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Hunt L, Lhotáková Z, Neuwirthová E, Klem K, Oravec M, Kupková L, Červená L, Epstein HE, Campbell P, Albrechtová J. Leaf Functional Traits in Relation to Species Composition in an Arctic-Alpine Tundra Grassland. PLANTS (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2023; 12:1001. [PMID: 36903862 PMCID: PMC10005651 DOI: 10.3390/plants12051001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/17/2023] [Revised: 02/19/2023] [Accepted: 02/20/2023] [Indexed: 06/18/2023]
Abstract
The relict arctic-alpine tundra provides a natural laboratory to study the potential impacts of climate change and anthropogenic disturbance on tundra vegetation. The Nardus stricta-dominated relict tundra grasslands in the Krkonoše Mountains have experienced shifting species dynamics over the past few decades. Changes in species cover of the four competing grasses-Nardus stricta, Calamagrostis villosa, Molinia caerulea, and Deschampsia cespitosa-were successfully detected using orthophotos. Leaf functional traits (anatomy/morphology, element accumulation, leaf pigments, and phenolic compound profiles), were examined in combination with in situ chlorophyll fluorescence in order to shed light on their respective spatial expansions and retreats. Our results suggest a diverse phenolic profile in combination with early leaf expansion and pigment accumulation has aided the expansion of C. villosa, while microhabitats may drive the expansion and decline of D. cespitosa in different areas of the grassland. N. stricta-the dominant species-is retreating, while M. caerulea did not demonstrate significant changes in territory between 2012 and 2018. We propose that the seasonal dynamics of pigment accumulation and canopy formation are important factors when assessing potential "spreader" species and recommend that phenology be taken into account when monitoring grass species using remote sensing.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lena Hunt
- Department of Experimental Plant Biology, Faculty of Science, Charles University, Viničná 5, 12844 Prague, Czech Republic
| | - Zuzana Lhotáková
- Department of Experimental Plant Biology, Faculty of Science, Charles University, Viničná 5, 12844 Prague, Czech Republic
| | - Eva Neuwirthová
- Department of Experimental Plant Biology, Faculty of Science, Charles University, Viničná 5, 12844 Prague, Czech Republic
| | - Karel Klem
- Global Change Research Institute, Czech Academy of Sciences, Bělidla 4a, 60300 Brno, Czech Republic
| | - Michal Oravec
- Global Change Research Institute, Czech Academy of Sciences, Bělidla 4a, 60300 Brno, Czech Republic
| | - Lucie Kupková
- Department of Applied Geoinformatics and Cartography, Faculty of Science, Charles University, Albertov 6, 12800 Prague, Czech Republic
| | - Lucie Červená
- Department of Applied Geoinformatics and Cartography, Faculty of Science, Charles University, Albertov 6, 12800 Prague, Czech Republic
| | - Howard E. Epstein
- Department of Environmental Sciences, University of Virginia, Charlottesville, VA 22904, USA
| | - Petya Campbell
- Goddard Earth Science Technology and Research (GESTAR) II, University of Maryland Baltimore County, Baltimore, MD 21250, USA
- Biospheric Sciences Laboratory, Building 33, NASA Goddard Space Flight Center, Greenbelt, MD 20771, USA
| | - Jana Albrechtová
- Department of Experimental Plant Biology, Faculty of Science, Charles University, Viničná 5, 12844 Prague, Czech Republic
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Tree Diversity Reduces Fungal Endophyte Richness and Diversity in a Large-Scale Temperate Forest Experiment. DIVERSITY 2019. [DOI: 10.3390/d11120234] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Although decades of research have typically demonstrated a positive correlation between biodiversity of primary producers and associated trophic levels, the ecological drivers of this association are poorly understood. Recent evidence suggests that the plant microbiome, or the fungi and bacteria found on and inside plant hosts, may be cryptic yet important drivers of important processes, including primary production and trophic interactions. Here, using high-throughput sequencing, we characterized foliar fungal community diversity, composition, and function from 15 broadleaved tree species (N = 545) in a recently established, large-scale temperate tree diversity experiment using over 17,000 seedlings. Specifically, we tested whether increases in tree richness and phylogenetic diversity would increase fungal endophyte diversity (the “Diversity Begets Diversity” hypothesis), as well as alter community composition (the “Tree Diversity–Endophyte Community” hypothesis) and function (the “Tree Diversity–Endophyte Function” hypothesis) at different spatial scales. We demonstrated that increasing tree richness and phylogenetic diversity decreased fungal species and functional guild richness and diversity, including pathogens, saprotrophs, and parasites, within the first three years of a forest diversity experiment. These patterns were consistent at the neighborhood and tree plot scale. Our results suggest that fungal endophytes, unlike other trophic levels (e.g., herbivores as well as epiphytic bacteria), respond negatively to increasing plant diversity.
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Differences in organic matter quality, chemical and microbiological characteristics of two Phaeozems under natural and anthropic influence. THE EUROBIOTECH JOURNAL 2019. [DOI: 10.2478/ebtj-2019-0022] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Abstract
The soil degraded and changed by the anthropic activity must be monitored and the awareness of the intrinsic processes will allow a pertinent analysis of the effects of the application of the new technologies on the management and the sustainability of the soil.
Two natural and anthropic Phaeozems were analyzed from the point of view of chemical, microbiological characteristics, quality and composition of organic compounds.
Total values of microbial biomass and bacterial and fungal counts were generally twice higher in Calcaric Phaeozems than in Verti-Stagnic Phaeozems.
The content of humic precursors in Calcaric Phaeozems was quantitatively higher than that determined in Verti-stagnic Phaeozems, with a total content of phenols of 14.6mgGAExg−1d.m., polysaccharides and proteins of 97mgxg−1, respectivelly 16.6mgxl−1.
The ascending chromatograms showed specific distribution and higher density of the organic compounds in the CAFT sub-fraction of the Verti-stagnic Phaeozems. Pfeiffer specific chromatograms revealed an enzyme activity much higher than average at the Verti-stagnic Phaeozems, with a well-characterized functional diversity. The nutritional reserve appeared increased but poorly diversified in the Calcaric Phaeozems. Humification processes are intense, colloidal substances are present, the mineral component is very well integrated in the organic material at the Verti-stagnic Phaeozems and complex protein content is well revealed especially in the Calcaric Phaeozems.
Capillary dynamolysis reflected a characteristic pattern of Phaeozems soils, with particularities for each soil type, represented by colors, contours and particular forms of the specific structures developed.
Both soils presented good conditions for sustaining vegetation either natural or cultivated but results indicated that anthropic intervention determined a more dynamic mineralization of organic matter. Further monitoring of soil organic matter dynamics is needed and adjusting management practices for conservation of biodiversity and global ecosystem protection against the effect of anthropic intervention.
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Maclean JE, Mitchell RJ, Burslem DFRP, Genney D, Hall J, Pakeman RJ. Seed limitation, not soil legacy effects, prevents native understorey from establishing in oak woodlands in Scotland after removal ofRhododendron ponticum. Restor Ecol 2018. [DOI: 10.1111/rec.12664] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Janet E. Maclean
- Ecological Sciences; The James Hutton Institute; Aberdeen AB15 8QH U.K
- Institute of Biological and Environmental Sciences; University of Aberdeen, St. Machar Drive; Aberdeen AB24 3UU U.K
| | - Ruth J. Mitchell
- Ecological Sciences; The James Hutton Institute; Aberdeen AB15 8QH U.K
| | - David F. R. P. Burslem
- Institute of Biological and Environmental Sciences; University of Aberdeen, St. Machar Drive; Aberdeen AB24 3UU U.K
| | - David Genney
- Scottish Natural Heritage; Inverness IV3 8NW U.K
| | | | - Robin J. Pakeman
- Ecological Sciences; The James Hutton Institute; Aberdeen AB15 8QH U.K
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Gomes MP, Garcia QS, Barreto LC, Pimenta LPS, Matheus MT, Figueredo CC. Allelopathy: An overview from micro- to macroscopic organisms, from cells to environments, and the perspectives in a climate-changing world. Biologia (Bratisl) 2017. [DOI: 10.1515/biolog-2017-0019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
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6
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El Moujahid L, Le Roux X, Michalet S, Bellvert F, Weigelt A, Poly F. Effect of plant diversity on the diversity of soil organic compounds. PLoS One 2017; 12:e0170494. [PMID: 28166250 PMCID: PMC5293253 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0170494] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/29/2016] [Accepted: 01/05/2017] [Indexed: 11/30/2022] Open
Abstract
The effect of plant diversity on aboveground organisms and processes was largely studied but there is still a lack of knowledge regarding the link between plant diversity and soil characteristics. Here, we analyzed the effect of plant identity and diversity on the diversity of extractible soil organic compounds (ESOC) using 87 experimental grassland plots with different levels of plant diversity and based on a pool of over 50 plant species. Two pools of low molecular weight organic compounds, LMW1 and LMW2, were characterized by GC-MS and HPLC-DAD, respectively. These pools include specific organic acids, fatty acids and phenolics, with more organic acids in LMW1 and more phenolics in LMW2. Plant effect on the diversity of LMW1 and LMW2 compounds was strong and weak, respectively. LMW1 richness observed for bare soil was lower than that observed for all planted soils; and the richness of these soil compounds increased twofold when dominant plant species richness increased from 1 to 6. Comparing the richness of LMW1 compounds observed for a range of plant mixtures and for plant monocultures of species present in these mixtures, we showed that plant species richness increases the richness of these ESOC mainly through complementarity effects among plant species associated with contrasted spectra of soil compounds. This could explain previously reported effects of plant diversity on the diversity of soil heterotrophic microorganisms.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lamiae El Moujahid
- Université de Lyon, Université Lyon 1, CNRS, INRA, Laboratoire d’Ecologie microbienne, UMR 5557 CNRS, UMR 1418 INRA, Villeurbanne, France
| | - Xavier Le Roux
- Université de Lyon, Université Lyon 1, CNRS, INRA, Laboratoire d’Ecologie microbienne, UMR 5557 CNRS, UMR 1418 INRA, Villeurbanne, France
- * E-mail:
| | - Serge Michalet
- Université de Lyon, Université Lyon 1, CNRS, INRA, Laboratoire d’Ecologie microbienne, UMR 5557 CNRS, UMR 1418 INRA, Villeurbanne, France
- Université de Lyon, Université Lyon 1, UMR5557 CNRS, UMR 1418 INRA, Centre d’Etude des Substances Naturelles, Villeurbanne, France
| | - Florian Bellvert
- Université de Lyon, Université Lyon 1, CNRS, INRA, Laboratoire d’Ecologie microbienne, UMR 5557 CNRS, UMR 1418 INRA, Villeurbanne, France
- Université de Lyon, Université Lyon 1, UMR5557 CNRS, UMR 1418 INRA, Centre d’Etude des Substances Naturelles, Villeurbanne, France
| | - Alexandra Weigelt
- Department of Systematic Botany and Functional Biodiversity, Institute of Biology, University of Leipzig, Leipzig, Germany
- German Centre for Integrative Biodiversity Research (iDiv) Halle-Jena-Leipzig, Leipzig, Germany
| | - Franck Poly
- Université de Lyon, Université Lyon 1, CNRS, INRA, Laboratoire d’Ecologie microbienne, UMR 5557 CNRS, UMR 1418 INRA, Villeurbanne, France
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The regulation by phenolic compounds of soil organic matter dynamics under a changing environment. BIOMED RESEARCH INTERNATIONAL 2015; 2015:825098. [PMID: 26495314 PMCID: PMC4606107 DOI: 10.1155/2015/825098] [Citation(s) in RCA: 50] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/19/2014] [Accepted: 04/05/2015] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
Phenolics are the most abundant plant metabolites and are believed to decompose slowly in soils compared to other soil organic matter (SOM). Thus, they have often been considered as a slow carbon (C) pool in soil dynamics models. Here, however, we review changes in our concept about the turnover rate of phenolics and quantification of different types of phenolics in soils. Also, we synthesize current research on the degradation of phenolics and their regulatory effects on decomposition. Environmental changes, such as elevated CO2, warming, nitrogen (N) deposition, and drought, could influence the production and form of phenolics, leading to a change in SOM dynamics, and thus we also review the fate of phenolics under environmental disturbances. Finally, we propose the use of phenolics as a tool to control rates of SOM decomposition to stabilize organic carbon in ecosystems. Further studies to clarify the role of phenolics in SOM dynamics should include improving quantification methods, elucidating the relationship between phenolics and soil microorganisms, and determining the interactive effects of combinations of environmental changes on the phenolics production and degradation and subsequent impact on SOM processing.
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Madritch MD, Lindroth RL. Condensed tannins increase nitrogen recovery by trees following insect defoliation. THE NEW PHYTOLOGIST 2015; 208:410-20. [PMID: 25952793 DOI: 10.1111/nph.13444] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/10/2015] [Accepted: 04/09/2015] [Indexed: 05/07/2023]
Abstract
While the importance of plant secondary metabolites to belowground functioning is gaining recognition, the perception remains that secondary metabolites are produced for herbivore defense, whereas their belowground impacts are ecological by-products, or 'afterlife' effects. However, plants invest a significant amount of resources into production of secondary metabolites that have minimal effects on herbivore resistance (e.g. condensed tannins and insect herbivores). We show that genetically mediated variation in condensed tannin concentration is correlated with plant nitrogen recovery following a severe defoliation event. We used single-tree mesocosms labeled with (15) N to track nitrogen through both the frass and litter cycling pathways. High concentrations of leaf tannins in Populus tremuloides were correlated with (15) N recovery from frass within the same growing season and in the following growing season. Likewise, leaf tannin concentrations were also correlated with (15) N recovery from the litter of defoliated trees in the growing season following the defoliation event. Conversely, tannins were not well correlated with nitrogen uptake under conditions of nominal herbivory. Our results suggest that tannins may confer benefits in response to herbivore pressure through conserved belowground nitrogen cycling, rather than via defensive properties. Consequently, tannins may be considered as chemical mediators of tolerance rather than resistance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michael D Madritch
- Department of Entomology, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, WI, 53706, USA
| | - Richard L Lindroth
- Department of Entomology, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, WI, 53706, USA
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9
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Sotomayor DA, Lortie CJ. Indirect interactions in terrestrial plant communities: emerging patterns and research gaps. Ecosphere 2015. [DOI: 10.1890/es14-00117.1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
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10
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Islam AKMM, Ohno O, Suenaga K, Kato-Noguchi H. Suaveolic acid: a potent phytotoxic substance of Hyptis suaveolens. ScientificWorldJournal 2014; 2014:425942. [PMID: 25405221 PMCID: PMC4227406 DOI: 10.1155/2014/425942] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/19/2014] [Revised: 09/21/2014] [Accepted: 09/22/2014] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Hyptis suaveolens (Lamiaceae) is an exotic invasive plant in many countries. Earlier studies reported that the aqueous, methanol, and aqueous methanol extract of H. suaveolens and its residues have phytotoxic properties. However, to date, the phytotoxic substances of this plant have not been reported. Therefore, the objectives of this study were isolation and identification of phytotoxic substances of H. suaveolens. Aqueous methanol extract of this plant was purified by several chromatographic runs through bioassay guided fractionation using garden cress (Lepidium sativum) as a test plant. Final purification of a phytotoxic substance was achieved by reverse phase HPLC and characterized as 14α-hydroxy-13β-abiet-8-en-18-oic acid (suaveolic acid) by high-resolution ESI-MS, (1)H-,(13)C-NMR, CD, and specific rotation. Suaveolic acid inhibited the shoot growth of garden cress, lettuce (Lactuca sativa), Italian ryegrass (Lolium multiflorum), and barnyard grass (Echinochloa crus-galli) at concentrations greater than 30 µM. Root growth of all but lettuce was also inhibited at concentrations greater than 30 µM. The inhibitory activities were concentration dependent. Concentrations required for 50% growth inhibition of suaveolic acid for those test plant species were ranged from 76 to 1155 µM. Therefore, suaveolic acid is phytotoxic and may be responsible for the phytotoxicity of H. suaveolens plant extracts.
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Affiliation(s)
- A. K. M. Mominul Islam
- Department of Applied Biological Science, Faculty of Agriculture, Kagawa University, 2393 Ikenobe, Miki, Kagawa 761-0795, Japan
| | - Osamu Ohno
- Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Science and Technology, Keio University, 3-14-1 Hiyoshi, Kohoku, Yokohama 223-8522, Japan
| | - Kiyotake Suenaga
- Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Science and Technology, Keio University, 3-14-1 Hiyoshi, Kohoku, Yokohama 223-8522, Japan
| | - Hisashi Kato-Noguchi
- Department of Applied Biological Science, Faculty of Agriculture, Kagawa University, 2393 Ikenobe, Miki, Kagawa 761-0795, Japan
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11
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Marakaev OA, Celebrowsky MV, Nikolaeva TN, Zagoskina NV. Some aspects of underground organs of spotleaf orchis growth and phenolic compounds accumulation at the generative stage of ontogenesis. BIOL BULL+ 2013. [DOI: 10.1134/s1062359013030060] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
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12
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Rahman MM, Tsukamoto J, Tokumoto Y, Shuvo MAR. The Role of Quantitative Traits of Leaf Litter on Decomposition and Nutrient Cycling of the Forest Ecosystems. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2013. [DOI: 10.7747/jfs.2013.29.1.38] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/05/2022]
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13
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Leaf litter quality drives litter mixing effects through complementary resource use among detritivores. Oecologia 2013; 173:269-80. [PMID: 23292458 DOI: 10.1007/s00442-012-2588-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 62] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/23/2012] [Accepted: 12/20/2012] [Indexed: 10/27/2022]
Abstract
To comprehend the potential consequences of biodiversity loss on the leaf litter decomposition process, a better understanding of its underlying mechanisms is necessary. Here, we hypothesize that positive litter mixture effects occur via complementary resource use, when litter species complement each other in terms of resource quality for detritivores. To investigate this, monocultures and mixtures of two leaf litter species varying in quality were allowed to decompose with and without a single macro-detritivore species (the terrestrial woodlice Oniscus asellus). Resource quality of the mixture was assessed by the mean concentration, the dissimilarity in absolute and relative concentrations, and the covariance between nitrogen (N), phosphorus (P) and calcium (Ca) supply. Our results clearly show that litter mixing effects were driven by differences in their resource quality for detritivores. In particular, complementary supply of N and P was a major driver of litter mixing effects. Interestingly, litter mixing effects caused by the addition of woodlice were predominantly driven by N dissimilarity, whereas in their absence, increased P concentration was the main driver of litter mixing effects. These results show that ultimately, litter diversity effects on decomposition may be driven by complementary resource use of the whole decomposer community (i.e., microbes and macro-detritivores).
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Sundqvist MK, Wardle DA, Olofsson E, Giesler R, Gundale MJ. Chemical properties of plant litter in response to elevation: subarctic vegetation challenges phenolic allocation theories. Funct Ecol 2012. [DOI: 10.1111/j.1365-2435.2012.02034.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Maja K. Sundqvist
- Department of Forest Ecology and Management; Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences; Umeå; SE-901 83; Sweden
| | - David A. Wardle
- Department of Forest Ecology and Management; Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences; Umeå; SE-901 83; Sweden
| | - Elin Olofsson
- Department of Forest Ecology and Management; Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences; Umeå; SE-901 83; Sweden
| | - Reiner Giesler
- Department of Ecology and Environmental Science; Climate Impacts Research Centre, Umeå University; Abisko; SE-981 07; Sweden
| | - Michael J. Gundale
- Department of Forest Ecology and Management; Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences; Umeå; SE-901 83; Sweden
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15
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Zhou X, Yu G, Wu F. Responses of soil microbial communities in the rhizosphere of cucumber (Cucumis sativus L.) to exogenously applied p-hydroxybenzoic acid. J Chem Ecol 2012; 38:975-83. [PMID: 22752368 DOI: 10.1007/s10886-012-0156-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/13/2012] [Revised: 06/11/2012] [Accepted: 06/15/2012] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
Changes in soil biological properties have been implicated as one of the causes of soil sickness, a phenomenon that occurs in continuous monocropping systems. However, the causes for these changes are not yet clear. The aim of this work was to elucidate the role of p-hydroxybenzoic acid (PHBA), an autotoxin of cucumber (Cucumis sativus L.), in changing soil microbial communities. p-Hydroxybenzoic acid was applied to soil every other day for 10 days in cucumber pot assays. Then, the structures and sizes of bacterial and fungal communities, dehydrogenase activity, and microbial carbon biomass (MCB) were assessed in the rhizosphere soil. Structures and sizes of rhizosphere bacterial and fungal communities were analyzed by polymerase chain reaction (PCR)-denaturing gradient gel electrophoresis (DGGE) and real-time PCR, respectively. p-Hydroxybenzoic acid inhibited cucumber seedling growth and stimulated rhizosphere dehydrogenase activity, MBC content, and bacterial and fungal community sizes. Rhizosphere bacterial and fungal communities responded differently to exogenously applied PHBA. The PHBA decreased the Shannon-Wiener index for the rhizosphere bacterial community but increased that for the rhizosphere fungal community. In addition, the response of the rhizosphere fungal community structure to PHBA acid was concentration dependent, but was not for the rhizosphere bacterial community structure. Our results indicate that PHBA plays a significant role in the chemical interactions between cucumber and soil microorganisms and could account for the changes in soil microbial communities in the continuously monocropped cucumber system.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xingang Zhou
- Department of Horticulture, Northeast Agricultural University, Mucai 59, Xiangfang, Harbin 150030, People's Republic of China
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16
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Cipollini D, Rigsby CM, Barto EK. Microbes as targets and mediators of allelopathy in plants. J Chem Ecol 2012; 38:714-27. [PMID: 22585095 DOI: 10.1007/s10886-012-0133-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 112] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/02/2012] [Revised: 04/27/2012] [Accepted: 05/01/2012] [Indexed: 10/28/2022]
Abstract
Studies of allelopathy in terrestrial systems have experienced tremendous growth as interest has risen in describing biochemical mechanisms responsible for structuring plant communities, determining agricultural and forest productivity, and explaining invasive behaviors in introduced organisms. While early criticisms of allelopathy involved issues with allelochemical production, stability, and degradation in soils, an understanding of the chemical ecology of soils and its microbial inhabitants has been increasingly incorporated in studies of allelopathy, and recognized as an essential predictor of the outcome of allelopathic interactions between plants. Microbes can mediate interactions in a number of ways with both positive and negative outcomes for surrounding plants and plant communities. In this review, we examine cases where soil microbes are the target of allelopathic plants leading to indirect effects on competing plants, provide examples where microbes play either a protective effect on plants against allelopathic competitors or enhance allelopathic effects, and we provide examples where soil microbial communities have changed through time in response to allelopathic plants with known or potential effects on plant communities. We focus primarily on interactions involving wild plants in natural systems, using case studies of some of the world's most notorious invasive plants, but we also provide selected examples from agriculturally managed systems. Allelopathic interactions between plants cannot be fully understood without considering microbial participants, and we conclude with suggestions for future research.
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Affiliation(s)
- Don Cipollini
- Department of Biological Sciences, Environmental Sciences PhD Program, Wright State University, Dayton, OH, USA.
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17
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Inderjit, Wardle DA, Karban R, Callaway RM. The ecosystem and evolutionary contexts of allelopathy. Trends Ecol Evol 2011; 26:655-62. [DOI: 10.1016/j.tree.2011.08.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 194] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/30/2011] [Revised: 08/11/2011] [Accepted: 08/15/2011] [Indexed: 10/17/2022]
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18
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Weidenhamer JD, Callaway RM. Direct and indirect effects of invasive plants on soil chemistry and ecosystem function. J Chem Ecol 2010; 36:59-69. [PMID: 20077127 DOI: 10.1007/s10886-009-9735-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 171] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/08/2009] [Revised: 12/10/2009] [Accepted: 12/15/2009] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
Abstract
Invasive plants have a multitude of impacts on plant communities through their direct and indirect effects on soil chemistry and ecosystem function. For example, plants modify the soil environment through root exudates that affect soil structure, and mobilize and/or chelate nutrients. The long-term impact of litter and root exudates can modify soil nutrient pools, and there is evidence that invasive plant species may alter nutrient cycles differently from native species. The effects of plants on ecosystem biogeochemistry may be caused by differences in leaf tissue nutrient stoichiometry or secondary metabolites, although evidence for the importance of allelochemicals in driving these processes is lacking. Some invasive species may gain a competitive advantage through the release of compounds or combinations of compounds that are unique to the invaded community—the “novel weapons hypothesis.” Invasive plants also can exert profound impact on plant communities indirectly through the herbicides used to control them. Glyphosate, the most widely used herbicide in the world, often is used to help control invasive weeds, and generally is considered to have minimal environmental impacts. Most studies show little to no effect of glyphosate and other herbicides on soil microbial communities. However, herbicide applications can reduce or promote rhizobium nodulation and mycorrhiza formation. Herbicide drift can affect the growth of non-target plants, and glyphosate and other herbicides can impact significantly the secondary chemistry of plants at sublethal doses. In summary, the literature indicates that invasive species can alter the biogeochemistry of ecosystems, that secondary metabolites released by invasive species may play important roles in soil chemistry as well as plant-plant and plant-microbe interactions, and that the herbicides used to control invasive species can impact plant chemistry and ecosystems in ways that have yet to be fully explored.
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Viard-Crétat F, Gallet C, Lefebvre M, Lavorel S. A leachate a day keeps the seedlings away: mowing and the inhibitory effects of Festuca paniculata in subalpine grasslands. ANNALS OF BOTANY 2009; 103:1271-1278. [PMID: 19324898 PMCID: PMC2685310 DOI: 10.1093/aob/mcp064] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/08/2008] [Revised: 01/09/2009] [Accepted: 02/03/2009] [Indexed: 05/27/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND AND AIMS Is the release of allelochemicals by the dominant tussock grass Festuca paniculata responsible for its dominance by inhibiting growth of neighbour grasses in subalpine grasslands? As such a community is also structured by mowing practices, what could be the impact of mowing on allelopathy? METHODS A design was used that isolated allelopathy from resource competition by separating donor plants (Festuca paniculata) from target plants (F. paniculata, Dactylis glomerata and Bromus erectus). Leachates from donor pots containing bare soil, unmown F. paniculata or mown F. paniculata continuously irrigated target pots containing seedlings. Activated carbon was added in half of the target pots to adsorb potential allelochemicals. C and N analyses of target potting soil were used to test for any effect of treatments on resources. Total phenol concentration was measured in the solutions flowing from donor to target pots. RESULTS Festuca paniculata leachates inhibited seedling growth of D. glomerata and B. erectus. Inhibition was correlated with polyphenol concentration, and was not due to resource competition for nitrogen. Mowing the leaves of the donor plants did not significantly increase this inhibition. The activated carbon treatment was not conclusive as it inhibited the seedling growing under control pots with only bare soil. CONCLUSIONS The results suggest that allelopathy may be at least partly responsible for F. paniculata dominance in subalpine meadows by inhibition of colonization by neighbouring species.
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Affiliation(s)
- Flore Viard-Crétat
- Laboratoire d'écologie alpine, CNRS UMR 5553, Université Joseph Fourier, 38041 Grenoble Cedex 9, France.
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