. The average intra-assay and inter-assay variability of this TRFIA was 8.9% and 12.2% respectively, and the mean recovery rate ranged from 92.1% to 115.5%. Within the first 21 days post-infection in rabbits, the positive rates of the 14-3-3-TRFIA were distinctly higher compared to ELISA. All these findings illustrate that 14-3-3-TRFIA has a higher detection efficacy and is a good early diagnostic method for active Schistosoma infection. Conclusions A sandwich TRFIA for detecting the circulating antigen 14-3-3 of S. japonicum has been developed, and has demonstrated to be a good potential diagnostic method for schistosomiasis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chun-Yan Qian
- Jiangsu Institute of Parasitic Diseases, Wuxi, Jiangsu Province, China
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15
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Hong Y, Peng J, Jiang W, Fu Z, Liu J, Shi Y, Li X, Lin J. Proteomic analysis of schistosoma japonicum schistosomulum proteins that are differentially expressed among hosts differing in their susceptibility to the infection. Mol Cell Proteomics 2011; 10:M110.006098. [PMID: 21593212 DOI: 10.1074/mcp.m110.006098] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
Abstract
Schistosomiasis is a tropical, parasitic disease affecting humans and several animal species. The aim of this study was to identify proteins involved in the growth and survival of the parasitic forms inside a host. Schistosomula of Schistosoma japonicum were isolated from three different hosts: the susceptible BALB/c mice; the Wistar rats, which have a considerably lower susceptibility; and the resistant reed vole, Microtus fortis. Soluble proteins of the schistosomula collected from the above three hosts 10 days postinfection were subjected to two-dimensional difference gel electrophoresis. Comparative proteomic analyses revealed that 39, 21, and 25 protein spots were significantly differentially expressed between schistosomula from mice and rats, mice and reed voles, or rats and reed voles, respectively (ANCOVA, p < 0.05). Further, the protein spots were identified by liquid chromatography-tandem MS. Bioinformatics analysis showed that the differentially expressed proteins were essentially those involved in the metabolism of proteins, ribonucleotides, or carbohydrates, or in stress response or cellular movement. This study represents the first attempt at profiling S. japonicum living in different states and provides a basis for a better understanding of the molecular mechanisms in the development and survival of S. japonicum in different host environments.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yang Hong
- Shanghai Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Key Laboratory of Animal Parasitology, Ministry of Agriculture of China, Shanghai 200241, PR China
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16
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Qian CY, Song LJ, Hua WQ, Yin XR, Wang J, Zhang W, Xu YL, Yu CX. Kinetics of circulating antigen 14-3-3 in sera of rabbits firstly infected with Schistosoma japonicum and treated with/without praziquantel. Parasitol Res 2010; 108:493-5. [PMID: 20953628 DOI: 10.1007/s00436-010-2112-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/26/2010] [Accepted: 10/04/2010] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
A sandwich ELISA was developed for the detection of circulating antigen 14-3-3 in the sera of rabbits. Rabbits that were infected with 500 cercariae of Schistosoma japonicum were grouped and the kinetics of 14-3-3 was observed. For the treated group, the 14-3-3 protein could be detected as early as 2-4 weeks postinfection and then its levels rose rapidly and reached a peak at around 6 weeks. The 14-3-3 levels in the sera significantly decreased after the infected rabbits were treated with praziquantel at 6 weeks postinfection and declined to the initial level about 8 weeks posttreatment. While in the untreated group, 14-3-3 levels reached a peak in 8 weeks postinfection and then remained at plateau level for about 6 weeks. Our findings showed that detection of S. japonicum 14-3-3 has an important value for diagnosis of acute infection of S. japonicum and evaluation of chemotherapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chun-Yan Qian
- Jiangsu Institute of Parasitic Diseases, 117 Yangxiang, Meiyuan, Wuxi, 214064, Jiangsu Province, China
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17
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Gobert GN. Applications for profiling the schistosome transcriptome. Trends Parasitol 2010; 26:434-9. [DOI: 10.1016/j.pt.2010.04.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/14/2009] [Revised: 04/16/2010] [Accepted: 04/26/2010] [Indexed: 01/30/2023]
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Predicting interaction sites from the energetics of isolated proteins: a new approach to epitope mapping. Biophys J 2010; 98:1966-75. [PMID: 20441761 DOI: 10.1016/j.bpj.2010.01.014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 64] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/14/2009] [Revised: 01/08/2010] [Accepted: 01/11/2010] [Indexed: 02/02/2023] Open
Abstract
An increasing number of functional studies of proteins have shown that sequence and structural similarities alone may not be sufficient for reliable prediction of their interaction properties. This is particularly true for proteins recognizing specific antibodies, where the prediction of antibody-binding sites, called epitopes, has proven challenging. The antibody-binding properties of an antigen depend on its structure and related dynamics. Aiming to predict the antibody-binding regions of a protein, we investigate a new approach based on the integrated analysis of the dynamical and energetic properties of antigens, to identify nonoptimized, low-intensity energetic interaction networks in the protein structure isolated in solution. The method is based on the idea that recognition sites may correspond to localized regions with low-intensity energetic couplings with the rest of the protein, which allows them to undergo conformational changes, to be recognized by a binding partner, and to tolerate mutations with minimal energetic expense. Upon analyzing the results on isolated proteins and benchmarking against antibody complexes, it is found that the method successfully identifies binding sites located on the protein surface that are accessible to putative binding partners. The combination of dynamics and energetics can thus discriminate between epitopes and other substructures based only on physical properties. We discuss implications for vaccine design.
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Zhu H, Yu C, Xia X, Dong G, Tang J, Fang L, Du Y. Assessing the diagnostic accuracy of immunodiagnostic techniques in the diagnosis of schistosomiasis japonica: a meta-analysis. Parasitol Res 2010; 107:1067-73. [PMID: 20607287 DOI: 10.1007/s00436-010-1970-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/13/2010] [Accepted: 06/18/2010] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
Immunodiagnostic tests are commonly used in the diagnosis for schistosomiasis japonica in field situation. Their diagnostic effect, however, has never been evaluated in a systematic way. We set out to review the value of tests including enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) and indirect hemagglutination assay (IHA) in the diagnosis of schistosomiasis japonica. A comprehensive search was conducted in order to identify all possible studies achieving the inclusion criteria. We undertook a meta-analysis of diagnostic ability that compared ELISA with IHA for the diagnosis of schistosomiasis japonica. Original articles were searched in Pubmed, Science Citation Index Expanded, Cochrane Library, Proquest and China National Knowledge Infrastructure. Data extractions were conducted independently by two reviewers. Summary receiver operating characteristic curves were used to summarize overall test performance. Funnel plot was used to analyze publication bias. Finally, 16 studies met inclusion criteria. In all studies combined, the diagnostic odds ratio (DOR) for IHA was 8.689 (95%CI 7.671 to 9.842) and ELISA was 3.691 (95%CI 3.018 to 4.515). The DOR for IHA was better than that for ELISA. IHA demonstrated TPR* = 0.721 and ELISA showed TPR* = 0.633. IHA performance was superior to that of ELISA. Nevertheless, difference of the accuracy between the two methods for diagnosis of schistosomiasis japonica has no statistical significance as shown by the result of Z test. We found that both IHA and ELISA can be used to rule in or rule out the diagnosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- HuiPing Zhu
- Department of Maternal and Child Health, School of Public Health, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China
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20
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He S, Yang L, Lv Z, Hu W, Cao J, Wei J, Sun X, Yang J, Zheng H, Wu Z. Molecular and functional characterization of a mortalin-like protein from Schistosoma japonicum (SjMLP/hsp70) as a member of the HSP70 family. Parasitol Res 2010; 107:955-66. [PMID: 20602114 DOI: 10.1007/s00436-010-1960-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/22/2010] [Accepted: 06/14/2010] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
Abstract
Schistosomes are the causative agent of schistosomiasis. The 70-kDa heat-shock proteins (HSP70) are considered the predominant HSP family and play a key regulatory role in parasite development and pathogenesis. Based on the published sequences in Genbank/EMBL, an open-reading frame (ORF) encoding 653 amino acids (XP_002581385.1) and belonging to the Schistosoma HSP70 protein family with a molecular weight of 71.49 kDa was identified by bioinformatic analysis. Since the sequence shared 77% identity with the published full-length Homo sapiens HSP70 protein, it was named Schistosoma mortalin-like protein (MLP/Hsp70). Here, we report the molecular and functional characterization of the Schistosoma japonicum SjMLP/hsp70 as a member of the HSP70 family. The complete SjMLP/hsp70 coding sequence was amplified from a S. japonicum adult worm cDNA library by polymerase chain reaction (PCR) and subcloned into the pET28a expression vector. The purified recombinant protein, rSjMLP/hsp70, was identified as a member of 70-kDa HSP family by mass spectrometry and could be recognized by the S. japonicum-infected mouse serum. Reverse transcriptase polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR) and western blotting analysis revealed that SjMLP/hsp70 was widely expressed in the eggs, cercariae, schistosomula, and adult worms of S. japonicum. A thermotolerance assay showed that rSjMLP/hsp70 could protect Escherichia coli cells from heat damage. This chaperone-like activity was demonstrated by full-length SjMLP/hsp70. The detection of specific antibody levels by indirect enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay and IFN-gamma secretion of splenocytes by ELISpot assay suggested that mice immunized with SjMLP/hsp70 were able to elicit Th1-type bias immune response. The challenge-protective experiment showed that DNA vaccine of SjGST combined with SjMLP/hsp70 could induce a 31.31% reduction of worm burden and 58.59% reduction of egg burden in intestinal tissue of immunized mice. Our results imply that SjMLP/hsp70 has a potential adjuvant function and might be a vaccine candidate for schistosomiaisis, which is the first report of the expression and preliminary characterization analysis of this molecule.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sijie He
- Department of Parasitology, Zhongshan School of Medicine, SunYat-sen University, 74 Zhongshan 2nd Road, Guangzhou, 510080, People's Republic of China
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Antigen presenting cells may be able to distinguish between normal and radiated Schistosoma japonicum cercaria: an in vitro observation. J Biomed Res 2010; 24:285-91. [PMID: 23554642 PMCID: PMC3596594 DOI: 10.1016/s1674-8301(10)60040-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/24/2010] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Objective To observe the discrepancies of responses induced by Schistosoma japonicum (S. japonicum) normal cercaria antigen (NCA) and ultraviolet (UV) -radiation-attenuated cercaria antigen (UVACA) in an in vitro system. Methods S. japonicum cercariae were collected and UVACA and NCA were prepared. Mouse macrophage model cells (RAW 264.7) were treated with medium, NCA (40 µg/mL) or UVACA (40 µg/mL) in the presence or absence of recombinant mouse interferon gamma (rmIFN-γ; 4 ng/mL) for 48 h. Cell surface staining and flow cytometry were used to assess the major histocompatibility complex (MHC)γ; 4 ng/mL) for 48 h. Cell surface staining and flow cytometry were used to assess the major histocompatibility complex (MHC) II expression, and data were expressed as mean fluorescence intensities (MFI). Interleukin (IL) -10, IL-6 and prostaglandin E2 (PGE2) in cell culture supernatant were evaluated by commercial enzyme-linked immunosorbent assays. Results NCA significantly suppressed IFN-γ-induced MHC II expression on RAW 264.7 cells. In the presence of IFN-γ, NCA significantly promoted IL-6, IL-10 and PGE2 secretion from RAW 264.7 cells. In the presence of IFN-γ, UVACA significantly promoted IL-10 but not IL-6 and PGE2 secretion from RAW 264.7 cells and showed no effect on IFN-γ-induced MHC II expression. Compared with UVACA, NCA significantly suppressed IFN-γ-induced MHC II expression and significantly promoted IL-6, PGE2 and IL-10 secretion from RAW 264.7 cells. Conclusion RAW 264.7 cells respond differently to NCA and UVACA. NCA can significantly suppress IFN-γ-induced MHC II expression and significantly promote IL-6, IL-10 and PGE2 secretion from RAW 264.7 cells compared with UVACA.
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Schistosomiasis in the People's Republic of China: the era of the Three Gorges Dam. Clin Microbiol Rev 2010; 23:442-66. [PMID: 20375361 DOI: 10.1128/cmr.00044-09] [Citation(s) in RCA: 166] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
The potential impact of the Three Gorges Dam (TGD) on schistosomiasis transmission in China has invoked considerable global concern. The TGD will result in changes in the water level and silt deposition downstream, favoring the reproduction of Oncomelania snails. Combined with blockages of the Yangtze River's tributaries, these changes will increase the schistosomiasis transmission season within the marshlands along the middle and lower reaches of the Yangtze River. The changing schistosome transmission dynamics necessitate a comprehensive strategy to control schistosomiasis. This review discusses aspects of the epidemiology and transmission of Schistosoma japonicum in China and considers the pathology, clinical outcomes, diagnosis, treatment, immunobiology, and genetics of schistosomiasis japonica together with an overview of current progress in vaccine development, all of which will have an impact on future control efforts. The use of synchronous praziquantel (PZQ) chemotherapy for humans and domestic animals is only temporarily effective, as schistosome reinfection occurs rapidly. Drug delivery requires a substantial infrastructure to regularly cover all parts of an area of endemicity. This makes chemotherapy expensive and, as compliance is often low, a less than satisfactory control option. There is increasing disquiet about the possibility that PZQ-resistant schistosomes will develop. Consequently, as mathematical modeling predicts, vaccine strategies represent an essential component in the future control of schistosomiasis in China. With the inclusion of focal mollusciciding, improvements in sanitation, and health education into the control scenario, China's target of reducing the level of schistosome infection to less than 1% by 2015 may be achievable.
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In vitro manipulation of gene expression in larval Schistosoma: a model for postgenomic approaches in Trematoda. Parasitology 2009; 137:463-83. [PMID: 19961646 DOI: 10.1017/s0031182009991302] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
Abstract
With rapid developments in DNA and protein sequencing technologies, combined with powerful bioinformatics tools, a continued acceleration of gene identification in parasitic helminths is predicted, potentially leading to discovery of new drug and vaccine targets, enhanced diagnostics and insights into the complex biology underlying host-parasite interactions. For the schistosome blood flukes, with the recent completion of genome sequencing and comprehensive transcriptomic datasets, there has accumulated massive amounts of gene sequence data, for which, in the vast majority of cases, little is known about actual functions within the intact organism. In this review we attempt to bring together traditional in vitro cultivation approaches and recent emergent technologies of molecular genomics, transcriptomics and genetic manipulation to illustrate the considerable progress made in our understanding of trematode gene expression and function during development of the intramolluscan larval stages. Using several prominent trematode families (Schistosomatidae, Fasciolidae, Echinostomatidae), we have focused on the current status of in vitro larval isolation/cultivation as a source of valuable raw material supporting gene discovery efforts in model digeneans that include whole genome sequencing, transcript and protein expression profiling during larval development, and progress made in the in vitro manipulation of genes and their expression in larval trematodes using transgenic and RNA interference (RNAi) approaches.
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