1
|
Makarewicz CA, Winter-Schuh C, Jackson M, Johannesson EG, Amartuvshin C, Honeychurch W. Local circulation of elites punctuated by transregional mobility enabled steppe political consolidation in the Xiongnu nomadic state. PLoS One 2024; 19:e0298593. [PMID: 38557862 PMCID: PMC10984472 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0298593] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/17/2022] [Accepted: 01/28/2024] [Indexed: 04/04/2024] Open
Abstract
The Xiongnu polity (ca. 200 BC- 150 AD) emerged out of indigenous community-centered socio-political structures to forge a powerful state that commanded the Mongolian steppe and beyond. Underpinned by a highly mobile pastoralist population, accustomed to seasonally rhythmic moves and embedded in an equestrian culture that facilitated rapid transport over long-distances, it remains unclear precisely how the movement of commoners, local aristocrats and regional elites abetted the formation and organization of Xiongnu state structures. Here, we evaluate Xiongnu movement and dietary intake through multi-stable isotopic analyses of tooth enamel from directly dated Xiongnu intermediate elites recovered from the mortuary center of Baga Gazaryn Chuluu-a prominent granite outcrop set in the Gobi Desert. Carbon isotope (δ13C) analysis indicates millet was consumed by some individuals, but whether or not this C4 cultivar contributed to the diets of most elites remains ambiguous in this C3/C4 desert-steppe environment. The effectiveness of oxygen isotopes (δ18O) to establish mobility appears much reduced in steppe environments, where geospatially sensitive information appears disrupted by extraordinary seasonality in meteoric water oxygen isotopes, pronounced oxygen isotopic variation in potential drinking water sources, and culturally mediated drinking practices. Most revealing, strontium isotopes (87Sr/86Sr) indicate circulation of local elites around this central place and beyond, a mobility format that helped leaders cement their own position through political consolidation of spatially dispersed mobile pastoralist communities. The consistent presence at Baga Gazaryn Chuluu of extra-local intermediate elites also points toward the importance of transregional mobility in binding together the Xiongnu polity over the vast distances of the eastern steppe.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Cheryl A Makarewicz
- Archaeology Stable Isotope Laboratory, University of Kiel, Kiel, Germany
- Institute for Prehistoric and Protohistoric Archaeology, University of Kiel, Kiel, Germany
| | - Christine Winter-Schuh
- Archaeology Stable Isotope Laboratory, University of Kiel, Kiel, Germany
- Institute for Prehistoric and Protohistoric Archaeology, University of Kiel, Kiel, Germany
| | - Meghan Jackson
- Meghan Jackson, Ossifrage Exploration Consulting LLC, Huelva, Spain
| | | | - Chunag Amartuvshin
- Chunag Amartuvshin, Archaeological Research Center, National University of Mongolia, Ulaanbaatar, Mongolia
| | - William Honeychurch
- William Honeychurch, Department of Anthropology, Yale University, New Haven, CT, United States of America
| |
Collapse
|
2
|
Berasategui JA, Žerdoner Čalasan A, Zizka A, Kadereit G. Global distribution, climatic preferences and photosynthesis-related traits of C 4 eudicots and how they differ from those of C 4 grasses. Ecol Evol 2023; 13:e10720. [PMID: 37964791 PMCID: PMC10641307 DOI: 10.1002/ece3.10720] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/02/2023] [Revised: 10/25/2023] [Accepted: 10/30/2023] [Indexed: 11/16/2023] Open
Abstract
C₄ is one of three known photosynthetic processes of carbon fixation in flowering plants. It evolved independently more than 61 times in multiple angiosperm lineages and consists of a series of anatomical and biochemical modifications to the ancestral C3 pathway increasing plant productivity under warm and light-rich conditions. The C4 lineages of eudicots belong to seven orders and 15 families, are phylogenetically less constrained than those of monocots and entail an enormous structural and ecological diversity. Eudicot C4 lineages likely evolved the C4 syndrome along different evolutionary paths. Therefore, a better understanding of this diversity is key to understanding the evolution of this complex trait as a whole. By compiling 1207 recognised C4 eudicots species described in the literature and presenting trait data among these species, we identify global centres of species richness and of high phylogenetic diversity. Furthermore, we discuss climatic preferences in the context of plant functional traits. We identify two hotspots of C4 eudicot diversity: arid regions of Mexico/Southern United States and Australia, which show a similarly high number of different C4 eudicot genera but differ in the number of C4 lineages that evolved in situ. Further eudicot C4 hotspots with many different families and genera are in South Africa, West Africa, Patagonia, Central Asia and the Mediterranean. In general, C4 eudicots are diverse in deserts and xeric shrublands, tropical and subtropical grasslands, savannas and shrublands. We found C4 eudicots to occur in areas with less annual precipitation than C4 grasses which can be explained by frequently associated adaptations to drought stress such as among others succulence and salt tolerance. The data indicate that C4 eudicot lineages utilising the NAD-ME decarboxylating enzyme grow in drier areas than those using the NADP-ME decarboxylating enzyme indicating biochemical restrictions of the later system in higher temperatures. We conclude that in most eudicot lineages, C4 evolved in ancestrally already drought-adapted clades and enabled these to further spread in these habitats and colonise even drier areas.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Jessica A. Berasategui
- Prinzessin Therese von Bayern Lehrstuhl für Systematik, Biodiversität & Evolution der PflanzenLudwig‐Maximilians Universität MünchenMünchenGermany
- Institute for Molecular PhysiologyJohannes Gutenberg‐University MainzMainzGermany
| | - Anže Žerdoner Čalasan
- Prinzessin Therese von Bayern Lehrstuhl für Systematik, Biodiversität & Evolution der PflanzenLudwig‐Maximilians Universität MünchenMünchenGermany
| | - Alexander Zizka
- Department of BiologyPhilipps‐University MarburgMarburgGermany
| | - Gudrun Kadereit
- Prinzessin Therese von Bayern Lehrstuhl für Systematik, Biodiversität & Evolution der PflanzenLudwig‐Maximilians Universität MünchenMünchenGermany
- Botanischer Garten München‐Nymphenburg und Botanische Staatssammlung MünchenStaatliche Naturwissenschaftliche Sammlungen BayernsMünchenGermany
| |
Collapse
|
3
|
Sasaki T, Collins SL, Rudgers JA, Batdelger G, Baasandai E, Kinugasa T. Dryland sensitivity to climate change and variability using nonlinear dynamics. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2023; 120:e2305050120. [PMID: 37603760 PMCID: PMC10587894 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.2305050120] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/28/2023] [Accepted: 07/26/2023] [Indexed: 08/23/2023] Open
Abstract
Primary productivity response to climatic drivers varies temporally, indicating state-dependent interactions between climate and productivity. Previous studies primarily employed equation-based approaches to clarify this relationship, ignoring the state-dependent nature of ecological dynamics. Here, using 40 y of climate and productivity data from 48 grassland sites across Mongolia, we applied an equation-free, nonlinear time-series analysis to reveal sensitivity patterns of productivity to climate change and variability and clarify underlying mechanisms. We showed that productivity responded positively to annual precipitation in mesic regions but negatively in arid regions, with the opposite pattern observed for annual mean temperature. Furthermore, productivity responded negatively to decreasing annual aridity that integrated precipitation and temperature across Mongolia. Productivity responded negatively to interannual variability in precipitation and aridity in mesic regions but positively in arid regions. Overall, interannual temperature variability enhanced productivity. These response patterns are largely unrecognized; however, two mechanisms are inferable. First, time-delayed climate effects modify annual productivity responses to annual climate conditions. Notably, our results suggest that the sensitivity of annual productivity to increasing annual precipitation and decreasing annual aridity can even be negative when the negative time-delayed effects of annual precipitation and aridity on productivity prevail across time. Second, the proportion of plant species resistant to water and temperature stresses at a site determines the sensitivity of productivity to climate variability. Thus, we highlight the importance of nonlinear, state-dependent sensitivity of productivity to climate change and variability, accurately forecasting potential biosphere feedback to the climate system.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Takehiro Sasaki
- Graduate School of Environment and Information Sciences, Yokohama National University, Hodogaya, Yokohama240-8501, Japan
| | - Scott L. Collins
- Department of Biology, MSC03-2020, University of New Mexico, Albuquerque, NM87131
| | - Jennifer A. Rudgers
- Department of Biology, MSC03-2020, University of New Mexico, Albuquerque, NM87131
| | - Gantsetseg Batdelger
- Information and Research Institute of Meteorology, Hydrology and Environment of Mongolia, Ulaanbaatar15160, Mongolia
| | - Erdenetsetseg Baasandai
- Information and Research Institute of Meteorology, Hydrology and Environment of Mongolia, Ulaanbaatar15160, Mongolia
| | | |
Collapse
|
4
|
Shegebayev Z, Turgumbayeva A, Datkhayev U, Zhakipbekov K, Kalykova A, Kartbayeva E, Beyatli A, Tastambek K, Altynbayeva G, Dilbarkhanov B, Akhelova A, Anarbayeva R, Orynbassarova K. Pharmacological Properties of Four Plant Species of the Genus Anabasis, Amaranthaceae. Molecules 2023; 28:molecules28114454. [PMID: 37298930 DOI: 10.3390/molecules28114454] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/10/2023] [Revised: 05/24/2023] [Accepted: 05/26/2023] [Indexed: 06/12/2023] Open
Abstract
The genus Anabasis is a member of the family Amaranthaceae (former name: Chenopodiaceae) and includes approximately 102 genera and 1400 species. The genus Anabasis is one of the most significant families in salt marshes, semi-deserts, and other harsh environments. They are also renowned for their abundance in bioactive compounds, including sesquiterpenes, diterpenes, triterpenes, saponins, phenolic acids, flavonoids, and betalain pigments. Since ancient times, these plants have been used to treat various diseases of the gastrointestinal tract, diabetes, hypertension, and cardiovascular diseases and are used as an antirheumatic and diuretic. At the same time, the genus Anabasis is very rich in biologically active secondary metabolites that exhibit great pharmacological properties such as antioxidant, antibacterial, antiangiogenic, antiulcer, hypoglycemic, hepatoprotective, antidiabetic, etc. All of the listed pharmacological activities have been studied in practice by scientists from different countries and are presented in this review article to familiarize the entire scientific community with the results of these studies, as well as to explore the possibilities of using four plant species of the genus Anabasis as medicinal raw materials and developing medicines based on them.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Zhanybek Shegebayev
- School of Pharmacy, JSC "S.D. Asfendiyarov Kazakh National Medical University", Almaty 050000, Kazakhstan
| | - Aknur Turgumbayeva
- Higher School of Medicine, Al-Farabi Kazakh National University, Almaty 050040, Kazakhstan
| | - Ubaidilla Datkhayev
- School of Pharmacy, JSC "S.D. Asfendiyarov Kazakh National Medical University", Almaty 050000, Kazakhstan
| | - Kairat Zhakipbekov
- School of Pharmacy, JSC "S.D. Asfendiyarov Kazakh National Medical University", Almaty 050000, Kazakhstan
| | - Assem Kalykova
- Higher School of Medicine, Al-Farabi Kazakh National University, Almaty 050040, Kazakhstan
| | - Elmira Kartbayeva
- Higher School of Medicine, Al-Farabi Kazakh National University, Almaty 050040, Kazakhstan
| | - Ahmet Beyatli
- Departament of Medicinal and Aromatic Plants, University of Health Sciences, Istanbul 34668, Turkey
| | - Kuanysh Tastambek
- Higher School of Medicine, Al-Farabi Kazakh National University, Almaty 050040, Kazakhstan
- Ecology Research Institute, Khoja Akhmet Yassawi International Kazakh-Turkish University, Turkistan 161200, Kazakhstan
- Department of Biotechnology, M. Auezov South Kazakhstan University, Shymkent 160012, Kazakhstan
| | - Gulmira Altynbayeva
- Neonatology and Neonatal Surgery Department, JSC "Scientific Center of Pediatrics and Pediatric Surgery", Almaty 050060, Kazakhstan
| | - Bassymbek Dilbarkhanov
- School of Pharmacy, JSC "S.D. Asfendiyarov Kazakh National Medical University", Almaty 050000, Kazakhstan
| | - Aiman Akhelova
- School of Pharmacy, JSC "S.D. Asfendiyarov Kazakh National Medical University", Almaty 050000, Kazakhstan
| | | | | |
Collapse
|
5
|
Rozentsvet O, Shuyskaya E, Bogdanova E, Nesterov V, Ivanova L. Effect of Salinity on Leaf Functional Traits and Chloroplast Lipids Composition in Two C 3 and C 4 Chenopodiaceae Halophytes. PLANTS (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2022; 11:2461. [PMID: 36235330 PMCID: PMC9572261 DOI: 10.3390/plants11192461] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/21/2022] [Revised: 09/16/2022] [Accepted: 09/16/2022] [Indexed: 06/16/2023]
Abstract
Salt stress is one of the most common abiotic kinds of stress. Understanding the key mechanisms of salt tolerance in plants involves the study of halophytes. The effect of salinity was studied in two halophytic annuals of Chenopodiaceae Salicornia perennans Willd. and Climacoptera crassa (Bied.) Botsch. These species are plants with C3 and C4-metabolism, respectively. We performed a comprehensive analysis of the photosynthetic apparatus of these halophyte species at different levels of integration. The C3 species S. perennans showed larger variation in leaf functional traits-both at the level of cell morphology and membrane system (chloroplast envelope and thylakoid). S. perennans also had larger photosynthetic cells, by 10-15 times, and more effective mechanisms of osmoregulation and protecting cells against the toxic effect of Na+. Salinity caused changes in photosynthetic tissues of C. crassa such as an increase of the mesophyll cell surface, the expansion of the interface area between mesophyll and bundle sheath cells, and an increase of the volume of the latter. These functional changes compensated for scarce CO2 supply when salinity increased. Overall, we concluded that these C3 and C4 Chenopodiaceae species demonstrated different responses to salinity, both at the cellular and subcellular levels.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Olga Rozentsvet
- Samara Federal Research Scientific Center Russian Academy of Sciences, Institute of Ecology of Volga River Basin, Russian Academy of Sciences, 445003 Togliatti, Russia
| | - Elena Shuyskaya
- K. A. Timiryazev Institute of Plant Physiology, Russian Academy of Sciences, 127276 Moscow, Russia
| | - Elena Bogdanova
- Samara Federal Research Scientific Center Russian Academy of Sciences, Institute of Ecology of Volga River Basin, Russian Academy of Sciences, 445003 Togliatti, Russia
| | - Viktor Nesterov
- Samara Federal Research Scientific Center Russian Academy of Sciences, Institute of Ecology of Volga River Basin, Russian Academy of Sciences, 445003 Togliatti, Russia
| | - Larisa Ivanova
- The Institute of Environmental and Agricultural Biology (X-BIO), Tyumen State University, 625003 Tyumen, Russia
| |
Collapse
|
6
|
Munroe SEM, McInerney FA, Guerin GR, Andrae JW, Welti N, Caddy-Retalic S, Atkins R, Sparrow B. Plant families exhibit unique geographic trends in C4 richness and cover in Australia. PLoS One 2022; 17:e0271603. [PMID: 35994485 PMCID: PMC9394836 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0271603] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/14/2022] [Accepted: 07/03/2022] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Numerous studies have analysed the relationship between C4 plant cover and climate. However, few have examined how different C4 taxa vary in their response to climate, or how environmental factors alter C4:C3 abundance. Here we investigate (a) how proportional C4 plant cover and richness (relative to C3) responds to changes in climate and local environmental factors, and (b) if this response is consistent among families. Proportional cover and richness of C4 species were determined at 541 one-hectare plots across Australia for 14 families. C4 cover and richness of the most common and abundant families were regressed against climate and local parameters. C4 richness and cover in the monocot families Poaceae and Cyperaceae increased with latitude and were strongly positively correlated with January temperatures, however C4 Cyperaceae occupied a more restricted temperature range. Seasonal rainfall, soil pH, soil texture, and tree cover modified proportional C4 cover in both families. Eudicot families displayed considerable variation in C4 distribution patterns. Proportional C4 Euphorbiaceae richness and cover were negatively correlated with increased moisture availability (i.e. high rainfall and low aridity), indicating they were more common in dry environments. Proportional C4 Chenopodiaceae richness and cover were weakly correlated with climate and local environmental factors, including soil texture. However, the explanatory power of C4 Chenopodiaceae models were poor, suggesting none of the factors considered in this study strongly influenced Chenopodiaceae distribution. Proportional C4 richness and cover in Aizoaceae, Amaranthaceae, and Portulacaceae increased with latitude, suggesting C4 cover and richness in these families increased with temperature and summer rainfall, but sample size was insufficient for regression analysis. Results demonstrate the unique relationships between different C4 taxa and climate, and the significant modifying effects of environmental factors on C4 distribution. Our work also revealed C4 families will not exhibit similar responses to local perturbations or climate.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Samantha E. M. Munroe
- School of Biological Sciences, The University of Adelaide, Adelaide, South Australia, Australia
- Terrestrial Ecosystem Research Network (TERN), University of Adelaide, Adelaide, South Australia, Australia
- * E-mail:
| | - Francesca A. McInerney
- School of Physical Sciences and the Sprigg Geobiology Centre, The University of Adelaide, Adelaide, South Australia, Australia
| | - Greg R. Guerin
- School of Biological Sciences, The University of Adelaide, Adelaide, South Australia, Australia
- Terrestrial Ecosystem Research Network (TERN), University of Adelaide, Adelaide, South Australia, Australia
| | - Jake W. Andrae
- School of Physical Sciences and the Sprigg Geobiology Centre, The University of Adelaide, Adelaide, South Australia, Australia
| | - Nina Welti
- CSIRO Agriculture and Food, Urrbrae, South Australia, Australia
| | - Stefan Caddy-Retalic
- School of Biological Sciences, The University of Adelaide, Adelaide, South Australia, Australia
- School of Life and Environmental Sciences, University of Sydney, New South Wales, Sydney, Australia
| | - Rachel Atkins
- School of Physical Sciences and the Sprigg Geobiology Centre, The University of Adelaide, Adelaide, South Australia, Australia
| | - Ben Sparrow
- School of Biological Sciences, The University of Adelaide, Adelaide, South Australia, Australia
- Terrestrial Ecosystem Research Network (TERN), University of Adelaide, Adelaide, South Australia, Australia
| |
Collapse
|
7
|
Milella M, Caspari G, Laffranchi Z, Arenz G, Sadykov T, Blochin J, Keller M, Kapinus Y, Lösch S. Dining in Tuva: Social correlates of diet and mobility in Southern Siberia during the 2nd–4th centuries
CE. AMERICAN JOURNAL OF BIOLOGICAL ANTHROPOLOGY 2022. [PMCID: PMC9314596 DOI: 10.1002/ajpa.24506] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/19/2023]
Abstract
Objectives Contemporary archeological theory emphasizes the economic and social complexity of Eurasian steppe populations. As a result, old notions of “nomadic” cultures as homogenously mobile and economically simple are now displaced by more nuanced interpretations. Large part of the literature on diet and mobility among Eurasian pastoralists is focused on the Bronze and Iron Ages. The underrepresentation of more recent contexts hampers a full discussion of possible chronological trajectories. In this study we explore diet and mobility at Tunnug1 (Republic of Tuva, 2nd–4th century CE), and test their correlation with social differentiation. Materials and Methods We compare demographic patterns (by age‐at‐death and sex) of carbon, nitrogen, and sulfur stable isotope ratios (δ13C, δ15N, and δ34S) among 65 humans and 12 animals from Tunnug1 using nonparametric tests and Bayesian modeling. We then compare isotopic data with data on perimortal skeletal lesions of anthropic origin and funerary variables. Results Our analyses show that: (1) diet at Tunnug1 was largely based on C4 plants (likely millet) and animal proteins; (2) few individuals were nonlocals, although their geographic origin remains unclarified; (3) no differences in diet separates individuals based on sex and funerary treatment. In contrast, individuals with perimortal lesions show carbon and nitrogen stable isotope ratios consistent with a diet incorporating a lower consumption of millet and animal proteins. Discussion Our results confirm the previously described socioeconomic variability of steppe populations, providing at the same time new data about the economic importance of millet in Southern Siberia during the early centuries CE.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Marco Milella
- Department of Physical Anthropology, Institute of Forensic Medicine University of Bern Bern
| | - Gino Caspari
- Department of Archaeology University of Sydney Sydney Australia
- Institute of Archaeological Sciences University of Bern Bern Switzerland
| | - Zita Laffranchi
- Department of Physical Anthropology, Institute of Forensic Medicine University of Bern Bern
| | - Gabriele Arenz
- Department of Physical Anthropology, Institute of Forensic Medicine University of Bern Bern
| | - Timur Sadykov
- Institute for the History of Material Culture Russian Academy of Sciences St. Petersburg Russia
| | - Jegor Blochin
- Institute for the History of Material Culture Russian Academy of Sciences St. Petersburg Russia
| | - Marcel Keller
- Estonian Biocentre, Institute of Genomics University of Tartu Tartu Estonia
| | - Yulija Kapinus
- Volga‐Ural Center for Paleoanthropological Research SSSPU Samara Russia
| | - Sandra Lösch
- Department of Physical Anthropology, Institute of Forensic Medicine University of Bern Bern
| |
Collapse
|
8
|
Munroe SEM, McInerney FA, Andrae J, Welti N, Guerin GR, Leitch E, Hall T, Szarvas S, Atkins R, Caddy-Retalic S, Sparrow B. The photosynthetic pathways of plant species surveyed in Australia's national terrestrial monitoring network. Sci Data 2021; 8:97. [PMID: 33795698 PMCID: PMC8016977 DOI: 10.1038/s41597-021-00877-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/05/2020] [Accepted: 02/19/2021] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
Abstract
The photosynthetic pathway of plants is a fundamental trait that influences terrestrial environments from the local to global level. The distribution of different photosynthetic pathways in Australia is expected to undergo a substantial shift due to climate change and rising atmospheric CO2; however, tracking change is hindered by a lack of data on the pathways of species, as well as their distribution and relative cover within plant communities. Here we present the photosynthetic pathways for 2428 species recorded across 541 plots surveyed by Australia's Terrestrial Ecosystem Research Network (TERN) between 2011 and 2017. This dataset was created to facilitate research exploring trends in vegetation change across Australia. Species were assigned a photosynthetic pathway using published literature and stable carbon isotope analysis of bulk tissue. The photosynthetic pathway of species can be extracted from the dataset individually, or used in conjunction with vegetation surveys to study the occurrence and abundance of pathways across the continent. This dataset will be updated as TERN's plot network expands and new information becomes available.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Samantha E M Munroe
- School of Biological Sciences, The University of Adelaide, Adelaide, South Australia, 5005, Australia.
- Terrestrial Ecosystem Research Network (TERN), University of Adelaide, Adelaide, South Australia, 5005, Australia.
| | - Francesca A McInerney
- School of Physical Sciences and the Sprigg Geobiology Centre, The University of Adelaide, Adelaide, South Australia, 5005, Australia
| | - Jake Andrae
- School of Physical Sciences and the Sprigg Geobiology Centre, The University of Adelaide, Adelaide, South Australia, 5005, Australia
| | - Nina Welti
- CSIRO Agriculture and Food, Urrbrae, South Australia, 5064, Australia
| | - Greg R Guerin
- School of Biological Sciences, The University of Adelaide, Adelaide, South Australia, 5005, Australia
- Terrestrial Ecosystem Research Network (TERN), University of Adelaide, Adelaide, South Australia, 5005, Australia
| | - Emrys Leitch
- School of Biological Sciences, The University of Adelaide, Adelaide, South Australia, 5005, Australia
- Terrestrial Ecosystem Research Network (TERN), University of Adelaide, Adelaide, South Australia, 5005, Australia
| | - Tony Hall
- School of Physical Sciences and the Sprigg Geobiology Centre, The University of Adelaide, Adelaide, South Australia, 5005, Australia
| | - Steve Szarvas
- CSIRO Agriculture and Food, Urrbrae, South Australia, 5064, Australia
| | - Rachel Atkins
- School of Physical Sciences and the Sprigg Geobiology Centre, The University of Adelaide, Adelaide, South Australia, 5005, Australia
| | - Stefan Caddy-Retalic
- School of Biological Sciences, The University of Adelaide, Adelaide, South Australia, 5005, Australia
- School of Life and Environmental Sciences, University of Sydney, Sydney, NSW, 2006, Australia
| | - Ben Sparrow
- School of Biological Sciences, The University of Adelaide, Adelaide, South Australia, 5005, Australia
- Terrestrial Ecosystem Research Network (TERN), University of Adelaide, Adelaide, South Australia, 5005, Australia
| |
Collapse
|
9
|
Šturm MB, Smith S, Ganbaatar O, Buuveibaatar B, Balint B, Payne JC, Voigt CC, Kaczensky P. Isotope analysis combined with DNA barcoding provide new insights into the dietary niche of khulan in the Mongolian Gobi. PLoS One 2021; 16:e0248294. [PMID: 33780458 PMCID: PMC8006982 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0248294] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/17/2020] [Accepted: 02/23/2021] [Indexed: 11/26/2022] Open
Abstract
With increasing livestock numbers, competition and avoidance are increasingly shaping resource availability for wild ungulates. Shifts in the dietary niche of wild ungulates are likely and can be expected to negatively affect their fitness. The Mongolian Gobi constitutes the largest remaining refuge for several threatened ungulates, but unprecedentedly high livestock numbers are sparking growing concerns over rangeland health and impacts on threatened ungulates like the Asiatic wild ass (khulan). Previous stable isotope analysis of khulan tail hair from the Dzungarian Gobi suggested that they graze in summer but switch to a poorer mixed C3 grass / C4 shrub diet in winter, most likely in reaction to local herders and their livestock. Here we attempt to validate these findings with a different methodology, DNA metabarcoding. Further, we extend the scope of the original study to the South Gobi Region, where we expect higher proportions of low-quality browse in the khulan winter diet due to a higher human and livestock presence. Barcoding confirmed the assumptions behind the seasonal diet change observed in the Dzungarian Gobi isotope data, and new isotope analysis revealed a strong seasonal pattern and higher C4 plant intake in the South Gobi Region, in line with our expectations. However, DNA barcoding revealed C4 domination of winter diet was due to C4 grasses (rather than shrubs) for the South Gobi Region. Slight climatic differences result in regional shifts in the occurrence of C3 and C4 grasses and shrubs, which do not allow for an isotopic separation along the grazer-browser continuum over the entire Gobi. Our findings do not allow us to confirm human impacts upon dietary preferences in khulan as we lack seasonal samples from the South Gobi Region. However, these data provide novel insight into khulan diet, raise new questions about plant availability versus preference, and provide a cautionary tale about indirect analysis methods if used in isolation or extrapolated to the landscape level. Good concordance between relative read abundance of C4 genera from barcoding and proportion of C4 plants from isotope analysis adds to a growing body of evidence that barcoding is a promising quantitative tool to understand resource partitioning in ungulates.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Martina Burnik Šturm
- Research Institute of Wildlife Ecology, University of Veterinary Medicine, Vienna, Austria
| | - Steve Smith
- Konrad-Lorenz Institute of Ethology, University of Veterinary Medicine, Vienna, Austria
| | - Oyunsaikhan Ganbaatar
- Great Gobi B Strictly Protected Area Administration, Takhin Tal, Gobi Altai Province, Mongolia
- Department of Zoology, School of Biology and Biotechnology, National University of Mongolia, Ulaanbaatar, Mongolia
| | | | - Boglarka Balint
- Great Gobi B Strictly Protected Area Administration, Takhin Tal, Gobi Altai Province, Mongolia
| | - John C. Payne
- Research Institute of Wildlife Ecology, University of Veterinary Medicine, Vienna, Austria
| | | | - Petra Kaczensky
- Research Institute of Wildlife Ecology, University of Veterinary Medicine, Vienna, Austria
- Norwegian Institute for Nature Research–NINA, Trondheim, Norway
| |
Collapse
|
10
|
Rudov A, Mashkour M, Djamali M, Akhani H. A Review of C 4 Plants in Southwest Asia: An Ecological, Geographical and Taxonomical Analysis of a Region With High Diversity of C 4 Eudicots. FRONTIERS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2020; 11:546518. [PMID: 33304357 PMCID: PMC7694577 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2020.546518] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/17/2020] [Accepted: 08/19/2020] [Indexed: 05/14/2023]
Abstract
Southwest Asia is climatically and topographically a highly diverse region in the xeric belt of the Old World. Its diversity of arid habitats and climatic conditions acted as an important area for the evolution and diversification of up to 20 (of 38 known) independent Eudicot C4 origins. Some of these lineages present unique evolutionary strategies like single-cell functioning C4 and C3-C4 switching mechanisms. The high diversity of C4 taxa in Southwest (SW) Asia is also related to the presence of seven phytogeographic zones including the Irano-Turanian region as a center of diversification of many Caryophyllales lineages and the Somali-Masai region (Southern Oman and Yemen) as a center of diversification for C4 Monocots. Nevertheless, the C4 flora of SW Asia has not received detailed attention. This paper presents a comprehensive review of all known C4 species in the area based on a literature survey, own floristic observations, as well as taxonomic, phylogenetic and herbarium data, and δ13C-isotope ratio analysis. The resulting checklist includes a total number of 923 (861 native, of which 141 endemic, and 62 introduced) C4 species, composed of 350 Eudicots and 509 Monocots, most of which are therophytic and hemicryptophytic xerophytes with pluriregional and Irano-Turanian distribution. Two hundred thirty-nine new δ13C-isotope ratios of C4 and C3 plants, as well as some taxonomic changes are presented. An analysis of the distribution of the three main C4 plant families (Chenopodiaceae, Poaceae, and Cyperaceae) in the region in relation to climatic variables indicates that the increase of C4 species follows more or less a latitudinal gradient similar to global patterns, while separate taxonomic groups seem to depend on specific factors as continentality (Chenopodiaceae), average annual temperature (Cyperaceae), and the presence of summer precipitation (Poaceae). An increase of C4 Eudicots in W-E direction even in similar longitudinal belts is explained by a combination of edaphic and climatic conditions. The provided data should encourage a deeper interest in the evolution of C4 lineages in SW Asia and their adaptation to ecological and climatical conditions and awaken interest in the importance of local C4 crops, the conservation of threatened C4 taxa, and awareness of human impacts on the rapid environmental changes in the region.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Alexander Rudov
- Halophytes and C4 Plants Research Laboratory, Department of Plant Sciences, School of Biology, College of Sciences, University of Tehran, Tehran, Iran
| | - Marjan Mashkour
- Archéozoologie, Archéobotanique: Sociétés, Pratiques et Environnements (AASPE/ UMR7209)—CNRS (Centre national de Recherche Scientifique) et MNHN (Muséum national d’Histoire naturelle), Paris, France
| | - Morteza Djamali
- Institut Méditerranéen de Biodiversité et d’Ecologie (IMBE/UMR7263), Aix Marseille Univ, Avignon Univ, CNRS, IRD, IMBE, Aix-en-Provence, France
| | - Hossein Akhani
- Halophytes and C4 Plants Research Laboratory, Department of Plant Sciences, School of Biology, College of Sciences, University of Tehran, Tehran, Iran
| |
Collapse
|
11
|
Wilkin S, Ventresca Miller A, Miller BK, Spengler RN, Taylor WTT, Fernandes R, Hagan RW, Bleasdale M, Zech J, Ulziibayar S, Myagmar E, Boivin N, Roberts P. Economic Diversification Supported the Growth of Mongolia's Nomadic Empires. Sci Rep 2020; 10:3916. [PMID: 32127564 PMCID: PMC7054399 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-020-60194-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/23/2019] [Accepted: 02/06/2020] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Populations in Mongolia from the late second millennium B.C.E. through the Mongol Empire are traditionally assumed, by archaeologists and historians, to have maintained a highly specialized horse-facilitated form of mobile pastoralism. Until recently, a dearth of direct evidence for prehistoric human diet and subsistence economies in Mongolia has rendered systematic testing of this view impossible. Here, we present stable carbon and nitrogen isotope measurements of human bone collagen, and stable carbon isotope analysis of human enamel bioapatite, from 137 well-dated ancient Mongolian individuals spanning the period c. 4400 B.C.E. to 1300 C.E. Our results demonstrate an increase in consumption of C4 plants beginning at c. 800 B.C.E., almost certainly indicative of millet consumption, an interpretation supported by archaeological evidence. The escalating scale of millet consumption on the eastern Eurasian steppe over time, and an expansion of isotopic niche widths, indicate that historic Mongolian empires were supported by a diversification of economic strategies rather than uniform, specialized pastoralism.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Shevan Wilkin
- Max Planck Institute for the Science of Human History, Department of Archaeology, Jena, Germany.
| | - Alicia Ventresca Miller
- Max Planck Institute for the Science of Human History, Department of Archaeology, Jena, Germany
- University of Michigan, Department of Anthropology, Ann Arbor, Michigan, USA
| | - Bryan K Miller
- Max Planck Institute for the Science of Human History, Department of Archaeology, Jena, Germany
| | - Robert N Spengler
- Max Planck Institute for the Science of Human History, Department of Archaeology, Jena, Germany
| | - William T T Taylor
- Max Planck Institute for the Science of Human History, Department of Archaeology, Jena, Germany
- University of Colorado, Department of Anthropology, Museum of Natural History, Boulder, CO, USA
| | - Ricardo Fernandes
- Max Planck Institute for the Science of Human History, Department of Archaeology, Jena, Germany
- School of Archaeology, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
- Faculty of Arts, Masaryk University, Brno, Czech Republic
| | - Richard W Hagan
- Max Planck Institute for the Science of Human History, Department of Archaeogenetics, Jena, Germany
| | - Madeleine Bleasdale
- Max Planck Institute for the Science of Human History, Department of Archaeology, Jena, Germany
| | - Jana Zech
- Max Planck Institute for the Science of Human History, Department of Archaeology, Jena, Germany
| | - S Ulziibayar
- Institute of Archaeology and Ethnology, Mongolian Academy of Sciences, Jukoviin orgon chuloo 77, Ulaanbaatar, Mongolia
| | | | - Nicole Boivin
- Max Planck Institute for the Science of Human History, Department of Archaeology, Jena, Germany
- School of Social Science, The University of Queensland, Brisbane, Australia
- Department of Anthropology and Archaeology, University of Calgary, Calgary, Alberta, Canada
- Department of Anthropology, National Museum of Natural History, Smithsonian Institution, Washington, D.C., USA
| | - Patrick Roberts
- Max Planck Institute for the Science of Human History, Department of Archaeology, Jena, Germany.
- School of Social Science, The University of Queensland, Brisbane, Australia.
| |
Collapse
|
12
|
Lazzerini N, Coulon A, Simon L, Marchina C, Noost B, Lepetz S, Zazzo A. Grazing high and low: Can we detect horse altitudinal mobility using high-resolution isotope (δ 13 C and δ 15 N values) time series in tail hair? A case study in the Mongolian Altai. RAPID COMMUNICATIONS IN MASS SPECTROMETRY : RCM 2019; 33:1512-1526. [PMID: 31148256 DOI: 10.1002/rcm.8496] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/15/2019] [Revised: 05/24/2019] [Accepted: 05/25/2019] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Abstract
RATIONALE Carbon and nitrogen stable isotope time series performed in continuously growing tissues (hair, tooth enamel) are commonly used to reconstruct the dietary history of modern and ancient animals. Predicting the effects of altitudinal mobility on animal δ13 C and δ15 N values remains difficult as several variables such as temperature, water availability or soil type can contribute to the isotope composition. Modern references adapted to the region of interest are therefore essential. METHODS Between June 2015 and July 2018, six free-ranging domestic horses living in the Mongolian Altaï were fitted with GPS collars. Tail hairs were sampled each year, prepared for sequential C and N isotope analysis using EA-IRMS. Isotopic variations were compared with altitudinal mobility, and Generalized Additive Mixed (GAMMs) models were used to model the effect of geographic and environmental factors on δ13 C and δ15 N values. RESULTS Less than half of the pasture changes were linked with a significant isotopic shift while numerous isotopic shifts did not correspond to any altitudinal mobility. Similar patterns of δ13 C and δ15 N variations were observed between the different horses, despite differences in mobility patterns. We propose that water availability as well as seasonal availability of N2 fixing type plants primarily controlled horse hair δ13 C and δ15 N values, overprinting the influence of altitude. CONCLUSIONS Our study shows that altitudinal mobility is not the main factor that drives the variations in horse tail hair δ13 C and δ15 N values and that seasonal change in the animal dietary preference also plays an important role. It is therefore risky to interpret variations in δ13 C and δ15 N values of animal tissues in terms of altitudinal mobility alone, at least in C3 -dominated environments.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Nicolas Lazzerini
- Archéozoologie, Archéobotanique: sociétés, pratiques et environnements (UMR 7209 AASPE), CNRS, Muséum national d'Histoire naturelle, CP56, 55 rue Buffon, 75005, Paris, France
| | - Aurélie Coulon
- Centre d'Ecologie et des Sciences de la Conservation (UMR 7204 CESCO), CNRS, Muséum national d'Histoire naturelle, CP135, 57 rue Cuvier, 75005, Paris, France
- CEFE, CNRS, Univ. Montpellier, Univ. Paul Valéry Montpellier 3, EPHE, IRD, Montpellier, France
| | - Laurent Simon
- Univ. Lyon, Université Claude Bernard Lyon 1, CNRS, ENTPE, UMR 5023 LEHNA, 69622, Villeurbanne, France
| | - Charlotte Marchina
- Institut Français de Recherche sur l'Asie de l'Est (IFRAE), FRE 2025, Inalco/Université de Paris/CNRS, 2 rue de Lille, 75007, Paris, France
| | - Bayarkhuu Noost
- Mongolian Academy of Sciences, Institute of History and Archaeology, Mongolia
| | - Sébastien Lepetz
- Archéozoologie, Archéobotanique: sociétés, pratiques et environnements (UMR 7209 AASPE), CNRS, Muséum national d'Histoire naturelle, CP56, 55 rue Buffon, 75005, Paris, France
| | - Antoine Zazzo
- Archéozoologie, Archéobotanique: sociétés, pratiques et environnements (UMR 7209 AASPE), CNRS, Muséum national d'Histoire naturelle, CP56, 55 rue Buffon, 75005, Paris, France
| |
Collapse
|
13
|
Shi W, Liu PL, Wen J, Feng Y, Pan B. New morphological and DNA evidence supports the existence of Calligonum jeminaicum Z. M. Mao (Calligoneae, Polygonaceae) in China. PHYTOKEYS 2019; 132:53-73. [PMID: 31607786 PMCID: PMC6779677 DOI: 10.3897/phytokeys.132.34981] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/12/2019] [Accepted: 08/31/2019] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
Calligonum jeminaicum Z. M. Mao, a species regarded as endemic to China, was thought to be nonexistent owing to a lack of scientific records. The similarity of C. jeminaicum to C. mongolicum Turcz. warranted an investigation into the taxonomical relationship between these species. In this study, a naturally occurring population of C. jeminaicum was discovered and the taxonomical relationships of this species with C. mongolicum were resolved. Morphological traits, including fruit and flower characteristics, as well as nuclear (ETS, ITS) and chloroplast (psbA-trnH, ycf6-psbM, rpl32-trnL, rbcL, and trnL-F) DNA sequence data were studied to confirm the taxonomic status of C. jeminaicum. The nrDNA data (ITS1-2 and ETS) from C. jeminaicum reflected variability from the whole C. mongolicum complex, showing distinctive haplotypes in the Calligonum sect. Medusa Sosk. & Alexandr. The cpDNA data supplied similar evidence, showing unique branching in Bayesian and ML tree analyses. The specific status of C. jeminaicum is confirmed based on both morphological and molecular analyses. Here we present a revised description of C. jeminaicum along with its DNA barcode and discuss suggestions for the conservation of this species. Based on current evidence, this species was evaluated as Critically Endangered (CR) according to the IUCN criteria.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Wei Shi
- Key Laboratory of Biogeography and Bioresource in Arid Land, Xinjiang Institute of Ecology and Geography, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 830011, Urumqi, ChinaTurpan Eremophytes Botanic Garden, Chinese Academy of SciencesTurpanChina
- Turpan Eremophytes Botanic Garden, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 838008, Turpan, ChinaXinjiang Institute of Ecology and GeographyUrumqiChina
| | - Pei-Liang Liu
- Key Laboratory of Biogeography and Bioresource in Arid Land, Xinjiang Institute of Ecology and Geography, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 830011, Urumqi, ChinaTurpan Eremophytes Botanic Garden, Chinese Academy of SciencesTurpanChina
| | - Jun Wen
- Department of Botany, National Museum of Natural History, Smithsonian Institution, 20013-7012, Washington DC, USANational Museum of Natural History, Smithsonian InstitutionWashingtonUnited States of America
| | - Ying Feng
- Key Laboratory of Biogeography and Bioresource in Arid Land, Xinjiang Institute of Ecology and Geography, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 830011, Urumqi, ChinaTurpan Eremophytes Botanic Garden, Chinese Academy of SciencesTurpanChina
| | - Borong Pan
- Turpan Eremophytes Botanic Garden, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 838008, Turpan, ChinaXinjiang Institute of Ecology and GeographyUrumqiChina
| |
Collapse
|
14
|
Phylogeny and ecological processes influence grass coexistence at different spatial scales within the steppe biome. Oecologia 2019; 191:25-38. [PMID: 31342256 DOI: 10.1007/s00442-019-04475-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/11/2018] [Accepted: 07/19/2019] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
Abstract
Phylogenetic analyses are essential for disentangling how environmental filtering and competition determine species coexistence across spatial scales. Inner Mongolia steppe has strong environmental gradients, but how the phylogenetic relatedness of co-occurring species and phylogenetic signals of functional traits change across spatial scales remains unclear. We investigated the phylogenetic structure of grass assemblages along environmental gradients from regional to local scales, and measured functional traits within assemblages. We compared phylogenetic signals of plant traits between the same numbers of species randomly selected from the regional pool and species observed at the local scale, did phylogenetic principal component analysis to infer the main factors driving species coexistence, and examined the key plant trait-environment relationships across the phylogeny to reveal ecological adaptation mechanisms. Regionally, grass species were phylogenetically clustered with contrasting climate preferences. With decreasing spatial scales, species richness declined, changing from phylogenetically clustered to overdispersed, and phylogenetic signals of plant traits became weaker. At the local scale, grass assemblages were structured by soil water content and neighbor density, and the trait-environment relationships were less clear than those at the regional scale. This study demonstrated that at smaller scales, co-occurring grass species in the steppe tended to be more phylogenetically overdispersed, and that phylogenetic signals of plant functional traits became weaker with increasing abiotic and biotic interactions. Our findings contributed evidence for understanding species coexistence and maintenance at scales spanning regional to local communities in the East Asia steppe biome.
Collapse
|
15
|
Amartuvshin N, Hülber K, Plutzar C, Tserenbaljid G. Functional traits but not environmental gradients explain seed weight in Mongolian plant species. PLANT BIOLOGY (STUTTGART, GERMANY) 2019; 21:559-562. [PMID: 30427106 DOI: 10.1111/plb.12938] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/22/2017] [Accepted: 11/07/2018] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Abstract
Seed weight varies by several orders of magnitude among vascular plant species. However, the importance of potential drivers such as environmental conditions and plant functional traits have rarely been assessed for a larger taxonomic sample. We collected seeds of 148 species from 237 sites spread across Mongolia and compared their weight among the major zonal vegetation types, taxonomic groups and a set of functional traits (growth form, dispersal mode, fruit type, storage organs and palatability). Seed weight strongly varied among all functional traits and taxonomic groups, but no differences among vegetation zones were detected. These results suggest a low impact of environmental conditions on the evolution of seed weight, contrasting the strong phylogenetic signal.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- N Amartuvshin
- Institute of General and Experimental Biology, Mongolian Academy of Sciences, Ulaanbaatar, Mongolia
| | - K Hülber
- Department of Botany and Biodiversity Research, University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria
| | - C Plutzar
- Department of Botany and Biodiversity Research, University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria
- Institute of Social Ecology, University of Natural Resources and Life Sciences, Vienna, Austria
| | - G Tserenbaljid
- Institute of General and Experimental Biology, Mongolian Academy of Sciences, Ulaanbaatar, Mongolia
| |
Collapse
|
16
|
Temporal and Spatial Characteristics of EVI and Its Response to Climatic Factors in Recent 16 years Based on Grey Relational Analysis in Inner Mongolia Autonomous Region, China. REMOTE SENSING 2018. [DOI: 10.3390/rs10060961] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
|
17
|
Muhaidat R, McKown AD, Al Zoubi M, Bani Domi Z, Otoum O. C 4 photosynthesis and transition of Kranz anatomy in cotyledons and leaves of Tetraena simplex. AMERICAN JOURNAL OF BOTANY 2018; 105:822-835. [PMID: 29791720 DOI: 10.1002/ajb2.1087] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/30/2017] [Accepted: 02/22/2018] [Indexed: 06/08/2023]
Abstract
PREMISE OF THE STUDY Tetraena simplex is an independently evolved C4 species in the Zygophylloideae (Zygophyllaceae) and a characteristic forb of saline flats in hot and sandy desert habitats. During early ontogeny, the species had a morphological shift from planar cotyledons (dorsiventral symmetry) to terete, succulent leaves (radial symmetry). We tested whether this shift had a corresponding change in internal Kranz anatomy and tissue patterning. METHODS For a comprehensive characterization of C4 photosynthesis across early ontogeny in T. simplex, structural and ultrastructural anatomical properties and localization patterns, activities, and immunoblotting of key C4 photosynthetic enzymes were compared in mesophyll and bundle sheath tissues in cotyledons and leaves. KEY RESULTS Cotyledons and leaves possessed different types of Kranz anatomy (atriplicoid type and a "Tetraena" variant of the kochioid type, respectively), reflecting the change in leaf morphology. In bundle sheath cells, key differences in ultrastructural features included increased organelle numbers and chloroplast thylakoid stacking. C4 enzymes had strict tissue-specific localization patterns within bundle sheath and mesophyll cells in both cotyledons and leaves. The decarboxylase NAD-ME maintained the highest activity, increasing from cotyledons to leaves. This classified T. simplex as fully C4 across ontogeny and a strictly NAD-ME biochemical subtype. CONCLUSIONS Tetraena simplex cotyledons and leaves showed differences in Kranz type, with associated progression in ultrastructural features, and differing activities/expression levels of C4 enzymes. Furthermore, leaves characterized a new "Tetraena" variation of the kochioid Kranz anatomy.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Riyadh Muhaidat
- Department of Biological Sciences, Faculty of Science, Yarmouk University, Irbid, P. O. Box 21163, Jordan
| | - Athena D McKown
- Department of Forest and Conservation Sciences, Faculty of Forestry, University of British Columbia, Forest Sciences Centre, 2424 Main Mall, Vancouver, BC, V6T 1Z4, Canada
| | - Mazhar Al Zoubi
- Department of Biological Sciences, Faculty of Science, Yarmouk University, Irbid, P. O. Box 21163, Jordan
- Department of Basic Sciences, Faculty of Medicine, Yarmouk University, Irbid, P. O. Box 21163, Jordan
| | - Zakariya Bani Domi
- Department of Biological Sciences, Faculty of Science, Yarmouk University, Irbid, P. O. Box 21163, Jordan
| | - Osama Otoum
- Department of Biological Sciences, Faculty of Science, Yarmouk University, Irbid, P. O. Box 21163, Jordan
| |
Collapse
|
18
|
Yang H, Yu Q, Sheng WP, Li SG, Tian J. Determination of leaf carbon isotope discrimination in C4 plants under variable N and water supply. Sci Rep 2017; 7:351. [PMID: 28336951 PMCID: PMC5428480 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-017-00498-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/19/2016] [Accepted: 03/02/2017] [Indexed: 11/09/2022] Open
Abstract
Understanding the mechanisms underlying variations in carbon isotope discrimination (Δ) in C4 plants is critical for predicting the C3/C4 ratio in C3/C4 mixed grassland. The value of Δ is determined by bundle sheath leakiness (Ф) and the ratio of intercellular to ambient CO2 concentration (C i /C a ). Leaf nitrogen concentration (N leaf ) is considered a driver of Δ in C4 plants. However, little is known about how N leaf affects Ф and C i /C a , and subsequently Δ. Here leaf carbon isotope composition, N leaf , Ф, and leaf gas exchange were measured in Cleistogenes squarrosa, a dominant C4 species in the Inner Mongolia grassland. Δ remained relatively stable under variable N and water supply. Higher N supply and lower water supply increased N leaf , stimulated photosynthesis and further decreased C i /C a . High N supply increased Ф, which responded weakly to water supply. N leaf exerted similar effects on C i /C a and on Ф in the field and pot experiments. Pooling all the data, N leaf explained 73% of the variation in C i /C a . Overall, both Ф and C i /C a determined Δ; however, the contribution of Ф was stronger. N leaf influenced Δ primarily though C i /C a , rather than Ф. Ф should be considered in estimating Δ of C4 endmember.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Hao Yang
- Key Laboratory of Ecosystem Observation and Modeling, Institute of Geographic Sciences and Natural Resources Research, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100101, China.
| | - Qiang Yu
- National Hulunber Grassland Ecosystem Observation and Research Station, Institute of Agricultural Resources and Regional Planning, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing, 100081, China
| | - Wen-Ping Sheng
- Key Laboratory of Ecosystem Observation and Modeling, Institute of Geographic Sciences and Natural Resources Research, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100101, China
| | - Sheng-Gong Li
- Key Laboratory of Ecosystem Observation and Modeling, Institute of Geographic Sciences and Natural Resources Research, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100101, China
| | - Jing Tian
- Key Laboratory of Ecosystem Observation and Modeling, Institute of Geographic Sciences and Natural Resources Research, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100101, China
| |
Collapse
|
19
|
Shi W, Wen J, Zhao Y, Johnson G, Pan B. Reproductive biology and variation of nuclear ribosomal ITS and ETS sequences in the Calligonum mongolicum complex (Polygonaceae). PHYTOKEYS 2017; 76:71-88. [PMID: 28228687 PMCID: PMC5301985 DOI: 10.3897/phytokeys.76.10428] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/07/2016] [Accepted: 12/05/2016] [Indexed: 05/29/2023]
Abstract
To explore the biosystematics of the Calligonum mongolicum complex (Polygonaceae), the flowering phenological period, breeding and pollination characters and seed set of the complex (Calligonum Mongolicum Turze, Calligonum chinense A. Los., Calligonum gobicum A. Los., Calligonum pumilum A. Los. and Calligonum zaidamense A. Los.) were documented in the Turpan Eremophyte Botanical Garden, China. The sequences of the nuclear ribosomal ITS and ETS region were employed to differentiate the Calligonum mongolicum complex and other species in sect. Medusae. The results showed species of the Calligonum mongolicum complex occupied overlapping flowering periods and had consistent pollination agents. Their breeding systems are all self-compatible, tend to be out-crossing and they interbreed amongst each other (out-crossing index, OCI = 4).The crosses within and amongst species had high seed sets (44 - 65%). Phylogenetic analyses of Calligonum sect. Medusae and the network analysis of nrDNA (ITS and ETS) in the complex suggest interbreeding amongst "species" within the complex and provide evidence for taxonomically merging the five species in the complex. The detected hybridisation, occurring within the complex, suggests the need to improve traditional methods of ex situ plant conservation in botanical gardens for maintaining genetic diversity of Calligonum within and amongst species from different geographic areas.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Wei Shi
- Key Laboratory of Biogeography and Bioresource in Arid Land, Xinjiang Institute of Ecology and Geography, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Urumqi 830011, China
- Turpan Eremophytes Botanic Garden, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Turpan 838008, China
| | - Jun Wen
- Department of Botany, Smithsonian Institution, PO Box 37012, Washington, DC 20013-7012, USA
| | - Yanfeng Zhao
- Key Laboratory of Biogeography and Bioresource in Arid Land, Xinjiang Institute of Ecology and Geography, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Urumqi 830011, China
- Turpan Eremophytes Botanic Garden, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Turpan 838008, China
| | - Gabriel Johnson
- Department of Botany, Smithsonian Institution, PO Box 37012, Washington, DC 20013-7012, USA
| | - Borong Pan
- Key Laboratory of Biogeography and Bioresource in Arid Land, Xinjiang Institute of Ecology and Geography, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Urumqi 830011, China
- Turpan Eremophytes Botanic Garden, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Turpan 838008, China
| |
Collapse
|
20
|
Gong XY, Schäufele R, Schnyder H. Bundle-sheath leakiness and intrinsic water use efficiency of a perennial C4 grass are increased at high vapour pressure deficit during growth. JOURNAL OF EXPERIMENTAL BOTANY 2017; 68:321-333. [PMID: 27864539 PMCID: PMC5853292 DOI: 10.1093/jxb/erw417] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/27/2016] [Accepted: 10/20/2016] [Indexed: 05/05/2023]
Abstract
Bundle-sheath leakiness (ϕ) is a key parameter of the CO2-concentrating mechanism of C4 photosynthesis and is related to leaf-level intrinsic water use efficiency (WUEi). This work studied short-term dynamic responses of ϕ to alterations of atmospheric CO2 concentration in Cleistogenes squarrosa, a perennial grass, grown at high (1.6 kPa) or low (0.6 kPa) vapour pressure deficit (VPD) combined with high or low N supply in controlled environment experiments. ϕ was determined by concurrent measurements of photosynthetic gas exchange and on-line carbon isotope discrimination, using a new protocol. Growth at high VPD led to an increase of ϕ by 0.13 and a concurrent increase of WUEi by 14%, with similar effects at both N levels. ϕ responded dynamically to intercellular CO2 concentration (C i), increasing with C i Across treatments, ϕ was negatively correlated to the ratio of CO2 saturated assimilation rate to carboxylation efficiency (a proxy of the relative activities of Rubisco and phosphoenolpyruvate carboxylase) indicating that the long-term environmental effect on ϕ was related to the balance between C3 and C4 cycles. Our study revealed considerable dynamic and long-term variation in ϕ of C. squarrosa, suggesting that ϕ should be determined when carbon isotope discrimination is used to assess WUEi Also, the data indicate a trade-off between WUEi and energetic efficiency in C. squarrosa.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Xiao Ying Gong
- Lehrstuhl für Grünlandlehre, Technische Universität München, Alte Akademie 12, 85354 Freising, Germany
| | - Rudi Schäufele
- Lehrstuhl für Grünlandlehre, Technische Universität München, Alte Akademie 12, 85354 Freising, Germany
| | - Hans Schnyder
- Lehrstuhl für Grünlandlehre, Technische Universität München, Alte Akademie 12, 85354 Freising, Germany
| |
Collapse
|
21
|
Wang R, Ma L. Climate-driven C4 plant distributions in China: divergence in C4 taxa. Sci Rep 2016; 6:27977. [PMID: 27302686 PMCID: PMC4908390 DOI: 10.1038/srep27977] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/20/2016] [Accepted: 05/27/2016] [Indexed: 11/09/2022] Open
Abstract
There have been debates on the driving factors of C4 plant expansion, such as PCO2 decline in the late Micocene and warmer climate and precipitation at large-scale modern ecosystems. These disputes are mainly due to the lack of direct evidence and extensive data analysis. Here we use mass flora data to explore the driving factors of C4 distribution and divergent patterns for different C4 taxa at continental scale in China. The results display that it is mean annual climate variables driving C4 distribution at present-day vegetation. Mean annual temperature is the critical restriction of total C4 plants and the precipitation gradients seem to have much less impact. Grass and sedge C4 plants are largely restricted to mean annual temperature and precipitation respectively, while Chenopod C4 plants are strongly restricted by aridity in China. Separate regression analysis can succeed to detect divergences of climate distribution patterns of C4 taxa at global scale.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Renzhong Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Vegetation and Environmental Change, Institute of Botany, the Chinese Academy of Sciences, No. 20 Nanxincun, Xiangshan, Beijing, 100093, China
| | - Linna Ma
- State Key Laboratory of Vegetation and Environmental Change, Institute of Botany, the Chinese Academy of Sciences, No. 20 Nanxincun, Xiangshan, Beijing, 100093, China
| |
Collapse
|
22
|
Zhang ML, Wen ZB, Fritsch PW, Sanderson SC. Spatiotemporal evolution of Calophaca (fabaceae) reveals multiple dispersals in central Asian mountains. PLoS One 2015; 10:e0123228. [PMID: 25849146 PMCID: PMC4388477 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0123228] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/25/2014] [Accepted: 02/17/2015] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND The Central Asian flora plays a significant role in Eurasia and the Northern Hemisphere. Calophaca, a member of this flora, includes eight currently recognized species, and is centered in Central Asia, with some taxa extending into adjacent areas. A phylogenetic analysis of the genus utilizing nuclear ribosomal ITS and plastid trnS-trnG and rbcL sequences was carried out in order to confirm its taxonomic status and reconstruct its evolutionary history. METHODOLOGY/PRINCIPAL FINDING We employed BEAST Bayesian inference for dating, and S-DIVA and BBM for ancestral area reconstruction, to study its spatiotemporal evolution. Our results show that Calophacais monophyletic and nested within Caragana. The divergence time of Calophaca is estimated at ca. 8.0 Ma, most likely driven by global cooling and aridification, influenced by rapid uplift of the Qinghai Tibet Plateau margins. CONCLUSIONS/SIGNIFICANCE According to ancestral area reconstructions, the genus most likely originated in the Pamir Mountains, a global biodiversity hotspot and hypothesized Tertiary refugium of many Central Asian plant lineages. Dispersals from this location are inferred to the western Tianshan Mountains, then northward to the Tarbagatai Range, eastward to East Asia, and westward to the Caucasus, Russia, and Europe. The spatiotemporal evolution of Calophaca provides a case contributing to an understanding of the flora and biodiversity of the Central Asian mountains and adjacent regions.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Ming-Li Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Biogeography and Bioresource in Arid Land, Xinjiang Institute of Ecology and Geography, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Urumqi, China
- Institute of Botany, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Zhi-Bin Wen
- Key Laboratory of Biogeography and Bioresource in Arid Land, Xinjiang Institute of Ecology and Geography, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Urumqi, China
| | - Peter W. Fritsch
- Department of Botany, California Academy of Sciences, Golden Gate Park, San Francisco, California, United States of America
| | - Stewart C. Sanderson
- Shrub Sciences Laboratory, Intermountain Research Station, Forest Service, U.S. Department of Agriculture, Provo, Utah, United States of America
| |
Collapse
|
23
|
Ying F, Bin WZ, Sabirhazi G, Yong WX. Study of the relationship between compositions of shrub plant of stable-carbon-isotope and environmental factors in Xinjiang representatives of Chenopodiaceae. CONTEMP PROBL ECOL+ 2014. [DOI: 10.1134/s1995425514030056] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
|
24
|
|
25
|
|
26
|
Zhao J, Liu W, Ye R, Lu X, Zhou Y, Yang Y, Peng M. Responses of reproduction and important value of dominant plant species in different plant functional type in Kobresia meadow to temperature increase. RUSS J ECOL+ 2013. [DOI: 10.1134/s1067413613060131] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
|
27
|
Liu MZ, Osborne CP. Differential freezing resistance and photoprotection in C3 and C4 eudicots and grasses. JOURNAL OF EXPERIMENTAL BOTANY 2013; 64:2183-2191. [PMID: 23599273 PMCID: PMC3654411 DOI: 10.1093/jxb/ert075] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/27/2023]
Abstract
Globally, C4 plants dominate hot, open environments, but this general pattern is underpinned by important differences in the biogeography of C4 lineages. In particular, the species richness of C4 Poaceae (grasses) increases strongly with increasing temperature, whereas that of the major C4 eudicot group Chenopodiaceae correlates positively with aridity. Freezing tolerance is a crucial determinant of biogeographical relationships with temperature and is mediated by photodamage and cellular disruption by desiccation, but little is known about differences between C4 families. This study hypothesized that there is a greater risk of freezing damage via these mechanisms in C4 Poaceae than Chenopodiaceae, that freezing protection differs between the taxonomic groups, and that freezing tolerance of species is linked to arid habitat preference. Chlorophyll fluorescence, water relations, and freezing injury were compared in four C3 and six C4 species of Poaceae and Chenopodiaceae from the same Mongolian flora. Contrary to expectations, freezing-induced leaf mortality and photodamage were lower in Poaceae than Chenopodiaceae species, and unrelated to photosynthetic pathway. The freezing resistance of Poaceae species resulted from constitutive protection and cold acclimation and an ability to protect the photosynthetic apparatus from photodamage. Freezing protection was associated with low osmotic potential and low tissue elasticity, and freezing damage was accompanied by electrolyte leakage, consistent with cell-membrane disruption by ice. Both Chenopodiaceae and Poaceae had the potential to develop cold acclimation and withstand freezing during the growing season, which conflicted with the hypothesis. Instead, freezing tolerance was more closely associated with life history and ecological preference in these Mongolian species.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Mei-Zhen Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Vegetation and Environmental Change, Institute of Botany, Chinese Academy of Science, Beijing 100093, China
- Department of Animal and Plant Sciences, University of Sheffield, Sheffield S10 2TN, UK
| | - Colin P. Osborne
- Department of Animal and Plant Sciences, University of Sheffield, Sheffield S10 2TN, UK
| |
Collapse
|
28
|
Auerswald K, Wittmer MHOM, Tungalag R, Bai Y, Schnyder H. Sheep wool δ13C reveals no effect of grazing on the C3/C4 ratio of vegetation in the inner Mongolia-Mongolia border region grasslands. PLoS One 2012; 7:e45552. [PMID: 23029090 PMCID: PMC3459995 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0045552] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/26/2012] [Accepted: 08/23/2012] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
We tested whether the abundance of C4 vegetation in grasslands of the Mongolian plateau is influenced by grazing conditions. The analysis exploited the politically originated contrast that exists between Mongolia (low stocking rate, transhumant system) and the district of Inner Mongolia, China (high stocking rate, sedentary system). We estimated the proportion of C4 carbon (PC4) in grazed vegetation from the relative carbon isotope ratio (δ13C) of sheep wool sampled from 298 annual shearings originating from 1996 to 2007. Annual stocking rates varying over time and between the districts of both countries were taken from regional statistics. The PC4 pattern within the 0.7 million km2 sampling area was geostatistically analyzed and related to stocking rates and temperature gradients. For similar climatic conditions, PC4 was the same in both countries. Further, a unique relationship was found between PC4 and July temperature on both sides of the border, which explained 71% of the pattern. Stocking rate and grazing system had no significant influences on present-day C3/C4 abundance ratio. This finding suggests that recent changes in the C3/C4 ratio of these grasslands are mainly a consequence of regional warming, not overgrazing.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Karl Auerswald
- Lehrstuhl für Grünlandlehre, Technische Universität München, Alte Akademie 12, Freising-Weihenstephan, Germany.
| | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
29
|
Geographical distribution pattern and climate characteristics of adaptation for Kobresia in China. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2012. [DOI: 10.3724/sp.j.1258.2012.00199] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
|
30
|
Fujita N, Amartuvshin N, Ariunbold E. Vegetation Interactions for the Better Understanding of a Mongolian Ecosystem Network. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2012. [DOI: 10.1007/978-4-431-54052-6_13] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/20/2023]
|
31
|
Chuine I, Morin X, Sonié L, Collin C, Fabreguettes J, Degueldre D, Salager JL, Roy J. Climate change might increase the invasion potential of the alien C4 grass Setaria parviflora (Poaceae) in the Mediterranean Basin. DIVERS DISTRIB 2012. [DOI: 10.1111/j.1472-4642.2011.00880.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/27/2022] Open
|
32
|
Yang H, Auerswald K, Bai Y, Wittmer MHOM, Schnyder H. Variation in carbon isotope discrimination in Cleistogenes squarrosa (Trin.) Keng: patterns and drivers at tiller, local, catchment, and regional scales. JOURNAL OF EXPERIMENTAL BOTANY 2011; 62:4143-52. [PMID: 21527626 PMCID: PMC3153673 DOI: 10.1093/jxb/err102] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/15/2010] [Revised: 03/03/2011] [Accepted: 03/14/2011] [Indexed: 05/12/2023]
Abstract
Understanding the patterns and drivers of carbon isotope discrimination in C(4) species is critical for predicting the effects of global change on C(3)/C(4) ratio of plant community and consequently on ecosystem functioning and services. Cleistogenes squarrosa (Trin.) Keng is a dominant C(4) perennial bunchgrass of arid and semi-arid ecosystems across the Mongolian plateau of the Eurasian steppe. Its carbon isotope discrimination (((13))Δ) during photosynthesis is relatively large among C(4) species and it is variable. Here the ((13))Δ of C. squarrosa and its potential drivers at a nested set of scales were examined. Within cohorts of tillers, ((13))Δ of leaves increased from 5.1‰ to 8.1‰ from old to young leaves. At the local scale, ((13))Δ of mature leaves varied from 5.8‰ to 8.4‰, increasing with decreasing grazing intensity. At the catchment scale, ((13))Δ of mature leaves varied from 6.2‰ to 8.5‰ and increased with topsoil silt content. At the regional scale, ((13))Δ of mature leaves varied from 5.5‰ to 8.9‰, increasing with growing-season precipitation. At all scales, ((13))Δ decreased with increasing leaf nitrogen content (N(leaf)). N(leaf) was positively correlated with grazing intensity and leaf position along tillers, but negatively correlated with precipitation. The presence of the correlations across a range of different environmental contexts strongly implicates N(leaf) as a major driver of ((13))Δ in C. squarrosa and, possibly, other C(4) species.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Hao Yang
- Lehrstuhl für Grünlandlehre, Technische Universität München, Alte Akademie 12, 85350 Freising, Germany
- Synthesis Research Center of Chinese Ecosystem Research Network, Key Laboratory of Ecosystem Network Observation and Modeling, Institute of Geographic Sciences and Natural Resources Research, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100101, China
| | - Karl Auerswald
- Lehrstuhl für Grünlandlehre, Technische Universität München, Alte Akademie 12, 85350 Freising, Germany
| | - Yongfei Bai
- State Key Laboratory of Vegetation and Environmental Change, Institute of Botany, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100093, China
| | | | - Hans Schnyder
- Lehrstuhl für Grünlandlehre, Technische Universität München, Alte Akademie 12, 85350 Freising, Germany
| |
Collapse
|
33
|
Kawada K, W, Nakamura T. Land degradation of abandoned croplands in the Xilingol steppe region, Inner Mongolia, China. GRASSLAND SCIENCE 2011; 57:58-64. [PMID: 32840250 PMCID: PMC7165941 DOI: 10.1111/j.1744-697x.2010.00209.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/27/2010] [Accepted: 10/12/2010] [Indexed: 06/05/2023]
Abstract
Steppe grasslands are distributed over vast areas in arid and semiarid regions of Eurasia. However, steppe grasslands face desertification or degradation caused by human over-activity. In the last decades, steppe regions have seen increased areas of crop cultivation and subsequent abandonment due to inappropriate agricultural management. Land degradation of abandoned croplands has become a common problem in the Inner Mongolia Autonomous Region, China. A field survey was conducted in the Xilingol steppe, and vegetation was classified into three groups. Based on comparisons of species composition and soil characters, group 1 represents steppe grassland, group 2 represents abandoned croplands and group 3 represents yardangs. The typical indicator species of steppe, abandoned croplands and yardangs are Leymus chinensis, Cleistogenes squarrosa and Elymus dahuricus, respectively. Abandoned croplands are exposed to wind and rain, resulting in soil erosion, which not only increases coarse sand content but also decreases total carbon and total nitrogen in the soil. We found that soil condition is an important factor affecting the early stages of secondary succession in abandoned croplands and that farming in typical steppes might contribute to land degradation. We concluded that abandoned croplands can be converted to yardangs by erosion. The extension of yardangs might then lead to desertification in steppe regions. Land managers should be aware that farming in typical steppes is associated with a risk of desertification. The degree of degradation of steppe can be measured by monitoring these indicator species.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Kiyokazu Kawada
- Alliance for Research on North Africa, University of Tsukuba, Tsukuba, Ibaraki, Japan
- Graduate School of Life and Environmental Sciences, University of Tsukuba, Tsukuba, Ibaraki, Japan
| | - Wuyunna
- Department of Environmental Engineering, College Life Science, Dalian Nationalities University, Dalian, China
| | - Toru Nakamura
- Graduate School of Life and Environmental Sciences, University of Tsukuba, Tsukuba, Ibaraki, Japan
| |
Collapse
|
34
|
|
35
|
Sage RF, Kocacinar F, Kubien DS. Chapter 10 C4 Photosynthesis and Temperature. C4 PHOTOSYNTHESIS AND RELATED CO2 CONCENTRATING MECHANISMS 2010. [DOI: 10.1007/978-90-481-9407-0_10] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
|
36
|
Alvarez R, Castillo JM, Mateos-Naranjo E, Gandullo J, Rubio-Casal AE, Moreno FJ, Figueroa ME. Ecotypic variations in phosphoenolpyruvate carboxylase activity of the cordgrass Spartina densiflora throughout its latitudinal distribution range. PLANT BIOLOGY (STUTTGART, GERMANY) 2010; 12:154-160. [PMID: 20653898 DOI: 10.1111/j.1438-8677.2009.00198.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/29/2023]
Abstract
This study compared the specific activity of phosphoenolpyruvate carboxylase (PEPC) of Spartina densiflora Brongn., collected from four populations along its latitudinal distribution range. Spartina densiflora is a halophyte with C(4) photosynthesis that has a very wide latitudinal distribution, from Patagonia to the southwest Iberian Peninsula. The basis of intraspecific differences in PEPC activity were analysed by recording the phosphorylation state and amount of the enzyme, comparing leaf anatomy and evaluating leaf gas exchange. S. densiflora individuals from Patagonia had 60% higher PEPC specific activity than plants from the other three populations due to higher levels of PEPC protein that coincided with lower activation mediated by phosphorylation, yielding similar net photosynthesis rate (c. 29 micromol CO(2)xm(-2)xs(-1)). Patagonian plants had a higher area of photosynthetic mesophyll relative to total chlorophyll than plants from north Argentina and the southwest Iberian Peninsula. Ecotypic differentiation in PEPC activity and leaf anatomy were found, distinguishing a higher-latitude ecotype from lower-latitude populations. The higher PEPC protein levels of the Patagonian ecotype seemed to be a response to lower light activation level of the enzyme, as judged by the low PEPC phosphorylation state.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- R Alvarez
- Departamento de Biología Vegetal y Ecología, Universidad de Sevilla, Sevilla, Spain
| | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
37
|
Cerros-Tlatilpa R, Columbus JT. C3 photosynthesis in Aristida longifolia: Implication for photosynthetic diversification in Aristidoideae (Poaceae). AMERICAN JOURNAL OF BOTANY 2009; 96:1379-1387. [PMID: 21628285 DOI: 10.3732/ajb.0800265] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/30/2023]
Abstract
Only a small percentage of plant species undergo C(4) photosynthesis. Despite its rarity, the C(4) pathway has evolved numerous times from C(3) ancestors, with as many as 18 independent origins in grasses alone. We report non-Kranz (C(3)) anatomy in Aristida longifolia, a species in a genus of ca. 300 species previously thought to possess only Kranz (C(4)) anatomy. Leaf blade transections of A. longifolia show widely spaced vascular bundles, nonradiate chlorenchyma, and few or no chloroplasts in cells of the sheaths surrounding the vascular bundle, all features indicative of C(3) photosynthesis. Carbon isotope ratios range from -27.68 to -29.71%, likewise indicative of C(3) photosynthesis. We also reconstruct the phylogeny of Aristidoideae, comprising Aristida, Sartidia (C(3)), and Stipagrostis (C(4)), using a sample of 11 species, including A. longifolia, and DNA sequences of the nuclear ribosomal internal transcribed spacer region and the chloroplast rpl16 intron and trnL-trnF region. Sartidia and Stipagrostis resolve as sisters, and sister to this clade is Aristida. Aristida longifolia resolves as sister to the remaining species in the genus. C(3) photosynthesis is hypothesized to be ancestral in Aristidoideae, which means the C(4) pathway evolved twice in the subfamily-in Stipagrostis and early in the diversification of the Aristida clade.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Rosa Cerros-Tlatilpa
- Rancho Santa Ana Botanic Garden and Claremont Graduate University, 1500 North College Avenue, Claremont, California 91711-3157 USA
| | | |
Collapse
|
38
|
Agricultural origins and the isotopic identity of domestication in northern China. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2009; 106:5523-8. [PMID: 19307567 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.0809960106] [Citation(s) in RCA: 125] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Stable isotope biochemistry (delta(13)C and delta(15)N) and radiocarbon dating of ancient human and animal bone document 2 distinct phases of plant and animal domestication at the Dadiwan site in northwest China. The first was brief and nonintensive: at various times between 7900 and 7200 calendar years before present (calBP) people harvested and stored enough broomcorn millet (Panicum miliaceum) to provision themselves and their hunting dogs (Canis sp.) throughout the year. The second, much more intensive phase was in place by 5900 calBP: during this time both broomcorn and foxtail (Setaria viridis spp. italica) millets were cultivated and made significant contributions to the diets of people, dogs, and pigs (Sus sp.). The systems represented in both phases developed elsewhere: the earlier, low-intensity domestic relationship emerged with hunter-gatherers in the arid north, while the more intensive, later one evolved further east and arrived at Dadiwan with the Yangshao Neolithic. The stable isotope methodology used here is probably the best means of detecting the symbiotic human-plant-animal linkages that develop during the very earliest phases of domestication and is thus applicable to the areas where these connections first emerged and are critical to explaining how and why agriculture began in East Asia.
Collapse
|
39
|
Akhani H, Lara MV, Ghasemkhani M, Ziegler H, Edwards GE. Does Bienertia cycloptera with the single-cell system of C(4) photosynthesis exhibit a seasonal pattern of delta (13)C values in nature similar to co-existing C (4) Chenopodiaceae having the dual-cell (Kranz) system? PHOTOSYNTHESIS RESEARCH 2009; 99:23-36. [PMID: 18953668 DOI: 10.1007/s11120-008-9376-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/26/2008] [Accepted: 09/30/2008] [Indexed: 05/27/2023]
Abstract
Family Chenopodiaceae is an intriguing lineage, having the largest number of C(4) species among dicots, including a number of anatomical variants of Kranz anatomy and three single-cell C(4) functioning species. In some previous studies, during the culture of Bienertia cycloptera Bunge ex Boiss., carbon isotope values (delta(13)C values) of leaves deviated from C(4) to C(3)-C(4) intermediate type, raising questions as to its mode of photosynthesis during growth in natural environments. This species usually co-occurs with several Kranz type C(4) annuals. The development of B. cycloptera morphologically and delta(13)C values derived from plant samples (cotyledons, leaves, bracts, shoots) were analyzed over a complete growing season in a salt flat in north central Iran, along with eight Kranz type C(4) species and one C(3) species. For a number of species, plants were greenhouse-grown from seeds collected from the site, in order to examine leaf anatomy and C(4) biochemical subtype. Among the nine C(4) species, the cotyledons of B. cycloptera, and of the Suaeda spp. have the same respective forms of C(4) anatomy occurring in leaves, while cotyledons of members of tribe Caroxyloneae lack Kranz anatomy, which is reflected in the delta(13)C values found in plants grown in the natural habitat. The nine C(4) species had average seasonal delta(13)C values of -13.9 per thousand (with a range between species from -11.3 to -15.9 per thousand). The measurements of delta(13)C values over a complete growing season show that B. cycloptera performs C(4) photosynthesis during its life cycle in nature, similar to Kranz type species, with a seasonal average delta(13)C value of -15.2 per thousand.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Hossein Akhani
- Department of Plant Sciences, School of Biology, College of Science, University of Tehran, P.O. Box 14155-6455, Tehran, Iran.
| | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
40
|
Sudderth EA, Muhaidat RM, McKown AD, Kocacinar F, Sage RF. Leaf anatomy, gas exchange and photosynthetic enzyme activity in Flaveria kochiana. FUNCTIONAL PLANT BIOLOGY : FPB 2007; 34:118-129. [PMID: 32689338 DOI: 10.1071/fp06263] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/19/2006] [Accepted: 12/04/2006] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
Flaveria (Asteraceae) is one of the few genera known to contain both C3 and C4 species, in addition to numerous biochemically-intermediate species. C3-C4 and C4-like intermediate photosynthesis have arisen more than once in different phylogenetic clades of Flaveria. Here, we characterise for the first time the photosynthetic pathway of the recently described species Flaveria kochiana B.L. Turner. We examined leaf anatomy, activity and localisation of key photosynthetic enzymes, and gas exchange characteristics and compared these trait values with those from related C4 and C4-like Flaveria species. F. kochiana has Kranz anatomy that is typical of other C4 Flaveria species. As in the other C4 lineages within the Flaveria genus, the primary decarboxylating enzyme is NADP-malic enzyme. Immunolocalisation of the major C4 cycle enzymes, PEP carboxylase and pyruvate, orthophosphate dikinase, were restricted to the mesophyll, while Rubisco was largely localised to the bundle sheath. Gas exchange analysis demonstrated that F. kochiana operates a fully functional C4 pathway with little sensitivity to ambient oxygen levels. The CO2 compensation point (2.2 µbar) was typical for C4 species, and the O2-response of the CO2 compensation point was the same as the C4 species F. trinervia. Notably, F. vaginata (B.L. Robinson & Greenman), a putative C4-like species that is the nearest relative of F. kochiana, had an identical response of the CO2 compensation point to O2. Furthermore, F. vaginata, exhibited a carbon isotope ratio (-15.4‰) similar to C4 species including F. australasica Hooker, F. trinervia Spreng. C. Mohr and the newly characterised F. kochiana. F. vaginata could be considered a C4 species, but additional studies are necessary to confirm this hypothesis. In addition, our results show that F. kochiana uses an efficient C4 cycle, with the highest initial slope of the A/Ci curve of any C4 Flaveria species.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Erika A Sudderth
- Department of Organismic and Evolutionary Biology, Harvard University, Biological Laboratories, 16 Divinity Ave., Cambridge, MA 02138 11, USA
| | - Riyadh M Muhaidat
- Department of Ecology and Evolutionary Biology, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, M5S1A1, Canada
| | - Athena D McKown
- Department of Ecology and Evolutionary Biology, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, M5S1A1, Canada
| | - Ferit Kocacinar
- Faculty of Forestry, Kahramanmaras Sutcu Imam University, 46100 Kahramanmaras, Turkey
| | - Rowan F Sage
- Department of Ecology and Evolutionary Biology, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, M5S1A1, Canada
| |
Collapse
|
41
|
Yu M, Xie Y, Zhang X. Quantification of intrinsic water use efficiency along a moisture gradient in Northeastern China. JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL QUALITY 2005; 34:1311-8. [PMID: 15998853 DOI: 10.2134/jeq2004.0352] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/03/2023]
Abstract
Water use efficiency (WUE) is an important ecophysiological characteristic of plants, especially in semiarid and arid regions. At the scale of community or ecosystem, WUE is difficult to quantify because the amount of water used per unit dry mass production is a function of microclimatic variables and species composition. In this study, we analyzed corrected intrinsic water use efficiency (IWUE(s)) of grass and shrub species along the western segment of the Northeast China Transect (NECT) and the relationship between IWUE(s) and mean annual rainfall, habitat degradation status, vegetation type, and plant functional type (C3 versus C4) at 22 survey sites. Site intrinsic water use efficiency (IWUE(v)) and its relationship with the aforementioned site variables were analyzed based on species frequencies at each site. First, it was concluded that photosynthetic pathway played a very important role in determining species IWUE(s). Mean IWUE(s) for C4 species was approximately double that of C3 species. Second, mean annual rainfall, vegetation type, and site degradation status significantly affected IWUE(s) (p < 0.01). Mean IWUE(s) at degraded sites was twice as high as that at nondegraded sites. The mean IWUE(s) for meadows was significantly higher than those for other vegetation types (p < 0.05). Third, the frequency of occurrence of C4 plants explained 36% of the variance in IWUE(v) across the survey sites. The mean frequency of C4 occurrence at degraded sites was more than double that at nondegraded sites. Consequently, mean IWUE(v) at degraded sites was more than double that at nondegraded sites. Dominant C4 species in saline-alkaline areas tended to have higher intrinsic WUE than dominant C4 species in sandy shrub communities.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Mei Yu
- Laboratory of Quantitative Vegetation Ecology, Institute of Botany, The Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100093, P.R. China.
| | | | | |
Collapse
|
42
|
Helmuth B, Kingsolver JG, Carrington E. BIOPHYSICS, PHYSIOLOGICAL ECOLOGY, AND CLIMATE CHANGE: Does Mechanism Matter? Annu Rev Physiol 2005; 67:177-201. [PMID: 15709956 DOI: 10.1146/annurev.physiol.67.040403.105027] [Citation(s) in RCA: 247] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Abstract
Recent meta-analyses have shown that the effects of climate change are detectable and significant in their magnitude, but these studies have emphasized the utility of looking for large-scale patterns without necessarily understanding the mechanisms underlying these changes. Using a series of case studies, we explore the potential pitfalls when one fails to incorporate aspects of physiological performance when predicting the consequences of climate change on biotic communities. We argue that by considering the mechanistic details of physiological performance within the context of biophysical ecology (engineering methods of heat, mass and momentum exchange applied to biological systems), such approaches will be better poised to predict where and when the impacts of climate change will most likely occur.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Brian Helmuth
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of South Carolina, Columbia, South Carolina 29208, USA.
| | | | | |
Collapse
|
43
|
STOCK WD, CHUBA DK, VERBOOM GA. Distribution of South African C3 and C4 species of Cyperaceae in relation to climate and phylogeny. AUSTRAL ECOL 2004. [DOI: 10.1111/j.1442-9993.2004.01368.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 54] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
|
44
|
Edwards GE, Franceschi VR, Voznesenskaya EV. Single-cell C(4) photosynthesis versus the dual-cell (Kranz) paradigm. ANNUAL REVIEW OF PLANT BIOLOGY 2004; 55:173-96. [PMID: 15377218 DOI: 10.1146/annurev.arplant.55.031903.141725] [Citation(s) in RCA: 145] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/17/2023]
Abstract
The efficiency of photosynthetic carbon assimilation in higher plants faces significant limitations due to the oxygenase activity of the enzyme Rubisco, particularly under warmer temperatures or water stress. A drop in atmospheric CO(2) and rise in O(2) as early as 300 mya provided selective pressure for the evolution of mechanisms to concentrate CO(2) around Rubisco in order to minimize oxygenase activity and the resultant loss of carbon through photorespiration. It is well established that a carbon-concentrating mechanism occurs in some terrestrial plants through the process of C(4) photosynthesis. These plants are characterized as having Kranz-type leaf anatomy, with two structurally and biochemically specialized photosynthetic cell types, mesophyll and bundle sheath, that function coordinately in carbon assimilation. C(4) photosynthesis has evolved independently many times with great diversity in forms of Kranz anatomy, structure of dimorphic chloroplasts, and biochemistry of the C(4) cycle. The most dramatic variants of C(4) terrestrial plants were discovered recently in two species, Bienertia cycloptera and Borszczowia aralocaspica (family Chenopodiaceae); each has novel compartmentation to accomplish C(4) photosynthesis within a single chlorenchyma cell. This review discusses the amazing diversity in C(4) systems, how the essential features of C(4) are accomplished in single-cell versus Kranz-type C(4) plants, and speculates on why single-cell C(4) plants evolved.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Gerald E Edwards
- School of Biological Sciences, Washington State University, Pullman, Washington 99164-4236, USA.
| | | | | |
Collapse
|