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Salaiza-Suazo N, Porcel-Aranibar R, Cañeda-Guzmán IC, Ruiz-Remigio A, Zamora-Chimal J, Delgado-Domínguez J, Cervantes-Sarabia R, Carrada-Figueroa G, Sánchez-Barragán B, Leal-Ascencio VJ, Pérez-Torres A, Rodríguez-Martínez HA, Becker I. Eosinophils of patients with localized and diffuse cutaneous leishmaniasis: Differential response to Leishmania mexicana, with insights into mechanisms of damage inflicted upon the parasites by eosinophils. PLoS One 2024; 19:e0296887. [PMID: 38359037 PMCID: PMC10868813 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0296887] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/27/2023] [Accepted: 12/19/2023] [Indexed: 02/17/2024] Open
Abstract
Eosinophils are mainly associated with parasitic infections and allergic manifestations. They produce many biologically active substances that contribute to the destruction of pathogens through the degranulation of microbicidal components and inflammatory tissue effects. In leishmaniasis, eosinophils have been found within inflammatory infiltrate with protective immunity against the parasite. We analyzed the responses of eosinophils from patients with localized (LCL) and diffuse (DCL) cutaneous leishmaniasis, as well as from healthy subjects, when exposed to Leishmania mexicana. All DCL patients exhibited blood eosinophilia, along with elevated eosinophil counts in non-ulcerated nodules. In contrast, only LCL patients with prolonged disease progression showed eosinophils in their blood and cutaneous ulcers. Eosinophils from DCL patients secreted significantly higher levels of IL-6, IL-8, and IL-13, compared to eosinophils from LCL patients. Additionally, DCL patients displayed higher serum levels of anti-Leishmania IgG antibodies. We also demonstrated that eosinophils from both LCL and DCL patients responded to L. mexicana promastigotes with a robust oxidative burst, which was equally intense in both patient groups and significantly higher than in healthy subjects. Coincubation of eosinophils (from donors with eosinophilia) with L. mexicana promastigotes in vitro revealed various mechanisms of parasite damage associated with different patterns of granule exocytosis: 1) localized degranulation on the parasite surface, 2) the release of cytoplasmic membrane-bound "degranulation sacs" containing granules, 3) release of eosinophil extracellular traps containing DNA and granules with major basic protein. In conclusion, eosinophils damage L. mexicana parasites through the release of granules via diverse mechanisms. However, despite DCL patients having abundant eosinophils in their blood and tissues, their apparent inability to provide protection may be linked to the release of cytokines and chemokines that promote a Th2 immune response and disease progression in these patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Norma Salaiza-Suazo
- Facultad de Medicina, Unidad de Investigación en Medicina Experimental, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Ciudad de México, México
| | - Roxana Porcel-Aranibar
- Facultad de Medicina, Unidad de Investigación en Medicina Experimental, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Ciudad de México, México
| | - Isabel Cristina Cañeda-Guzmán
- Facultad de Medicina, Unidad de Investigación en Medicina Experimental, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Ciudad de México, México
| | - Adriana Ruiz-Remigio
- Facultad de Medicina, Unidad de Investigación en Medicina Experimental, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Ciudad de México, México
| | - Jaime Zamora-Chimal
- Facultad de Medicina, Unidad de Investigación en Medicina Experimental, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Ciudad de México, México
| | - José Delgado-Domínguez
- Facultad de Medicina, Unidad de Investigación en Medicina Experimental, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Ciudad de México, México
| | - Rocely Cervantes-Sarabia
- Facultad de Medicina, Unidad de Investigación en Medicina Experimental, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Ciudad de México, México
| | - Georgina Carrada-Figueroa
- División Académica de Ciencias de la Salud, Universidad Juárez Autónoma de Tabasco (UJAT), Tabasco, México
| | | | - Victor Javier Leal-Ascencio
- Hospital Regional de Alta Especialidad Dr. Juan Graham, Secretaría de Salud del Estado de Tabasco, Villahermosa, Tabasco, México
| | - Armando Pérez-Torres
- Departamento de Biología Celular y Tisular, Facultad de Medicina, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Ciudad de México, México
| | - Héctor A. Rodríguez-Martínez
- Facultad de Medicina, Unidad de Investigación en Medicina Experimental, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Ciudad de México, México
| | - Ingeborg Becker
- Facultad de Medicina, Unidad de Investigación en Medicina Experimental, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Ciudad de México, México
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Alves-Ferreira EVC, Toledo JS, De Oliveira AHC, Ferreira TR, Ruy PC, Pinzan CF, Santos RF, Boaventura V, Rojo D, López-Gonzálvez Á, Rosa JC, Barbas C, Barral-Netto M, Barral A, Cruz AK. Differential Gene Expression and Infection Profiles of Cutaneous and Mucosal Leishmania braziliensis Isolates from the Same Patient. PLoS Negl Trop Dis 2015; 9:e0004018. [PMID: 26366580 PMCID: PMC4569073 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pntd.0004018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/10/2015] [Accepted: 07/30/2015] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Leishmaniasis is a complex disease in which clinical outcome depends on factors such as parasite species, host genetics and immunity and vector species. In Brazil, Leishmania (Viannia) braziliensis is a major etiological agent of cutaneous (CL) and mucosal leishmaniasis (MCL), a disfiguring form of the disease, which occurs in ~10% of L. braziliensis-infected patients. Thus, clinical isolates from patients with CL and MCL may be a relevant source of information to uncover parasite factors contributing to pathogenesis. In this study, we investigated two pairs of L. (V.) braziliensis isolates from mucosal (LbrM) and cutaneous (LbrC) sites of the same patient to identify factors distinguishing parasites that migrate from those that remain at the primary site of infection. Methodology/Principal Findings We observed no major genomic divergences among the clinical isolates by molecular karyotype and genomic sequencing. RT-PCR revealed that the isolates lacked Leishmania RNA virus (LRV). However, the isolates exhibited distinct in vivo pathogenesis in BALB/c mice; the LbrC isolates were more virulent than the LbrM isolates. Metabolomic analysis revealed significantly increased levels of 14 metabolites in LbrC parasites and 31 metabolites in LbrM parasites that were mainly related to inflammation and chemotaxis. A proteome comparative analysis revealed the overexpression of LbrPGF2S (prostaglandin f2-alpha synthase) and HSP70 in both LbrC isolates. Overexpression of LbrPGF2S in LbrC and LbrM promastigotes led to an increase in infected macrophages and the number of amastigotes per cell at 24–48 h post-infection (p.i.). Conclusions/Significance Despite sharing high similarity at the genome structure and ploidy levels, the parasites exhibited divergent expressed genomes. The proteome and metabolome results indicated differential profiles between the cutaneous and mucosal isolates, primarily related to inflammation and chemotaxis. BALB/c infection revealed that the cutaneous isolates were more virulent than the mucosal parasites. Furthermore, our data suggest that the LbrPGF2S protein is a candidate to contribute to parasite virulence profiles in the mammalian host. Leishmaniasis is a critical public health problem worldwide. The clinical outcome of leishmaniasis depends on the infecting parasite species, host genetics and immune response and insect species. Leishmania braziliensis is a major etiological agent of cutaneous and mucosal leishmaniasis in Brazil. Fewer than 10% of L. braziliensis-infected patients with CL develop the mucosal form (a severe clinical manifestation). The small number of parasites in the mucosae increases the difficulty of obtaining clinical isolates, and parasite samples are frequently derived from individuals with different genetic backgrounds. Therefore, clinical isolates from cutaneous and mucosal sites from the same patient represent unique tools to understand parasite factors that contribute to disease outcome and pathogenesis. In this study, we investigated parasite factors involved in disease progression using two pairs of L. (V.) braziliensis isolates from mucosal (LbrM) and cutaneous (LbrC) sites of the same patient. In conclusion, the murine infection and proteome and metabolome data suggest that the differences between the cutaneous and mucosal isolates are mainly related to inflammation and chemotaxis. Our data also suggest that the LbrPGF2S protein plays a role in parasite virulence in the mammalian host.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eliza V. C. Alves-Ferreira
- Departamento de Biologia Celular e Molecular e Bioagentes Patogênicos, Faculdade de Medicina de Ribeirão Preto, Universidade de São Paulo, Ribeirão Preto, São Paulo, Brasil
| | - Juliano S. Toledo
- Departamento de Biologia Celular e Molecular e Bioagentes Patogênicos, Faculdade de Medicina de Ribeirão Preto, Universidade de São Paulo, Ribeirão Preto, São Paulo, Brasil
- Centro de Metabolómica y Bioanálisis (CEMBIO), Interacciones y Bioanálisis (UMIB), Universidad CEU San Pablo, Boadilla del Monte, Madrid, Spain
| | - Arthur H. C. De Oliveira
- Departamento de Biologia Celular e Molecular e Bioagentes Patogênicos, Faculdade de Medicina de Ribeirão Preto, Universidade de São Paulo, Ribeirão Preto, São Paulo, Brasil
- Departamento de Química, Faculdade de Filosofia, Ciências e Letras de Ribeirão Preto, Universidade de São Paulo, Ribeirão Preto, São Paulo, Brasil
| | - Tiago R. Ferreira
- Departamento de Biologia Celular e Molecular e Bioagentes Patogênicos, Faculdade de Medicina de Ribeirão Preto, Universidade de São Paulo, Ribeirão Preto, São Paulo, Brasil
| | - Patricia C. Ruy
- Departamento de Biologia Celular e Molecular e Bioagentes Patogênicos, Faculdade de Medicina de Ribeirão Preto, Universidade de São Paulo, Ribeirão Preto, São Paulo, Brasil
| | - Camila F. Pinzan
- Departamento de Biologia Celular e Molecular e Bioagentes Patogênicos, Faculdade de Medicina de Ribeirão Preto, Universidade de São Paulo, Ribeirão Preto, São Paulo, Brasil
| | - Ramon F. Santos
- Departamento de Biologia Celular e Molecular e Bioagentes Patogênicos, Faculdade de Medicina de Ribeirão Preto, Universidade de São Paulo, Ribeirão Preto, São Paulo, Brasil
| | - Viviane Boaventura
- Centro de Pesquisas Gonçalo Moniz (CPqGM)—Fundação Oswaldo Cruz (FIOCRUZ), Salvador, Bahia, Brasil
- Faculdade de Medicina da Universidade Federal da Bahia, Salvador, Bahia, Brasil
| | - David Rojo
- Centro de Metabolómica y Bioanálisis (CEMBIO), Interacciones y Bioanálisis (UMIB), Universidad CEU San Pablo, Boadilla del Monte, Madrid, Spain
| | - Ángelez López-Gonzálvez
- Centro de Metabolómica y Bioanálisis (CEMBIO), Interacciones y Bioanálisis (UMIB), Universidad CEU San Pablo, Boadilla del Monte, Madrid, Spain
| | - Jose C. Rosa
- Departamento de Biologia Celular e Molecular e Bioagentes Patogênicos, Faculdade de Medicina de Ribeirão Preto, Universidade de São Paulo, Ribeirão Preto, São Paulo, Brasil
| | - Coral Barbas
- Centro de Metabolómica y Bioanálisis (CEMBIO), Interacciones y Bioanálisis (UMIB), Universidad CEU San Pablo, Boadilla del Monte, Madrid, Spain
| | - Manoel Barral-Netto
- Centro de Pesquisas Gonçalo Moniz (CPqGM)—Fundação Oswaldo Cruz (FIOCRUZ), Salvador, Bahia, Brasil
- Faculdade de Medicina da Universidade Federal da Bahia, Salvador, Bahia, Brasil
| | - Aldina Barral
- Centro de Pesquisas Gonçalo Moniz (CPqGM)—Fundação Oswaldo Cruz (FIOCRUZ), Salvador, Bahia, Brasil
- Faculdade de Medicina da Universidade Federal da Bahia, Salvador, Bahia, Brasil
| | - Angela K. Cruz
- Departamento de Biologia Celular e Molecular e Bioagentes Patogênicos, Faculdade de Medicina de Ribeirão Preto, Universidade de São Paulo, Ribeirão Preto, São Paulo, Brasil
- * E-mail:
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Abstract
Leishmania spp. are parasitic protozoa endemic in tropical and subtropical regions and the causative agent of leishmaniasis, a collection of syndromes whose clinical manifestations vary according to host and pathogen factors. Leishmania spp. are inoculated into the mammalian host by the bite of an infected sand fly, whereupon they are taken up by phagocytosis, convert into the replicative amastigote stage within macrophages, reproduce, spread to new macrophages and cause disease manifestations. A curative response against leishmaniasis depends in the classical activation of macrophages and the IL-12-dependent onset of an adaptive type 1 response characterized by the production of IFN-γ. Emerging evidence suggests that neutrophils, dendritic cells and other immune cells can serve as either temporary or stable hosts for Leishmania spp. Furthermore, it is becoming apparent that the initial interactions of the parasite with resident or early recruited immune cells can shape both the macrophage response and the type of adaptive immune response being induced. In this review, we compile a growing number of studies demonstrating how the earliest interactions of Leishmania spp. with eosinophils and mast cells influence the macrophage response to infection and the development of the adaptive immune response, hence, determining the ultimate outcome of infection.
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Malik A, Batra JK. Antimicrobial activity of human eosinophil granule proteins: involvement in host defence against pathogens. Crit Rev Microbiol 2012; 38:168-81. [PMID: 22239733 DOI: 10.3109/1040841x.2011.645519] [Citation(s) in RCA: 53] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Eosinophils have been associated with the pathophysiology of various allergic diseases and asthma. Eosinophils secrete a number of granule proteins that have been identified as effector molecules responsible for many of the actions of eosinophils. The four major eosinophil granule proteins, major basic protein (MBP), eosinophil cationic protein (ECP), eosinophil derived neurotoxin (EDN) and eosinophil peroxidase have been shown to be involved in a number of eosinophil associated functions. EDN possesses antiviral activity against single stranded RNA viruses like respiratory syncytial virus, Hepatitis and HIV, whereas ECP and MBP have antibacterial and antiparasitic properties. This review summarizes the studies on antipathogenic activities of eosinophil granule proteins against bacteria, viruses, protozoans and helminths.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anu Malik
- Immunochemistry Laboratory, National Institute of Immunology, New Delhi, India
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Oryan A, Mehrabani D, Owji SM, Motazedian MH, Hatam G, Asgari Q. Morphologic Changes due to Cutaneous Leishmaniosis in BALB/c Mice Experimentally Infected withLeishmania major. JOURNAL OF APPLIED ANIMAL RESEARCH 2011. [DOI: 10.1080/09712119.2008.9706946] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/15/2022]
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Ryang YS, Yang EJ, Kim JL, Lee KJ, Sung HJ, Kim JB, Kim IS. Immune response and inhibitory effect of ketotifen on the BALB/c and C3H/HeN mice infected with Echinostoma hortense. Parasitol Res 2007; 101:1103-10. [PMID: 17618462 DOI: 10.1007/s00436-007-0591-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/24/2007] [Accepted: 05/14/2007] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
Abstract
Although Echinostoma hortense is one of the intestinal trematodes with a high infection rate in South Korea, the exact immune response against E. hortense infection has yet to be fully investigated. In the present study, we investigated differential susceptibilities in two different strains of micenamely, BALB/c (H-2d) and C3H/HeN (H-2k) mice. Likewise, we investigated the effects of ketotifen, an antiallergic drug, on the immune response against E. hortense infection. The worm recovery rate of the C3H/HeN mice was much higher than that of the BALB/c mice. The messenger ribonucleic acid (mRNA) expressions of interleukin (IL)-4 and IL-5 in the BALB/c mice were stronger than that of the C3H/HeN mice after E. hortense infection, but IL-1beta and tumor necrosis factor (TNF)-alpha expressions in the BALB/c mice were weaker than that of the C3H/HeN mice after E. hortense infection. The number of goblet cells and eosinophils increased after E. hortense infection in the BALB/c and the C3H/HeN mice. The worm recovery rate was higher and lasted longer in the ketotifen-treated mice in comparison to the untreated mice. Ketotifen suppressed the mRNA expression of IL-4 and IL-5 in the BALB/c mice, but did not in the C3H/HeN mice. The IL-1beta expressions were inhibited by ketotifen in the two strains, but TNF-alpha expression was inhibited in the C3H/HeN mice after ketotifen treatment. In addition, ketotifen inhibited the increase in eosinophils and goblet cells in varying degrees, depending on the strain. In summary, the immune sensitivity against E. hortense depends on the species of the host. The ketotifen treatment administered on the infected mice differently blocked the immune response against E. hortense infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yong Suk Ryang
- Department of Biomedical Laboratory Science, Institute of Health Science, College of Health Science, Yonsei University, Wonju, 220-701, Republic of Korea
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7
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Dixon H, Blanchard C, Deschoolmeester ML, Yuill NC, Christie JW, Rothenberg ME, Else KJ. The role of Th2 cytokines, chemokines and parasite products in eosinophil recruitment to the gastrointestinal mucosa during helminth infection. Eur J Immunol 2006; 36:1753-63. [PMID: 16783848 DOI: 10.1002/eji.200535492] [Citation(s) in RCA: 46] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Abstract
Trichinella spiralis and Trichuris muris are nematode parasites of the mouse, dwelling in the small and large intestines, respectively: worm expulsion requires development of a Th2 immune response. The chemokine CCL11 is agonist for the chemokine receptor CCR3 and acts in synergy with IL-5 to recruit eosinophils to inflammatory sites. The role of CCL11 in gastrointestinal helminth infection has not been previously studied. We challenged wild-type (WT) BALB/c, CCL11 single knockout (SKO) and CCL11 IL-5 double knockout (DKO) mice with either T. spiralis muscle larvae or T. muris eggs in order to examine eosinophil recruitment to the small and large intestine during helminth infection. A peripheral eosinophilia was seen in WT and SKO mice during T. spiralis infection but not with T. muris. Gastrointestinal eosinophilia was markedly reduced but not ablated in SKO mice -- and negligible in DKO mice -- infected with either nematode. The residual eosinophilia and up-regulation of CCL24 mRNA in the gastrointestinal tract of SKO mice infected with either nematode, together with the presence of an eosinophil-active factor in T. spiralis and T. muris products, suggest that CCL11 is the salient but not the sole eosinophil chemoattractant of biological significance during gastrointestinal helminth infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Helen Dixon
- Faculty of Life Sciences, University of Manchester, Manchester, UK.
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Lucía Bonilla-Escobar D. Respuesta immune a la leishmaniasis: algo más que linfocitos T. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2005. [DOI: 10.1016/s0213-9251(05)72311-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
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van Zandbergen G, Hermann N, Laufs H, Solbach W, Laskay T. Leishmania promastigotes release a granulocyte chemotactic factor and induce interleukin-8 release but inhibit gamma interferon-inducible protein 10 production by neutrophil granulocytes. Infect Immun 2002; 70:4177-84. [PMID: 12117926 PMCID: PMC128123 DOI: 10.1128/iai.70.8.4177-4184.2002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 97] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Recent data from our laboratory suggest that neutrophil granulocytes (polymorphonuclear leukocytes [PMN]) can serve as host cells for Leishmania major in the early phase of infection. In line with these findings, an early influx of PMN to the infected tissues was shown by others to be associated with susceptibility to infection with L. major. The mechanisms underlying the initial PMN recruitment to the site of infection is poorly understood. In the present study we investigated whether Leishmania can influence PMN migration. Supernatants of Leishmania promastigotes were tested for their chemotactic activity using an in vitro chemotaxis assay. All Leishmania species tested (L. major, L. aethiopica, and L. donovani) displayed a marked chemotactic effect on human PMN. However, no effect on the migration of macrophages and NK cells was observed. Checkerboard analysis revealed that the observed PMN migration was due to chemotaxis rather than chemokinesis. Most of the chemotactic activity was found in fractions containing molecules with sizes between 10 and 50 kDa. Pretreatment of PMN with N-formyl-methionyl-leucyl-phenylalanine blocked the chemotactic activity of Leishmania supernatants up to 75%. In addition, we found that leishmanial contact induced the release of interleukin-8 (IL-8) and inhibited the production of gamma interferon-inducible protein 10 (IP-10) by PMN. These data suggest that infection with Leishmania promastigotes leads to PMN accumulation via the production of a chemotactic factor by the parasites, and this effect is amplified by the induction of IL-8 production in PMN. On the other hand, the inhibition of IP-10 production can lead to prevention of NK cell activation.
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Affiliation(s)
- G van Zandbergen
- Institute for Medical Microbiology and Hygiene, Medical University of Lübeck, Germany.
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Pettit EJ, Fay FS. Cytosolic free calcium and the cytoskeleton in the control of leukocyte chemotaxis. Physiol Rev 1998; 78:949-67. [PMID: 9790567 DOI: 10.1152/physrev.1998.78.4.949] [Citation(s) in RCA: 83] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/27/2022] Open
Abstract
In response to a chemotactic gradient, leukocytes extravasate and chemotax toward the site of pathogen invasion. Although fundamental in the control of many leukocyte functions, the role of cytosolic free Ca2+ in chemotaxis is unclear and has been the subject of debate. Before becoming motile, the cell assumes a polarized morphology, as a result of modulation of the cytoskeleton by G protein and kinase activation. This morphology may be reinforced during chemotaxis by the intracellular redistribution of Ca2+ stores, cytoskeletal constituents, and chemoattractant receptors. Restricted subcellular distributions of signaling molecules, such as Ca2+, Ca2+/calmodulin, diacylglycerol, and protein kinase C, may also play a role in some types of leukocyte. Chemotaxis is an essential function of most cells at some stage during their development, and a deeper understanding of the molecular signaling and structural components involved will enable rational design of therapeutic strategies in a wide variety of diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- E J Pettit
- Biomedical Imaging Group, University of Massachusetts Medical Center, Worcester, USA
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