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Lê HG, Kang JM, Võ TC, Yoo WG, Na BK. Naegleria fowleri Extracellular Vesicles Induce Proinflammatory Immune Responses in BV-2 Microglial Cells. Int J Mol Sci 2023; 24:13623. [PMID: 37686429 PMCID: PMC10487526 DOI: 10.3390/ijms241713623] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/27/2023] [Revised: 08/26/2023] [Accepted: 08/31/2023] [Indexed: 09/10/2023] Open
Abstract
Extracellular vesicles (EVs) of protozoan parasites have diverse biological functions that are essential for parasite survival and host-parasite interactions. In this study, we characterized the functional properties of EVs from Naegleria fowleri, a pathogenic amoeba that causes a fatal brain infection called primary amoebic meningoencephalitis (PAM). N. fowleri EVs (NfEVs) have been shown to be internalized by host cells such as C6 glial cells and BV-2 microglial cells without causing direct cell death, indicating their potential roles in modulating host cell functions. NfEVs induced increased expression of proinflammatory cytokines and chemokines such as TNF-α, IL-1α, IL-1β, IL-6, IL-17, IFN-γ, MIP-1α, and MIP-2 in BV-2 microglial cells; these increases were initiated via MyD88-dependent TLR-2/TLR-4. The production levels of proinflammatory cytokines and chemokines in NfEVs-stimulated BV-2 microglial cells were effectively downregulated by inhibitors of MAPK, NF-κB, or JAK-STAT. Phosphorylation levels of JNK, p38, ERK, p65, JAK-1, and STAT3 were increased in NfEVs-stimulated BV-2 microglial cells but were effectively suppressed by each corresponding inhibitor. These results suggest that NfEVs could induce proinflammatory immune responses in BV-2 microglial cells via the NF-κB-dependent MAPK and JAK-STAT signaling pathways. Taken together, these findings suggest that NfEVs are pathogenic factors involved in the contact-independent pathogenic mechanisms of N. fowleri by inducing proinflammatory immune responses in BV-2 microglial cells, further contributing to deleterious inflammation in infected foci by activating subsequent inflammation cascades in other brain cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hương Giang Lê
- Department of Parasitology and Tropical Medicine, Institute of Medical Science, College of Medicine, Gyeongsang National University, Jinju 52727, Republic of Korea (J.-M.K.); (T.C.V.); (W.G.Y.)
- Department of Convergence Medical Science, Gyeongsang National University, Jinju 52727, Republic of Korea
| | - Jung-Mi Kang
- Department of Parasitology and Tropical Medicine, Institute of Medical Science, College of Medicine, Gyeongsang National University, Jinju 52727, Republic of Korea (J.-M.K.); (T.C.V.); (W.G.Y.)
- Department of Convergence Medical Science, Gyeongsang National University, Jinju 52727, Republic of Korea
| | - Tuấn Cường Võ
- Department of Parasitology and Tropical Medicine, Institute of Medical Science, College of Medicine, Gyeongsang National University, Jinju 52727, Republic of Korea (J.-M.K.); (T.C.V.); (W.G.Y.)
- Department of Convergence Medical Science, Gyeongsang National University, Jinju 52727, Republic of Korea
| | - Won Gi Yoo
- Department of Parasitology and Tropical Medicine, Institute of Medical Science, College of Medicine, Gyeongsang National University, Jinju 52727, Republic of Korea (J.-M.K.); (T.C.V.); (W.G.Y.)
- Department of Convergence Medical Science, Gyeongsang National University, Jinju 52727, Republic of Korea
| | - Byoung-Kuk Na
- Department of Parasitology and Tropical Medicine, Institute of Medical Science, College of Medicine, Gyeongsang National University, Jinju 52727, Republic of Korea (J.-M.K.); (T.C.V.); (W.G.Y.)
- Department of Convergence Medical Science, Gyeongsang National University, Jinju 52727, Republic of Korea
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Chen CW, Moseman EA. Pro-inflammatory cytokine responses to Naegleria fowleri infection. FRONTIERS IN TROPICAL DISEASES 2023; 3. [PMID: 37065537 PMCID: PMC10104475 DOI: 10.3389/fitd.2022.1082334] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/19/2023] Open
Abstract
Naegleria fowleri, or the “brain-eating amoeba,” is responsible for a rare, but lethal, infection known as primary amoebic meningoencephalitis (PAM). Confirmed PAM cases have seen both a rise in numbers, as well as expansion of geographic range over the past several decades. There is no effective therapy for PAM and the clinical prognosis remains grim with a mortality rate over 95%. The role of the immune response in disease prevention and disease severity remains unclear. In this review, we explore potential roles of inflammatory immune responses to N. fowleri in disease pathogenesis with a primary focus on pro-inflammatory cytokines IL-1, IL-6, and TNFα. We also discuss modulating proinflammatory cytokines as an additional immune therapy in PAM treatment.
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Starch-based NP act as antigen delivery systems without immunomodulating effect. PLoS One 2022; 17:e0272234. [PMID: 35905121 PMCID: PMC9337643 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0272234] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/05/2022] [Accepted: 07/14/2022] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
The nasal route of immunization has become a real alternative to injections. It is indeed described as more efficient at inducing immune protection, since it initiates both mucosal and systemic immunity, thus protecting against both the infection itself and the transmission of pathogens by the host. However, the use of immunomodulators should be limited since they induce inflammation. Here we investigated in vitro the mechanisms underlying the enhancement of antigen immunogenicity by starch nanoparticles (NPL) delivery systems in H292 epithelial cells, as well as the NPL’s immunomodulatory effect. We observed that NPL had no intrinsic immunomodulatory effect but enhanced the immunogenicity of an E. coli lysate (Ag) merely by increasing its intracellular delivery. Moreover, we demonstrated the importance of the NPL density on their efficiency by comparing reticulated (NPL) and non-reticulated particles (NPL·NR). These results show that an efficient delivery system is sufficient to induce a mucosal immune response without the use of immunomodulators.
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Lê HG, Kang JM, Võ TC, Na BK. Naegleria fowleri Cathepsin B Induces a Pro-Inflammatory Immune Response in BV-2 Microglial Cells via NF-κB and AP-1 Dependent-MAPK Signaling Pathway. Int J Mol Sci 2022; 23:ijms23158388. [PMID: 35955520 PMCID: PMC9369353 DOI: 10.3390/ijms23158388] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/29/2022] [Revised: 07/20/2022] [Accepted: 07/27/2022] [Indexed: 11/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Naegleria fowleri is a ubiquitous protozoa parasite that can cause primary amoebic meningoencephalitis (PAM), a fatal brain infection in humans. Cathepsin Bs of N. fowleri (NfCBs) are multifamily enzymes. Although their pathogenic mechanism in PAM is not clearly understood yet, NfCBs have been proposed as pathogenic factors involved in the pathogenicity of amoeba. In this study, the immune response of BV-2 microglial cells induced by NfCB was analyzed. Recombinant NfCB (rNfCB) evoked enhanced expressions of TLR-2, TLR-4, and MyD88 in BV-2 microglial cells. This enzyme also induced an elevated production of several pro-inflammatory cytokines such as TNF-α, IL-1α, IL-1β, and IL-6 and iNOS in cells. The inhibition of mitogen-activated protein kinases (MAPKs), including JNK, p38, and ERK, effectively reduced the production of these pro-inflammatory cytokines. The rNfCB-induced production of pro-inflammatory cytokines in BV-2 microglial cells was suppressed by inhibiting NF-kB and AP-1. Phosphorylation and nuclear translocation of p65 in cells were also enhanced by rNfCB. These results suggest that NfCB can induce a pro-inflammatory immune response in BV-2 microglial cells via the NF-κB- and AP-1-dependent MAPK signaling pathways. Such a NfCB-induced pro-inflammatory immune response in BV-2 microglial cells might contribute to the pathogenesis of PAM caused by amoeba, by exacerbating deleterious immune responses and tissue damages in N. fowleri-infected foci of the brain.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hương Giang Lê
- Department of Parasitology and Tropical Medicine, and Institute of Health Sciences, Gyeongsang National University College of Medicine, Jinju 52727, Korea; (H.G.L.); (J.-M.K.); (T.C.V.)
- Department of Convergence Medical Science, Gyeongsang National University, Jinju 52727, Korea
| | - Jung-Mi Kang
- Department of Parasitology and Tropical Medicine, and Institute of Health Sciences, Gyeongsang National University College of Medicine, Jinju 52727, Korea; (H.G.L.); (J.-M.K.); (T.C.V.)
- Department of Convergence Medical Science, Gyeongsang National University, Jinju 52727, Korea
| | - Tuấn Cường Võ
- Department of Parasitology and Tropical Medicine, and Institute of Health Sciences, Gyeongsang National University College of Medicine, Jinju 52727, Korea; (H.G.L.); (J.-M.K.); (T.C.V.)
- Department of Convergence Medical Science, Gyeongsang National University, Jinju 52727, Korea
| | - Byoung-Kuk Na
- Department of Parasitology and Tropical Medicine, and Institute of Health Sciences, Gyeongsang National University College of Medicine, Jinju 52727, Korea; (H.G.L.); (J.-M.K.); (T.C.V.)
- Department of Convergence Medical Science, Gyeongsang National University, Jinju 52727, Korea
- Correspondence:
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Various brain-eating amoebae: the protozoa, the pathogenesis, and the disease. Front Med 2021; 15:842-866. [PMID: 34825341 DOI: 10.1007/s11684-021-0865-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/21/2020] [Accepted: 04/25/2021] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
Abstract
Among various genera of free-living amoebae prevalent in nature, some members are identified as causative agents of human encephalitis, in which Naegleria fowleri followed by Acanthamoeba spp. and Balamuthia mandrillaris have been successively discovered. As the three dominant genera responsible for infections, Acanthamoeba and Balamuthia work as opportunistic pathogens of granulomatous amoebic encephalitis in immunocompetent and immunocompromised individuals, whereas Naegleria induces primary amoebic meningoencephalitis mostly in healthy children and young adults as a more violent and deadly disease. Due to the lack of typical symptoms and laboratory findings, all these amoebic encephalitic diseases are difficult to diagnose. Considering that subsequent therapies are also affected, all these brain infections cause significant mortality worldwide, with more than 90% of the cases being fatal. Along with global warming and population explosion, expanding areas of human and amoebae activity in some regions lead to increased contact, resulting in more serious infections and drawing increased public attention. In this review, we summarize the present information of these pathogenic free-living amoebae, including their phylogeny, classification, biology, and ecology. The mechanisms of pathogenesis, immunology, pathophysiology, clinical manifestations, epidemiology, diagnosis, and therapies are also discussed.
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Sarink MJ, van der Meijs NL, Denzer K, Koenderman L, Tielens AGM, van Hellemond JJ. Three encephalitis-causing amoebae and their distinct interactions with the host. Trends Parasitol 2021; 38:230-245. [PMID: 34758928 DOI: 10.1016/j.pt.2021.10.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/14/2021] [Revised: 10/11/2021] [Accepted: 10/18/2021] [Indexed: 01/21/2023]
Abstract
Naegleria fowleri, Balamuthia mandrillaris, and Acanthamoeba spp. can cause devastating brain infections in humans which almost always result in death. The symptoms of the three infections overlap, but brain inflammation and the course of the disease differ, depending on the amoeba that is responsible. Understanding the differences between these amoebae can result in the development of strategies to prevent and treat these infections. Recently, numerous scientific advancements have been made in the understanding of pathogenicity mechanisms in general, and the basic biology, epidemiology, and the human immune response towards these amoebae in particular. In this review, we combine this knowledge and aim to identify which factors can explain the differences between the lethal brain infections caused by N. fowleri, B. mandrillaris, and Acanthamoeba spp.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maarten J Sarink
- Erasmus MC, University Medical Center Rotterdam, Department of Medical Microbiology and Infectious Diseases, Rotterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Nadia L van der Meijs
- Erasmus MC, University Medical Center Rotterdam, Department of Medical Microbiology and Infectious Diseases, Rotterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Kristin Denzer
- Center for Translational Immunology (CTI), University Medical Center Utrecht, Utrecht, The Netherlands
| | - Leo Koenderman
- Center for Translational Immunology (CTI), University Medical Center Utrecht, Utrecht, The Netherlands; Department of Respiratory Medicine, University Medical Center Utrecht, Utrecht, The Netherlands
| | - Aloysius G M Tielens
- Erasmus MC, University Medical Center Rotterdam, Department of Medical Microbiology and Infectious Diseases, Rotterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Jaap J van Hellemond
- Erasmus MC, University Medical Center Rotterdam, Department of Medical Microbiology and Infectious Diseases, Rotterdam, The Netherlands.
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Güémez A, García E. Primary Amoebic Meningoencephalitis by Naegleria fowleri: Pathogenesis and Treatments. Biomolecules 2021; 11:biom11091320. [PMID: 34572533 PMCID: PMC8469197 DOI: 10.3390/biom11091320] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/11/2021] [Revised: 08/20/2021] [Accepted: 08/25/2021] [Indexed: 12/29/2022] Open
Abstract
Naegleria fowleri is a free-living amoeba (FLA) that is commonly known as the "brain-eating amoeba." This parasite can invade the central nervous system (CNS), causing an acute and fulminating infection known as primary amoebic meningoencephalitis (PAM). Even though PAM is characterized by low morbidity, it has shown a mortality rate of 98%, usually causing death in less than two weeks after the initial exposure. This review summarizes the most recent information about N. fowleri, its pathogenic molecular mechanisms, and the neuropathological processes implicated. Additionally, this review includes the main therapeutic strategies described in case reports and preclinical studies, including the possible use of immunomodulatory agents to decrease neurological damage.
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Rodriguez Alvarez M, Rodríguez Valencia LM, Seidman R, Acharya A, Espina N, Ravindran N, Mishan D, Mesa CJ, Espinoza LR, McFarlane IM. Rheumatoid meningitis and infection in absence of rheumatoid arthritis history: review of 31 cases. Clin Rheumatol 2020; 39:3833-3845. [PMID: 32519051 DOI: 10.1007/s10067-020-05221-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/12/2020] [Revised: 05/29/2020] [Accepted: 06/02/2020] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
A 62-year-old healthy male presents with leg weakness and fever. Imaging revealed leptomeningeal enhancement (LE). After cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) cultures were negative, he was discharged with a diagnosis of aseptic meningitis, but was readmitted due to worsening symptoms. Brain biopsy suggested rheumatoid leptomeningitis associated with elevated serum rheumatoid factor (RF) and anti-cyclic citrullinated peptide antibodies (ACPA). Following discharge, the New York State Department of Health (NYSDOH) reported a polymerase chain reaction (PCR) on CSF and brain DNA consistent with Naegleria fowleri (NF). After dramatic improvement on steroids, the patient declined antimicrobial treatment. Upon prednisone taper, symptoms recurred which responded to rituximab (RTX). This case highlights a possible association between rheumatoid leptomeningitis (RM) onset and infection, in a patient without a history of rheumatoid arthritis (RA). Our goal is to assess whether this association is present in 69 RM cases reported since 2000. We also describe diagnosis and treatment of 31 new cases (January 2017 to March 2020). We did not identify evidence of active/latent infection in patients with RM and previous RA; however, patients without RA history appeared to have a significantly higher rate. This finding could demonstrate the necessity of evaluating for infection in de novo RM cases without antecedent RA history. We also describe characteristic clinical patterns for each group. More studies are needed to corroborate these results and expand into a possible distinct natural history of RM in each group, which might have an impact upon the clinical outcome.
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Affiliation(s)
- Milena Rodriguez Alvarez
- Department of Internal Medicine, Division of Rheumatology, SUNY-Downstate Medical Center, Health & Hospitals Kings County, Brooklyn, NY, 11201, USA. .,School of Graduate Studies, SUNY-Downstate Medical Center, Brooklyn, NY, 11203, USA.
| | | | - Roberta Seidman
- Department of Pathology, Stony Brook University Hospital, Stony Brook, NY, 11794, USA
| | - Ajita Acharya
- Department of Internal Medicine, Division of Rheumatology, SUNY-Downstate Medical Center, Health & Hospitals Kings County, Brooklyn, NY, 11201, USA
| | - Noel Espina
- Department of Health, Wadsworth Center, New York State, Albany, NY, 12237, USA
| | - Nadish Ravindran
- Department of Internal Medicine, Division of Rheumatology, SUNY-Downstate Medical Center, Health & Hospitals Kings County, Brooklyn, NY, 11201, USA
| | - Daniel Mishan
- School of Graduate Studies, SUNY-Downstate Medical Center, Brooklyn, NY, 11203, USA
| | - Christopher J Mesa
- Department of Internal Medicine, Division of Rheumatology, Louisiana State University Health Science Center New Orleans, New Orleans, LA, 70006, USA
| | - Luis R Espinoza
- Department of Internal Medicine, Division of Rheumatology, Louisiana State University Health Science Center New Orleans, New Orleans, LA, 70006, USA
| | - Isabel M McFarlane
- Department of Internal Medicine, Division of Rheumatology, SUNY-Downstate Medical Center, Health & Hospitals Kings County, Brooklyn, NY, 11201, USA
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Anwar A, Masri A, Rao K, Rajendran K, Khan NA, Shah MR, Siddiqui R. Antimicrobial activities of green synthesized gums-stabilized nanoparticles loaded with flavonoids. Sci Rep 2019; 9:3122. [PMID: 30816269 PMCID: PMC6395601 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-019-39528-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 63] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/11/2018] [Accepted: 01/18/2019] [Indexed: 01/09/2023] Open
Abstract
Herein, we report green synthesized nanoparticles based on stabilization by plant gums, loaded with citrus fruits flavonoids Hesperidin (HDN) and Naringin (NRG) as novel antimicrobial agents against brain-eating amoebae and multi-drug resistant bacteria. Nanoparticles were thoroughly characterized by using zetasizer, zeta potential, atomic force microscopy, ultravoilet-visible and Fourier transform-infrared spectroscopic techniques. The size of these spherical nanoparticles was found to be in the range of 100–225 nm. The antiamoebic effects of these green synthesized Silver and Gold nanoparticles loaded with HDN and NRG were tested against Acanthamoeba castellanii and Naegleria fowleri, while antibacterial effects were evaluated against methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA) and neuropathogenic Escherichia coli K1. Amoebicidal assays revealed that HDN loaded Silver nanoparticles stabilized by gum acacia (GA-AgNPs-HDN) quantitatively abolished amoeba viability by 100%, while NRG loaded Gold nanoparticles stabilized by gum tragacanth (GT-AuNPs-NRG) significantly reduced the viability of A. castellanii and N. fowleri at 50 µg per mL. Furthermore, these nanoparticles inhibited the encystation and excystation by more than 85%, as well as GA-AgNPs-HDN only completely obliterated amoeba-mediated host cells cytopathogenicity. Whereas, GA-AgNPs-HDN exhibited significant bactericidal effects against MRSA and E. coli K1 and reduced bacterial-mediated host cells cytotoxicity. Notably, when tested against human cells, these nanoparticles showed minimal (23%) cytotoxicity at even higher concentration of 100 µg per mL as compared to 50 µg per mL used for antimicrobial assays. Hence, these novel nanoparticles formulations hold potential as therapeutic agents against infections caused by brain-eating amoebae, as well as multi-drug resistant bacteria, and recommend a step forward in drug development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ayaz Anwar
- Department of Biological Sciences, School of Science and Technology, Sunway University, Subang Jaya, 47500, Selangor, Malaysia.
| | - Abdulkader Masri
- Department of Biological Sciences, School of Science and Technology, Sunway University, Subang Jaya, 47500, Selangor, Malaysia
| | - Komal Rao
- H.E.J. Research Institute of Chemistry, International Center for Chemical and Biological Sciences, University of Karachi, Karachi, 75270, Pakistan
| | - Kavitha Rajendran
- Department of Biological Sciences, School of Science and Technology, Sunway University, Subang Jaya, 47500, Selangor, Malaysia
| | - Naveed Ahmed Khan
- Department of Biological Sciences, School of Science and Technology, Sunway University, Subang Jaya, 47500, Selangor, Malaysia
| | - Muhammad Raza Shah
- H.E.J. Research Institute of Chemistry, International Center for Chemical and Biological Sciences, University of Karachi, Karachi, 75270, Pakistan
| | - Ruqaiyyah Siddiqui
- Department of Biological Sciences, School of Science and Technology, Sunway University, Subang Jaya, 47500, Selangor, Malaysia
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Nocera AL, Mueller SK, Stephan JR, Hing L, Seifert P, Han X, Lin DT, Amiji MM, Libermann T, Bleier BS. Exosome swarms eliminate airway pathogens and provide passive epithelial immunoprotection through nitric oxide. J Allergy Clin Immunol 2018; 143:1525-1535.e1. [PMID: 30442371 DOI: 10.1016/j.jaci.2018.08.046] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/26/2018] [Revised: 07/27/2018] [Accepted: 08/26/2018] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Nasal mucosa-derived exosomes (NMDEs) harbor immunodefensive proteins and are capable of rapid interepithelial protein transfer. OBJECTIVES We sought to determine whether mucosal exposure to inhaled pathogens stimulates a defensive swarm of microbiocidal exosomes, which also donate their antimicrobial cargo to adjacent epithelial cells. METHODS We performed an institutional review board-approved study of healthy NMDE secretion after Toll-like receptor (TLR) 4 stimulation by LPS (12.5 μg/mL) in the presence of TLR4 inhibitors. Interepithelial transfer of exosomal nitric oxide (NO) synthase and nitric oxide was measured by using ELISAs and NO activity assays. Exosomal antimicrobial assays were performed with Pseudomonas aeruginosa. Proteomic analyses were performed by using SOMAscan. RESULTS In vivo and in vitro LPS exposure induced a 2-fold increase in NMDE secretion along with a 2-fold increase in exosomal inducible nitric oxide synthase expression and function through TLR4 and inhibitor of nuclear factor κB kinase activation. LPS stimulation increased exosomal microbiocidal activity against P aeruginosa by almost 2 orders of magnitude. LPS-stimulated exosomes induced a 4-fold increase in NO production within autologous epithelial cells with protein transfer within 5 minutes of contact. Pathway analysis of the NMDE proteome revealed 44 additional proteins associated with NO signaling and innate immune function. CONCLUSIONS We provide direct in vivo evidence for a novel exosome-mediated innate immunosurveillance and defense mechanism of the human upper airway. These findings have implications for lower airway innate immunity, delivery of airway therapeutics, and host microbiome regulation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Angela L Nocera
- Department of Otolaryngology, Massachusetts Eye and Ear Infirmary, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Mass
| | - Sarina K Mueller
- Department of Otolaryngology, Massachusetts Eye and Ear Infirmary, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Mass; Department of Otolaryngology/Head and Neck Surgery, University of Erlangen-Nuremberg, Erlangen, Germany
| | - Jules R Stephan
- Department of Chemistry, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, Mass
| | - Loretta Hing
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Boston University, Boston, Mass
| | - Philip Seifert
- Schepens Eye Research Institute and Department of Ophthalmology, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Mass
| | - Xue Han
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Boston University, Boston, Mass
| | - Derrick T Lin
- Department of Otolaryngology, Massachusetts Eye and Ear Infirmary, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Mass
| | - Mansoor M Amiji
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, School of Pharmacy, Northeastern University, Boston, Mass
| | - Towia Libermann
- BIDMC Genomics, Proteomics, Bioinformatics and Systems Biology Center, Department of Medicine, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Mass
| | - Benjamin S Bleier
- Department of Otolaryngology, Massachusetts Eye and Ear Infirmary, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Mass.
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Mueller SK. Exosomes and chronic rhinosinusitis. World J Otorhinolaryngol Head Neck Surg 2018; 4:175-178. [PMID: 30506048 PMCID: PMC6251956 DOI: 10.1016/j.wjorl.2018.07.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/12/2018] [Accepted: 07/17/2018] [Indexed: 12/01/2022] Open
Abstract
The objective of this manuscripts to review current knowledge regarding exosomes as they relate to the physiology and pathology of the human nose as well as their role as biomarkers of chronic rhinosinusitis with nasal polyps (CRSwNP). Exosomes are 30–150 nm membrane-bound vesicles secreted by virtually all cell types. Exosomes contribute to the rapid inter-epithelial transfer of proteins and mediate innate immunosurveillance and defense mechanisms in the human nasal cavity. Exosomes also protect their cell specific cargo from degradation by nucleases and proteases and mirrorCRS related tissue protein perturbations more effectively than whole mucus. Thus, exosomal isolation and analysis may be used to non-invasively monitor disease severity, prognosis, and potentially even treatment response. Recent studies of exosomes in CRS suggest they can be used to study the immunopathology of chronic sinonasal inflammation. Furthermore, their relative accessibility suggests that exosomal proteomescan be used as non-invasive, serial, and quantitative biosignatures for rhinosinusitis that can be sampled in clinic in order to predict disease severity, prognosis, and treatment response. Exosomal research has also led to important revelations regarding their physiologic function as they seem to play an important role in innate immunosurveillance and defense. However, exosomal research is still nascent and cost-effectiveness as well as feasibility of implementation in the routine workup for CRS have to be further explored.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sarina K. Mueller
- Friedrich-Alexander University Erlangen-Nürnberg (FAU), Department of Otorhinolaryngology, Head and Neck Surgery, Waldstrasse 1, 91054, Erlangen, Germany
- Massachusetts Eye and Ear Infirmary, Harvard Medical School, 243 Charles Street, 02114, Boston, USA
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