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Luo Q, Li X, Xie K. Plakophilin 1 in carcinogenesis. Mol Carcinog 2024. [PMID: 38888207 DOI: 10.1002/mc.23779] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/19/2024] [Revised: 05/11/2024] [Accepted: 06/06/2024] [Indexed: 06/20/2024]
Abstract
Plakophilin 1 (PKP1) belongs to the desmosome family as an anchoring junction protein in cellular junctions. It localizes at the interface of the cell membrane and cytoplasm. Although PKP1 is a non-transmembrane protein, it may become associated with the cell membrane via transmembrane proteins such as desmocollins and desmogleins. Homozygous deletion of PKP1 results in ectodermal dysplasia-skin fragility syndrome (EDSF) and complete knockout of PKP1 in mice produces comparable symptoms to EDSF in humans, although mice do not survive more than 24 h. PKP1 is not limited to expression in desmosomal structures, but is rather widely expressed in cytoplasm and nucleus, where it assumes important cellular functions. This review will summarize distinct roles of PKP1 in the cell membrane, cytoplasm, and nucleus with an overview of relevant studies on its function in diverse types of cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qiang Luo
- Center for Pancreatic Cancer Research, The South China University of Technology School of Medicine, Guangzhou, Guangdong, China
| | - Xiaojia Li
- Center for Pancreatic Cancer Research, The South China University of Technology School of Medicine, Guangzhou, Guangdong, China
| | - Keping Xie
- Center for Pancreatic Cancer Research, The South China University of Technology School of Medicine, Guangzhou, Guangdong, China
- The Second Affiliated Hospital and Guangzhou First People's Hospital, South China University of Technology School of Medicine, Guangzhou, Guangdong, China
- The South China University of Technology Comprehensive Cancer Center, Guangzhou, Guangdong, China
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2
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Johnson JL, Najor NA, Green KJ. Desmosomes: regulators of cellular signaling and adhesion in epidermal health and disease. Cold Spring Harb Perspect Med 2014; 4:a015297. [PMID: 25368015 DOI: 10.1101/cshperspect.a015297] [Citation(s) in RCA: 89] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
Abstract
Desmosomes are intercellular junctions that mediate cell-cell adhesion and anchor the intermediate filament network to the plasma membrane, providing mechanical resilience to tissues such as the epidermis and heart. In addition to their critical roles in adhesion, desmosomal proteins are emerging as mediators of cell signaling important for proper cell and tissue functions. In this review we highlight what is known about desmosomal proteins regulating adhesion and signaling in healthy skin-in morphogenesis, differentiation and homeostasis, wound healing, and protection against environmental damage. We also discuss how human diseases that target desmosome molecules directly or interfere indirectly with these mechanical and signaling functions to contribute to pathogenesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jodi L Johnson
- Department of Pathology, Feinberg School of Medicine, Northwestern University, Chicago, Illinois 60611 Department of Dermatology, Feinberg School of Medicine, Northwestern University, Chicago, Illinois 60611
| | - Nicole A Najor
- Department of Pathology, Feinberg School of Medicine, Northwestern University, Chicago, Illinois 60611
| | - Kathleen J Green
- Department of Pathology, Feinberg School of Medicine, Northwestern University, Chicago, Illinois 60611 Department of Dermatology, Feinberg School of Medicine, Northwestern University, Chicago, Illinois 60611
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Abstract
Desmosomes anchor intermediate filaments at sites of cell contact established by the interaction of cadherins extending from opposing cells. The incorporation of cadherins, catenin adaptors, and cytoskeletal elements resembles the closely related adherens junction. However, the recruitment of intermediate filaments distinguishes desmosomes and imparts a unique function. By linking the load-bearing intermediate filaments of neighboring cells, desmosomes create mechanically contiguous cell sheets and, in so doing, confer structural integrity to the tissues they populate. This trait and a well-established role in human disease have long captured the attention of cell biologists, as evidenced by a publication record dating back to the mid-1860s. Likewise, emerging data implicating the desmosome in signaling events pertinent to organismal development, carcinogenesis, and genetic disorders will secure a prominent role for desmosomes in future biological and biomedical investigations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Robert M Harmon
- Department of Pathology, Northwestern University Feinberg, School of Medicine , Chicago, IL , USA
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Papagerakis S, Shabana AH, Depondt J, Pibouin L, Blin-Wakkach C, Berdal A. Altered plakoglobin expression at mRNA and protein levels correlates with clinical outcome in patients with oropharynx squamous carcinomas. Hum Pathol 2004; 35:75-85. [PMID: 14745728 DOI: 10.1016/j.humpath.2003.08.018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
Previous studies have established that expression of plakoglobin is down-regulated during malignant transformation. The aim of this study was to evaluate for the first time the expression of plakoglobin at the mRNA and protein levels in primary oropharyngeal squamous cell carcinomas (SCCs) and determine the extent to which the patterns of expression correlated with clinical parameters. Plakoglobin expression was evaluated in 37 new tumor cases and normal oral epithelium using immunofluorescence, reverse transcriptase-polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR), and Northern and Western blotting analysis. The results indicated that the steady-state levels of plakoglobin protein were down-regulated in all tumors compared with normal epithelium. Furthermore, in 87.1% of the tumors, plakoglobin immunoreactivity displayed an abnormal cytoplasmic localization that was inversely correlated with tumor size and directly correlated with a poor clinical outcome for the patient. Northern blotting analysis revealed that down-regulation of mRNA expression occurred in only 65.6% of the tumors, with plakoglobin mRNA levels similar to normal epithelium in the remaining cases. In the tumors expressing mRNA levels similar to those of normal tissue, a 3.7-kb transcript was detected in addition to the expected 3.4-kb transcript observed in normal epithelium. RT-PCR analysis of the 3' untranslated region of the 3.7-kb plakoglobin mRNA transcript identified a 297-base insertion from +2369 to +2666 that had been previously reported only in transformed cell lines (GenBank M23410). Interestingly, the prognosis was poor for patients with tumors expressing both RNA transcripts. These results are consistent with the concept that complex regulation of plakoglobin expression and intracellular routing may contribute to malignant transformation. The study also shows evidence that the level of expression and intracellular localization of plakoglobin may be useful in predicting the course of disease in patients with oropharyngeal SCC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Silvana Papagerakis
- Laboratory of Orofacial Biology and Pathology, INSERM EMI-U 0110, University of Paris 7, IFR 58, Institut Biomedical des Cordeliers, Paris, France
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Djabali K, Martinez-Mir A, Horev L, Christiano AM, Zlotogorski A. Evidence for extensive locus heterogeneity in Naxos disease. J Invest Dermatol 2002; 118:557-60. [PMID: 11874502 DOI: 10.1046/j.0022-202x.2001.01627.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
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Thornhill AR, Pickering SJ, Whittock NV, Caller J, Andritsos V, Bickerstaff HE, Handyside AH, Eady RA, Braude PR, McGrath JA. Preimplantation genetic diagnosis of compound heterozygous mutations leading to ablation of plakophilin-1 (PKP1) and resulting in skin fragility ectodermal dysplasia syndrome: a case report. Prenat Diagn 2000; 20:1055-62. [PMID: 11180229 DOI: 10.1002/1097-0223(200012)20:13<1055::aid-pd978>3.0.co;2-#] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022]
Abstract
A new form of genodermatosis resulting from mutations in the gene plakophilin 1 (PKP1) has recently been identified. The clinical features of a functional knockout of PKP1 are a combination of skin fragility and a form of hypohydrotic ectodermal dysplasia. We have developed a single cell polymerase chain reaction (PCR) assay suitable for preimplantation genetic diagnosis (PGD) and here we report on the clinical application of this assay.
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Affiliation(s)
- A R Thornhill
- Division of Reproductive Endocrinology & Infertility, Mayo Clinic, 200 First Street SW, Rochester, MN 55905, USA
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Hernandez A, Smith F, Wang Q, Wang X, Evers BM. Assessment of differential gene expression patterns in human colon cancers. Ann Surg 2000; 232:576-85. [PMID: 10998656 PMCID: PMC1421190 DOI: 10.1097/00000658-200010000-00013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To use a novel genomic approach to determine differential gene expression patterns in colon cancers of different metastatic potential. SUMMARY BACKGROUND DATA Colorectal cancer is the third leading cause of cancer deaths in the United States; despite aggressive treatment strategies, the 5-year survival rate for metastatic cancer has not changed in 50 years. The analysis of changes in gene expression patterns associated with metastasis may provide new treatment strategies. METHODS Human colon cancer cells KM12C (derived from a Dukes B colon cancer), KML4A (a metastatic variant derived from KM12C), and KM20 (derived from a Dukes D colon cancer) were extracted for RNA. In addition, RNA was extracted from normal colon, primary cancer, and liver metastasis in a patient with metastatic colon cancer. Gene expression patterns for approximately 1,200 human genes were analyzed and compared by cDNA array techniques. RESULTS Of the roughly 1,200 genes assessed in the KM cell lines, 9 genes were noted to have a more than threefold change in expression (either increased or decreased) in the more metastatic KML4A and KM20 cells compared with KM12C. Assessment of tissues from a patient with metastatic colon cancer demonstrated a more than threefold change in the expression of 14 genes in the primary cancer and liver metastasis compared with normal mucosa. CONCLUSIONS Using cDNA expression array technology, the authors identified genes with expression levels that are altered with metastasis. The ability to analyze and compare the expression patterns of multiple genes simultaneously provides a powerful technique to identify potential molecular targets for novel therapeutic strategies.
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Affiliation(s)
- A Hernandez
- Department of Surgery, The University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, Texas 77555-0536, USA
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Whittock NV, Haftek M, Angoulvant N, Wolf F, Perrot H, Eady RA, McGrath JA. Genomic amplification of the human plakophilin 1 gene and detection of a new mutation in ectodermal dysplasia/skin fragility syndrome. J Invest Dermatol 2000; 115:368-74. [PMID: 10951270 DOI: 10.1046/j.1523-1747.2000.00082.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 65] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
Ectodermal dysplasia/skin fragility syndrome is a recently described autosomal recessive disease affecting skin, nails, and hair (MIM 604536), that results from mutations in plakophilin 1, a structural component of desmosomes. We report a new plakophilin 1 mutation in an affected patient as well as detailing the intron-exon organization of the gene to facilitate future polymerase chain reaction-based mutation screening. Using polymerase chain reaction amplification of genomic DNA, we identified 15 exons spanning approximately 50 kb. Direct sequencing disclosed several nonpathogenic intragenic polymorphisms, as well as a homozygous splice site mutation (1233-2 A-->T; GenBank Z73678) in a 17 y old affected male. The clinical features comprised skin erosions, dystrophic nails, sparse hair, and painful thickening and cracking of palms and soles. Skin biopsy showed negative immunolabeling with an anti-plakophilin 1 antibody and small desmosomes. These results expand the database of plakophilin 1 mutations and demonstrate the importance of this protein in the stabilization of desmosomal adhesion in terminally differentiating keratinocytes.
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Affiliation(s)
- N V Whittock
- Department of Cell and Molecular Pathology, St John's Institute of Dermatology, The Guy's, King's College, and St Thomas' Hospitals' Medical School, St Thomas' Hospital, London, U.K.
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9
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Abstract
Desmosomes are key adhesion complexes in most epithelia, including epidermis. Although structural components of desmosomes have been identified as target antigens in several of the autoimmune blistering skin diseases, there are relatively few data on inherited disorders arising from mutations in genes encoding these proteins and glycoproteins. For example, an association between an inherited abnormality of desmosomes and Darier disease and Hailey Hailey disease has been proposed on histopathological grounds, but genetic linkage studies have not invoked known desmosomal gene loci. However, linkage analyses have implicated one or more of the desmosomal cadherins (desmogleins 1-3, desmocollins 1-3), the genes for which are tightly clustered within a 650-kb region on 18q12.1, in the pathogenesis of a different autosomal dominant genodermatosis, striate palmoplantar keratoderma. In addition, a rare autosomal recessive skin fragility-ectodermal dysplasia syndrome has recently been recognised which results from total ablation of plakophilin 1, an intracellular desmosomal plaque protein that reinforces adhesion between the cytoskeleton and the cell membrane in terminally differentiating keratinocytes. In the future, it is likely that a number of other desmosome genodermatoses will be identified, each resulting from dominant or recessively inherited mutations in component structural proteins.
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Affiliation(s)
- J A McGrath
- Department of Cell and Molecular Pathology, St John's Institute of Dermatology, The Guy's, King's College and St Thomas' Hospitals' Medical School, St Thomas's Hospital, London, UK.
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Schmidt A, Langbein L, Prätzel S, Rode M, Rackwitz HR, Franke WW. Plakophilin 3--a novel cell-type-specific desmosomal plaque protein. Differentiation 1999; 64:291-306. [PMID: 10374265 DOI: 10.1046/j.1432-0436.1999.6450291.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Desomosomes are cell-cell adhesion structures of epithelia and some non-epithelial tissues, such as heart muscle and the dendritic reticulum of lymph node follicles, which on their cytoplasmic side anchor intermediate filaments at the plasma membrane. Besides clusters of specific transmembrane glycoproteins of the cadherin family (desmogleins and desmocollins), they contain several desmosomal plaque proteins, such as desmoplakins, plakoglobin, and one or more plakophilins. Using recombinant DNA and immunological techniques, we have identified a novel desmosomal plaque protein that is closely related to plakophilins 1 and 2, both members of the "armadillo-repeat" multigene family, and have named it plakophilin 3 (PKP3). The product of the complete human cDNA defines a protein of 797 amino acids, with a calculated molecular weight of 87.081 kDa and an isoelectric point of pH 10.1. Northern blot analysis has shown that PKP3 mRNA has a size of approximately 2.9 kb and is detectable in the total RNA of cells of stratified and single-layered epithelia. With the help of specific poly- and monoclonal antibodies we have localized PKP3, by immunofluorescence or immunoelectron microscopy, to desmosomes of most simple and almost all stratified epithelia and cell lines derived therefrom, with the remarkable exception of hepatocytes and hepatocellular carcinoma cells. We have also determined the structure of the human PKP3 gene and compared it with that of plakophilin 1 (PKP1). Using fluorescence in situ hybridization, we have localized the human genes for the three known plakophilins to the chromosomes 1q32 (PKP1), 12p11 (PKP2) and 11p15 (PKP3). The similarities and differences of the diverse plakophilins are discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- A Schmidt
- Division of Cell Biology, German Cancer Research Center, Heidelberg, Germany
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McGrath JA, Hoeger PH, Christiano AM, McMillan JR, Mellerio JE, Ashton GH, Dopping-Hepenstal PJ, Lake BD, Leigh IM, Harper JI, Eady RA. Skin fragility and hypohidrotic ectodermal dysplasia resulting from ablation of plakophilin 1. Br J Dermatol 1999; 140:297-307. [PMID: 10233227 DOI: 10.1046/j.1365-2133.1999.02667.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 85] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
We report a 2-year-old boy with an unusual autosomal recessively inherited skin disease comprising trauma-induced skin fragility and congenital ectodermal dysplasia affecting hair, nails and sweat glands. Skin biopsy showed widening of intercellular spaces between keratinocytes and ultrastructural findings of small, poorly formed desmosomes with reduced connections to the keratin filament cytoskeleton. Immunohistochemical analysis revealed a complete absence of staining for the accessory desmosomal plaque protein plakophilin 1 (PKP1; band 6 protein). The affected individual was a compound heterozygote for null mutations on both alleles of the PKP1 gene. Both mutations occurred within the amino terminus of PKP1, the domain which normally binds the cytoskeletal keratin filament network to the cell membrane. Apart from its localization within desmosomal plaques, PKP1 may also be present within the cytoplasm and nucleus and has putative roles in signal transduction and regulation of gene activity. The clinicopathological observations in this patient demonstrate the relevance of PKP1 to desmosome formation, cutaneous cell-cell adhesion and epidermal development and demonstrate the specific manifestations of human functional knockout mutations in this gene.
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Affiliation(s)
- J A McGrath
- Department of Cell and Molecular Pathology, St John's Institute of Dermatology (Guy's, Kings College and St Thomas' Hospitals' Medical School), St Thomas' Hospital, London SE1 7EH, U.K.
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Kowalczyk AP, Bornslaeger EA, Norvell SM, Palka HL, Green KJ. Desmosomes: intercellular adhesive junctions specialized for attachment of intermediate filaments. INTERNATIONAL REVIEW OF CYTOLOGY 1998; 185:237-302. [PMID: 9750269 DOI: 10.1016/s0074-7696(08)60153-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 183] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Abstract
Cell-cell adhesion is thought to play important roles in development, in tissue morphogenesis, and in the regulation of cell migration and proliferation. Desmosomes are adhesive intercellular junctions that anchor the intermediate filament network to the plasma membrane. By functioning both as an adhesive complex and as a cell-surface attachment site for intermediate filaments, desmosomes integrate the intermediate filament cytoskeleton between cells and play an important role in maintaining tissue integrity. Recent observations indicate that tissue integrity is severely compromised in autoimmune and genetic diseases in which the function of desmosomal molecules is impaired. In addition, the structure and function of many of the desmosomal molecules have been determined, and a number of the molecular interactions between desmosomal proteins have now been elucidated. Finally, the molecular constituents of desmosomes and other adhesive complexes are now known to function not only in cell adhesion, but also in the transduction of intracellular signals that regulate cell behavior.
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Affiliation(s)
- A P Kowalczyk
- Department of Pathology, R.H. Lurie Cancer Center, Northwestern University Medical School, Chicago, Illinois 60611, USA
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Bonné S, van Hengel J, van Roy F. Chromosomal mapping of human armadillo genes belonging to the p120(ctn)/plakophilin subfamily. Genomics 1998; 51:452-4. [PMID: 9721216 DOI: 10.1006/geno.1998.5398] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
Armadillo-like proteins are characterized by a series of armadillo repeats that are typically 42 to 45 amino acids in length. Three major subfamilies of Armadillo-like proteins can be distinguished on the basis of their number of repeats, their overall sequence similarity, and dispersion of the repeats throughout the protein. One of these is the p120(ctn)/plakophilin subfamily, which contains at least six members. We mapped the corresponding human genes by PCR on a monochromosomal cell hybrid mapping panel and by fluorescence in situ hybridization. The gene for plakophilin-1 (PKP1) was located at 1q32, the plakophilin-2 gene (PKP2) was located at 12p13, while the gene for p0071 was located at 2q23-q31. We confirmed the chromosomal localization of the p120(ctn) gene (CTNND1) at 11q11, the ARVCF gene at 22q11, and the delta-catenin/NPRAP gene (CTNND2) at 5p15. Although some of the Armadillo proteins are highly related to one another, the corresponding genes are dispersed throughout the human genome.
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Affiliation(s)
- S Bonné
- Department of Molecular Biology, Flanders Interuniversity Institute for Biotechnology, Gent, Belgium
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