1
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Eisenring M, Best RJ, Zierden MR, Cooper HF, Norstrem MA, Whitham TG, Grady K, Allan GJ, Lindroth RL. Genetic divergence along a climate gradient shapes chemical plasticity of a foundation tree species to both changing climate and herbivore damage. GLOBAL CHANGE BIOLOGY 2022; 28:4684-4700. [PMID: 35596651 DOI: 10.1111/gcb.16275] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/15/2022] [Accepted: 04/21/2022] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
Climate change is threatening the persistence of many tree species via independent and interactive effects on abiotic and biotic conditions. In addition, changes in temperature, precipitation, and insect attacks can alter the traits of these trees, disrupting communities and ecosystems. For foundation species such as Populus, phytochemical traits are key mechanisms linking trees with their environment and are likely jointly determined by interactive effects of genetic divergence and variable environments throughout their geographic range. Using reciprocal Fremont cottonwood (Populus fremontii) common gardens along a steep climatic gradient, we explored how environment (garden climate and simulated herbivore damage) and genetics (tree provenance and genotype) affect both foliar chemical traits and the plasticity of these traits. We found that (1) Constitutive and plastic chemical responses to changes in garden climate and damage varied among defense compounds, structural compounds, and leaf nitrogen. (2) For both defense and structural compounds, plastic responses to different garden climates depended on the climate in which a population or genotype originated. Specifically, trees originating from cool provenances showed higher defense plasticity in response to climate changes than trees from warmer provenances. (3) Trees from cool provenances growing in cool garden conditions expressed the lowest constitutive defense levels but the strongest induced (plastic) defenses in response to damage. (4) The combination of hot garden conditions and simulated herbivory switched the strategy used by these genotypes, increasing constitutive defenses but erasing the capacity for induction after damage. Because Fremont cottonwood chemistry plays a major role in shaping riparian communities and ecosystems, the effects of changes in phytochemical traits can be wide reaching. As the southwestern US is confronted with warming temperatures and insect outbreaks, these results improve our capacity to predict ecosystem consequences of climate change and inform selection of tree genotypes for conservation and restoration purposes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michael Eisenring
- Department of Entomology, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, Wisconsin, USA
- Forest Entomology, Swiss Federal Research Institute for Forest, Snow, and Landscape Research WSL, Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Rebecca J Best
- School of Earth and Sustainability, Northern Arizona University, Flagstaff, Arizona, USA
| | - Mark R Zierden
- Department of Entomology, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, Wisconsin, USA
| | - Hillary F Cooper
- Center for Adaptable Western Landscapes, Northern Arizona University, Flagstaff, Arizona, USA
| | - Madelyn A Norstrem
- School of Earth and Sustainability, Northern Arizona University, Flagstaff, Arizona, USA
| | - Thomas G Whitham
- Center for Adaptable Western Landscapes, Northern Arizona University, Flagstaff, Arizona, USA
- Department of Biological Sciences, Northern Arizona University, Flagstaff, Arizona, USA
| | - Kevin Grady
- School of Forestry, Northern Arizona University, Flagstaff, Arizona, USA
| | - Gerard J Allan
- Center for Adaptable Western Landscapes, Northern Arizona University, Flagstaff, Arizona, USA
- Department of Biological Sciences, Northern Arizona University, Flagstaff, Arizona, USA
| | - Richard L Lindroth
- Department of Entomology, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, Wisconsin, USA
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2
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Zvereva EL, Zverev V, Kozlov MV. Insect herbivory increases from forest to alpine tundra in Arctic mountains. Ecol Evol 2022; 12:e8537. [PMID: 35127040 PMCID: PMC8796911 DOI: 10.1002/ece3.8537] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/04/2021] [Revised: 11/22/2021] [Accepted: 12/22/2021] [Indexed: 11/07/2022] Open
Abstract
Current theory holds that the intensity of biotic interactions decreases with increases in latitude and elevation; however, empirical data demonstrate great variation in the direction, strength, and shape of elevational changes in herbivory. The latitudinal position of mountains may be one important source of this variation, but the acute shortage of data from polar mountains hampers exploration of latitude effects on elevational changes in herbivory. Here, we reduce this knowledge gap by exploring six elevation gradients located in three Arctic mountain ranges to test the prediction that a decrease in herbivory occurs with increasing elevation from forest to alpine tundra. Across the 10 most abundant evergreen and deciduous woody plant species, relative losses of foliage to insect herbivores were 2.2-fold greater at the highest elevations (alpine tundra) than in mid-elevation birch woodlands or low-elevation coniferous forests. Plant quality for herbivores (quantified by specific leaf area) significantly decreased with elevation across all studied species, indicating that bottom-up factors were unlikely to shape the observed pattern in herbivory. An experiment with open-top chambers established at different elevations showed that even a slight increase in ambient temperature enhances herbivory in Arctic mountains. Therefore, we suggest that the discovered increase in herbivory with elevation is explained by higher temperatures at the soil surface in open habitats above the tree line compared with forests at lower elevations. This explanation is supported by the significant difference in elevational changes in herbivory between low and tall plants: herbivory on low shrubs increased fourfold from forest to alpine sites, while herbivory on trees and tall shrubs did not change with elevation. We suggest that an increase in herbivory with an increase in elevation is typical for high-latitude mountains, where inverse temperature gradients, especially at the soil surface, are common. Verification of this hypothesis requires further studies of elevational patterns in herbivory at high latitudes.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Vitali Zverev
- Department of BiologyUniversity of TurkuTurkuFinland
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3
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Shay JE, Pennington LK, Mandussi Montiel-Molina JA, Toews DJ, Hendrickson BT, Sexton JP. Rules of Plant Species Ranges: Applications for Conservation Strategies. Front Ecol Evol 2021. [DOI: 10.3389/fevo.2021.700962] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/02/2023] Open
Abstract
Earth is changing rapidly and so are many plant species’ ranges. Here, we synthesize eco-evolutionary patterns found in plant range studies and how knowledge of species ranges can inform our understanding of species conservation in the face of global change. We discuss whether general biogeographic “rules” are reliable and how they can be used to develop adaptive conservation strategies of native plant species across their ranges. Rules considered include (1) factors that set species range limits and promote range shifts; (2) the impact of biotic interactions on species range limits; (3) patterns of abundance and adaptive properties across species ranges; (4) patterns of gene flow and their implications for genetic rescue, and (5) the relationship between range size and conservation risk. We conclude by summarizing and evaluating potential species range rules to inform future conservation and management decisions. We also outline areas of research to better understand the adaptive capacity of plants under environmental change and the properties that govern species ranges. We advise conservationists to extend their work to specifically consider peripheral and novel populations, with a particular emphasis on small ranges. Finally, we call for a global effort to identify, synthesize, and analyze prevailing patterns or rules in ecology to help speed conservation efforts.
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4
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Marcora PI, Tecco PA, Ferrero MC, Ferreras AE, Zeballos SR, Funes G, Gurvich DE, Arias G, Cáceres Y, Hensen I. Are populations of Polylepis australis locally adapted along their elevation gradient? NEOTROPICAL BIODIVERSITY 2021. [DOI: 10.1080/23766808.2021.1940049] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/21/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Paula Inés Marcora
- Instituto Multidisciplinario De Biología Vegetal (Conicet-universidad Nacional de Córdoba), Cordoba, Argentina
| | - Paula A Tecco
- Instituto Multidisciplinario De Biología Vegetal (Conicet-universidad Nacional de Córdoba), Cordoba, Argentina
- Cátedra de Biogeografía, Departamento de Diversidad Biológica y Ecológica, Facultad de Ciencias Exactas, Físicas y Naturales, Cordoba, Argentina
| | - María Cecilia Ferrero
- Instituto Multidisciplinario De Biología Vegetal (Conicet-universidad Nacional de Córdoba), Cordoba, Argentina
| | - Ana Elisa Ferreras
- Instituto Multidisciplinario De Biología Vegetal (Conicet-universidad Nacional de Córdoba), Cordoba, Argentina
| | - Sebastián Rodolfo Zeballos
- Instituto Multidisciplinario De Biología Vegetal (Conicet-universidad Nacional de Córdoba), Cordoba, Argentina
| | - Guillermo Funes
- Instituto Multidisciplinario De Biología Vegetal (Conicet-universidad Nacional de Córdoba), Cordoba, Argentina
- Cátedra de Biogeografía, Departamento de Diversidad Biológica y Ecológica, Facultad de Ciencias Exactas, Físicas y Naturales, Cordoba, Argentina
| | - Diego Ezequiel Gurvich
- Instituto Multidisciplinario De Biología Vegetal (Conicet-universidad Nacional de Córdoba), Cordoba, Argentina
- Cátedra de Biogeografía, Departamento de Diversidad Biológica y Ecológica, Facultad de Ciencias Exactas, Físicas y Naturales, Cordoba, Argentina
| | - Gonzalo. Arias
- Cátedra de Biogeografía, Departamento de Diversidad Biológica y Ecológica, Facultad de Ciencias Exactas, Físicas y Naturales, Cordoba, Argentina
| | - Yolanda Cáceres
- Martin Luther University Halle-Wittenberg, Institute of Biology/Geobotany and Botanical Garden, Halle (Saale), Germany
- German Centre for Integrative Biodiversity Research (Idiv) Halle-Jena-Leipzig, Leipzig, Germany
| | - Isabell Hensen
- Martin Luther University Halle-Wittenberg, Institute of Biology/Geobotany and Botanical Garden, Halle (Saale), Germany
- German Centre for Integrative Biodiversity Research (Idiv) Halle-Jena-Leipzig, Leipzig, Germany
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5
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Galmán A, Abdala‐Roberts L, Wartalska P, Covelo F, Röder G, Szenteczki MA, Moreira X, Rasmann S. Elevational gradients in constitutive and induced oak defences based on individual traits and their correlated expression patterns. OIKOS 2020. [DOI: 10.1111/oik.07588] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Andrea Galmán
- Misión Biológica de Galicia (MBG‐CSIC), Pontevedra Galicia Spain
| | - Luis Abdala‐Roberts
- Depto de Ecología Tropical, Campus de Ciencias Biológicas y Agropecuarias, Univ. Autónoma de Yucatán, Itzimná, Mérida Yucatán México
| | - Pola Wartalska
- Małopolska Centre of Biotechnology, Jagiellonian Univ. Kraków Poland
| | - Felisa Covelo
- Depto de Sistemas Físicos, Químicos y Naturales, Univ. Pablo de Olavide Sevilla Spain
| | - Gregory Röder
- Inst. of Biology, Univ. of Neuchâtel Neuchâtel Switzerland
| | | | - Xoaquín Moreira
- Misión Biológica de Galicia (MBG‐CSIC), Pontevedra Galicia Spain
| | - Sergio Rasmann
- Inst. of Biology, Univ. of Neuchâtel Neuchâtel Switzerland
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6
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Contrasting responses of above- and below-ground herbivore communities along elevation. Oecologia 2020; 194:515-528. [PMID: 33078281 PMCID: PMC7644536 DOI: 10.1007/s00442-020-04778-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/12/2019] [Accepted: 10/06/2020] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
Above- and below-ground herbivory are key ecosystem processes that can be substantially altered by environmental changes. However, direct comparisons of the coupled variations of above- and below-ground herbivore communities along elevation gradients remain sparse. Here, we studied the variation in assemblages of two dominant groups of herbivores, namely, aboveground orthoptera and belowground nematodes, in grasslands along six elevation gradients in the Swiss Alps. By examining variations of community properties of herbivores and their food plants along montane clines, we sought to determine whether the structure and functional properties of these taxonomic groups change with elevation. We found that orthoptera decreased in both species richness and abundance with elevation. In contrast with aboveground herbivores, the taxonomic richness and the total abundance of nematode did not covary with elevation. We further found a stronger shift in above- than below-ground functional properties along elevation, where the mandibular strength of orthoptera matched a shift in leaf toughness. Nematodes showed a weaker pattern of declined sedentary behavior and increased mobility with elevation. In contrast to the direct exposal of aboveground organisms to the surface climate, conditions may be buffered belowground, which together with the influence of edaphic factors on the biodiversity of soil biota, may explain the differences between elevational patterns of above- and below-ground communities. Our study emphasizes the necessity to consider both the above- and below-ground compartments to understand the impact of current and future climatic variation on ecosystems, from a functional perspective of species interactions.
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7
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Sam K, Koane B, Sam L, Mrazova A, Segar S, Volf M, Moos M, Simek P, Sisol M, Novotny V. Insect herbivory and herbivores of
Ficus
species along a rain forest elevational gradient in Papua New Guinea. Biotropica 2020. [DOI: 10.1111/btp.12741] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Katerina Sam
- Biology Centre of Czech Academy of Sciences Institute of Entomology Ceske Budejovice Czech Republic
- Faculty of Science University of South Bohemia Ceske Budejovice Czech Republic
| | - Bonny Koane
- The New Guinea Binatang Research Center Madang Papua New Guinea
| | - Legi Sam
- Biology Centre of Czech Academy of Sciences Institute of Entomology Ceske Budejovice Czech Republic
| | - Anna Mrazova
- Biology Centre of Czech Academy of Sciences Institute of Entomology Ceske Budejovice Czech Republic
- Faculty of Science University of South Bohemia Ceske Budejovice Czech Republic
| | - Simon Segar
- Biology Centre of Czech Academy of Sciences Institute of Entomology Ceske Budejovice Czech Republic
- Faculty of Science University of South Bohemia Ceske Budejovice Czech Republic
- Department of Crop and Environment Sciences Harper Adams University Edgmond UK
| | - Martin Volf
- Biology Centre of Czech Academy of Sciences Institute of Entomology Ceske Budejovice Czech Republic
- Faculty of Science University of South Bohemia Ceske Budejovice Czech Republic
- Molecular Interaction Ecology Group German Centre for Integrative Biodiversity Research (iDiv) Halle‐Jena‐Leipzig Leipzig Germany
| | - Martin Moos
- Biology Centre of Czech Academy of Sciences Institute of Entomology Ceske Budejovice Czech Republic
| | - Petr Simek
- Biology Centre of Czech Academy of Sciences Institute of Entomology Ceske Budejovice Czech Republic
| | - Mentap Sisol
- The New Guinea Binatang Research Center Madang Papua New Guinea
| | - Vojtech Novotny
- Biology Centre of Czech Academy of Sciences Institute of Entomology Ceske Budejovice Czech Republic
- Faculty of Science University of South Bohemia Ceske Budejovice Czech Republic
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8
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Hargreaves AL, Germain RM, Bontrager M, Persi J, Angert AL. Local Adaptation to Biotic Interactions: A Meta-analysis across Latitudes. Am Nat 2020; 195:395-411. [PMID: 32097037 DOI: 10.1086/707323] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/03/2022]
Abstract
Adaptation to local conditions can increase species' geographic distributions and rates of diversification, but which components of the environment commonly drive local adaptation-particularly the importance of biotic interactions-is unclear. Biotic interactions should drive local adaptation when they impose consistent divergent selection; if this is common, we expect transplant experiments to detect more frequent and stronger local adaptation when biotic interactions are left intact. We tested this hypothesis using a meta-analysis of transplant experiments from >125 studies (mostly of plants). Overall, local adaptation was common, and biotic interactions affected fitness. Nevertheless, local adaptation was neither more common nor stronger when biotic interactions were left intact, either between experimental treatments within studies (control vs. biotic interactions experimentally manipulated) or between studies that used natural versus biotically altered transplant environments. However, the effect of ameliorating negative interactions varied with latitude, suggesting that interactions may promote local adaptation more often in tropical than in temperate ecosystems, although few tropical studies were available to test this. Our results suggest that biotic interactions often fail to drive local adaptation even though they strongly affect fitness, perhaps because temperate biotic environments are unpredictable at the spatiotemporal scales required for local adaptation.
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9
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Galmán A, Abdala-Roberts L, Covelo F, Rasmann S, Moreira X. Parallel increases in insect herbivory and defenses with increasing elevation for both saplings and adult trees of oak (Quercus) species. AMERICAN JOURNAL OF BOTANY 2019; 106:1558-1565. [PMID: 31724166 DOI: 10.1002/ajb2.1388] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/27/2019] [Accepted: 10/04/2019] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
PREMISE Herbivory is predicted to increase toward warmer and more stable climates found at lower elevations, and this increase should select for higher plant defenses. Still, a number of recent studies have reported either no evidence of such gradients or reverse patterns. One source of inconsistency may be that plant ontogenetic variation is usually not accounted for and may influence levels of plant defenses and herbivory. METHODS We tested for elevational gradients in insect leaf herbivory and leaf traits putatively associated with herbivore resistance across eight oak (Quercus, Fagaceae) species and compared these patterns for saplings and adult trees. To this end, we surveyed insect leaf herbivory and leaf traits (phenolic compounds, toughness and nutrients) in naturally occurring populations of each oak species at low-, mid- or high-elevation sites throughout the Iberian Peninsula. RESULTS Leaf herbivory and chemical defenses (lignins) were unexpectedly higher at mid- and high-elevation sites than at low-elevation sites. In addition, leaf chemical defenses (lignins and condensed tannins) were higher for saplings than adult trees, whereas herbivory did not significantly differ between ontogenetic stages. Overall, elevational variation in herbivory and plant chemical defenses were consistent across ontogenetic stages (i.e., elevational gradients were not contingent upon tree ontogeny), and herbivory and leaf traits were not associated across elevations. CONCLUSIONS These findings suggest disassociated patterns of elevational variation in herbivory and leaf traits, which, in turn, are independent of plant ontogenetic stage.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andrea Galmán
- Misión Biológica de Galicia (MBG-CSIC), Apartado de correos 28, 36080, Pontevedra, Galicia, Spain
| | - Luis Abdala-Roberts
- Departamento de Ecología Tropical, Campus de Ciencias Biológicas y Agropecuarias, Universidad Autónoma de Yucatán, Apartado Postal 4-116, Itzimná, 97000, Mérida, Yucatán, México
| | - Felisa Covelo
- Departamento de Sistemas Físicos, Químicos y Naturales, Universidad Pablo de Olavide, Carretera de Utrera km. 1, 41013, Sevilla, Spain
| | - Sergio Rasmann
- Institute of Biology, Laboratory of Functional Ecology, University of Neuchâtel, Rue Emile-Argand 11, 2000, Neuchâtel, Switzerland
| | - Xoaquín Moreira
- Misión Biológica de Galicia (MBG-CSIC), Apartado de correos 28, 36080, Pontevedra, Galicia, Spain
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10
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Buckley J, Pashalidou FG, Fischer MC, Widmer A, Mescher MC, De Moraes CM. Divergence in Glucosinolate Profiles between High- and Low-Elevation Populations of Arabidopsis halleri Correspond to Variation in Field Herbivory and Herbivore Behavioral Preferences. Int J Mol Sci 2019; 20:ijms20010174. [PMID: 30621284 PMCID: PMC6337533 DOI: 10.3390/ijms20010174] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/30/2018] [Revised: 12/26/2018] [Accepted: 12/28/2018] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Variation in local herbivore pressure along elevation gradients is predicted to drive variation in plant defense traits. Yet, the extent of intraspecific variation in defense investment along elevation gradients, and its effects on both herbivore preference and performance, remain relatively unexplored. Using populations of Arabidopsis halleri (Brassicaceae) occurring at different elevations in the Alps, we tested for associations between elevation, herbivore damage in the field, and constitutive chemical defense traits (glucosinolates) assayed under common-garden conditions. Additionally, we examined the feeding preferences and performance of a specialist herbivore, the butterfly Pieris brassicae, on plants from different elevations in the Alps. Although we found no effect of elevation on the overall levels of constitutive glucosinolates in leaves, relative amounts of indole glucosinolates increased significantly with elevation and were negatively correlated with herbivore damage in the field. In oviposition preference assays, P. brassicae females laid fewer eggs on plants from high-elevation populations, although larval performance was similar on populations from different elevations. Taken together, these results support the prediction that species distributed along elevation gradients exhibit genetic variation in chemical defenses, which can have consequences for interactions with herbivores in the field.
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Affiliation(s)
- James Buckley
- Center for Adaptation to a Changing Environment, Institute of Integrative Biology, ETH Zürich, 8092 Zürich, Switzerland.
- Biocommunication Group, Institute of Agricultural Sciences, ETH Zürich, 8092 Zürich, Switzerland.
| | - Foteini G Pashalidou
- Biocommunication Group, Institute of Agricultural Sciences, ETH Zürich, 8092 Zürich, Switzerland.
| | - Martin C Fischer
- Center for Adaptation to a Changing Environment, Institute of Integrative Biology, ETH Zürich, 8092 Zürich, Switzerland.
- Plant Ecological Genetics Group, Institute of Integrative Biology, ETH Zürich, 8092 Zürich, Switzerland.
| | - Alex Widmer
- Plant Ecological Genetics Group, Institute of Integrative Biology, ETH Zürich, 8092 Zürich, Switzerland.
| | - Mark C Mescher
- Evolutionary Biology Group, Institute of Integrative Biology, ETH Zürich, 8092 Zürich, Switzerland.
| | - Consuelo M De Moraes
- Biocommunication Group, Institute of Agricultural Sciences, ETH Zürich, 8092 Zürich, Switzerland.
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11
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Phytochemical investigations and food-choice experiments with two mollusc species in three central European Senecio L. (Asteraceae, Senecioneae) species and their hybrids. CHEMOECOLOGY 2017. [DOI: 10.1007/s00049-017-0241-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
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12
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Plant-herbivore interactions along elevational gradient: Comparison of field and common garden data. ACTA OECOLOGICA-INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF ECOLOGY 2016. [DOI: 10.1016/j.actao.2016.10.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
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13
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Biotic interactions overrule plant responses to climate, depending on the species' biogeography. PLoS One 2014; 9:e111023. [PMID: 25356912 PMCID: PMC4214694 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0111023] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/18/2013] [Accepted: 09/27/2014] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
This study presents an experimental approach to assess the relative importance of climatic and biotic factors as determinants of species' geographical distributions. We asked to what extent responses of grassland plant species to biotic interactions vary with climate, and to what degree this variation depends on the species' biogeography. Using a gradient from oceanic to continental climate represented by nine common garden transplant sites in Germany, we experimentally tested whether congeneric grassland species of different geographic distribution (oceanic vs. continental plant range type) responded differently to combinations of climate, competition and mollusc herbivory. We found the relative importance of biotic interactions and climate to vary between the different components of plant performance. While survival and plant height increased with precipitation, temperature had no effect on plant performance. Additionally, species with continental plant range type increased their growth in more benign climatic conditions, while those with oceanic range type were largely unable to take a similar advantage of better climatic conditions. Competition generally caused strong reductions of aboveground biomass and growth. In contrast, herbivory had minor effects on survival and growth. Against expectation, these negative effects of competition and herbivory were not mitigated under more stressful continental climate conditions. In conclusion we suggest variation in relative importance of climate and biotic interactions on broader scales, mediated via species-specific sensitivities and factor-specific response patterns. Our results have important implications for species distribution models, as they emphasize the large-scale impact of biotic interactions on plant distribution patterns and the necessity to take plant range types into account.
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14
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Rasmann S, Pellissier L, Defossez E, Jactel H, Kunstler G. Climate-driven change in plant-insect interactions along elevation gradients. Funct Ecol 2013. [DOI: 10.1111/1365-2435.12135] [Citation(s) in RCA: 153] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Sergio Rasmann
- Department of Ecology and Evolution; University of Lausanne; UNIL Sorge; Le Biophore CH Lausanne 1015 Switzerland
| | - Loïc Pellissier
- Department of Bioscience; The Arctic Research Centre; Aarhus University; Aarhus 4000 Denmark
| | - Emmanuel Defossez
- Irstea; UR EMGR Ecosystèmes Montagnards; rue de la Papeterie-BP 76 St-Martin-d'Hères F-38402 France
- Centre d'Ecologie Fonctionnelle et Evolutive (CEFE); CNRS UMR 5175; 1919 route de Mende Montpellier cedex 5 34293 France
| | | | - Georges Kunstler
- Irstea; UR EMGR Ecosystèmes Montagnards; rue de la Papeterie-BP 76 St-Martin-d'Hères F-38402 France
- Department of Biological Sciences; Macquarie University; Sydney New South Wales 2109 Australia
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15
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Patsias K, Bruelheide H. Climate change – Bad news for montane forest herb layer species? ACTA OECOLOGICA 2013. [DOI: 10.1016/j.actao.2013.02.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
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16
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Pellissier L, Fiedler K, Ndribe C, Dubuis A, Pradervand JN, Guisan A, Rasmann S. Shifts in species richness, herbivore specialization, and plant resistance along elevation gradients. Ecol Evol 2012; 2:1818-25. [PMID: 22957184 PMCID: PMC3433986 DOI: 10.1002/ece3.296] [Citation(s) in RCA: 132] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/29/2012] [Revised: 05/14/2012] [Accepted: 05/15/2012] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Environmental gradients have been postulated to generate patterns of diversity and diet specialization, in which more stable environments, such as tropical regions, should promote higher diversity and specialization. Using field sampling and phylogenetic analyses of butterfly fauna over an entire alpine region, we show that butterfly specialization (measured as the mean phylogenetic distance between utilized host plants) decreases at higher elevations, alongside a decreasing gradient of plant diversity. Consistent with current hypotheses on the relationship between biodiversity and the strength of species interactions, we experimentally show that a higher level of generalization at high elevations is associated with lower levels of plant resistance: across 16 pairs of plant species, low-elevation plants were more resistant vis-à-vis their congeneric alpine relatives. Thus, the links between diversity, herbivore diet specialization, and plant resistance along an elevation gradient suggest a causal relationship analogous to that hypothesized along latitudinal gradients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Loïc Pellissier
- Department of Ecology and Evolution, University of Lausanne Bâtiment BiophoreCH-1015, Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Konrad Fiedler
- Department of Tropical Ecology and Animal Biodiversity, University of ViennaRennweg 14, A-1030, Vienna, Austria
| | - Charlotte Ndribe
- Department of Ecology and Evolution, University of Lausanne Bâtiment BiophoreCH-1015, Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Anne Dubuis
- Department of Ecology and Evolution, University of Lausanne Bâtiment BiophoreCH-1015, Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Jean-Nicolas Pradervand
- Department of Ecology and Evolution, University of Lausanne Bâtiment BiophoreCH-1015, Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Antoine Guisan
- Department of Ecology and Evolution, University of Lausanne Bâtiment BiophoreCH-1015, Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Sergio Rasmann
- Department of Ecology and Evolution, University of Lausanne Bâtiment BiophoreCH-1015, Lausanne, Switzerland
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Torres-Gurrola G, Delgado-Lamas G, Espinosa-García FJ. The foliar chemical profile of criollo avocado, Persea americana var. drymifolia (Lauraceae), and its relationship with the incidence of a gall-forming insect, Trioza anceps (Triozidae). BIOCHEM SYST ECOL 2011. [DOI: 10.1016/j.bse.2011.01.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
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Strauss SY, Stanton ML, Emery NC, Bradley CA, Carleton A, Dittrich-Reed DR, Ervin OA, Gray LN, Hamilton AM, Rogge JH, Harper SD, Law KC, Pham VQ, Putnam ME, Roth TM, Theil JH, Wells LM, Yoshizuka EM. Cryptic seedling herbivory by nocturnal introduced generalists impacts survival, performance of native and exotic plants. Ecology 2009; 90:419-29. [PMID: 19323226 DOI: 10.1890/07-1533.1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
Although much of the theory on the success of invasive species has been geared at escape from specialist enemies, the impact of introduced generalist invertebrate herbivores on both native and introduced plant species has been underappreciated. The role of nocturnal invertebrate herbivores in structuring plant communities has been examined extensively in Europe, but less so in North America. Many nocturnal generalists (slugs, snails, and earwigs) have been introduced to North America, and 96% of herbivores found during a night census at our California Central Valley site were introduced generalists. We explored the role of these herbivores in the distribution, survivorship, and growth of 12 native and introduced plant species from six families. We predicted that introduced species sharing an evolutionary history with these generalists might be less vulnerable than native plant species. We quantified plant and herbivore abundances within our heterogeneous site and also established herbivore removal experiments in 160 plots spanning the gamut of microhabitats. As 18 collaborators, we checked 2000 seedling sites every day for three weeks to assess nocturnal seedling predation. Laboratory feeding trials allowed us to quantify the palatability of plant species to the two dominant nocturnal herbivores at the site (slugs and earwigs) and allowed us to account for herbivore microhabitat preferences when analyzing attack rates on seedlings. The relationship between local slug abundance and percent cover of five common plant taxa at the field site was significantly negatively associated with the mean palatability of these taxa to slugs in laboratory trials. Moreover, seedling mortality of 12 species in open-field plots was positively correlated with mean palatability of these taxa to both slugs and earwigs in laboratory trials. Counter to expectations, seedlings of native species were neither more vulnerable nor more palatable to nocturnal generalists than those of introduced species. Growth comparison of plants within and outside herbivore exclosures also revealed no differences between native and introduced plant species, despite large impacts of herbivores on growth. Cryptic nocturnal predation on seedlings was common and had large effects on plant establishment at our site. Without intensive monitoring, such predation could easily be misconstrued as poor seedling emergence.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sharon Y Strauss
- Section of Evolution and Ecology, One Shields Avenue, University of California, Davis, California 95616, USA.
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Toju H. FINE-SCALE LOCAL ADAPTATION OF WEEVIL MOUTHPART LENGTH AND CAMELLIA PERICARP THICKNESS: ALTITUDINAL GRADIENT OF A PUTATIVE ARMS RACE. Evolution 2008; 62:1086-102. [DOI: 10.1111/j.1558-5646.2008.00341.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 56] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
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Honek A, Martinkova Z. A Field Method For Quantifying the Grazing Activity Of Slugs, With Particular Reference To Arion lusitanicus (Mollusca). MALACOLOGIA 2007. [DOI: 10.4002/0076-2997-49.2.273] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
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21
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Effect of slug grazing on biomass production of a plant community during a short-term biodiversity experiment. ACTA OECOLOGICA-INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF ECOLOGY 2007. [DOI: 10.1016/j.actao.2007.03.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
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LADD BRENTON, FACELLI JOSÉM. Effects of neighbouring vegetation on eucalypt seedlings at two sites subject to different levels of abiotic stress. AUSTRAL ECOL 2007. [DOI: 10.1111/j.1442-9993.2006.01659.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
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Scheidel U, Bruelheide H. The impact of altitude and simulated herbivory on the growth and carbohydrate storage of Petasites albus. PLANT BIOLOGY (STUTTGART, GERMANY) 2004; 6:740-745. [PMID: 15570480 DOI: 10.1055/s-2004-830352] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/24/2023]
Abstract
We tested the hypothesis that higher respiratory losses caused by higher temperatures in the lowlands, compared to montane sites, prevent growth of the montane hemicryptophyte Petasites albus (Asteraceae). In addition, we tested whether increased levels of herbivory enhanced carbon losses at lower elevations. Rhizomes of Petasites albus were transplanted to a montane and a lowland site. In the subsequent three growing seasons the plants were artificially defoliated to simulate mollusc herbivory. Whereas there were no altitudinal differences in the leaf number per plant, the leaf area was higher at the montane site. At the montane site, the leaf number and leaf area decreased with increasing damage, and the rhizome dry weight in the third year was much higher in the undamaged plants. In contrast, fructan concentrations in the rhizomes that were harvested at the end and at the beginning of the growing seasons were generally higher at the lowland site. No clear defoliation effects were observed on most harvest dates. The results indicate that the lower altitudinal limit of Petasites albus cannot be explained by the negative effects of higher temperatures or more leaf damage by herbivores in the lowlands, either alone or in combination. An explanation will require consideration of other site factors such as competition and possibly interactions with herbivory and carbohydrate storage.
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Affiliation(s)
- U Scheidel
- Institute of Geobotany and Botanical Garden, Martin-Luther-University Halle-Wittenberg, Am Kirchtor 1, 06108 Halle, Germany
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Rasmussen KK, Kollmann J. Poor sexual reproduction on the distribution limit of the rare tree Sorbus torminalis. ACTA OECOLOGICA-INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF ECOLOGY 2004. [DOI: 10.1016/j.actao.2004.02.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
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Altitudinal gradients of generalist and specialist herbivory on three montane Asteraceae. ACTA OECOLOGICA-INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF ECOLOGY 2003. [DOI: 10.1016/j.actao.2003.09.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
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