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Pie MR, Caron FS, Dallimore T, Einzmann H, Hietz P, Kessler M, Ramos FN, Elias JPC, Kreft H, Krömer T, Higuita MJC, Zuleta D, Machado G, de Gasper AL, Zotz G, Mendieta Leiva G, Jimenez-Lopez DA, Mendes AF, Brancalion P, Mortara S, Blum CT, Irume MV, Martínez-Meléndez Nayely N, Benavides AM, Boelter CR, Batke S. Phylogenetic diversity and the structure of host-epiphyte interactions across the Neotropics. PeerJ 2023; 11:e15500. [PMID: 37361043 PMCID: PMC10286801 DOI: 10.7717/peerj.15500] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/06/2023] [Accepted: 05/12/2023] [Indexed: 06/28/2023] Open
Abstract
Understanding the mechanisms driving community assembly has been a major focus of ecological research for nearly a century, yet little is known about these mechanisms in commensal communities, particularly with respect to their historical/evolutionary components. Here, we use a large-scale dataset of 4,440 vascular plant species to explore the relationship between the evolutionary distinctiveness (ED) (as measured by the 'species evolutionary history' (SEH)) of host species and the phylogenetic diversity (PD) of their associated epiphyte species. Although there was considerable variation across hosts and their associated epiphyte species, they were largely unrelated to host SEH. Our results mostly support the idea that the determinants of epiphyte colonization success might involve host characteristics that are unrelated to host SEH (e.g., architectural differences between hosts). While determinants of PD of epiphyte assemblages are poorly known, they do not appear to be related to the evolutionary history of host species. Instead, they might be better explained by neutral processes of colonization and extinction. However, the high level of phylogenetic signal in epiphyte PD (independent of SEH) suggests it might still be influenced by yet unrecognized evolutionary determinants. This study highlights how little is still known about the phylogenetic determinants of epiphyte communities.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marcio R. Pie
- Biology Department, Edge Hill University, Ormskirk, United Kingdom
| | - Fernanda S. Caron
- Departamento de Zoologia, Universidade Federal do Paraná, Curitiba, Brazil
| | - Thom Dallimore
- Biology Department, Edge Hill University, Ormskirk, United Kingdom
- World Museum, National Museums Liverpool, Liverpool, United Kingdom
| | - Helena Einzmann
- Institute for Biology and Environmental Sciences, Carl von Ossietzky Universität Oldenburg, Oldenburg, Germany
| | - Peter Hietz
- Institute of Botany, University of Natural Resources and Life Sciences, Vienna, Austria
| | - Michael Kessler
- Department of Systematic and Evolutionary Botany, University of Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Flavio Nunes Ramos
- Instituto de Ciências da Natureza, Universidade Federal de Alfenas, Alfenas, Brasil
| | | | - Holger Kreft
- Biodiversity, Macroecology & Biogeography, University of Göttingen, Göttingen, Germany
| | | | | | - Daniel Zuleta
- Forest Global Earth Observatory, Smithsonian Tropical Research Institute, Washington DC, United States of America
| | - Giesta Machado
- Departamento de Ciências Naturais, Universidade Regional de Blumenau, Blumenau, Brazil
| | - André Luís de Gasper
- Departamento de Ciências Naturais, Universidade Regional de Blumenau, Blumenau, Brazil
| | - Gerhard Zotz
- Institute for Biology and Environmental Sciences, Carl von Ossietzky University, Oldenburg, Germany
- Smithsonian Tropical Research Institute, Balboa, Panama
| | | | - Derio Antonio Jimenez-Lopez
- Programa de doctorado en Ciencias, El Colegio de la Frontera Sur, San Cristóbal de las Casas, Chiapas, Mexico
| | - Alex Fernando Mendes
- Departamento de Ciências Florestais, Escola Superior de Agricultura Luiz de Queiroz, Universidade de São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil
| | | | - Sara Mortara
- International Institute for Sustainability IIS-Rio, Rio, Brazil
| | | | - Mariana Victória Irume
- Coordenação de Biodiversidade, Instituto Nacional de Pesquisas da Amazônia - INPA, Amazônia, Brazil
| | | | | | - Carlos Renato Boelter
- Coordenação de Biodiversidade, Instituto Nacional de Pesquisas da Amazônia - INPA, Amazônia, Brazil
| | - Sven Batke
- Biology Department, Edge Hill University, Ormskirk, United Kingdom
- Centro Zamorano de Biodiversidad, Departamento de Ambiente y Desarrollo, Escuela Agricola Panamericana, Francisco Morazan, Honduras
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Tay JYL, Zotz G, Einzmann HJR. Smoothing out the misconceptions of the role of bark roughness in vascular epiphyte attachment. THE NEW PHYTOLOGIST 2023; 238:983-994. [PMID: 36775857 DOI: 10.1111/nph.18811] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/28/2022] [Accepted: 02/09/2023] [Indexed: 06/18/2023]
Abstract
Vascular epiphytes represent c. 10% of all vascular plant species. In epiphytes, attachment is essential for survival throughout consecutive ontogenetic stages of their life, starting with: (1) initial propagule attachment to the host; followed by (2) the development of first root-substrate connections; and (3) maintenance of this attachment despite increased size and mechanical disturbances by rain, wind, or crossing animals. Although structural dependence on a host is a defining characteristic of an epiphyte, the fundamental mechanism(s) of how these plants initially attach and remain attached to their hosts remain poorly understood. Bark characteristics such as stability and roughness have been highlighted as keys to an understanding of this connection. Here, we stress that the understanding of how an epiphyte attaches itself to the substrate is central for a meaningful quantification and interpretation of bark roughness. Without explicit information on the attachment mechanism or the relative sizes of the attaching structures, simply linking a haphazardly chosen index of bark roughness to epiphyte establishment is flawed. This review introduces a conceptual framework to explain the mechanistic link between epiphytes and host in different ontogenetic stages and should guide future work designed to improve our understanding of this vital part of epiphyte ecology.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jessica Y L Tay
- Functional Ecology of Plants, Institute of Biology and Environmental Sciences, Carl von Ossietzky University, D-26111, Oldenburg, Germany
| | - Gerhard Zotz
- Functional Ecology of Plants, Institute of Biology and Environmental Sciences, Carl von Ossietzky University, D-26111, Oldenburg, Germany
- Smithsonian Tropical Research Institute, Apartado Postal 08343-03092, Balboa, Panama, Panama
| | - Helena J R Einzmann
- Functional Ecology of Plants, Institute of Biology and Environmental Sciences, Carl von Ossietzky University, D-26111, Oldenburg, Germany
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3
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Diversity of the Pteridoflora of Montane Northwestern Mexico. DIVERSITY 2023. [DOI: 10.3390/d15030324] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/25/2023]
Abstract
This study compiles and updates the checklist of ferns and lycophytes from the Sierra Madre Occidental (SMOc). For this, we revised information on these taxa from regional floristic studies, databases, and herbaria. Our updated list includes 312 species, of which 276 are ferns and 36 are lycophytes integrated into 27 families and 75 genera. The richest families are Pteridaceae (118), Polypodiaceae (31), Selaginellaceae (30), Aspleniaceae (25), and Dryopteridaceae (25). The three most diverse genera were Selaginella (30), Asplenium (25), and Myriopteris (22). The species-rich Mexican states that include the SMOc are Durango (166 species), Chihuahua (149), and Jalisco (146). As in other tropical mountains, species richness in the SMOc is concentrated at the elevation interval of 1500 to 2000 m (236 species). The mid-mountain vegetation forests (Quercus and Pinus-Quercus forests) harbor the most pteridoflora richness (52% of the species). Four species of ferns are listed as threatened in the Mexican Official Norm NOM-059-SEMARNAT-2010, 17 species are listed in the IUCN, and only one tree ferns are in CITES. The SMOc has a Nearctic affinity, and its fern and lycophyte diversity are lower than in other Mexican Transition Zone mountain chains, such as the Sierra Madre del Sur, the Trans-Mexican Volcanic Belt, and the Sierra Madre Oriental. Notwithstanding, its biological composition is unique and distinctive. The species number reported in the SMOc represents 31% of the pteridoflora diversity recorded in Mexico.
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Borrero H, Oviedo‐Prieto R, Alvarez JC, Ticktin T, Cisneros M, Liu H. Populations of a tropical epiphytic orchid are destabilized in its peripheral range by hurricane and an exotic herbivore. Ecosphere 2023. [DOI: 10.1002/ecs2.4355] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/14/2023] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Haydee Borrero
- Department of Earth and Environment and International Center for Tropical Botany Florida International University Miami Florida USA
- Fairchild Tropical Botanic Garden Coral Gables Florida USA
| | - Ramona Oviedo‐Prieto
- The Institute of Ecology and Systematics National Herbarium “Onaney Muñiz” and Botanica Habana Cuba
| | - Julio C. Alvarez
- The Institute of Ecology and Systematics National Herbarium “Onaney Muñiz” and Botanica Habana Cuba
| | - Tamara Ticktin
- School of Life Sciences University of Hawai'i at Mānoa Honolulu Hawaii USA
| | - Mario Cisneros
- Department of Earth and Environment and International Center for Tropical Botany Florida International University Miami Florida USA
| | - Hong Liu
- Department of Earth and Environment and International Center for Tropical Botany Florida International University Miami Florida USA
- Fairchild Tropical Botanic Garden Coral Gables Florida USA
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Mondragón D, Mora-Flores MP. First steps to study the demography of vascular epiphytes in cities. BRAZ J BIOL 2023; 84:e270998. [PMID: 37162122 DOI: 10.1590/1519-6984.270998] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/09/2023] [Accepted: 02/17/2023] [Indexed: 05/11/2023] Open
Abstract
Urban ecosystems could jeopardize the existence of vascular epiphytes (VE) given that their occurrence is linked to phorophyte availability and particular climatic conditions. Despite reports of VE in cities, nothing is known about their demography. A first step in this direction is to describe their population structures (PS). We established the PS of VE present in urban parks in Oaxaca City (Mexico), addressing the following questions: 1) what is their demographic status? and 2) are there differences in the structure of populations growing in native versus exotic phorophytes? During 2021, we censused all the trees in six urban parks, recording their origin (native or exotic), the epiphytic species found on them and the development stages present in each VE population. Overall, five VE species were documented: Tillandsia ionantha, T. makoyana, T. sp., T. schiedeana and T. recurvata (Bromeliaceae); the first three with only one individual and the latter two with 95 and 5,694, respectively. A MANOVA test indicated significant differences in PS between T. recurvata (type I structure, suggesting a growing population) and T. schiedeana (type III structure, suggesting a senile population) (Wilkes' λ= 0.821, F-Radio= 11.96 P<0.001). PS showed no differences related to tree origin. Our results indicate that it is necessary to conduct demographic studies to have a more accurate idea of the current condition of vascular epiphytes in cities. For instance, even though we found five VS species, only one of them seems to have viable populations in Oaxaca city.
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Affiliation(s)
- D Mondragón
- Instituto Politécnico Nacional, Centro Interdisciplinario de Investigación para El Desarrollo Integral Regional - CIIDIR, Oaxaca, México
| | - M P Mora-Flores
- Instituto Politécnico Nacional, Centro Interdisciplinario de Investigación para El Desarrollo Integral Regional - CIIDIR, Oaxaca, México
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Ramírez-Martínez A, Ticktin T, Mondragon D. Host tree species effects on long-term persistence of epiphytic orchid populations. Front Ecol Evol 2022. [DOI: 10.3389/fevo.2022.1059136] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
The destinies of epiphytic orchids (about 70% of all orchids) are linked to their host trees. However, there is little information on if differences in host trees characteristics can affect the long-term persistence of orchid populations, and how this might vary under different climatic conditions. We compared the population dynamics of two epiphytic orchid species, Alamania punicea and Oncidium brachyandrum growing on two host trees with contrasting leaf phenologies: the deciduous Quercus martinezii and the semideciduous Q. rugosa, over 3 years with varying levels of rainfall, in a montane tropical oak forest in Oaxaca, Mexico. Using data from > 500 individuals growing on 63 host trees, we applied linear mixed effects models, Integral Projection Models, and Life Table Response Experiments to identify the effects of host tree on orchid vital rates and population growth rates. For both orchid species, survival and growth did not differ between host species during wettest year. However, during the driest year both vital rates were higher on the semi-deciduous host Q. rugosa than on the deciduous Q. martinezii. Host species did not affect fecundity for A. punicea, but for O. brachyandrum fecundity was higher on the deciduous host. For A. punicea, λ values were similar between hosts during the wettest and intermediate years, but significantly lower (Δ λ = 0.28) on the deciduous than on the semi-deciduous host during the driest year. This was due primarily to lower survival on the deciduous host. For O. brachyandrum, λ was slightly higher (Δ λ = 0.03) on the deciduous than the semideciduous host during the wettest year, due to higher growth and reproduction. However, during the intermediate and driest years, λ values were significantly higher on the semi-deciduous than on the deciduous host (Δ λ = 0.13 and 0.15, respectively). This was due to higher survival and growth. A. punicea populations appear more vulnerable to dry conditions than O. brachyandrum, likely due to its smaller pseudobulbs, and hence lower water-storing capacity. Our results show that host tree species can both influence the vital rates and the long-term dynamics of orchid populations, and these effects vary across orchids species and over time. Our results highlight the importance of maintaining a diversity of host trees to ensure long-term population persistence.
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González-Montelongo C, Pérez-Vargas I. Together Apart: Evaluating Lichen-Phorophyte Specificity in the Canarian Laurel Forest. J Fungi (Basel) 2022; 8:jof8101031. [PMID: 36294596 PMCID: PMC9605454 DOI: 10.3390/jof8101031] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/11/2022] [Revised: 09/13/2022] [Accepted: 09/20/2022] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
The effects of host tree identity on epiphyte lichen communities are a controversial issue, as the results obtained in different forest environments studied are not consistent. We investigated the host preferences for lichens in the laurel forest of Macaronesia. For this purpose, we analyzed the lichen communities growing on the four most common trees (Erica canariensis Rivas-Mart., M. Osorio and Wildpret, Morella faya (Aiton) Wilbur, Laurus novoca-nariensis Rivas-Mart., Lousa, Fern. Prieto, E. Días, J.C. Costa and C. Aguiar, and Ilex canariensis Poir. in Lamarck) in the laurel forest of the Canary Islands. The diversity, richness, and lichen composition showed a repetitive and common pattern with the functional traits studied. Although the existence of specificity with respect to the phorophyte species was not demonstrated, there was a clear affinity of the epiphytic lichens to the physico-chemical features of the bark (texture and pH), canopy architecture, foliar characteristics, etc. Our results highlight the importance of the natural diversity of tree species in the laurel forest. Due to the diversity and uniqueness of the lichen species that support each of the phorophytes, this fact should be taken into account in landscape protection and restoration actions, especially in those islands where the forest is highly fragmented.
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Tay JYL, Kovalev A, Zotz G, Einzmann HJR, Gorb SN. Holding on or falling off: The attachment mechanism of epiphytic Anthurium obtusum changes with substrate roughness. AMERICAN JOURNAL OF BOTANY 2022; 109:874-886. [PMID: 35608083 DOI: 10.1002/ajb2.16000] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/17/2022] [Revised: 04/05/2022] [Accepted: 05/14/2022] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
PREMISE For vascular epiphytes, secure attachment to their hosts is vital for survival. Yet studies detailing the adhesion mechanism of epiphytes to their substrate are scarce. Examination of the root hair-substrate interface is essential to understand the attachment mechanism of epiphytes to their substrate. This study also investigated how substrate microroughness relates to the root-substrate attachment strength and the underlying mechanism(s). METHODS Seeds of Anthurium obtusum were germinated, and seedlings were transferred onto substrates made of epoxy resin with different defined roughness. After 2 months of growth, roots that adhered to the resin tiles were subjected to anchorage tests, and root hair morphology at different roughness levels was analyzed using light and cryo scanning electron microscopy. RESULTS The highest maximum peeling force was recorded on the smooth surface (glass replica, 0 µm). Maximum peeling force was significantly higher on fine roughness (0, 0.3, 12 µm) than on coarse (162 µm). Root hair morphology varied according to the roughness of the substrate. On smoother surfaces, root hairs were flattened to achieve large surface contact with the substrate. Attachment was mainly by adhesion with the presence of a glue-like substance. On coarser surfaces, root hairs were tubular and conformed to spaces between the asperities on the surface. Attachment was mainly via mechanical interlocking of root hairs and substrate. CONCLUSIONS This study demonstrates for the first time that the attachment mechanism of epiphytes varies depending on substrate microtopography, which is important for understanding epiphyte attachment on natural substrates varying in roughness.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jessica Y L Tay
- Functional Ecology of Plants, Institute of Biology and Environmental Sciences, University of Oldenburg, P.O. Box 2503, D-26111, Oldenburg, Germany
| | - Alexander Kovalev
- Functional Morphology and Biomechanics, Zoological Institute, Kiel University, Am Botanischen Garten 9, 24118, Kiel, Germany
| | - Gerhard Zotz
- Functional Ecology of Plants, Institute of Biology and Environmental Sciences, University of Oldenburg, P.O. Box 2503, D-26111, Oldenburg, Germany
- Smithsonian Tropical Research Institute, Balboa, Panama, Republic of Panama
| | - Helena J R Einzmann
- Functional Ecology of Plants, Institute of Biology and Environmental Sciences, University of Oldenburg, P.O. Box 2503, D-26111, Oldenburg, Germany
| | - Stanislav N Gorb
- Functional Morphology and Biomechanics, Zoological Institute, Kiel University, Am Botanischen Garten 9, 24118, Kiel, Germany
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Couto DR, Francisco TM, Nascimento MT. Commensalistic epiphyte–phorophyte networks in woody vegetation of tropical inselbergs: Patterns of organization and structure. AUSTRAL ECOL 2022. [DOI: 10.1111/aec.13173] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Dayvid Rodrigues Couto
- Programa de Pós‐Graduação em Ecologia e Recursos Naturais Laboratório de Ciências Ambientais Universidade Estadual do Norte Fluminense Darcy Ribeiro Avenida Alberto Lamego, 2000, Parque Califórnia Campos dos Goytacazes 28013‐602 Brazil
- Instituto Nacional da Mata Atlântica (INMA) Avenida José Ruschi, 4, Centro Santa Teresa 29650‐000 Brazil
| | - Talitha Mayumi Francisco
- Instituto Nacional da Mata Atlântica (INMA) Avenida José Ruschi, 4, Centro Santa Teresa 29650‐000 Brazil
| | - Marcelo Trindade Nascimento
- Programa de Pós‐Graduação em Ecologia e Recursos Naturais Laboratório de Ciências Ambientais Universidade Estadual do Norte Fluminense Darcy Ribeiro Avenida Alberto Lamego, 2000, Parque Califórnia Campos dos Goytacazes 28013‐602 Brazil
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Gotsch SG, Williams CB, Bicaba R, Cruz-de Hoyos R, Darby A, Davidson K, Dix M, Duarte V, Glunk A, Green L, Ferguson B, Muñoz-Elizondo K, Murray JG, Picado-Fallas I, Nӕsborg R, Dawson TE, Nadkarni N. Trade-offs between succulent and non-succulent epiphytes underlie variation in drought tolerance and avoidance. Oecologia 2022; 198:645-661. [DOI: 10.1007/s00442-022-05140-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/16/2021] [Accepted: 02/19/2022] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
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Komada N, Itioka T, Nakanishi A, Tagane S, Shimizu-kaya U, Nakagawa M, Meleng P, Pungga RAS, Kanzaki M. Effects of host tree size on the species richness and abundance of epiphyte assemblages in a Bornean lowland tropical forest. TROPICS 2022. [DOI: 10.3759/tropics.ms21-12] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
Affiliation(s)
| | - Takao Itioka
- Graduate School of Human and Environmental Studies, Kyoto University
| | | | | | | | | | - Paulus Meleng
- Research, Development and Innovation Division, Forest Department Sarawak
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Comparisons of habitat types and host tree species across a threatened Caribbean orchid’s core and edge distribution. JOURNAL OF TROPICAL ECOLOGY 2022. [DOI: 10.1017/s0266467421000572] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
Abstract
Abstract
Tropical forest ecosystems are rich in epiphytes that make up a significant portion of the overall plant diversity. However, epiphytic plants are often understudied due to inaccessibility and the lack of basic ecological information poses challenges to their conservation, particularly in a time of rapid global change. The mule-ear orchid, Trichocentrum undulatum (Orchidaceae), is a large flowering epiphyte found in southern Florida (USA), the Greater, and Lesser Antilles including Cuba. The plant is Florida state-listed as endangered with only one remaining small and declining population in a coastal mangrove forest due to historical extraction and habitat destruction. Currently, there is no systematic understanding of the species’ habitat requirements. To fill this void, we compared the habitat and microhabitat of the species on its northern distribution edge (southern Florida) and the core range (in Cuba). The Florida population has only one host species, Conocarpus erectus, found in one habitat type. This is in sharp contrast to the 92 documented hosts and 5 habitats across 8 provinces in Cuba. Based on our findings from Cuba, we suggest conservation and restoration options in Florida by proposing potential suitable host plants and habitats. Proactive restoration of this species will help to ease the threat from sea-level rise to the species by securing and expanding range margins.
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Machado GMO, Grittz GS, Gasper AL. Neglected epiphytism: Accidental epiphytes dominate epiphytic communities on tree ferns in the Atlantic Forest. Biotropica 2021. [DOI: 10.1111/btp.13055] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Affiliation(s)
| | | | - André Luís Gasper
- Programa de Pós‐graduação em Biodiversidade Universidade Regional de Blumenau Blumenau Brasil
- Herbário Dr. Roberto Miguel Klein Departamento de Ciências Naturais Universidade Regional de Blumenau Blumenau Brasil
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Seer FK, Putze G, Pennings SC, Zimmer M. Drivers of litter mass loss and faunal composition of detritus patches change over time. Ecol Evol 2021; 11:9642-9651. [PMID: 34306650 PMCID: PMC8293728 DOI: 10.1002/ece3.7787] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/15/2020] [Revised: 05/07/2021] [Accepted: 05/19/2021] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
Decomposition of vegetal detritus is one of the most fundamental ecosystem processes. In complex landscapes, the fate of litter of terrestrial plants may depend on whether it ends up decomposing in terrestrial or aquatic conditions. However, (1) to what extent decomposition rates are controlled by environmental conditions or by detritus type, and (2) how important the composition of the detritivorous fauna is in mediating decomposition in different habitats, remain as unanswered questions. We incubated two contrasting detritus types in three distinct habitat types in Coastal Georgia, USA, to test the hypotheses that (1) the litter fauna composition depends on the habitat and the litter type available, and (2) litter mass loss (as a proxy for decomposition) depends on environmental conditions (habitat) and the litter type. We found that the abundance of most taxa of the litter fauna depends primarily on habitat. Litter type became a stronger driver for some taxa over time, but the overall faunal composition was only weakly affected by litter type. Decomposition also depends strongly on habitat, with up to ca. 80% of the initial detrital mass lost over 25 months in the marsh and forest habitats, but less than 50% lost in the creek bank habitat. Mass loss rates of oak versus pine litter differed initially but converged within habitat types within 12 months. We conclude that, although the habitat type is the principle driver of the community composition of the litter fauna, litter type is a significant driver of litter mass loss in the early stages of the decomposition process. With time, however, litter types become more and more similar, and habitat becomes the dominating factor in determining decomposition of older litter. Thus, the major driver of litter mass loss changes over time from being the litter type in the early stages to the habitat (environmental conditions) in later stages.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Gregor Putze
- Zoologisches InstitutChristian‐Albrechts‐Universität zu KielKielGermany
| | | | - Martin Zimmer
- Zoologisches InstitutChristian‐Albrechts‐Universität zu KielKielGermany
- Leibniz‐Centre for Tropical Marine ResearchBremenGermany
- Faculty 02 Biology/ChemistryUniversity BremenBremenGermany
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Adhikari YP, Hoffmann S, Kunwar RM, Bobrowski M, Jentsch A, Beierkuhnlein C. Vascular epiphyte diversity and host tree architecture in two forest management types in the Himalaya. Glob Ecol Conserv 2021. [DOI: 10.1016/j.gecco.2021.e01544] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/21/2022] Open
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Elias JPC, Mortara SR, Nunes-Freitas AF, van den Berg E, Ramos FN. Host tree traits in pasture areas affect forest and pasture specialist epiphyte species differently. AMERICAN JOURNAL OF BOTANY 2021; 108:598-606. [PMID: 33871870 DOI: 10.1002/ajb2.1634] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/07/2020] [Accepted: 12/11/2020] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
PREMISE Epiphytes have commensal relationships with their host trees. Besides the influence of tree traits, little has been discussed concerning the ecology of epiphytes in disturbed habitats (e.g., pasture). We herein tested whether the occurrences of pasture and forest specialist epiphytes in pastures are affected differently by tree traits. We hypothesized that (H1) the richness and abundance of generalist epiphytes would be positively associated with area availability; (H2) the richness and abundance of forest epiphyte species would be associated both with (H2.a) area availability and (H2.b) tree traits related to higher seed adherence, and/or (H2.c) less severe habitat (e.g., high humidity and more shade). METHODS We sampled 9567 epiphyte individuals from 16 species on 759 scattered remnant trees. The epiphyte species were divided into two ecological groups: forest specialists and pasture specialists. We evaluated four host tree traits: two related to tree size (crown area and trunk diameter) and two related to habitat type (crown leaf density and bark rugosity). RESULTS The richness and abundance of both pasture and forest specialists were positively related with tree size. However, the abundance of pasture specialists was negatively related with crown leaf density, whereas richness of forest epiphytes was positively related with bark rugosity. CONCLUSIONS Large scattered trees tend to present higher richness and abundance of both pasture and forest specialist epiphytes compared to the smaller trees. However, high crown leaf density limits abundance of pasture specialist epiphytes, whereas rugose bark increases the richness of forest epiphytes.
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Affiliation(s)
- João P C Elias
- Laboratório de Ecologia de Fragmentos Florestais, ECOFRAG, Universidade Federal de Alfenas - UNIFAL/MG, Alfenas, MG, Brazil
| | - Sara R Mortara
- Laboratório de Ecologia de Fragmentos Florestais, ECOFRAG, Universidade Federal de Alfenas - UNIFAL/MG, Alfenas, MG, Brazil
- International Institute for Sustainability, Estrada Dona Castorina 124, Rio de Janeiro, RJ, Brazil
| | - André F Nunes-Freitas
- Laboratório de Ecologia Florestal e Biologia Vegetal, LEF, Universidade Federal Rural do Rio de Janeiro - UFRRJ, Br-465 km 7, Seropédica, RJ, Brazil
| | - Eduardo van den Berg
- Laboratório de Ecologia Vegetal, Universidade Federal de Lavras - UFLA, Lavras, MG, Brazil
| | - Flavio N Ramos
- Laboratório de Ecologia de Fragmentos Florestais, ECOFRAG, Universidade Federal de Alfenas - UNIFAL/MG, Alfenas, MG, Brazil
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17
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Larsen HME, Rasmussen HN. Bark extract influence on spore germination in corticolous lichen Xanthoria parietina in vitro. Mycol Prog 2021. [DOI: 10.1007/s11557-021-01673-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
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18
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Ma YJ, He HP, Zhao HM, Xian YD, Guo H, Liu B, Xue K. Microbiome diversity of cotton aphids (Aphis gossypii) is associated with host alternation. Sci Rep 2021; 11:5260. [PMID: 33664278 PMCID: PMC7933357 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-021-83675-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/10/2020] [Accepted: 12/28/2020] [Indexed: 01/31/2023] Open
Abstract
Aphids are infected by a series of bacteria that can help them survive on specific host plants. However, the associations between aphids and these bacteria are not clear, and the bacterial communities in many aphid species are poorly characterized. Here, we investigated the bacterial communities of cotton aphids (Aphis gossypii) on 2 representative winter host plants and transferred to 3 summer host plants by 16S rDNA sequencing using the Illumina MiSeq platform. Our results revealed that the bacterial communities varied among cotton aphids on hibiscus, cotton aphids on pomegranate, cotton aphids on cotton transferred from hibiscus, cotton aphids on muskmelon transferred from hibiscus, cotton aphids on cucumber transferred from hibiscus,. The diversity and richness of the bacterial communities were significantly higher in aphids on muskmelon and aphids on cucumber than in the other treatments. There were two main factors influencing the distribution of internal bacterial OTUs revealed by principal component analysis, including the differences among Punicaceae, Malvaceae and Cucurbitaceae. There were 28 bacterial communities with significant differences between two arbitrary treatments, which could be grouped into 6 main clusters depending on relative abundance. Moreover, our results indicated that in addition to the obligate endosymbiont Buchnera, with a dominant position (> 52%), A. gossypii also harbored 3 facultative endosymbiotic bacteria (Serratia, Arsenophonus, and Wolbachia) and 3 possibly symbiotic bacteria (Acinetobacter, Pantoea, and Flavobacterium). There were several correspondences between the symbiotic bacteria in cotton aphids and the specific host plants of the aphids. This study provides a better understanding of the interactions among symbiotic bacteria, aphids and host plants, suggesting that the selection pressure on aphid bacterial communities is likely to be exerted by the species of host plants.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yan-jie Ma
- grid.411077.40000 0004 0369 0529College of Life and Environmental Sciences, Minzu University of China, Beijing, 100081 China
| | - Hao-peng He
- grid.411077.40000 0004 0369 0529College of Life and Environmental Sciences, Minzu University of China, Beijing, 100081 China
| | - Hai-meng Zhao
- grid.411077.40000 0004 0369 0529College of Life and Environmental Sciences, Minzu University of China, Beijing, 100081 China
| | - Yi-dan Xian
- grid.411077.40000 0004 0369 0529College of Life and Environmental Sciences, Minzu University of China, Beijing, 100081 China
| | - Hui Guo
- grid.411077.40000 0004 0369 0529College of Life and Environmental Sciences, Minzu University of China, Beijing, 100081 China
| | - Biao Liu
- grid.464374.60000 0004 1757 8263Nanjing Institute of Environmental Sciences, MEP, Nanjing, 210042 China
| | - Kun Xue
- grid.411077.40000 0004 0369 0529College of Life and Environmental Sciences, Minzu University of China, Beijing, 100081 China ,grid.464374.60000 0004 1757 8263Nanjing Institute of Environmental Sciences, MEP, Nanjing, 210042 China
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19
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Functional Traits of a Rainforest Vascular Epiphyte Community: Trait Covariation and Indications for Host Specificity. DIVERSITY 2021. [DOI: 10.3390/d13020097] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Trait matching between interacting species may foster diversity. Thus, high epiphyte diversity in tropical forests may be partly due to the high diversity of trees and some degree of host specificity. However, possible trait matching between epiphyte and host is basically unexplored. Since the epiphytic habitat poses particular challenges to plants, their trait correlations should differ from terrestrial plants, but to what extent is unclear as epiphytes are underrepresented or missing in the large trait databases. We quantified 28 traits of 99 species of vascular epiphytes in a lowland forest in Panama that were related to plant size, leaf, stem, and root morphology; photosynthetic mode; and nutrient concentrations. We analyzed trait covariation, community weighted means, and functional diversity for assemblages on stems and in crowns of four tree species. We found intriguing differences between epiphytes and terrestrial plants regarding trait covariation in trait relations between plant maximal height, stem specific density, specific root length, and root tissue den-sity, i.e., stem and root economic spectra. Regarding host specificity, we found strong evidence for environmental filtering of epiphyte traits, but only in tree crowns. On stems, community weighted means differed in only one case, whereas > 2/3 of all traits differed in tree crowns. Although we were only partly able to interpret these differences in the light of tree trait differences, these findings mark an important step towards a functional understanding of epiphyte host specificity.
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20
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García-González A, Plasencia-Vázquez AH, Serrano Rodríguez A, Riverón-Giró FB, Ferrer-Sánchez Y, Zamora Crescencio P. Assemblage of vascular epiphytes associated to seasonally inundated forest in the Southeastern Mexico: Challenges for its conservation. Glob Ecol Conserv 2021. [DOI: 10.1016/j.gecco.2020.e01404] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/22/2022] Open
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21
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Chaves CJN, Rossatto DR. Reducing tree density affects interactions between trees and atmospheric
Tillandsia
species (Bromeliaceae). AUSTRAL ECOL 2020. [DOI: 10.1111/aec.12970] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Cleber J. N. Chaves
- Programa de Pós‐graduação em Ecologia e Biodiversidade Instituto de Biociências Universidade Estadual Paulista (UNESP) Rio Claro13506‐900Brazil
- Instituto de Biologia Universidade Estadual de Campinas (UNICAMP) Rio ClaroBrazil
| | - Davi R. Rossatto
- Programa de Pós‐graduação em Ecologia e Biodiversidade Instituto de Biociências Universidade Estadual Paulista (UNESP) Rio Claro13506‐900Brazil
- Departamento de Biologia Faculdade de Ciências Agrárias e Veterinárias Universidade Estadual Paulista (UNESP) Jaboticabal Brazil
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22
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Osawa Y, Tokeshi M. Niche relations in a small world: Epizoic algae on an intertidal gastropod. POPUL ECOL 2020. [DOI: 10.1002/1438-390x.12065] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Yumiko Osawa
- Amakusa Marine Biological Laboratory Kyushu University Amakusa‐gun Japan
| | - Mutsunori Tokeshi
- Amakusa Marine Biological Laboratory Kyushu University Amakusa‐gun Japan
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Phillips RD, Reiter N, Peakall R. Orchid conservation: from theory to practice. ANNALS OF BOTANY 2020; 126:345-362. [PMID: 32407498 PMCID: PMC7424752 DOI: 10.1093/aob/mcaa093] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/17/2019] [Accepted: 05/07/2020] [Indexed: 05/21/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Given the exceptional diversity of orchids (26 000+ species), improving strategies for the conservation of orchids will benefit a vast number of taxa. Furthermore, with rapidly increasing numbers of endangered orchids and low success rates in orchid conservation translocation programmes worldwide, it is evident that our progress in understanding the biology of orchids is not yet translating into widespread effective conservation. SCOPE We highlight unusual aspects of the reproductive biology of orchids that can have important consequences for conservation programmes, such as specialization of pollination systems, low fruit set but high seed production, and the potential for long-distance seed dispersal. Further, we discuss the importance of their reliance on mycorrhizal fungi for germination, including quantifying the incidence of specialized versus generalized mycorrhizal associations in orchids. In light of leading conservation theory and the biology of orchids, we provide recommendations for improving population management and translocation programmes. CONCLUSIONS Major gains in orchid conservation can be achieved by incorporating knowledge of ecological interactions, for both generalist and specialist species. For example, habitat management can be tailored to maintain pollinator populations and conservation translocation sites selected based on confirmed availability of pollinators. Similarly, use of efficacious mycorrhizal fungi in propagation will increase the value of ex situ collections and likely increase the success of conservation translocations. Given the low genetic differentiation between populations of many orchids, experimental genetic mixing is an option to increase fitness of small populations, although caution is needed where cytotypes or floral ecotypes are present. Combining demographic data and field experiments will provide knowledge to enhance management and translocation success. Finally, high per-fruit fecundity means that orchids offer powerful but overlooked opportunities to propagate plants for experiments aimed at improving conservation outcomes. Given the predictions of ongoing environmental change, experimental approaches also offer effective ways to build more resilient populations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ryan D Phillips
- Department of Ecology, Environment and Evolution, La Trobe University, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia
- Kings Park Science, Department of Biodiversity Conservation and Attractions, Kings Park, WA, Australia
- Ecology and Evolution, Research School of Biology, The Australian National University, Canberra, ACT, Australia
| | - Noushka Reiter
- Ecology and Evolution, Research School of Biology, The Australian National University, Canberra, ACT, Australia
- Royal Botanic Gardens Victoria, Corner of Ballarto Road and Botanic Drive, Cranbourne, VIC, Australia
| | - Rod Peakall
- Ecology and Evolution, Research School of Biology, The Australian National University, Canberra, ACT, Australia
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24
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Flores-Tolentino M, García-Valdés R, Saénz-Romero C, Ávila-Díaz I, Paz H, Lopez-Toledo L. Distribution and conservation of species is misestimated if biotic interactions are ignored: the case of the orchid Laelia speciosa. Sci Rep 2020; 10:9542. [PMID: 32533000 PMCID: PMC7293343 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-020-63638-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/23/2019] [Accepted: 03/31/2020] [Indexed: 11/08/2022] Open
Abstract
The geographic distribution of species depends on their relationships with climate and on the biotic interactions of the species. Ecological Niche Models (ENMs) mainly consider climatic variables only and may tend to overestimate these distributions, especially for species strongly restricted by biotic interactions. We identified the preference of Laelia speciosa for different host tree species and include this information in an ENM. The effect of habitat loss and climate change on the distribution of these species was also estimated. Although L. speciosa was recorded as epiphyte at six tree species, 96% of the individuals were registered at one single species (Quercus deserticola), which indicated a strong biotic interaction. We included the distribution of this host tree as a biotic variable in the ENM of L. speciosa. The contemporary distribution of L. speciosa is 52,892 km2, which represent 4% of Mexican territory and only 0.6% of the distribution falls within protected areas. Habitat loss rate for L. speciosa during the study period was 0.6% per year. Projections for 2050 and 2070 under optimistic and pessimistic climate change scenarios indicated a severe reduction in its distribution. Climaticaly suitable areas will also shift upwards (200-400 m higher). When estimating the distribution of a species, including its interactions can improve the performance of the ENMs, allowing for more accurate estimates of the actual distribution of the species, which in turn allows for better conservation strategies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mayra Flores-Tolentino
- Instituto de Investigaciones sobre los Recursos Naturales, Universidad Michoacana de San Nicolás de Hidalgo, Av. San Juanito Itzícuaro s/n, Col. Nueva Esperanza, Morelia, Michoacán, CP, 58330, Mexico
- Facultad de Biología, Universidad Michoacana de San Nicolás de Hidalgo, 48020, Morelia, Michoacán, Mexico
| | - Raúl García-Valdés
- CREAF, Universitat Autónoma de Barcelona, E08193 Bellaterra (Cerdanyola del Vallés), Catalonia, Spain
- Universitat Autónoma de Barcelona E08193 Bellaterra (Cerdanyola del Vallés), Catalonia, Spain
| | - Cuauhtémoc Saénz-Romero
- Instituto de Investigaciones sobre los Recursos Naturales, Universidad Michoacana de San Nicolás de Hidalgo, Av. San Juanito Itzícuaro s/n, Col. Nueva Esperanza, Morelia, Michoacán, CP, 58330, Mexico
| | - Irene Ávila-Díaz
- Facultad de Biología, Universidad Michoacana de San Nicolás de Hidalgo, 48020, Morelia, Michoacán, Mexico
| | - Horacio Paz
- Instituto de Investigaciones en Ecosistemas y Sustentabilidad, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México Unidad Morelia, Antigua Carretera a Pátzcuaro, 8701 58190, Morelia, Michoacán, Mexico
| | - Leonel Lopez-Toledo
- Instituto de Investigaciones sobre los Recursos Naturales, Universidad Michoacana de San Nicolás de Hidalgo, Av. San Juanito Itzícuaro s/n, Col. Nueva Esperanza, Morelia, Michoacán, CP, 58330, Mexico.
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25
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Zarate-García AM, Noguera-Savelli E, Andrade-Canto SB, Zavaleta-Mancera HA, Gauthier A, Alatorre-Cobos F. Bark water storage capacity influences epiphytic orchid preference for host trees. AMERICAN JOURNAL OF BOTANY 2020; 107:726-734. [PMID: 32346866 DOI: 10.1002/ajb2.1470] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/19/2019] [Accepted: 02/06/2020] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
PREMISE Of all orchid species described, 70% live on phorophytes. Trees offer a vital space with characteristics that influence the successful establishment and life cycle of orchids. Field inventory and distribution analysis suggest that phorophyte selection is biased to certain tree species that would serve as better hosts. Phorophyte bark is known as an important factor that influences this preference, but the chemical and physical properties of bark that contribute to creating a favorable space for orchids are still poorly understood. In this work, the effect of bark physical characteristics on phorophyte preference of tropical orchids was studied. METHODS Orchids and their phorophytes were counted and identified along transects inside two natural reserves in Southeast Mexico. A rhytidome classification was used to describe the bark decoration patterns of the phorophytes. To quantify bark fissuring, we developed a new protocol based on image processing of light micrographs using free-access software. Bark topology characterization was complemented with scanning electronic microscopy. Maximum and minimum water content was also determined. RESULTS Analyses of bark decorations and bark fissuring were not enough to explain the preference found for some tropical trees. In contrast, a positive relationship was found among water-storage capacity, bark porosity, and phorophyte preference. The host trees preferred by most orchids have bark with higher pore density and higher water retention after draining. CONCLUSIONS Unexpectedly, the phorophytes preferred by orchids are not those with more fissured bark but those with a higher ability to retain minimum water content after draining, which is a bark property positively correlated with higher pore density. Our data indicate that the bark microenvironment, determined by topology and water storage capacity, has a pivotal role in phorophyte specificity, a key factor that affects orchid diversity and distribution in the world.
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Affiliation(s)
- Angel M Zarate-García
- Colegio de Postgraduados Campus Campeche, Carretera Haltunchen-Edzna km 17.5, Sihochac, 24450, Municipio de Champotón, Campeche, México
| | - Eliana Noguera-Savelli
- Colegio de Postgraduados Campus Campeche, Carretera Haltunchen-Edzna km 17.5, Sihochac, 24450, Municipio de Champotón, Campeche, México
| | - Silvia B Andrade-Canto
- Centro de Investigación Científica de Yucatán, A.C., Calle 43 No.130 x 32 y 34, Chuburná de Hidalgo, 97205, Merida, Yucatán, México
| | - Hilda A Zavaleta-Mancera
- Colegio de Postgraduados Campus Montecillos, Km. 36.5, Mexico 136 5, Montecillo, 56230, Montecillo, México
| | - Adrien Gauthier
- UniLaSalle - AGHYLE research unit UP 2018.C101, 3 rue du Tronquet - CS 40118-76134, Mont-Saint-Aignan, Cedex, France
| | - Fulgencio Alatorre-Cobos
- CONACYT Research Fellow-Colegio de Postgraduados Campus Campeche, Carretera Haltunchen-Edzná km 17.5, Sihochac, 24450, Municipio de Champotón, Campeche, México
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Chaves CJN, Rossatto DR. Unravelling intricate interactions among atmospheric bromeliads with highly overlapping niches in seasonal systems. PLANT BIOLOGY (STUTTGART, GERMANY) 2020; 22:243-251. [PMID: 31736163 DOI: 10.1111/plb.13073] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/01/2019] [Accepted: 11/06/2019] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
Biotic and abiotic interactions are important factors that explain community assembly. For example, epiphytic communities are shaped by tree traits that can act as environmental filters, but also by positive and/or negative interactions among coexisting epiphytes on a tree. Here, we studied interactions among three widespread atmospheric bromeliads with overlapping niches (Tillandsia recurvata, T. tricholepis and T. pohliana), using experimental data about facilitation through seed capture, interspecific interaction during seed germination and competition among adult individuals. We aim to understand how species interactions are reflected in the natural coexisting patterns of epiphytes in communities at high and low tree densities. Tillandsia pohliana showed higher facilitation by capturing almost all wind-dispersing seeds, and had the largest reduction in seed germination in the presence of any adult individual, also presenting a relatively high rate of adult mortality in the presence of other individuals. Our results indicate higher colonisation ability for T. pohliana and distinct strategies of rapid exploitation of T. recurvata and T. tricholepis individuals. In natural communities, the coexistence among atmospheric bromeliads may be hampered by dispersal limitations in wind-dispersed epiphytes at high tree density conditions, but a negative effect of T. recurvata on T. pohliana is still reflected in their reduced coexistence. However, competitive patterns observed in the experimental data may be overshadowed by a possible mass effect driving large communities under such conditions. Our results show the joint effect of positive interactions and high dispersal levels on the community patterns of atmospheric bromeliads.
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Affiliation(s)
- C J N Chaves
- Programa de Pós-graduação em Ecologia e Biodiversidade, Universidade Estadual Paulista (Unesp), Instituto de Biociências, Rio Claro, Brazil
| | - D R Rossatto
- Programa de Pós-graduação em Ecologia e Biodiversidade, Universidade Estadual Paulista (Unesp), Instituto de Biociências, Rio Claro, Brazil
- Faculdade de Ciências Agrárias e Veterinárias, Departamento de Biologia, Universidade Estadual Paulista (Unesp), Jaboticabal, Brazil
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Montibeller-Silva K, Gomes JP, Mantovani A, Bortoluzzi RLDC. Relações ecológicas entre orquídeas e forófitos em Floresta Ombrófila Mista sob influência nebular, Planalto Serrano Catarinense. RODRIGUÉSIA 2020. [DOI: 10.1590/2175-7860202071139] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
Resumo Este estudo objetivou conhecer a riqueza e estrutura de orquídeas epífitas e seus forófitos, avaliar as interações entre estas duas assembleias, bem como, amostrar as espécies forofíticas e não forofíticas para orquídeas em um remanescente de Floresta Ombrófila Mista sob influência nebular no Planalto Serrano Catarinense. A amostragem foi realizada no Complexo Serra da Farofa, em uma parcela de 5.000 m2. A riqueza e estrutura das assembleias arbóreas, forofítica e não forofítica e de orquídeas foram avaliadas. Três espécies de orquídeas foram registradas, colonizando 15 espécies de forófitos. A distribuição espacial dos forófitos e orquídeas foi agregada. Os forófitos colonizados por orquídeas apresentaram altura e Diâmetro a Altura do Peito (DAP), significativamente maiores que demais forófitos. O ritidoma do tipo rugoso foi o mais comum em forófitos colonizados por orquídeas. Drimys angustifolia (Winteraceae) e Myrceugenia euosma (Myrtaceae) foram as principais espécies forofíticas, cruciais para a manutenção da assembleia de orquídeas neste local. As informações deste manuscrito destacam a proteção in situ de Cattleya coccinea, mediante a abundância dela no local. Estas informações irão beneficiar diretamente a conservação e restauração de assembleias biológicas com características semelhantes a este local.
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Lu HZ, Brooker R, Song L, Liu WY, Sack L, Zhang JL, Yu FH. When facilitation meets clonal integration in forest canopies. THE NEW PHYTOLOGIST 2020; 225:135-142. [PMID: 31571219 DOI: 10.1111/nph.16228] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/16/2019] [Accepted: 09/13/2019] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
Few studies have explored how - within the same system - clonality and positive plant-plant interactions might interact to regulate plant community composition. Canopy-dwelling epiphytes in species-rich forests provide an ideal system for studying this because many epiphytic vascular plants undertake clonal growth and because vascular epiphytes colonize canopy habitats after the formation of nonvascular epiphyte (i.e. bryophyte and lichen) mats. We investigated how clonal integration of seven dominant vascular epiphytes influenced inter-specific interactions between vascular epiphytes and nonvascular epiphytes in a subtropical montane moist forest in southwest China. Both clonal integration and environmental buffering from nonvascular epiphytes increased survival and growth of vascular epiphytes. The benefits of clonal integration for vascular epiphytes were higher when nonvascular epiphytes were removed. Similarly, facilitation from nonvascular epiphytes played a more important role when clonal integration of vascular epiphytes was eliminated. Overall, clonal integration had greater benefits than inter-specific facilitation. This study provides novel evidence for interactive effects of clonality and facilitation between vascular and nonvascular species, and has implications for our understanding of a wide range of ecosystems where both high levels of clonality and facilitation are expected to occur.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hua-Zheng Lu
- CAS Key Laboratory of Tropical Forest Ecology, Xishuangbanna Tropical Botanical Garden, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Menglun, Mengla, 666303, China
- Center of Plant Ecology, Core Botanical Gardens, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Xishuangbanna, 666303, China
- Department of Ecology and Evolutionary Biology, University of California Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA, 90095, USA
| | - Rob Brooker
- The James Hutton Institute, Aberdeen, AB15 8QH, UK
| | - Liang Song
- CAS Key Laboratory of Tropical Forest Ecology, Xishuangbanna Tropical Botanical Garden, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Menglun, Mengla, 666303, China
- Center of Plant Ecology, Core Botanical Gardens, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Xishuangbanna, 666303, China
| | - Wen-Yao Liu
- CAS Key Laboratory of Tropical Forest Ecology, Xishuangbanna Tropical Botanical Garden, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Menglun, Mengla, 666303, China
- Center of Plant Ecology, Core Botanical Gardens, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Xishuangbanna, 666303, China
| | - Lawren Sack
- Department of Ecology and Evolutionary Biology, University of California Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA, 90095, USA
| | - Jiao-Lin Zhang
- CAS Key Laboratory of Tropical Forest Ecology, Xishuangbanna Tropical Botanical Garden, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Menglun, Mengla, 666303, China
- Center of Plant Ecology, Core Botanical Gardens, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Xishuangbanna, 666303, China
| | - Fei-Hai Yu
- Institute of Wetland Ecology & Clone Ecology, Zhejiang Provincial Key Laboratory of Plant Evolutionary Ecology and Conservation, Taizhou University, Taizhou, 318000, China
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Amici AA, Nadkarni NM, Williams CB, Gotsch SG. Differences in epiphyte biomass and community composition along landscape and within‐crown spatial scales. Biotropica 2019. [DOI: 10.1111/btp.12725] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Autumn A. Amici
- School of Biological Sciences University of Utah Salt Lake City UT USA
| | | | | | - Sybil G. Gotsch
- Department of Biology Franklin and Marshall College Lancaster PA USA
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Guzmán‐Jacob V, Zotz G, Craven D, Taylor A, Krömer T, Monge‐González ML, Kreft H. Effects of forest‐use intensity on vascular epiphyte diversity along an elevational gradient. DIVERS DISTRIB 2019. [DOI: 10.1111/ddi.12992] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/10/2023] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Valeria Guzmán‐Jacob
- Biodiversity, Macroecology and Biogeography University of Göttingen Göttingen Germany
| | - Gerhard Zotz
- Institute for Biology and Environmental Sciences Carl von Ossietzky University Oldenburg Germany
| | - Dylan Craven
- Biodiversity, Macroecology and Biogeography University of Göttingen Göttingen Germany
| | - Amanda Taylor
- Biodiversity, Macroecology and Biogeography University of Göttingen Göttingen Germany
| | - Thorsten Krömer
- Centro de Investigaciones Tropicales Universidad Veracruzana Xalapa Mexico
| | | | - Holger Kreft
- Biodiversity, Macroecology and Biogeography University of Göttingen Göttingen Germany
- Centre of Biodiversity and Sustainable Land Use (CBL) University of Göttingen Göttingen Germany
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31
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Borst ACW, Angelini C, Berge A, Lamers L, Derksen‐Hooijberg M, Heide T. Food or furniture: Separating trophic and non‐trophic effects of Spanish moss to explain its high invertebrate diversity. Ecosphere 2019. [DOI: 10.1002/ecs2.2846] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Annieke C. W. Borst
- Institute of Water and Wetland Research Radboud University Nijmegen Heyendaalseweg 135 Nijmegen 6525AJ The Netherlands
- Wageningen Environmental Research Wageningen University and Research Droevendaalsesteeg 3 Wageningen 6700AA The Netherlands
| | - Christine Angelini
- Environmental Engineering Sciences Engineering School for Sustainable Infrastructure and Environment University of Florida Gainesville Florida 32611 USA
| | - Anne Berge
- Institute of Water and Wetland Research Radboud University Nijmegen Heyendaalseweg 135 Nijmegen 6525AJ The Netherlands
| | - Leon Lamers
- Institute of Water and Wetland Research Radboud University Nijmegen Heyendaalseweg 135 Nijmegen 6525AJ The Netherlands
| | - Marlous Derksen‐Hooijberg
- Institute of Water and Wetland Research Radboud University Nijmegen Heyendaalseweg 135 Nijmegen 6525AJ The Netherlands
- Royal Haskoning Contactweg 47 Amsterdam AN 1014 The Netherlands
| | - Tjisse Heide
- Institute of Water and Wetland Research Radboud University Nijmegen Heyendaalseweg 135 Nijmegen 6525AJ The Netherlands
- Department of Coastal Systems NIOZ Royal Netherlands Institute for Sea Research Utrecht University PO Box 59 Den Burg (Texel) AB 1790 The Netherlands
- Groningen Institute for Evolutionary Life Sciences (GELIFES) University of Groningen P.O. Box 11103 Groningen CC 9700 The Netherlands
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Arboreal Epiphytes in the Soil-Atmosphere Interface: How Often Are the Biggest “Buckets” in the Canopy Empty? GEOSCIENCES 2019. [DOI: 10.3390/geosciences9080342] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Arboreal epiphytes (plants residing in forest canopies) are present across all major climate zones and play important roles in forest biogeochemistry. The substantial water storage capacity per unit area of the epiphyte “bucket” is a key attribute underlying their capability to influence forest hydrological processes and their related mass and energy flows. It is commonly assumed that the epiphyte bucket remains saturated, or near-saturated, most of the time; thus, epiphytes (particularly vascular epiphytes) can store little precipitation, limiting their impact on the forest canopy water budget. We present evidence that contradicts this common assumption from (i) an examination of past research; (ii) new datasets on vascular epiphyte and epi-soil water relations at a tropical montane cloud forest (Monteverde, Costa Rica); and (iii) a global evaluation of non-vascular epiphyte saturation state using a process-based vegetation model, LiBry. All analyses found that the external and internal water storage capacity of epiphyte communities is highly dynamic and frequently available to intercept precipitation. Globally, non-vascular epiphytes spend <20% of their time near saturation and regionally, including the humid tropics, model results found that non-vascular epiphytes spend ~1/3 of their time in the dry state (0–10% of water storage capacity). Even data from Costa Rican cloud forest sites found the epiphyte community was saturated only 1/3 of the time and that internal leaf water storage was temporally dynamic enough to aid in precipitation interception. Analysis of the epi-soils associated with epiphytes further revealed the extent to which the epiphyte bucket emptied—as even the canopy soils were often <50% saturated (29–53% of all days observed). Results clearly show that the epiphyte bucket is more dynamic than currently assumed, meriting further research on epiphyte roles in precipitation interception, redistribution to the surface and chemical composition of “net” precipitation waters reaching the surface.
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Naranjo C, Iriondo JM, Riofrio ML, Lara-Romero C. Evaluating the structure of commensalistic epiphyte-phorophyte networks: a comparative perspective of biotic interactions. AOB PLANTS 2019; 11:plz011. [PMID: 30996861 PMCID: PMC6462211 DOI: 10.1093/aobpla/plz011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/21/2018] [Accepted: 03/04/2019] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Abstract
Epiphytic vascular plants comprise an essential part of the tropical flora and are a key component for ecosystem functioning. Some recent studies have used a network approach to investigate the interaction of epiphytes with host phorophytes at the community level. However, knowledge on commensalistic epiphyte-phorophyte network structure still lags behind with regard to other biotic interaction networks. Our goal was to provide a more complete overall perspective on commensalistic epiphyte-phorophyte interaction and its placement with respect to other better studied mutualistic interactions. We hypothesized that the intensity of the fitness effect of the different types of biotic interactions would determine the degree of specialization of the interacting organisms. Thus, commensalistic epiphyte-phorophyte interactions would have lower specialization than mutualistic interactions. We compiled and analysed the structural properties (nestedness, network specialization and modularity) of 12 commensalistic epiphyte-phorophyte networks and compared them with the same metrics to 11 ant-myrmecophyte, 86 pollination and 13 seed dispersal mutualistic networks. Epiphyte-phorophyte networks were nested and modular with regard to the corresponding null models and had greater nestedness than mutualistic networks, whereas specialization and modularity were significantly lower. Commensalistic epiphyte-phorophyte networks of interactions are both nested and modular, and hence, are structured in a similar way to most other types of networks that involve co-evolutionary interactions. Nevertheless, the nature and intensity of the ecological processes involved in the generation of these patterns is likely to differ. The lower values of modularity in commensalistic epiphyte-phorophyte networks are probably due to the low levels of specialization and the lack of co-evolutionary processes between the interacting partners.
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Affiliation(s)
- Carlos Naranjo
- Departamento de Ciencias Biológicas, Universidad Técnica Particular de Loja (UTPL), Loja, Ecuador
| | - José M Iriondo
- Biodiversity and Conservation Area, School of Experimental Sciences (ESCET), Rey Juan Carlos University (URJC), Madrid, Spain
| | - María L Riofrio
- Departamento de Ciencias Biológicas, Universidad Técnica Particular de Loja (UTPL), Loja, Ecuador
| | - Carlos Lara-Romero
- Biodiversity and Conservation Area, School of Experimental Sciences (ESCET), Rey Juan Carlos University (URJC), Madrid, Spain
- Global Change Research Group, Mediterranean Institute of Advanced Studies (CSIC–IUB), Mallorca, Balearic Islands, Spain
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Endres Júnior D, Sasamori MH, Petry CT, Santos MDS, Droste A. Host tree bark traits and development of reintroduced Cattleya intermedia (Orchidaceae) plants in Southern Brazil. RODRIGUÉSIA 2019. [DOI: 10.1590/2175-7860201970046] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
Abstract The traits of the bark of host trees can influence the distribution and development of epiphytes. Bark samples were suspended in 10 and 20 mL of distilled water for 1, 4 and 24 h, to evaluate pH determination methods. Bark samples of Myrcia brasiliensis, M. glabra and Myrsine coriacea, three host trees of Cattleya intermedia had bark samples collected from the trunk and the crown, for the evaluation of the pH, water retention capacity and thickness. Shoot height (cm) and number of roots of C. intermedia grown on trunk and into the crown of the three species were evaluated. Volume of solvent and suspension time of the bark samples influenced pH values. The pH and thickness of Myrsine coriacea barks were higher when compared to Myrcia species. Shoot height and number of roots of C. intermedia individuals were significantly higher in the crown. The growth parameters of the reintroduced plants were unrelated to pH and bark thickness. The data bring information for the application of further vascular epiphyte studies including new parameters and greater samplings, in order to support proposals of the conservation of endangered species.
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Caleño-Ruíz BL, Rodríguez-Eraso N, López-Camacho R. Understanding the nursery habitat and provision service of a NTFP in a Colombian oak forest: A case of a nomadic vine. Glob Ecol Conserv 2018. [DOI: 10.1016/j.gecco.2018.e00446] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/28/2022] Open
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Vergara-Torres CA, Corona-López AM, Díaz-Castelazo C, Toledo-Hernández VH, Flores-Palacios A. Effect of seed removal by ants on the host-epiphyte associations in a tropical dry forest of central Mexico. AOB PLANTS 2018; 10:ply056. [PMID: 30338050 PMCID: PMC6185717 DOI: 10.1093/aobpla/ply056] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/06/2018] [Accepted: 09/21/2018] [Indexed: 06/08/2023]
Abstract
Seed depredation is recognized as a determining factor in plant community structure and composition. Ants are primary consumers of seeds influencing abundance of epiphytes on trees. This study was conducted in two subunits of a tropical dry forest established on different soil substrates in San Andrés de la Cal, Tepoztlán, in Morelos, Mexico, and experimentally tested whether seed removal activity is higher in tree species with smaller epiphyte loads compared to those with greater epiphyte loads. Five trees were selected at random from six species of trees with high (preferred hosts) or low (limiting hosts) epiphyte loads. Seed removal differed among hosts and different soil substrates in the forest. On relating seed removal to the abundance of arboreal ants, the most consistent pattern was that lower seed removal was related to lower ant abundance, while high seed removal was associated with intermediate to high ant abundance. Epiphyte seed removal by ants influences epiphyte abundance and can contribute considerably to a failure to establish, since it diminishes the quantity of seeds available for germination and establishment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Carmen Agglael Vergara-Torres
- Centro de Investigación en Biodiversidad y Conservación (CIByC), Universidad Autónoma del Estado de Morelos, Av. Universidad, Col. Chamilpa, Cuernavaca, Morelos, México
| | - Angélica Ma Corona-López
- Centro de Investigación en Biodiversidad y Conservación (CIByC), Universidad Autónoma del Estado de Morelos, Av. Universidad, Col. Chamilpa, Cuernavaca, Morelos, México
| | - Cecilia Díaz-Castelazo
- Red Ecología Funcional, Instituto de Ecología, A. C. Carretera Antigua a Coatepec, El Haya, Xalapa, Veracruz, México
| | - Víctor Hugo Toledo-Hernández
- Centro de Investigación en Biodiversidad y Conservación (CIByC), Universidad Autónoma del Estado de Morelos, Av. Universidad, Col. Chamilpa, Cuernavaca, Morelos, México
| | - Alejandro Flores-Palacios
- Centro de Investigación en Biodiversidad y Conservación (CIByC), Universidad Autónoma del Estado de Morelos, Av. Universidad, Col. Chamilpa, Cuernavaca, Morelos, México
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Ramírez-Martínez A, Mondragón D, Valverde T, Chávez-Servia JL. Spatial variation in host preference in the endangered epiphytic bromeliad Tillandsia carlos-hankii. ACTA OECOLOGICA 2018. [DOI: 10.1016/j.actao.2018.08.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/28/2022]
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Francisco TM, Couto DR, Evans DM, Garbin ML, Ruiz-Miranda CR. Structure and robustness of an epiphyte-phorophyte commensalistic network in a neotropical inselberg. AUSTRAL ECOL 2018. [DOI: 10.1111/aec.12640] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/04/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Talitha M. Francisco
- Programa de Pós-Graduação em Ecologia e Recursos Naturais; Laboratório de Ciências Ambientais; Universidade Estadual do Norte Fluminense Darcy Ribeiro; Avenida Alberto Lamego, 2000, Parque Califórnia, 28035-200 Campos dos Goytacazes RJ Brazil
| | - Dayvid R. Couto
- Programa de Pós-Graduação em Ciências Biológicas (Botânica); Museu Nacional do Rio de Janeiro; Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro; São Cristóvão RJ Brazil
| | - Darren M. Evans
- School of Biology; Newcastle University; Newcastle upon Tyne UK
| | - Mário L. Garbin
- Programa de Pós-Graduação em Ecologia de Ecossistemas; Laboratório de Ecologia Vegetal; Universidade Vila Velha; Vila Velha ES Brazil
| | - Carlos R. Ruiz-Miranda
- Programa de Pós-Graduação em Ecologia e Recursos Naturais; Laboratório de Ciências Ambientais; Universidade Estadual do Norte Fluminense Darcy Ribeiro; Avenida Alberto Lamego, 2000, Parque Califórnia, 28035-200 Campos dos Goytacazes RJ Brazil
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39
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Abe S, Kotaka N, Takashima A, Abe T, Saito K, Masaki T. Host selection and distribution of Dendrobium okinawense, an endangered epiphytic orchid in Yambaru, Japan. Ecol Res 2018. [DOI: 10.1007/s11284-018-1618-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/16/2022]
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40
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Biodiversity influences invasion success of a facultative epiphytic seaweed in a marine forest. Biol Invasions 2018. [DOI: 10.1007/s10530-018-1736-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/17/2022]
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Gotsch SG, Davidson K, Murray JG, Duarte VJ, Draguljić D. Vapor pressure deficit predicts epiphyte abundance across an elevational gradient in a tropical montane region. AMERICAN JOURNAL OF BOTANY 2017; 104:1790-1801. [PMID: 29196341 DOI: 10.3732/ajb.1700247] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/24/2017] [Accepted: 09/27/2017] [Indexed: 06/07/2023]
Abstract
PREMISE OF THE STUDY Tropical Montane Cloud Forests (TMCFs) are important ecosystems to study and preserve because of their high biodiversity and critical roles in local and regional ecosystem processes. TMCFs may be particularly affected by changes in climate because of the narrow bands of microclimate they occupy and the vulnerability of TMCF species to projected increases in cloud base heights and drought. A comprehensive understanding of the structure and function of TMCFs is lacking and difficult to attain because of variation in topography within and across TMCF sites. This causes large differences in microclimate and forest structure at both large and small scales. METHODS In this study, we estimated the abundance of the entire epiphyte community in the canopy (bryophytes, herbaceous vascular plants, woody epiphytes, and canopy dead organic matter) in six sites. In each of the sites we installed a complete canopy weather station to link epiphyte abundance to a number of microclimatic parameters. KEY RESULTS We found significant differences in epiphyte abundance across the sites; epiphyte abundance increased with elevation and leaf wetness, but decreased as vapor pressure deficit (VPD) increased. Epiphyte abundance had the strongest relationship with VPD; there were differences in VPD that could not be explained by elevation alone. CONCLUSIONS By measuring this proxy of canopy VPD, TMCF researchers will better understand differences in microclimate and plant community composition across TMCF sites. Incorporating such information in comparative studies will allow for more meaningful comparisons across TMCFs and will further conservation and management efforts in this ecosystem.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sybil G Gotsch
- Franklin and Marshall College, Department of Biology, Lancaster, Pennsylvania 17603 USA
| | - Kenneth Davidson
- Franklin and Marshall College, Department of Biology, Lancaster, Pennsylvania 17603 USA
| | - Jessica G Murray
- Franklin and Marshall College, Department of Biology, Lancaster, Pennsylvania 17603 USA
| | - Vanessa J Duarte
- Franklin and Marshall College, Department of Biology, Lancaster, Pennsylvania 17603 USA
| | - Danel Draguljić
- Franklin and Marshall College, Department of Mathematics, Lancaster, Pennsylvania 17603 USA
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42
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Einzmann HJR, Zotz G. Dispersal and establishment of vascular epiphytes in human-modified landscapes. AOB PLANTS 2017; 9:plx052. [PMID: 29225763 PMCID: PMC5714248 DOI: 10.1093/aobpla/plx052] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/26/2017] [Accepted: 09/27/2017] [Indexed: 06/07/2023]
Abstract
The ongoing destruction of old-growth forests puts tropical forest species under great pressure because of the resulting habitat loss. A pre-requisite for the maintenance of a viable metacommunity in a fragmented landscape is the connectivity between habitable patches. We experimentally studied four vital steps of epiphyte dispersal in different habitat types in western Panama. (i) Seed falling velocity (Vterm) is known to correlate with long-distance dispersal via convective updraft. All measured Vterm of bromeliad and orchid seeds fell into a range of velocities with a high chance of long-distance dispersal. (ii) We quantified attachment success of bromeliad seeds as a function of bark rugosity with >30 common tree species in the region. Even fine bark structure allowed effective attachment. (iii and iv) Successful establishment is achieved when a seed germinates and a plantlet grows and survives. Germination success and early establishment of four bromeliad species did not differ between isolated trees, teak plantations or secondary forest patches. Microclimatic differences between habitat types were marginal and neither germination nor establishment correlated significantly with annual precipitation. The findings suggest a large capacity for dispersal and successful early establishment for these anemochorous species. A potentially regenerating forest may receive considerable input from sources such as pasture trees and in this way gain structural complexity, which also greatly enhances its value for other forest organisms.
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Affiliation(s)
- Helena J R Einzmann
- Department of Biology and Environmental Sciences, Carl von Ossietzky University of Oldenburg, Ammerländer Heerstraße 114–118, D-26129 Oldenburg, Germany
| | - Gerhard Zotz
- Department of Biology and Environmental Sciences, Carl von Ossietzky University of Oldenburg, Ammerländer Heerstraße 114–118, D-26129 Oldenburg, Germany
- Smithsonian Tropical Research Institute, Apartado Postal 0843-03092, Balboa, Ancon, Panamá, República de Panamá
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Wang X, Li Y, Song X, Meng Q, Zhu J, Zhao Y, Yu W. Influence of host tree species on isolation and communities of mycorrhizal and endophytic fungi from roots of a tropical epiphytic orchid, Dendrobium sinense (Orchidaceae). MYCORRHIZA 2017; 27:709-718. [PMID: 28685256 DOI: 10.1007/s00572-017-0787-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/15/2017] [Accepted: 06/20/2017] [Indexed: 05/20/2023]
Abstract
Most studies on the host preference of orchids have focused on the association between orchids and host characteristics, but little is known about the differences of mycorrhizal and endophytic fungal communities in epiphytic orchids growing on different host tree species. We selected Dendrobium sinense, a tropical epiphytic orchid, to determine if fungal endophytes from the roots of D. sinense were preferentially correlated with host tree species. Fifty-six fungal operational taxonomic units (OTUs) from 36 host trees were identified. The results indicated that the species richness and diversity of mycorrhizal and endophytic fungal communities isolated from D. sinense roots were strongly influenced by host tree species. Both species richness and diversity indices showed that D. sinense roots on Syzygium buxifolium harbored the most diverse and abundant endophytic fungi. Species of Tulasnellaceae were dominant on S. buxifolium and Rhododendron moulmainense but infrequent on Cyclobalanopsis disciformis and Podocarpus neriifolius. Our results provide evidence for distinct mycorrhizal and endophytic fungal communities on different host tree species. Further research focusing on fungi-orchid-host preference could be conducted to increase our understanding for the in situ conservation of epiphytic orchids.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaoming Wang
- Institute of Tropical Agriculture and Forestry, Hainan University, Haikou, 570228, China
| | - Yijia Li
- Zhangzhou Institute of Technology, Fujian, Zhangzhou, 363000, China
| | - Xiqiang Song
- Institute of Tropical Agriculture and Forestry, Hainan University, Haikou, 570228, China.
| | - Qianwan Meng
- Institute of Tropical Agriculture and Forestry, Hainan University, Haikou, 570228, China
| | - Jie Zhu
- Institute of Tropical Agriculture and Forestry, Hainan University, Haikou, 570228, China
| | - Ying Zhao
- Institute of Tropical Agriculture and Forestry, Hainan University, Haikou, 570228, China
| | - Wengang Yu
- Institute of Tropical Agriculture and Forestry, Hainan University, Haikou, 570228, China
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Wallace KJ, Laughlin DC, Clarkson BD. Exotic weeds and fluctuating microclimate can constrain native plant regeneration in urban forest restoration. ECOLOGICAL APPLICATIONS : A PUBLICATION OF THE ECOLOGICAL SOCIETY OF AMERICA 2017; 27:1268-1279. [PMID: 28182314 DOI: 10.1002/eap.1520] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/04/2016] [Revised: 01/26/2017] [Accepted: 01/30/2017] [Indexed: 06/06/2023]
Abstract
Restoring forest structure and composition is an important component of urban land management, but we lack clear understanding of the mechanisms driving restoration success. Here we studied two indicators of restoration success in temperate rainforests: native tree regeneration and epiphyte colonization. We hypothesized that ecosystem properties such as forest canopy openness, abundance of exotic herbaceous weeds, and the microclimate directly affect the density and diversity of native tree seedlings and epiphytes. Relationships between environmental conditions and the plant community were investigated in 27 restored urban forests spanning 3-70 years in age and in unrestored and remnant urban forests. We used structural equation modelling to determine the direct and indirect drivers of native tree regeneration and epiphyte colonization in the restored forests. Compared to remnant forest, unrestored forest had fewer native canopy tree species, significantly more light reaching the forest floor annually, and higher exotic weed cover. Additionally, epiphyte density was lower and native tree regeneration density was marginally lower in the unrestored forests. In restored forests, light availability was reduced to levels found in remnant forests within 20 years of restoration planting, followed shortly thereafter by declines in herbaceous exotic weeds and reduced fluctuation of relative humidity and soil temperatures. Contrary to expectations, canopy openness was only an indirect driver of tree regeneration and epiphyte colonization, but it directly regulated weed cover and microclimatic fluctuations, both of which directly drove the density and richness of regeneration and epiphyte colonization. Epiphyte density and diversity were also positively related to forest basal area, as large trees provide physical habitat for colonization. These results imply that ecosystem properties change predictably after initial restoration plantings, and that reaching critical thresholds in some ecosystem properties makes conditions suitable for the regeneration of late successional species, which is vital for restoration success and long-term ecosystem sustainability. Abiotic and biotic conditions that promote tree regeneration and epiphyte colonization will likely be present in forests with a basal area ≥27 m2 /ha. We recommend that urban forest restoration plantings be designed to promote rapid canopy closure to reduce light availability, suppress herbaceous weeds, and stabilize the microclimate.
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Affiliation(s)
- K J Wallace
- Environmental Research Institute, University of Waikato, Private Bag 3105, Hamilton, 3240, New Zealand
| | - Daniel C Laughlin
- Environmental Research Institute, University of Waikato, Private Bag 3105, Hamilton, 3240, New Zealand
| | - Bruce D Clarkson
- Environmental Research Institute, University of Waikato, Private Bag 3105, Hamilton, 3240, New Zealand
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Sousa MMDE, Colpo KD. Diversity and distribution of epiphytic bromeliads in a Brazilian subtropical mangrove. AN ACAD BRAS CIENC 2017; 89:1085-1093. [PMID: 28489202 DOI: 10.1590/0001-3765201720160702] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/17/2016] [Accepted: 12/19/2016] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
It is not unusual to find epiphytic bromeliads in mangroves, but most studies on mangrove vegetation do not record their presence. This study aimed to evaluate the diversity and distribution of epiphytic bromeliads in a subtropical mangrove. The richness, abundance and life form (atmospheric and tank) of bromeliads were recorded and compared among host tree species and waterline proximity. The effects of diameter and height of host trees on the abundance of bromeliads were also assessed. The mangrove was composed of Avicennia schaueriana, Laguncularia racemosa and Rhizophora mangle. We recorded seven bromeliad species of the genera Tillandsia and Vriesea. The waterline proximity did not affect the abundance or diversity of bromeliads, but atmospheric forms were predominant near the waterline, whereas tank bromeliads were more frequent in the interior of the mangrove. The three mangrove species hosted bromeliads, but L. racemosa was the preferred host. The species composition showed that the distribution of bromeliads is more related to the host species than to the distance from the waterline. Bromeliad abundance increased with tree size. Bromeliads can be biological indicators of ecosystem health; therefore, inventories and host tree preferences are necessary knowledge for an adequate management of sensitive ecosystems as mangroves.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mariana M DE Sousa
- Universidade Estadual Paulista "Júlio de Mesquita Filho"/ UNESP, Instituto de Biociências, Campus do Litoral Paulista, Praça Infante Dom Henrique, s/n, Parque Bitaru, Caixa Postal 73601, 11380-972 São Vicente, SP, Brazil
| | - Karine D Colpo
- Instituto de Limnología Dr. Raúl A. Ringuelet - ILPLA, CONICET, UNLP, Boulevard 120 & 60. La Plata, Buenos Aires, CP 1900, Argentina
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Woods CL. Primary ecological succession in vascular epiphytes: The species accumulation model. Biotropica 2017. [DOI: 10.1111/btp.12443] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Carrie L. Woods
- Biology Department University of Puget Sound Tacoma WA 98416‐1088 USA
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Gámez Vázquez HG, Urrutia Morales J, Rosales Nieto CA, Meza-Herrera CA, Echavarría Chaires FG, Beltrán López S. Tillandsia recurvata and its chemical value as an alternative use for feeding ruminants in northern Mexico. JOURNAL OF APPLIED ANIMAL RESEARCH 2017. [DOI: 10.1080/09712119.2017.1299013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Héctor G. Gámez Vázquez
- Instituto Nacional de Investigaciones Forestales, Agrícolas y Pecuarias, Campo Experimental San Luis, San Luis Potosí, México
| | - Jorge Urrutia Morales
- Instituto Nacional de Investigaciones Forestales, Agrícolas y Pecuarias, Campo Experimental San Luis, San Luis Potosí, México
| | - César A. Rosales Nieto
- Instituto Nacional de Investigaciones Forestales, Agrícolas y Pecuarias, Campo Experimental San Luis, San Luis Potosí, México
| | - César A. Meza-Herrera
- Universidad Autónoma Chapingo, Unidad Regional Universitaria de Zonas Áridas, México
| | - Francisco G. Echavarría Chaires
- Instituto Nacional de Investigaciones Forestales, Agrícolas y Pecuarias, Campo Experimental Zacatecas, Calera de Víctor Rosales, Zacatecas, México
| | - Sergio Beltrán López
- Instituto Nacional de Investigaciones Forestales, Agrícolas y Pecuarias, Campo Experimental San Luis, San Luis Potosí, México
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Are neotropical predictors of forest epiphyte–host relationships consistent in Indonesia? JOURNAL OF TROPICAL ECOLOGY 2017. [DOI: 10.1017/s0266467416000626] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Abstract
Abstract:Epiphytes represent keystone resources for many arthropod and vertebrate species, however their ecology remains poorly explored, especially within the palaeotropics. Several recent studies have examined relationships between epiphyte richness and characteristics of local habitats, although these have all focused on neotropical forests. Here, we aim to determine whether predictors of neotropical epiphyte richness are consistent at a palaeotropical site. A total of 44 host trees (dbh range 25–288 cm) were sampled at two study sites on Buton Island, Indonesia. For each tree, epiphyte richness and seven variables relating to characteristics of the host tree and surrounding habitats were recorded: site (a proxy value for disturbance level and water availability), host above-ground biomass (agb), altitude, bark texture, exposure, emergence and crown area. Gaussian GLM analyses indicated that the percentage deviance explained in epiphyte richness per host was greatest for agb (20.9%), crown area (19.6%) and site (15.5%); similar to previous findings from the neotropics. Results therefore suggest that high epiphyte diversity within palaeotropical forests is most likely to be found in large tracts of undisturbed forest, supporting large, broad-crowned trees.
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Leroy C, Petitclerc F, Orivel J, Corbara B, Carrias JF, Dejean A, Céréghino R. The influence of light, substrate and seed origin on the germination and establishment of an ant-garden bromeliad. PLANT BIOLOGY (STUTTGART, GERMANY) 2017; 19:70-78. [PMID: 27004470 DOI: 10.1111/plb.12452] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/15/2016] [Accepted: 03/18/2016] [Indexed: 06/05/2023]
Abstract
Plant germination and development depend upon a seed's successful dispersal into a suitable habitat and its ability to grow and survive within the surrounding biotic and abiotic environment. The seeds of Aechmea mertensii, a tank-bromeliad species, are dispersed by either Camponotus femoratus or Neoponera goeldii, two ant species that initiate ant gardens (AGs). These two mutualistic ant species influence the vegetative and reproductive traits of the bromeliad through their divergent ecological preferences (i.e. light and substrate). We hypothesised that the seeds dispersed by these two ant species have underlying genetic differences affecting germination, growth and survival of A. mertensii seedlings in different ways. To test this, we used an experimental approach consisting of sowing seeds of A. mertensii: (i) taken from the two AG-ant associations (i.e. seed origin), (ii) in two contrasting light conditions, and (iii) on three different substrates. Light and substrate had significant effects on germination, survival and on eight key leaf traits reflecting plant performance. Seed origin had a significant effect only on germination and on two leaf traits (total dry mass and relative growth rate). Overall, this bromeliad performs better (i.e. high growth and survival rates) when growing both in the shade and in the carton nest developed by C. femoratus ants. These results suggest that the plasticity of the tank bromeliad A. mertensii is mainly due to environment but also to genetic differences related to seed origin, as some traits are heritable. Thus, these two ant species may play contrasting roles in shaping plant evolution and speciation.
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Affiliation(s)
- C Leroy
- IRD, UMR AMAP (botAnique et Modélisation de l'Architecture des Plantes et des végétations), Montpellier, France
| | - F Petitclerc
- CNRS, UMR Ecologie des Forêts de Guyane (AgroParisTech, CIRAD, CNRS, INRA, Université de Guyane, Université des Antilles), Kourou, France
| | - J Orivel
- CNRS, UMR Ecologie des Forêts de Guyane (AgroParisTech, CIRAD, CNRS, INRA, Université de Guyane, Université des Antilles), Kourou, France
| | - B Corbara
- Clermont Université, Université Blaise Pascal, Clermont-Ferrand, France
- CNRS, UMR 6023, Laboratoire Microorganismes: Génome et Environnement, Aubière, France
| | - J-F Carrias
- Clermont Université, Université Blaise Pascal, Clermont-Ferrand, France
- CNRS, UMR 6023, Laboratoire Microorganismes: Génome et Environnement, Aubière, France
| | - A Dejean
- CNRS, UMR Ecologie des Forêts de Guyane (AgroParisTech, CIRAD, CNRS, INRA, Université de Guyane, Université des Antilles), Kourou, France
- Ecolab, Université de Toulouse, CNRS, INPT, Toulouse, France
| | - R Céréghino
- Ecolab, Université de Toulouse, CNRS, INPT, Toulouse, France
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Vascular epiphytes and host trees of ant-gardens in an anthropic landscape in southeastern Mexico. Naturwissenschaften 2016; 103:96. [PMID: 27866229 DOI: 10.1007/s00114-016-1421-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/14/2016] [Revised: 11/09/2016] [Accepted: 11/11/2016] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
Abstract
Ant-gardens (AGs) are considered one of the most complex mutualist systems between ants and plants, since interactions involving dispersal, protection, and nutrition occur simultaneously in them; however, little is known about the effects of the transformation of ecosystems on their diversity and interactions. In five environments with different land use within an anthropic landscape in southeastern Mexico, we investigated the diversity and composition of epiphytes and host trees of AGs built by Azteca gnava. A total of 10,871 individuals of 26 epiphytic species, associating with 859 AGs located in 161 host trees, were recorded. The diversity and composition of epiphytes tended to be different between environments; however, Aechmea tillandsioides and Codonanthe uleana were the most important species and considered true AG epiphytes, because they were the most frequent, abundant, and occurred exclusively in AGs. Other important species were the orchids Epidendrum flexuosum, Coryanthes picturata, and Epidendrum pachyrachis, and should also be considered true AG epiphytes, because they occurred almost exclusively in the AGs. The AG abundance in agroforestry plantations was similar or even greater than in riparian vegetation (natural habitat). The AGs were registered in 37 host species but were more frequent in Mangifera indica and Citrus sinensis. We conclude that true epiphytes of A. gnava AGs persist in different environments and host trees, and even these AGs could proliferate in agroforestry plantations of anthropic landscapes.
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