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Ma J, Nguyen D, Madas J, Bizanti A, Mistareehi A, Kwiat AM, Chen J, Lin M, Christie R, Hunter P, Heal M, Baldwin S, Tappan S, Furness JB, Powley TL, Cheng Z(J. Organization and morphology of calcitonin gene-related peptide-immunoreactive axons in the whole mouse stomach. J Comp Neurol 2023; 531:1608-1632. [PMID: 37694767 PMCID: PMC10593087 DOI: 10.1002/cne.25519] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/11/2022] [Revised: 05/19/2023] [Accepted: 05/29/2023] [Indexed: 09/12/2023]
Abstract
Nociceptive afferent axons innervate the stomach and send signals to the brain and spinal cord. Peripheral nociceptive afferents can be detected with a variety of markers (e.g., substance P [SP] and calcitonin gene-related peptide [CGRP]). We recently examined the topographical organization and morphology of SP-immunoreactive (SP-IR) axons in the whole mouse stomach muscular layer. However, the distribution and morphological structure of CGRP-IR axons remain unclear. We used immunohistochemistry labeling and applied a combination of imaging techniques, including confocal and Zeiss Imager M2 microscopy, Neurolucida 360 tracing, and integration of axon tracing data into a 3D stomach scaffold to characterize CGRP-IR axons and terminals in the whole mouse stomach muscular layers. We found that: (1) CGRP-IR axons formed extensive terminal networks in both ventral and dorsal stomachs. (2) CGRP-IR axons densely innervated the blood vessels. (3) CGRP-IR axons ran in parallel with the longitudinal and circular muscles. Some axons ran at angles through the muscular layers. (4) They also formed varicose terminal contacts with individual myenteric ganglion neurons. (5) CGRP-IR occurred in DiI-labeled gastric-projecting neurons in the dorsal root and vagal nodose ganglia, indicating CGRP-IR axons were visceral afferent axons. (6) CGRP-IR axons did not colocalize with tyrosine hydroxylase or vesicular acetylcholine transporter axons in the stomach, indicating CGRP-IR axons were not visceral efferent axons. (7) CGRP-IR axons were traced and integrated into a 3D stomach scaffold. For the first time, we provided a topographical distribution map of CGRP-IR axon innervation of the whole stomach muscular layers at the cellular/axonal/varicosity scale.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jichao Ma
- Burnett School of Biomedical Sciences, College of Medicine, University of Central Florida, Orlando, Florida, USA
| | - Duyen Nguyen
- Burnett School of Biomedical Sciences, College of Medicine, University of Central Florida, Orlando, Florida, USA
| | - Jazune Madas
- Burnett School of Biomedical Sciences, College of Medicine, University of Central Florida, Orlando, Florida, USA
| | - Ariege Bizanti
- Burnett School of Biomedical Sciences, College of Medicine, University of Central Florida, Orlando, Florida, USA
| | - Anas Mistareehi
- Burnett School of Biomedical Sciences, College of Medicine, University of Central Florida, Orlando, Florida, USA
| | - Andrew M. Kwiat
- Burnett School of Biomedical Sciences, College of Medicine, University of Central Florida, Orlando, Florida, USA
| | - Jin Chen
- Burnett School of Biomedical Sciences, College of Medicine, University of Central Florida, Orlando, Florida, USA
| | - Mabelle Lin
- Auckland Bioengineering Institute, University of Auckland, Auckland, New Zealand
| | - Richard Christie
- Auckland Bioengineering Institute, University of Auckland, Auckland, New Zealand
| | - Peter Hunter
- Auckland Bioengineering Institute, University of Auckland, Auckland, New Zealand
| | - Maci Heal
- MBF Bioscience, Williston, Vermont, USA
| | | | | | - John B. Furness
- Department of Anatomy & Physiology, Florey Institute of Neuroscience and Mental Health, University of Melbourne, Parkville, Victoria, Australia
| | - Terry L. Powley
- Department of Psychological Sciences, Purdue University, West Lafayette, Indiana, USA
| | - Zixi (Jack) Cheng
- Burnett School of Biomedical Sciences, College of Medicine, University of Central Florida, Orlando, Florida, USA
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Ma J, Nguyen D, Madas J, Bizanti A, Mistareehi A, Kwiat AM, Chen J, Lin M, Christie R, Hunter P, Heal M, Baldwin S, Tappan S, Furness JB, Powley TL, Cheng ZJ. Mapping the Organization and Morphology of Calcitonin Gene-Related Peptide (CGRP)-IR Axons in the Whole Mouse Stomach. BIORXIV : THE PREPRINT SERVER FOR BIOLOGY 2023:2023.05.23.541811. [PMID: 37398245 PMCID: PMC10312482 DOI: 10.1101/2023.05.23.541811] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 07/04/2023]
Abstract
Nociceptive afferent axons innervate the stomach and send signals to the brain and spinal cord. Peripheral nociceptive afferents can be detected with a variety of markers [e.g., substance P (SP) and calcitonin gene-related peptide (CGRP)]. We recently examined the topographical organization and morphology of SP-immunoreactive (SP-IR) axons in the whole mouse stomach muscular layer. However, the distribution and morphological structure of CGRP-IR axons remain unclear. We used immunohistochemistry labeling and applied a combination of imaging techniques, including confocal and Zeiss Imager M2 microscopy, Neurolucida 360 tracing, and integration of axon tracing data into a 3D stomach scaffold to characterize CGRP-IR axons and terminals in the whole mouse stomach muscular layers. We found that: 1) CGRP-IR axons formed extensive terminal networks in both ventral and dorsal stomachs. 2) CGRP-IR axons densely innervated the blood vessels. 3) CGRP-IR axons ran in parallel with the longitudinal and circular muscles. Some axons ran at angles through the muscular layers. 4) They also formed varicose terminal contacts with individual myenteric ganglion neurons. 5) CGRP-IR occurred in DiI-labeled gastric-projecting neurons in the dorsal root and vagal nodose ganglia, indicating CGRP-IR axons were visceral afferent axons. 6) CGRP-IR axons did not colocalize with tyrosine hydroxylase (TH) or vesicular acetylcholine transporter (VAChT) axons in the stomach, indicating CGRP-IR axons were not visceral efferent axons. 7) CGRP-IR axons were traced and integrated into a 3D stomach scaffold. For the first time, we provided a topographical distribution map of CGRP-IR axon innervation of the whole stomach muscular layers at the cellular/axonal/varicosity scale.
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Shi Y, Vistro WA, Bai X, Wu R, Chen C, Huang Y, Fazlani SA, Tarique I, Yang P, Chen Q. Effect of seasonal variance on intestinal epithelial barriers and the associated innate immune response of the small intestine of the Chinese soft-shelled turtles. FISH & SHELLFISH IMMUNOLOGY 2020; 97:173-181. [PMID: 31857223 DOI: 10.1016/j.fsi.2019.12.042] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/01/2019] [Revised: 12/09/2019] [Accepted: 12/13/2019] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
It is conceivable that pathological conditions can cause intestinal barrier disruption and innate immune dysfunction. However, very limited information has been reported on the effect of seasonal variance on intestinal barriers and innate immunity. The present study was designed to investigate the seasonal variance in intestinal epithelial barriers and the associated innate immune response of turtle intestines during hibernation and nonhibernation periods. Goblet cells (GCs) demonstrated dynamic actions of the mucosal barrier with strong Muc2 protein expression during hibernation. However, weak Muc2 expression during nonhibernation was confirmed by immunohistochemistry, immunofluorescence and immunoblotting. Furthermore, light and transmission electron microscopy revealed that the hypertrophy of GCs resulted in the hypersecretion of mucus granules (MGs) and created a well-developed mucosal layer during hibernation. The absorptive cells (ACs), forming a physical barrier of tight junctions, and desmosomes were firmly anchored during hibernation. Conversely, during nonhibernation, the integrity of tight junctions, adherence junctions and desmosomes was noticeable expanded, causing increased paracellular permeability. As further confirmation, there was strong zonula occluden-1 (ZO-1) and connexins 43 (Cx43) protein expression during hibernation and weak ZO-1 and Cx43 expression during nonhibernation. Moreover, the expression level of the innate immune response proteins Toll-like receptors 2 and 4 (TLR2 and 4) were enhanced during hibernation and were reduced during nonhibernation. These results provide rich information about the seasonal fluctuations that interrupt intestinal epithelial barriers and innate immune response, which might be essential for protection and intestinal homeostasis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yonghong Shi
- MOE Joint International Research Laboratory of Animal Health and Food Safety, College of Veterinary Medicine, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, Jiangsu Province, 210095, China; Shanghai Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Shanghai, 200241, China
| | - Waseem Ali Vistro
- MOE Joint International Research Laboratory of Animal Health and Food Safety, College of Veterinary Medicine, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, Jiangsu Province, 210095, China
| | - Xuebing Bai
- MOE Joint International Research Laboratory of Animal Health and Food Safety, College of Veterinary Medicine, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, Jiangsu Province, 210095, China
| | - Ruizhi Wu
- MOE Joint International Research Laboratory of Animal Health and Food Safety, College of Veterinary Medicine, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, Jiangsu Province, 210095, China
| | - Chang Chen
- MOE Joint International Research Laboratory of Animal Health and Food Safety, College of Veterinary Medicine, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, Jiangsu Province, 210095, China
| | - Yufei Huang
- MOE Joint International Research Laboratory of Animal Health and Food Safety, College of Veterinary Medicine, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, Jiangsu Province, 210095, China
| | - Surfaraz Ali Fazlani
- MOE Joint International Research Laboratory of Animal Health and Food Safety, College of Veterinary Medicine, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, Jiangsu Province, 210095, China
| | - Imran Tarique
- MOE Joint International Research Laboratory of Animal Health and Food Safety, College of Veterinary Medicine, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, Jiangsu Province, 210095, China
| | - Ping Yang
- MOE Joint International Research Laboratory of Animal Health and Food Safety, College of Veterinary Medicine, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, Jiangsu Province, 210095, China
| | - Qiusheng Chen
- MOE Joint International Research Laboratory of Animal Health and Food Safety, College of Veterinary Medicine, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, Jiangsu Province, 210095, China.
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Vistro WA, Zhang Y, Bai X, Yang P, Huang Y, Qu W, Baloch AS, Wu R, Tarique I, Chen Q. In Vivo Autophagy Up-Regulation of Small Intestine Enterocytes in Chinese Soft-Shelled Turtles during Hibernation. Biomolecules 2019; 9:E682. [PMID: 31683886 PMCID: PMC6920937 DOI: 10.3390/biom9110682] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/18/2019] [Revised: 10/26/2019] [Accepted: 10/28/2019] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Many studies have focused on how autophagy plays an important role in intestinal homeostasis under pathological conditions. However, its role in the intestine during hibernation remains unclear. In the current study, we characterized in vivo up-regulation of autophagy in enterocytes of the small intestine of Chinese soft-shelled turtles during hibernation. Autophagy-specific markers were used to confirm the existence of autophagy in enterocytes through immunohistochemistry (IHC), immunofluorescence (IF), and immunoblotting. IHC staining indicated strong, positive immunoreactivity of the autophagy-related gene (ATG7), microtubule-associated protein light chain (LC3), and lysosomal-associated membrane protein 1 (LAMP1) within the mucosal surface during hibernation and poor expression during nonhibernation. IF staining results showed the opposite tendency for ATG7, LC3, and sequestosome 1 (p62). During hibernation ATG7 and LC3 showed strong, positive immunosignaling within the mucosal surface, while p62 showed strong, positive immunosignaling during nonhibernation. Similar findings were confirmed by immunoblotting. Moreover, the ultrastructural components of autophagy in enterocytes were revealed by transmission electron microscopy (TEM). During hibernation, the cumulative formation of phagophores and autophagosomes were closely associated with well-developed rough endoplasmic reticulum in enterocytes. These autophagosomes overlapped with lysosomes, multivesicular bodies, and degraded mitochondria to facilitate the formation of autophagolysosome, amphisomes, and mitophagy in enterocytes. Immunoblotting showed the expression level of PTEN-induced kinase 1 (PINK1), and adenosine monophosphate-activated protein kinase (AMPK) was enhanced during hibernation. Furthermore, the exosome secretion pathway of early-late endosomes and multivesicular bodies were closely linked with autophagosomes in enterocytes during hibernation. These findings suggest that the entrance into hibernation is a main challenge for reptiles to maintain homeostasis and cellular quality control in the intestine.
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Affiliation(s)
- Waseem Ali Vistro
- MOE Joint International Research Laboratory of Animal Health and Food safety, College of Veterinary Medicine, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing 210095, China.
| | - Yue Zhang
- MOE Joint International Research Laboratory of Animal Health and Food safety, College of Veterinary Medicine, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing 210095, China.
| | - Xuebing Bai
- MOE Joint International Research Laboratory of Animal Health and Food safety, College of Veterinary Medicine, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing 210095, China.
| | - Ping Yang
- MOE Joint International Research Laboratory of Animal Health and Food safety, College of Veterinary Medicine, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing 210095, China.
| | - Yufei Huang
- MOE Joint International Research Laboratory of Animal Health and Food safety, College of Veterinary Medicine, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing 210095, China.
| | - Wenjia Qu
- MOE Joint International Research Laboratory of Animal Health and Food safety, College of Veterinary Medicine, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing 210095, China.
| | - Abdul Sattar Baloch
- MOE Joint International Research Laboratory of Animal Health and Food safety, College of Veterinary Medicine, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing 210095, China.
| | - Ruizhi Wu
- MOE Joint International Research Laboratory of Animal Health and Food safety, College of Veterinary Medicine, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing 210095, China.
| | - Imran Tarique
- MOE Joint International Research Laboratory of Animal Health and Food safety, College of Veterinary Medicine, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing 210095, China.
| | - Qiusheng Chen
- MOE Joint International Research Laboratory of Animal Health and Food safety, College of Veterinary Medicine, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing 210095, China.
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Zhang SZ, Meng T, Zhu X, Wang H, Zhou YK, Wu XB. Molecular characterization and tissue expression profiles of prepro-vasoactive intestinal peptide in the Chinese alligator (Alligator sinensis) during the active and hibernating periods. JOURNAL OF EXPERIMENTAL ZOOLOGY PART 2018; 327:79-88. [PMID: 29356375 DOI: 10.1002/jez.2072] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/12/2016] [Revised: 02/19/2017] [Accepted: 03/22/2017] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Abstract
The Chinese alligator (Alligator sinensis), a freshwater crocodilian endemic to China, is one of the most endangered crocodilian species; up to this date, very little is known about the endocrine regulation of its metabolic activities during different physiological states. In this study, we characterized the structure of the prepro-vasoactive intestinal peptide in Chinese alligator (prepro-caVIP) for the first time and examined its expression profiles in various tissues during the active and hibernating periods. The prepro-caVIP cDNA consists of a 221-bp 5'-untranslated region (UTR), a 606-bp complete coding region (CDS), and a 312-bp 3'-UTR, which encodes the 201-amino acid prepro-caVIP containing a 28-amino acid vasoactive intestinal peptide (VIP) and a 27-amino acid PHI (peptide histidine isoleucine). Multiple alignment analysis showed that VIP shares 100% identity with the given birds, reptiles, and African clawed frog, and 89% identity with mammals, 96% with fishes. Real-time quantitative PCR showed that the prepro-caVIP is widely expressed in all the examined tissues, and the expression level is significantly higher in small intestine, stomach, pancreas, lung, and skeletal muscle, whereas lower in heart, liver, spleen, kidney, ovary, and oviduct. During hibernation, the expression level of caVIP was significantly decreased in small intestine (P < 0.01), pancreas, and skeletal muscle (P < 0.05), whereas significantly increased in liver, spleen, and lung (P < 0.01). The wide distribution of caVIP and its differential expression changes in various tissues during hibernation implicated that it might play multiple effects in Chinese alligator and participate in the physiological adaptation of various organs in a paracrine and/or neurocrine manner.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sheng-Zhou Zhang
- Key Laboratory for Conservation and Use of Important Biological Resources of Anhui Province, College of Life Sciences, Anhui Normal University, Anhui, People's Republic of China
| | - Ting Meng
- Key Laboratory for Conservation and Use of Important Biological Resources of Anhui Province, College of Life Sciences, Anhui Normal University, Anhui, People's Republic of China
| | - Xue Zhu
- Key Laboratory for Conservation and Use of Important Biological Resources of Anhui Province, College of Life Sciences, Anhui Normal University, Anhui, People's Republic of China
| | - Huan Wang
- Key Laboratory for Conservation and Use of Important Biological Resources of Anhui Province, College of Life Sciences, Anhui Normal University, Anhui, People's Republic of China
| | - Yong-Kang Zhou
- Alligator Research Center of Anhui Province, Xuancheng, People's Republic of China
| | - Xiao-Bing Wu
- Key Laboratory for Conservation and Use of Important Biological Resources of Anhui Province, College of Life Sciences, Anhui Normal University, Anhui, People's Republic of China
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Sorteni C, Clavenzani P, De Giorgio R, Portnoy O, Sirri R, Mordenti O, Di Biase A, Parmeggiani A, Menconi V, Chiocchetti R. Enteric neuroplasticity in seawater-adapted European eel (Anguilla anguilla). J Anat 2013; 224:180-91. [PMID: 24433383 DOI: 10.1111/joa.12131] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 09/26/2013] [Indexed: 12/01/2022] Open
Abstract
European eels live most of their lives in freshwater until spawning migration to the Sargasso Sea. During seawater adaptation, eels modify their physiology, and their digestive system adapts to the new environment, drinking salt water to compensate for the continuous water loss. In that period, eels stop feeding until spawning. Thus, the eel represents a unique model to understand the adaptive changes of the enteric nervous system (ENS) to modified salinity and starvation. To this purpose, we assessed and compared the enteric neuronal density in the cranial portion of the intestine of freshwater eels (control), lagoon eels captured in brackish water before their migration to the Sargasso Sea (T0), and starved seawater eels hormonally induced to sexual maturity (T18; 18 weeks of starvation and treatment with standardized carp pituitary extract). Furthermore, we analyzed the modification of intestinal neuronal density of hormonally untreated eels during prolonged starvation (10 weeks) in seawater and freshwater. The density of myenteric (MP) and submucosal plexus (SMP) HuC/D-immunoreactive (Hu-IR) neurons was assessed in wholemount preparations and cryosections. The number of MP and SMP HuC/D-IR neurons progressively increased from the freshwater to the salty water habitat (control > T0 > T18; P < 0.05). Compared with freshwater eels, the number of MP and SMP HuC/D-IR neurons significantly increased (P < 0.05) in the intestine of starved untreated salt water eels. In conclusion, high salinity evokes enteric neuroplasticity as indicated by the increasing number of HuC/D-IR MP and SMP neurons, a mechanism likely contributing to maintaining the body homeostasis of this fish in extreme conditions.
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Affiliation(s)
- C Sorteni
- Department of Veterinary Medical Science (UNI EN ISO 9001:2008), University of Bologna, Bologna, Italy; Centro interdipartimentale di ricerca sull'alimentazione umana, University of Bologna, Bologna, Italy
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Sadeghinezhad J, Sorteni C, Di Guardo G, D'Agostino C, Agrimi U, Nonno R, Chiocchetti R. Neurochemistry of myenteric plexus neurons of bank vole (Myodes glareolus) ileum. Res Vet Sci 2013; 95:846-53. [PMID: 23969205 DOI: 10.1016/j.rvsc.2013.07.028] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/07/2013] [Revised: 06/13/2013] [Accepted: 07/28/2013] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
The neurochemistry of enteric neurons differs among species of small laboratory rodents (guinea-pig, mouse, rat). In this study we characterized the phenotype of ileal myenteric plexus (MP) neuronal cells and fibers of the bank vole (Myodes glareolus), a common rodent living in Europe and in Northern Asia which is also employed in prion experimental transmission studies. Six neuronal markers were tested: choline acetyltransferase (ChAT), neuronal nitric oxide synthase (nNOS), calbindin (CALB), calcitonin gene-related peptide (CGRP) and substance P (SP), along with HuC/D as a pan-neuronal marker. Neurons expressing ChAT- and nNOS-immunoreactivity (IR) were 36 ± 12% and 24 ± 5%, respectively. Those expressing CGRP-, SP- and CALB-IR were 3 ± 3%, 21 ± 5% and 6 ± 2%, respectively. Therefore, bank vole MPs differ consistently from murine MPs in neurons expressing CGRP-, SP- and CALB-IR. These data may contribute to define the prion susceptibility of neuron cell populations residing within ileal MPs from bank voles, along with their morpho-functional alterations following oral experimental prion challenge.
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Affiliation(s)
- J Sadeghinezhad
- Department of Veterinary Medical Science, University of Bologna, Ozzano dell'Emilia, Bologna, Italy; Department of Basic Sciences, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Tehran, Tehran, Iran
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Sadeghinezhad J, Tootian Z, Latorre R, Sorteni C, Chiocchetti R. Intrinsic Innervation of the Persian Squirrel (Sciurus anomalus) Ileum. Anat Histol Embryol 2012; 42:201-12. [DOI: 10.1111/ahe.12003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/15/2012] [Accepted: 08/08/2012] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Affiliation(s)
| | - Z. Tootian
- Department of Basic Sciences; Faculty of Veterinary Medicine; University of Tehran; Tehran; Iran
| | - R. Latorre
- Department of Veterinary Medical Science; University of Bologna; Ozzano dell'Emilia (Bologna); Italy
| | - C. Sorteni
- Department of Veterinary Medical Science; University of Bologna; Ozzano dell'Emilia (Bologna); Italy
| | - R. Chiocchetti
- Department of Veterinary Medical Science; University of Bologna; Ozzano dell'Emilia (Bologna); Italy
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The use of probiotics in healthy volunteers with evacuation disorders and hard stools: a double-blind, randomized, placebo-controlled study. J Clin Gastroenterol 2010; 44 Suppl 1:S30-4. [PMID: 20697291 DOI: 10.1097/mcg.0b013e3181ee31c3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Evacuation disorders and hard stools are common in industrialized countries, affecting on average 12% to 17% of the adult healthy population at any age. Dietary supplementation with probiotic microorganisms may be useful in reducing the disorder. METHODS We performed a double-blind, randomized, placebo-controlled study to evaluate the effectiveness of 2 different probiotic blends, either mixed Lactobacillus plantarum LP01 (LMG P-21021) and Bifidobacterium breve BR03 (DSM 16604) or Bifidobacterium animalis subspecies lactis BS01 (LMG P-21384), in the management of evacuation disorders and intestinal discomfort. In a period of 5 years (2003 to 2008), the study involved 300 healthy volunteers (151 males and 149 females; age 24 to 71 y) with evacuation disorders and hard stools. In particular, subjects were divided into 3 groups: 80 subjects in the group A received placebo, 110 subjects in the group B received mixed L. plantarum LP01 and B. breve BR03 (2.5 x 10 colony-forming units/d of each strain), and 110 subjects in the group C received B. animalis subsp. lactis BS01 (5 x 10 colony-forming units/d) for 30 days. At the beginning of the observational study, the healthy status of volunteers was evaluated by a complete, laboratory and ultrasound study of the abdomen. The physical examination was repeated after 15 and 30 days. In particular, the main troubles typically associated with evacuation disorders and hard stools as well as abdominal bloating were considered as parameters of interest. Exclusion criteria were items of gastrointestinal diseases and antibiotics intake. RESULTS Subjects treated with the mixed probiotic strains L. plantarum LP01 and B. breve BR03 or B. animalis subsp. lactis BS01 reported a significant improvement in the number of weekly bowel movements and in the main troubles associated with evacuations, particularly consistency of feces and ease of expulsion. Discomfort items such as abdominal bloating and anal itching, burning, or pain also registered a relevant improvement in the active groups receiving probiotics. CONCLUSIONS The intake of an effective amount of mixed L. plantarum LP01 and B. breve BR03 or B. animalis subsp. lactis BS01 for 30 days is able to significantly relieve the evacuation disorders and hard stools, thus providing a useful tool for the management of such condition, which is particularly widespread in industrialized countries at any age.
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Affiliation(s)
- Geoffrey Burnstock
- Autonomic Neuroscience Center, Royal Free and University College Medical School, London NW3 2PF, United Kingdom;
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Carey HV, Andrews MT, Martin SL. Mammalian hibernation: cellular and molecular responses to depressed metabolism and low temperature. Physiol Rev 2003; 83:1153-81. [PMID: 14506303 DOI: 10.1152/physrev.00008.2003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 776] [Impact Index Per Article: 37.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/27/2022] Open
Abstract
Mammalian hibernators undergo a remarkable phenotypic switch that involves profound changes in physiology, morphology, and behavior in response to periods of unfavorable environmental conditions. The ability to hibernate is found throughout the class Mammalia and appears to involve differential expression of genes common to all mammals, rather than the induction of novel gene products unique to the hibernating state. The hibernation season is characterized by extended bouts of torpor, during which minimal body temperature (Tb) can fall as low as -2.9 degrees C and metabolism can be reduced to 1% of euthermic rates. Many global biochemical and physiological processes exploit low temperatures to lower reaction rates but retain the ability to resume full activity upon rewarming. Other critical functions must continue at physiologically relevant levels during torpor and be precisely regulated even at Tb values near 0 degrees C. Research using new tools of molecular and cellular biology is beginning to reveal how hibernators survive repeated cycles of torpor and arousal during the hibernation season. Comprehensive approaches that exploit advances in genomic and proteomic technologies are needed to further define the differentially expressed genes that distinguish the summer euthermic from winter hibernating states. Detailed understanding of hibernation from the molecular to organismal levels should enable the translation of this information to the development of a variety of hypothermic and hypometabolic strategies to improve outcomes for human and animal health.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hannah V Carey
- Department of Comparative Biosciences, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of Wisconsin, Madison, WI 53706, USA.
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Abstract
During seasonal hibernation, there is reduced gastrointestinal activity, but relatively little is known of the physiology involved. In the present experimental study, male Korean chipmunks (Tamias sibiricus barberi) were maintained in cold conditions (6 degrees C) for 3, 5 or 9 months to mimic conditions occurring during seasonal hibernation. Changes in the composition of glycoconjugates (Gcs) of the gastric mucosa were determined after cold-treatment. Cold-treated chipmunks, in comparison with warm control animals, revealed a thinner layer of Gcs on the free surface gastric epithelium with reduced depth of their pits. Cold-treated chipmunks showed similar staining patterns and lectin affinity for Gcs as compared with warm control animals. After long-term cold treatment, reduction in the amounts of Gcs were more severe in gastric pit epithelium and glandular mucous cells than in the free surface gastric epithelium. A significant reduction in immunostaining of nitric oxide synthase (NOS) was also observed in chipmunks after long-term cold-treatment. The changes in Gcs and NOS staining patterns may be interpreted in relation with a continued but reduced functioning of the gastric mucosa throughout hibernation. However, the findings in the present experimental model for hibernation, which shows significant changes in Gcs and NOS staining patterns, need to be demonstrated during seasonal hibernation in the wild.
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Affiliation(s)
- Byung-Tae Choi
- Department of Anatomy, College of Oriental Medicine, Research Institute of Oriental Medicine, Dong-Eui University, Busan, Korea.
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