1
|
Ahmad MF, A. Alsayegh A, Ahmad FA, Akhtar MS, Alavudeen SS, Bantun F, Wahab S, Ahmed A, Ali M, Elbendary EY, Raposo A, Kambal N, H. Abdelrahman M. Ganoderma lucidum: Insight into antimicrobial and antioxidant properties with development of secondary metabolites. Heliyon 2024; 10:e25607. [PMID: 38356540 PMCID: PMC10865332 DOI: 10.1016/j.heliyon.2024.e25607] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/22/2023] [Revised: 12/15/2023] [Accepted: 01/30/2024] [Indexed: 02/16/2024] Open
Abstract
Ganoderma lucidum is a versatile mushroom. Polysaccharides and triterpenoids are the major bioactive compounds and have been used as traditional medicinal mushrooms since ancient times. They are currently used as nutraceuticals and functional foods. G. lucidum extracts and their bioactive compounds have been used as an alternative to antioxidants and antimicrobial agents. Secondary metabolites with many medicinal properties make it a possible substitute that could be applied as immunomodulatory, anticancer, antimicrobial, anti-oxidant, anti-inflammatory, and anti-diabetic. The miraculous properties of secondary metabolites fascinate researchers for their development and production. Recent studies have paid close attention to the different physical, genetic, biochemical, and nutritional parameters that potentiate the production of secondary metabolites. This review is an effort to collect biologically active constituents from G. lucidum that reveal potential actions against diseases with the latest improvement in a novel technique to get maximum production of secondary metabolites. Studies are going ahead to determine the efficacy of numerous compounds and assess the valuable properties achieved by G. lucidum in favor of antimicrobial and antioxidant outcomes.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Md Faruque Ahmad
- Department of Clinical Nutrition, College of Applied Medical Science, Jazan University, Jazan, 45142, Saudi Arabia
| | - Abdulrahman A. Alsayegh
- Department of Clinical Nutrition, College of Applied Medical Science, Jazan University, Jazan, 45142, Saudi Arabia
| | - Fakhruddin Ali Ahmad
- Department of Basic and Applied Science, School of Engineering and Science, G.D Goenka University, Gru Gram, 122103, Haryana, India
| | - Md Sayeed Akhtar
- Department of Clinical Pharmacy, College of Pharmacy, King Khalid University, AlFara, Abha, 62223, Saudi Arabia
| | - Sirajudeen S. Alavudeen
- Department of Clinical Pharmacy, College of Pharmacy, King Khalid University, AlFara, Abha, 62223, Saudi Arabia
| | - Farkad Bantun
- Department of Microbiology and Parasitology, Faculty of Medicine, Umm Al-Qura University, Makkah, Saudi Arabia
| | - Shadma Wahab
- Department of Pharmacognosy, College of Pharmacy, King Khalid University, Abha, 62529, Saudi Arabia
| | - Awais Ahmed
- Department of Management, Shri JJT University, Rajasthan, Post code; 333010, India
| | - M. Ali
- Department of Pharmacognosy, CBS College of Pharmacy & Technology (Pt. B. D. Sharma University of Health Sciences), Chandpur, Faridabad, Haryana, 121101, India
| | - Ehab Y. Elbendary
- Department of Clinical Nutrition, College of Applied Medical Science, Jazan University, Jazan, 45142, Saudi Arabia
| | - António Raposo
- CBIOS (Research Center for Biosciences and Health Technologies), Universidade Lusófona de Humanidades Tecnologias, Campo Grande 376, 1749-024, Lisboa, Portugal
| | - Nahla Kambal
- Department of Clinical Nutrition, College of Applied Medical Science, Jazan University, Jazan, 45142, Saudi Arabia
| | - Mohamed H. Abdelrahman
- College of Applied Medical Sciences, Medical Laboratory Sciences, Jazan University, Jazan, 45142, Saudi Arabia
| |
Collapse
|
2
|
Tajik A, Samadlouie HR, Salek Farrokhi A, Ghasemi A. Optimization of chemical conditions for metabolites production by Ganoderma lucidum using response surface methodology and investigation of antimicrobial as well as anticancer activities. Front Microbiol 2024; 14:1280405. [PMID: 38318131 PMCID: PMC10839005 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2023.1280405] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/20/2023] [Accepted: 12/21/2023] [Indexed: 02/07/2024] Open
Abstract
Ganoderma lucidum (G. lucidum) is a medicinal mushroom that is known for its ability to produce compounds with physiological effects on human health. This research was undertaken to amplify the production of bioactive components of G. lucidum under optimal cultivation conditions, obtained in a submerged state and utilized in solid state fermentation, with the purpose of enhancing antimicrobial and anticancer activities. The results indicated that titanium dioxide (TiO2 NPs), magnesium oxide nanoparticles (MgO2 NPs), and B6, along with glucose syrup and CLS syrups, were the most effective for producing GA, while wheat starch and whey protein, along with MgO2 NPs and B6 vitamin, stimulated polysaccharide production using the One Factor at a Time (OFAT) method. After screening, the response surface method (RSM) statistically indicated that the media containing 42.11 g/L wheat starch with 22 g/L whey protein and 50 g/L glucose syrup with 30 g/L CSL were found to be the best conditions for polysaccharide (21.47% of dry weight biomass) and GA (20.35 mg/g dry weight biomass) production, respectively. The moss of the fruit body of G. lucidum produced under optimal GA conditions had the highest diversity in flavonoids and phenolic acids and significant antimicrobial activity against Esherichia coli (E. coli) and Bacillus subtilis (B. subtilis). In addition, the IC50 levels of shell and stem of G. lucidum were 465.3 and 485.7 μg/mL, respectively, while the moss did not reach 50% inhibition. In the end, the statistical approaches utilized in this research to elevate the levels of bioactive components in the fruiting body of G. lucidum produced a promising natural source of antimicrobial and anticancer agents.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Alireza Tajik
- Department of Food Science and Technology, Faculty of Agriculture, Shahrood University of Technology, Shahrood, Iran
| | - Hamid Reza Samadlouie
- Department of Food Science and Technology, Faculty of Agriculture, Shahrood University of Technology, Shahrood, Iran
| | | | - Amir Ghasemi
- Department of Food Science and Technology, Faculty of Agriculture, Shahrood University of Technology, Shahrood, Iran
| |
Collapse
|
3
|
Sun X, Wang J, Cheng M, Qi Y, Han C. Strategies to Increase the Production of Triterpene Acids in Ligzhi or Reishi Medicinal Mushroom (Ganoderma lucidum, Agaricomycetes): A Review. Int J Med Mushrooms 2024; 26:25-41. [PMID: 38780421 DOI: 10.1615/intjmedmushrooms.2024052871] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/25/2024]
Abstract
Ganoderic acids (GAs) are the main active ingredient of Ganoderma lucidum, which has been widely accepted as a medicinal mushroom. Due to the low yield of GAs produced by liquid cultured Ganoderma mycelium and solid cultured fruiting bodies, the commercial production and clinical application of GAs are limited. Therefore, it is important to increase the yield of GA in G. lucidum. A comprehensive literature search was performed with no set data range using the following keywords such as "triterpene," "ganoderic acids," "Ganoderma lucidum," and "Lingzhi" within the main databases including Web of Science, PubMed, and China National Knowledge Infrastructure (CNKI). The data were screened using titles and abstracts and those relevant to the topic were included in the paper and was not limited to studies published in English. Present review focuses on the four aspects: fermentation conditions and substrate, extrinsic elicitor, genetic engineering, and mutagenesis, which play significant roles in increasing triterpene acids production, thus providing an available reference for further research on G. lucidum fermentation.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Xiaomei Sun
- Shandong University of Traditional Chinese Medicine
| | - Jing Wang
- Research and Development Center, Shandong Phoenix Biotechnology Co. Ltd., Taian, Shandong, 271000, P.R. China
| | - Mengtao Cheng
- School of Pharmacy, Shandong University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Jinan, Shandong 250355, P.R. China
| | - Yitong Qi
- School of Pharmacy, Shandong University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Jinan, Shandong 250355, P.R. China
| | - Chunchao Han
- School of Pharmacy, Shandong University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Jinan 250355, People's Republic of China; Shandong Provincial Collaborative Innovation Center for Quality Control and Construction of the Whole Industrial Chain of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Jinan, Shandong, 250355, People's Republic of China
| |
Collapse
|
4
|
Liu R, Yang Z, Yang T, Wang Z, Chen X, Zhu J, Ren A, Shi L, Yu H, Zhao M. PRMT5 regulates the polysaccharide content by controlling the splicing of thaumatin-like protein in Ganoderma lucidum. Microbiol Spectr 2023; 11:e0290623. [PMID: 37882562 PMCID: PMC10715077 DOI: 10.1128/spectrum.02906-23] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/24/2023] [Accepted: 09/07/2023] [Indexed: 10/27/2023] Open
Abstract
IMPORTANCE PRMT5 contributes to secondary metabolite biosynthesis in Ganoderma lucidum. However, the mechanism through which PRMT5 regulates the biosynthesis of secondary metabolites remains unclear. In the current study, PRMT5 silencing led to a significant decrease in the biosynthesis of polysaccharides from G. lucidum through the action of the alternative splicing of TLP. A shorter TLP2 isoform can directly bind to PGI and regulated polysaccharide biosynthesis. These results suggest that PRMT5 enhances PGI activity by regulating TLP binding to PGI. The results of the current study reveal a novel target gene for PRMT5-mediated alternative splicing and provide a reference for the identification of PRMT5 regulatory target genes.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Rui Liu
- Key Laboratory of Agricultural Environmental Microbiology, Ministry of Agriculture; Microbiology Department, College of Life Sciences, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, China
| | - Zhengyan Yang
- Key Laboratory of Agricultural Environmental Microbiology, Ministry of Agriculture; Microbiology Department, College of Life Sciences, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, China
| | - Tao Yang
- Key Laboratory of Agricultural Environmental Microbiology, Ministry of Agriculture; Microbiology Department, College of Life Sciences, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, China
| | - Zi Wang
- Key Laboratory of Agricultural Environmental Microbiology, Ministry of Agriculture; Microbiology Department, College of Life Sciences, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, China
| | - Xin Chen
- Key Laboratory of Agricultural Environmental Microbiology, Ministry of Agriculture; Microbiology Department, College of Life Sciences, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, China
| | - Jing Zhu
- Key Laboratory of Agricultural Environmental Microbiology, Ministry of Agriculture; Microbiology Department, College of Life Sciences, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, China
| | - Ang Ren
- Key Laboratory of Agricultural Environmental Microbiology, Ministry of Agriculture; Microbiology Department, College of Life Sciences, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, China
| | - Liang Shi
- Key Laboratory of Agricultural Environmental Microbiology, Ministry of Agriculture; Microbiology Department, College of Life Sciences, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, China
| | - Hanshou Yu
- Key Laboratory of Agricultural Environmental Microbiology, Ministry of Agriculture; Microbiology Department, College of Life Sciences, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, China
| | - Mingwen Zhao
- Key Laboratory of Agricultural Environmental Microbiology, Ministry of Agriculture; Microbiology Department, College of Life Sciences, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, China
| |
Collapse
|
5
|
Kachrimanidou V, Papadaki A, Papapostolou H, Alexandri M, Gonou-Zagou Z, Kopsahelis N. Ganoderma lucidum Mycelia Mass and Bioactive Compounds Production through Grape Pomace and Cheese Whey Valorization. Molecules 2023; 28:6331. [PMID: 37687160 PMCID: PMC10489755 DOI: 10.3390/molecules28176331] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/23/2023] [Revised: 08/11/2023] [Accepted: 08/23/2023] [Indexed: 09/10/2023] Open
Abstract
Numerous compounds obtained from the medicinal mushroom Ganoderma lucidum have evidenced renowned bioactive characteristics. Controlled fermentation to generate fungal mycelia confers several advantages, specifically when the valorization of agro-industrial streams as fermentation feedstocks is included. Submerged fermentation of a newly isolated Greek strain of G. lucidum was performed using conventional synthetic media and, also, grape pomace extract (GPE) and cheese whey permeate (CWP) under static and shaking conditions. Under shaking conditions, maximum biomass with GPE and supplementation with organic nitrogen reached 17.8 g/L. The addition of an elicitor in CWP resulted in a significant improvement in biomass production that exceeded synthetic media. Overall, agitation demonstrated a positive impact on biomass productivity and, therefore, on process optimization. Crude intracellular and extracellular polysaccharides were extracted and evaluated regarding antioxidant activity and polysaccharide and protein content. FTIR analysis confirmed the preliminary chemical characterization of the crude extracts. This study introduces the design of a bioprocessing scenario to utilize food industry by-products as onset feedstocks for fungal bioconversions to obtain potential bioactive molecules within the concept of bioeconomy.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Vasiliki Kachrimanidou
- Department of Food Science and Technology, Ionian University, Argostoli, 28100 Kefalonia, Greece; (V.K.); (A.P.)
| | - Aikaterini Papadaki
- Department of Food Science and Technology, Ionian University, Argostoli, 28100 Kefalonia, Greece; (V.K.); (A.P.)
| | - Harris Papapostolou
- Department of Food Science and Technology, Ionian University, Argostoli, 28100 Kefalonia, Greece; (V.K.); (A.P.)
| | - Maria Alexandri
- Department of Food Science and Technology, Ionian University, Argostoli, 28100 Kefalonia, Greece; (V.K.); (A.P.)
| | - Zacharoula Gonou-Zagou
- Department of Ecology and Systematics, Faculty of Biology, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, 15784 Athens, Greece
| | - Nikolaos Kopsahelis
- Department of Food Science and Technology, Ionian University, Argostoli, 28100 Kefalonia, Greece; (V.K.); (A.P.)
| |
Collapse
|
6
|
Qiu WL, Lo HC, Lu MK, Lin TY. Significance of culture period on the physiochemistry and anti-cancer potentials of polysaccharides from mycelia of Ganoderma lucidum. Int J Biol Macromol 2023; 242:125181. [PMID: 37270134 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijbiomac.2023.125181] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/09/2023] [Revised: 05/23/2023] [Accepted: 05/30/2023] [Indexed: 06/05/2023]
Abstract
Ganoderma lucidum polysaccharides (GPS) have many functions. Polysaccharides are abundant in G. lucidum mycelia, but it is unclear whether the production and chemical characteristics of polysaccharides are related to the liquid cultural periods of mycelia. This study harvests G. lucidum mycelia at different cultural stages and isolates GPS and sulfated polysaccharides (GSPS) separately to determine an optimum cultural duration. After 42 and 49 days of mycelia are found to be the best times to harvest GPS and GSPS. Characteristic studies show that glucose and galactose are the main sugars in GPS and GSPS. The molecular weights of various GPS and GSPS are mainly distributed at >1000 kDa and from 101 to 1000 kDa. The sulfate content of GSPS at Day 49 is greater than that at Day 7. GPS and GSPS at 49 days exhibits a good anticancer effect but does not affect normal fibroblasts. GPS and GSPS that is isolated on day 49 inhibits lung cancer by suppressing epidermal growth factor receptor (EGFR) and transforming growth factor beta receptor (TGFβR)-mediated signaling networks. These results show that the mycelia of G. lucidum that are cultured for 49 days exhibit the best biological characteristics.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Wei-Lun Qiu
- Institute of Traditional Medicine, National Yang Ming Chiao Tung University, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Hung-Chih Lo
- Institute of Traditional Medicine, National Yang Ming Chiao Tung University, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Mei-Kuang Lu
- Institute of Traditional Medicine, National Yang Ming Chiao Tung University, Taipei, Taiwan; National Research Institute of Chinese Medicine, Ministry of Health and Welfare, Taipei, Taiwan; Graduate Institute of Pharmacognosy, Taipei Medical University, Taipei, Taiwan.
| | - Tung-Yi Lin
- Institute of Traditional Medicine, National Yang Ming Chiao Tung University, Taipei, Taiwan; Biomedical Industry Ph.D. Program, National Yang Ming Chiao Tung University, Taipei, Taiwan; Program in Molecular Medicine, National Yang Ming Chiao Tung University and Academia Sinica, Taipei, Taiwan.
| |
Collapse
|
7
|
Bondzie-Quaye P, Swallah MS, Acheampong A, Elsherbiny SM, Acheampong EO, Huang Q. Advances in the biosynthesis, diversification, and hyperproduction of ganoderic acids in Ganoderma lucidum. Mycol Prog 2023. [DOI: 10.1007/s11557-023-01881-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 03/31/2023]
|
8
|
Novel Insights into the Mechanism Underlying High Polysaccharide Yield in Submerged Culture of Ganoderma lucidum Revealed by Transcriptome and Proteome Analyses. Microorganisms 2023; 11:microorganisms11030772. [PMID: 36985345 PMCID: PMC10055881 DOI: 10.3390/microorganisms11030772] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/12/2023] [Revised: 02/16/2023] [Accepted: 03/15/2023] [Indexed: 03/19/2023] Open
Abstract
Polysaccharides are crucial dietary supplements and traditional pharmacological components of Ganoderma lucidum; however, the mechanisms responsible for high polysaccharide yields in G. lucidum remain unclear. Therefore, we investigated the mechanisms underlying the high yield of polysaccharides in submerged cultures of G. lucidum using transcriptomic and proteomic analyses. Several glycoside hydrolase (GH) genes and proteins, which are associated with the degradation of fungal cell walls, were significantly upregulated under high polysaccharide yield conditions. They mainly belonged to the GH3, GH5, GH16, GH17, GH18, GH55, GH79, GH128, GH152, and GH154 families. Additionally, the results suggested that the cell wall polysaccharide could be degraded by GHs, which is beneficial for extracting more intracellular polysaccharides from cultured mycelia. Furthermore, some of the degraded polysaccharides were released into the culture broth, which is beneficial for obtaining more extracellular polysaccharides. Our findings provide new insights into the mechanisms underlying the roles that GH family genes play to regulate high polysaccharide yields in G. lucidum.
Collapse
|
9
|
Berovic M, Zhong JJ. Advances in Production of Medicinal Mushrooms Biomass in Solid State and Submerged Bioreactors. ADVANCES IN BIOCHEMICAL ENGINEERING/BIOTECHNOLOGY 2023; 184:125-161. [PMID: 36592190 DOI: 10.1007/10_2022_208] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/03/2023]
Abstract
Production of mushroom fruit bodies using farming technology could hardly meet the increasing demand of the world market. During the last several decades, there have been various basic and applied studies on fungal physiology, metabolism, process engineering, and (pre)clinical studies. The fundamental aspects of solid-state cultivation of various kinds of medicinal mushroom mycelia in various types of bioreactors were established. Solid-state cultivation of medicinal mushrooms for their biomass and bioactive metabolites production appear very suitable for veterinary use. Development of comprehensive submerged technologies using stirred tank and airlift bioreactors is the most promising technology for fast and large-scale production of medicinal fungi biomass and their pharmaceutically active products for human need. The potentials initiate the development of new drugs and some of the most attractive over-the-counter human and veterinary remedies. This article is to overview the engineering achievements in solid state and submerged cultivations of medicinal mushrooms in bioreactors.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Marin Berovic
- Faculty of Chemistry and Chemical Technology, University of Ljubljana, Ljubljana, Slovenia.
| | - Jian-Jiang Zhong
- State Key Laboratory of Microbial Metabolism, Joint International Research Laboratory of Metabolic and Developmental Sciences, and Laboratory of Molecular Biochemical Engineering and Advanced Fermentation Technology, Department of Bioengineering, School of Life Sciences and Biotechnology, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, China.
| |
Collapse
|
10
|
Berovic M, Zhong JJ. Advances in Pilot-Scale Stirred Bioreactors in Solid-State and Submerged Cultivations of Medicinal Mushrooms. ADVANCES IN BIOCHEMICAL ENGINEERING/BIOTECHNOLOGY 2023; 184:163-185. [PMID: 36607350 DOI: 10.1007/10_2021_196] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/07/2023]
Abstract
Great interest for large-scale production of medicinal mushroom biomass and various pharmaceutically active compounds production dictates the development of comprehensive technologies. Solid state and submerged cultivations in bioreactors represent the most promising technologies for fast and large amount production of medicinal fungi biomass and pharmaceutically active products for human and veterinary need. There are many stages from shaking culture studies to large-scale industrial production. Pilot-scale studies represent the bridge and the balance between the gap of laboratory and industrial scale. Therefore it is not a surprise that most of pilot-scale results and experiences remain uncovered industrial secrets. This chapter is an overview of available engineering achievements in submerged and solid-state cultivation experiences in pilot-scale bioreactors.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Marin Berovic
- Faculty of Chemistry and Chemical Technology, University of Ljubljana, Ljubljana, Slovenia.
| | - Jian-Jiang Zhong
- State Key Laboratory of Microbial Metabolism, Joint International Research Laboratory of Metabolic and Developmental Sciences, and Laboratory of Molecular Biochemical Engineering and Advanced Fermentation Technology, Department of Bioengineering, School of Life Sciences and Biotechnology, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, China
| |
Collapse
|
11
|
Ye L, He X, Su C, Feng H, Meng G, Chen B, Wu X. The Effect of Mitochondria on Ganoderma lucidum Growth and Bioactive Components Based on Transcriptomics. J Fungi (Basel) 2022; 8:1182. [PMID: 36354949 PMCID: PMC9692720 DOI: 10.3390/jof8111182] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/27/2022] [Revised: 10/28/2022] [Accepted: 10/30/2022] [Indexed: 01/06/2024] Open
Abstract
Mitochondria are the power source of living cells and implicated in the oxidative metabolism. However, the effect of mitochondria on breeding is usually ignored in conventional research. In this study, the effect of mitochondria on Ganoderma lucidum morphology, yield, and main primary bioactive components was analyzed via structuring and comparing isonuclear alloplasmic strains. The crucial biological pathways were then explored based on the transcriptome. The results showed that isonuclear alloplasmic exhibited difference in mycelial growth rate in potato dextrose agar medium (PDA), basidiospore yield, and polysaccharide and triterpenoid content. Otherwise, mitochondria did not change colony and fruit body morphology, mushroom yield, or mycelial growth rate in solid-state fermentation cultivation material. The transcriptome data of two significant isonuclear alloplasmic strains S1 and S5 revealed that the involvement of differentially expressed genes (DEGs) was mainly in pentose and glucuronate interconversions, starch and sucrose metabolism, and steroid biosynthesis. The result was further confirmed by the other isonuclear alloplasmic strains. The above results further proved that mitochondria could affect the active components of G. lucidum. Our results provide information which will contribute to understanding of mitochondria and will be helpful for breeding improved varieties.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Liyun Ye
- College of Life Sciences, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou 350002, China
| | - Xiaofang He
- College of Life Sciences, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou 350002, China
| | - Congbao Su
- College of Life Sciences, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou 350002, China
| | - Haiying Feng
- College of Life Sciences, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou 350002, China
| | - Guoliang Meng
- College of Life Sciences, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou 350002, China
| | - Bingzhi Chen
- College of Food Sciences, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou 350002, China
- Key Laboratory of Subtropical Characteristic Fruits, Vegetables and Edible Fungi Processing (Co-Construction by Ministry and Province), Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Fuzhou 350002, China
| | - Xiaoping Wu
- College of Life Sciences, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou 350002, China
| |
Collapse
|
12
|
Yue F, Zhang J, Xu J, Niu T, Lü X, Liu M. Effects of monosaccharide composition on quantitative analysis of total sugar content by phenol-sulfuric acid method. Front Nutr 2022; 9:963318. [PMID: 35983486 PMCID: PMC9378961 DOI: 10.3389/fnut.2022.963318] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/07/2022] [Accepted: 07/11/2022] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Phenol-sulfuric acid method is one of the most common methods applied to the analysis of total sugar content during polysaccharides study. However, it was found that the results obtained from the phenol-sulfuric acid method was generally lower than the real total sugar content, especially when acidic monosaccharides were contained in the polysaccharides samples. Therefore, the present study focused to unveil the proposed problem. Based on the optimization of colorimetric conditions, such as optimal wave length of absorption, linearity range, color reaction time and temperature, it indicated that the phenol-sulfuric acid method was a convenient and accurate way for the total sugar content analysis. In addition, the color-rendering capabilities of 10 common monosaccharides were systematically analyzed to obtain a relative correction factor for each monosaccharide relative to glucose, which was proved to be the main reason for the deviation in the detection of total sugar content. Moreover, the key points during the application of phenol-sulfuric acid method were suggested. This study provides a scientific theoretical basis and a reliable experimental research method for the accurate determination of total sugar content by the phenol-sulfuric acid method, and which will also promote the application of this convenient method in the polysaccharides study.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Fangfang Yue
- College of Food Science and Engineering, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, China
| | - Jinrui Zhang
- College of Food Science and Engineering, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, China
| | - Jiaxin Xu
- College of Food Science and Engineering, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, China
| | - Tengfei Niu
- College of Food Science and Engineering, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, China
| | - Xin Lü
- College of Food Science and Engineering, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, China
| | - Manshun Liu
- College of Food Science and Engineering, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, China.,College of Enology, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, China
| |
Collapse
|
13
|
Effects of Oleic Acid Addition Methods on the Metabolic Flux Distribution of Ganoderic Acids R, S and T's Biosynthesis. J Fungi (Basel) 2022; 8:jof8060615. [PMID: 35736097 PMCID: PMC9225475 DOI: 10.3390/jof8060615] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/18/2022] [Revised: 06/04/2022] [Accepted: 06/07/2022] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
The effects of oleic acid addition methods on the metabolic flux distribution of ganoderic acids R, S and T's biosynthesis from Ganoderma lucidum were investigated. The results showed that adding filter-sterilized oleic acid in the process of submerged fermentation and static culture is of benefit to the synthesis of ganoderic acids R, S and T. The metabolic fluxes were increased by 97.48%, 78.42% and 43.39%, respectively. The content of ganoderic acids R, S and T were 3.11 times, 5.19 times and 1.44 times higher, respectively, than they were in the control group, which was without additional oleic acid. Ganoderic acids R, S and T's synthesis pathways (GAP), tricarboxylic acid cycles (TCA), pentose phosphate pathways (PP) and glycolysis pathways (EMP) were all enhanced in the process. Therefore, additional oleic acid can strengthen the overall metabolic flux distribution of G. lucidum in a submerged fermentation-static culture and it can reduce the accumulation of the by-product mycosterol. This study has laid an important foundation for improving the production of triterpenes in the submerged fermentation of G. lucidum.
Collapse
|
14
|
Ahmad MF, Wahab S, Ahmad FA, Ashraf SA, Abullais SS, Saad HH. Ganoderma lucidum: A potential pleiotropic approach of ganoderic acids in health reinforcement and factors influencing their production. FUNGAL BIOL REV 2022. [DOI: 10.1016/j.fbr.2021.12.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
|
15
|
Wang Y, Chen J, Han J, Yang Z, Zhu J, Ren A, Shi L, Yu H, Zhao M. Cloning and characterization of phosphoglucose isomerase in Lentinula edodes. J Basic Microbiol 2022; 62:740-749. [PMID: 35199357 DOI: 10.1002/jobm.202100598] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/16/2021] [Revised: 01/17/2022] [Accepted: 02/05/2022] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Phosphoglucose isomerase (PGI) is a key enzyme that participates in polysaccharide synthesis, which is responsible for the interconversion of glucose-6-phosphate (G-6-P) and fructose-6-phosphate (F-6-P), but there is little research focusing on its role in fungi, especially in higher basidiomycetes. The pgi gene was cloned from Lentinula edodes and named lepgi. Then, the lepgi-silenced strains were constructed by RNA interference. In this study, we found that lepgi-silenced strains had significantly less biomass than the wild-type (WT) strain. Furthermore, the extracellular polysaccharide (EPS) and intracellular polysaccharide (IPS) levels increased 1.5- to 3-fold and 1.5-fold, respectively, in lepgi-silenced strains. Moreover, the cell wall integrity in the silenced strains was also altered, which might be due to changes in the compounds and structure of the cell wall. The results showed that compared to WT, silencing lepgi led to a significant decrease of approximately 40% in the β-1,3-glucan content, and there was a significant increase of 2-3-fold in the chitin content. These findings provide support for studying the biological functions of lepgi in L. edodes.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Yunxiao Wang
- Key Laboratory of Microbiological Engineering of Agricultural Environment, Ministry of Agriculture, Department of Microbiology, College of Life Sciences, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, Jiangsu, P.R. China
| | - Juhong Chen
- Key Laboratory of Microbiological Engineering of Agricultural Environment, Ministry of Agriculture, Department of Microbiology, College of Life Sciences, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, Jiangsu, P.R. China
| | - Jing Han
- Key Laboratory of Microbiological Engineering of Agricultural Environment, Ministry of Agriculture, Department of Microbiology, College of Life Sciences, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, Jiangsu, P.R. China
| | - Zhengyan Yang
- Key Laboratory of Microbiological Engineering of Agricultural Environment, Ministry of Agriculture, Department of Microbiology, College of Life Sciences, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, Jiangsu, P.R. China
| | - Jing Zhu
- Key Laboratory of Microbiological Engineering of Agricultural Environment, Ministry of Agriculture, Department of Microbiology, College of Life Sciences, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, Jiangsu, P.R. China
| | - Ang Ren
- Key Laboratory of Microbiological Engineering of Agricultural Environment, Ministry of Agriculture, Department of Microbiology, College of Life Sciences, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, Jiangsu, P.R. China
| | - Liang Shi
- Key Laboratory of Microbiological Engineering of Agricultural Environment, Ministry of Agriculture, Department of Microbiology, College of Life Sciences, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, Jiangsu, P.R. China
| | - Hanshou Yu
- Key Laboratory of Microbiological Engineering of Agricultural Environment, Ministry of Agriculture, Department of Microbiology, College of Life Sciences, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, Jiangsu, P.R. China
| | - Mingwen Zhao
- Key Laboratory of Microbiological Engineering of Agricultural Environment, Ministry of Agriculture, Department of Microbiology, College of Life Sciences, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, Jiangsu, P.R. China
| |
Collapse
|
16
|
He H, Li Y, Fang M, Li T, Liang Y, Mei Y. Carbon Source Affects Synthesis, Structures, and Activities of Mycelial Polysaccharides from Medicinal Fungus Inonotus obliquus. J Microbiol Biotechnol 2021; 31:855-866. [PMID: 33879638 PMCID: PMC9705997 DOI: 10.4014/jmb.2102.02006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/04/2021] [Revised: 04/16/2021] [Accepted: 04/19/2021] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
The effects of various carbon sources on mycelial growth and polysaccharide synthesis of the medicinal fungus Inonotus obliquus in liquid fermentation were investigated. After 12-d fermentation, mycelial biomass, polysaccharide yield, and polysaccharide content were significantly higher in Glc+Lac group (glucose and lactose used as combined carbon source) than in other groups. Crude polysaccharides (CIOPs) and the derivative neutral polysaccharides (NIOPs) were obtained from mycelia fermented using Glc, fructose (Fru), Lac, or Glc+Lac as carbon source. Molecular weights of four NIOPs (termed as NIOPG, NIOPF, NIOPL, and NIOPGL) were respectively 780.90, 1105.00, 25.32, and 10.28 kDa. Monosaccharide composition analyses revealed that NIOPs were composed of Glc, Man, and Gal at different molar ratios. The NIOPs were classified as α-type heteropolysaccharides with 1→2, 1→3, 1→4, 1→6 linkages in differing proportions. In in vitro cell proliferation assays, viability of RAW264.7 macrophages was more strongly enhanced by NIOPL or NIOPGL than by NIOPG or NIOPF, and proliferation of HeLa or S180 tumor cells was more strongly inhibited by NIOPG or NIOPGL than by NIOPF or NIOPL, indicating that immune-enhancing and anti-tumor activities of NIOPs were substantially affected by carbon source. qRT-PCR analysis revealed that expression levels of phosphoglucose isomerase (PGI) and UDP-Glc 4-epimerase (UGE), two key genes involved in polysaccharide synthesis, varied depending on carbon source. Our findings, taken together, clearly demonstrate that carbon source plays an essential role in determining structure and activities of I. obliquus polysaccharides by regulating expression of key genes in polysaccharide biosynthetic pathway.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Huihui He
- State Key Laboratory of Agricultural Microbiology, College of Life Science and Technology, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan 430070, P.R. China
| | - Yingying Li
- State Key Laboratory of Agricultural Microbiology, College of Life Science and Technology, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan 430070, P.R. China
| | - Mingyue Fang
- State Key Laboratory of Agricultural Microbiology, College of Life Science and Technology, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan 430070, P.R. China
| | - Tiantian Li
- State Key Laboratory of Agricultural Microbiology, College of Life Science and Technology, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan 430070, P.R. China
| | - Yunxiang Liang
- State Key Laboratory of Agricultural Microbiology, College of Life Science and Technology, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan 430070, P.R. China
| | - Yuxia Mei
- State Key Laboratory of Agricultural Microbiology, College of Life Science and Technology, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan 430070, P.R. China,Corresponding author Phone: +27-87287705 E-mail:
| |
Collapse
|
17
|
Ma Z, Xu M, Wang Q, Wang F, Zheng H, Gu Z, Li Y, Shi G, Ding Z. Development of an Efficient Strategy to Improve Extracellular Polysaccharide Production of Ganoderma lucidum Using L-Phenylalanine as an Enhancer. Front Microbiol 2019; 10:2306. [PMID: 31681192 PMCID: PMC6804554 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2019.02306] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/03/2019] [Accepted: 09/20/2019] [Indexed: 11/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Ganoderma lucidum has been a well-known species of basidiomycetes for a long time, and has been widely applied in the fields of food and medicine. Based on the simulation results of model iZBM1060 in our previous research, the effect of L-phenylalanine on G. lucidum extracellular polysaccharides (EPSs) was investigated in this study. EPS production reached 0.91 g/L at 0.4 g/L L-phenylalanine after a 24 h culture, which was 62.5% higher than that of control (0.56 g/L). Transcriptome and genome analysis showed that L-phenylalanine deaminase and benzoate 4-hydroxylase (related to L-phenylalanine metabolism) were significantly up-regulated, while the cell wall mannoprotein gene was down-regulated. Transmission electronic microscopy (TEM) and atomic force microscopy results showed that the cell wall thickness decreased by 58.58%, and cell wall porosity increased in cells treated with L-phenylalanine, which probably contribute to the increasing EPS production. This study provides an efficient strategy for fungal polysaccharide production with high output and low cost.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Zhongbao Ma
- Key Laboratory of Carbohydrate Chemistry and Biotechnology, Ministry of Education, School of Biotechnology, Jiangnan University, Wuxi, China.,National Engineering Laboratory for Cereal Fermentation Technology, Jiangnan University, Wuxi, China
| | - Mengmeng Xu
- Key Laboratory of Carbohydrate Chemistry and Biotechnology, Ministry of Education, School of Biotechnology, Jiangnan University, Wuxi, China.,National Engineering Laboratory for Cereal Fermentation Technology, Jiangnan University, Wuxi, China
| | - Qiong Wang
- Key Laboratory of Carbohydrate Chemistry and Biotechnology, Ministry of Education, School of Biotechnology, Jiangnan University, Wuxi, China.,National Engineering Laboratory for Cereal Fermentation Technology, Jiangnan University, Wuxi, China
| | - Feng Wang
- School of Food and Biological Engineering, Jiangsu University, Zhenjiang, China
| | - Huihua Zheng
- Jiangsu Alphay Biological Technology Co., Ltd., Nantong, China
| | - Zhenghua Gu
- Key Laboratory of Carbohydrate Chemistry and Biotechnology, Ministry of Education, School of Biotechnology, Jiangnan University, Wuxi, China.,National Engineering Laboratory for Cereal Fermentation Technology, Jiangnan University, Wuxi, China
| | - Youran Li
- Key Laboratory of Carbohydrate Chemistry and Biotechnology, Ministry of Education, School of Biotechnology, Jiangnan University, Wuxi, China.,National Engineering Laboratory for Cereal Fermentation Technology, Jiangnan University, Wuxi, China
| | - Guiyang Shi
- Key Laboratory of Carbohydrate Chemistry and Biotechnology, Ministry of Education, School of Biotechnology, Jiangnan University, Wuxi, China.,National Engineering Laboratory for Cereal Fermentation Technology, Jiangnan University, Wuxi, China
| | - Zhongyang Ding
- Key Laboratory of Carbohydrate Chemistry and Biotechnology, Ministry of Education, School of Biotechnology, Jiangnan University, Wuxi, China.,National Engineering Laboratory for Cereal Fermentation Technology, Jiangnan University, Wuxi, China
| |
Collapse
|
18
|
Feng J, Feng N, Tang QJ, Liu YF, Yang Y, Liu F, Zhang JS, Lin CC. Optimization of Ganoderma lucidum Polysaccharides Fermentation Process for Large-Scale Production. Appl Biochem Biotechnol 2019; 189:972-986. [PMID: 31161381 DOI: 10.1007/s12010-019-02968-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/14/2018] [Accepted: 01/31/2019] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
The objective of this study was to increase the intracellular polysaccharide yield of Ganoderma lucidum. The accordingly optimized fermentation medium by central composite design method contains glucose 40 g L-1, yeast powder 12 g L-1, potassium dihydrogen phosphate 3 g L-1, initial pH 5.5, and inoculum size 10 mL 100 mL-1. Under this condition, the predicted value of intracellular polysaccharide yield was 2.03 g L-1. Shake flask experiments confirmed that the average intracellular polysaccharide yield was 1.98 g L-1 similar to the predicted value. The yields of intracellular polysaccharides in the 5-L and 50-L fermentors were 2.59 g L-1 and 2.65 g L-1, respectively. The molecular weight distribution of intracellular and extracellular polysaccharides obtained was determined by HPSEC-MALLS-RI. The results showed that the weight-average molecular weight of component 1 in the intracellular crude polysaccharide was 4.695 × 106 Da and the mass fraction was 58%. The weight-average molecular weight of component 2 in the extracellular polysaccharide was 5.554 × 104 Da. The mass fraction was 94.9%. The liquid submerged fermentation process of G. lucidum mycelium obtained from this study has effectively increased the yield of intracellular polysaccharides. Its intracellular and extracellular polysaccharides have good immunological activity. Conceivably, the optimized process can be applied for the large-scale production.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Jie Feng
- Key Laboratory of Edible Fungi Resources and Utilization (South) of Ministry of Agriculture, National Engineering Research Center of Edible Fungi, Key Laboratory of Agricultural Genetics and Breeding of Shanghai, Institute of Edible Fungi, Shanghai Academy of Agricultural Sciences, 1000 Jinqi Road, Fengxian District, Shanghai, 201403, China
| | - Na Feng
- Key Laboratory of Edible Fungi Resources and Utilization (South) of Ministry of Agriculture, National Engineering Research Center of Edible Fungi, Key Laboratory of Agricultural Genetics and Breeding of Shanghai, Institute of Edible Fungi, Shanghai Academy of Agricultural Sciences, 1000 Jinqi Road, Fengxian District, Shanghai, 201403, China
| | - Qing-Jiu Tang
- Key Laboratory of Edible Fungi Resources and Utilization (South) of Ministry of Agriculture, National Engineering Research Center of Edible Fungi, Key Laboratory of Agricultural Genetics and Breeding of Shanghai, Institute of Edible Fungi, Shanghai Academy of Agricultural Sciences, 1000 Jinqi Road, Fengxian District, Shanghai, 201403, China
| | - Yan-Fang Liu
- Key Laboratory of Edible Fungi Resources and Utilization (South) of Ministry of Agriculture, National Engineering Research Center of Edible Fungi, Key Laboratory of Agricultural Genetics and Breeding of Shanghai, Institute of Edible Fungi, Shanghai Academy of Agricultural Sciences, 1000 Jinqi Road, Fengxian District, Shanghai, 201403, China
| | - Yan Yang
- Key Laboratory of Edible Fungi Resources and Utilization (South) of Ministry of Agriculture, National Engineering Research Center of Edible Fungi, Key Laboratory of Agricultural Genetics and Breeding of Shanghai, Institute of Edible Fungi, Shanghai Academy of Agricultural Sciences, 1000 Jinqi Road, Fengxian District, Shanghai, 201403, China
| | - Fang Liu
- Key Laboratory of Edible Fungi Resources and Utilization (South) of Ministry of Agriculture, National Engineering Research Center of Edible Fungi, Key Laboratory of Agricultural Genetics and Breeding of Shanghai, Institute of Edible Fungi, Shanghai Academy of Agricultural Sciences, 1000 Jinqi Road, Fengxian District, Shanghai, 201403, China
| | - Jing-Song Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Edible Fungi Resources and Utilization (South) of Ministry of Agriculture, National Engineering Research Center of Edible Fungi, Key Laboratory of Agricultural Genetics and Breeding of Shanghai, Institute of Edible Fungi, Shanghai Academy of Agricultural Sciences, 1000 Jinqi Road, Fengxian District, Shanghai, 201403, China.
| | - Chi-Chung Lin
- Key Laboratory of Edible Fungi Resources and Utilization (South) of Ministry of Agriculture, National Engineering Research Center of Edible Fungi, Key Laboratory of Agricultural Genetics and Breeding of Shanghai, Institute of Edible Fungi, Shanghai Academy of Agricultural Sciences, 1000 Jinqi Road, Fengxian District, Shanghai, 201403, China
| |
Collapse
|
19
|
Ma Z, Ye C, Deng W, Xu M, Wang Q, Liu G, Wang F, Liu L, Xu Z, Shi G, Ding Z. Reconstruction and Analysis of a Genome-Scale Metabolic Model of Ganoderma lucidum for Improved Extracellular Polysaccharide Production. Front Microbiol 2018; 9:3076. [PMID: 30619160 PMCID: PMC6298397 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2018.03076] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/17/2018] [Accepted: 11/29/2018] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
In this study, we reconstructed for the first time a genome-scale metabolic model (GSMM) of Ganoderma lucidum strain CGMCC5.26, termed model iZBM1060, containing 1060 genes, 1202 metabolites, and 1404 reactions. Important findings based on model iZBM1060 and its predictions are as follows: (i) The extracellular polysaccharide (EPS) biosynthetic pathway was elucidated completely. (ii) A new fermentation strategy is proposed: addition of phenylalanine increased EPS production by 32.80% in simulations and by 38.00% in experiments. (iii) Eight genes for key enzymes were proposed for EPS overproduction. Model iZBM1060 provides a useful platform for regulating EPS production in terms of system metabolic engineering for G. lucidum, as well as a guide for future metabolic pathway construction of other high value-added edible/ medicinal mushroom species.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Zhongbao Ma
- Key Laboratory of Carbohydrate Chemistry and Biotechnology, Ministry of Education, School of Biotechnology, Jiangnan University, Wuxi, China
- National Engineering Laboratory for Cereal Fermentation Technology, Jiangnan University, Wuxi, China
| | - Chao Ye
- Key Laboratory of Carbohydrate Chemistry and Biotechnology, Ministry of Education, School of Biotechnology, Jiangnan University, Wuxi, China
- National Engineering Laboratory for Cereal Fermentation Technology, Jiangnan University, Wuxi, China
| | - Weiwei Deng
- National Engineering Laboratory for Cereal Fermentation Technology, Jiangnan University, Wuxi, China
| | - Mengmeng Xu
- Key Laboratory of Carbohydrate Chemistry and Biotechnology, Ministry of Education, School of Biotechnology, Jiangnan University, Wuxi, China
- National Engineering Laboratory for Cereal Fermentation Technology, Jiangnan University, Wuxi, China
| | - Qiong Wang
- Key Laboratory of Carbohydrate Chemistry and Biotechnology, Ministry of Education, School of Biotechnology, Jiangnan University, Wuxi, China
- National Engineering Laboratory for Cereal Fermentation Technology, Jiangnan University, Wuxi, China
| | - Gaoqiang Liu
- Key Laboratory of Cultivation and Protection for Non-Wood Forest Trees, Ministry of Education, College of Life Science and Technology, Central South University of Forestry and Technology, Changsha, China
| | - Feng Wang
- School of Food and Biological Engineering, Jiangsu University, Zhenjiang, China
| | - Liming Liu
- Key Laboratory of Carbohydrate Chemistry and Biotechnology, Ministry of Education, School of Biotechnology, Jiangnan University, Wuxi, China
- National Engineering Laboratory for Cereal Fermentation Technology, Jiangnan University, Wuxi, China
| | - Zhenghong Xu
- Key Laboratory of Carbohydrate Chemistry and Biotechnology, Ministry of Education, School of Biotechnology, Jiangnan University, Wuxi, China
- National Engineering Laboratory for Cereal Fermentation Technology, Jiangnan University, Wuxi, China
| | - Guiyang Shi
- Key Laboratory of Carbohydrate Chemistry and Biotechnology, Ministry of Education, School of Biotechnology, Jiangnan University, Wuxi, China
- National Engineering Laboratory for Cereal Fermentation Technology, Jiangnan University, Wuxi, China
| | - Zhongyang Ding
- Key Laboratory of Carbohydrate Chemistry and Biotechnology, Ministry of Education, School of Biotechnology, Jiangnan University, Wuxi, China
- National Engineering Laboratory for Cereal Fermentation Technology, Jiangnan University, Wuxi, China
| |
Collapse
|
20
|
Hu G, Zhai M, Niu R, Xu X, Liu Q, Jia J. Optimization of Culture Condition for Ganoderic Acid Production in Ganoderma lucidum Liquid Static Culture and Design of a Suitable Bioreactor. Molecules 2018; 23:molecules23102563. [PMID: 30297630 PMCID: PMC6222601 DOI: 10.3390/molecules23102563] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/16/2018] [Revised: 10/04/2018] [Accepted: 10/06/2018] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Ganoderma lucidum, a famous medicinal mushroom used worldwide, is a rich source of triterpenoids which, together with polysaccharides, are believed to be the main effective constituents of G. lucidum. With the increase of market demand, the wild resource is facing serious limitations, and the quality of cultivated fruiting bodies can be seriously affected by the availability of wood resources and by cultivation management practices. In the present study, we aimed to develop an alternative way to produce useful triterpenoids from G. lucidum. We cultured the strain using a two-stage liquid culture strategy and investigated the effects of nitrogen limitation, carbon supply, static culture volume and air supply in the static culture stage on the accumulation of five triterpenoids (GA-P, GA-Q, GA-T, GA-S, GA-R). Our results showed that, under optimized condition, the total yield of the five triterpenoids reached 963 mg/L (as determined by HPLC). Among the five triterpenoids, GA-T accounted for about 75% of the total yield. Besides, a bioreactor suitable for fungal liquid static culture with a 10 L extensible plastic bag shaped culture unit was designed and in which the maximum total yield of the five GAs reached 856.8 mg/L, and the GAs content reached 5.99%. Our results demonstrate the potential of industrial application of G. lucidum culture for the production of triterpenoids, especially GA-T. Air supply significantly improved the accumulation of triterpenoids, and this will provide important clues to understand why more triterpenoids are produced in the mycelia mat under static liquid culture conditions.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Gaosheng Hu
- School of Traditional Chinese MateriaMedica, Shenyang Pharmaceutical University, Shenyang 110016, China.
| | - Manhuayun Zhai
- School of Traditional Chinese MateriaMedica, Shenyang Pharmaceutical University, Shenyang 110016, China.
| | - Rong Niu
- School of Traditional Chinese MateriaMedica, Shenyang Pharmaceutical University, Shenyang 110016, China.
| | - Xiaoqiang Xu
- School of Traditional Chinese MateriaMedica, Shenyang Pharmaceutical University, Shenyang 110016, China.
| | - Qian Liu
- School of Traditional Chinese MateriaMedica, Shenyang Pharmaceutical University, Shenyang 110016, China.
| | - Jingming Jia
- School of Traditional Chinese MateriaMedica, Shenyang Pharmaceutical University, Shenyang 110016, China.
| |
Collapse
|
21
|
Ma Y, Zhang Q, Zhang Q, He H, Chen Z, Zhao Y, Wei D, Kong M, Huang Q. Improved production of polysaccharides in Ganoderma lingzhi mycelia by plasma mutagenesis and rapid screening of mutated strains through infrared spectroscopy. PLoS One 2018; 13:e0204266. [PMID: 30240407 PMCID: PMC6150529 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0204266] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/25/2018] [Accepted: 09/04/2018] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
As a traditional Chinese medicine, Ganoderma lingzhi has attracted increasing attention for both scientific research and medical application. In this work, in order to improve the production of polysaccharides from an original wide-type (WT) strain (named "RWY-0") of Ganoderma lingzhi, we applied atmospheric-pressure dielectric barrier discharge (DBD) nonthermal plasma to the protoplasts of RWY-0 for mutagenesis treatment. Through a randomly amplified polymorphic DNA (RAPD) assay, at least 10 mutagenic strains were confirmed. They also showed different mycelium characteristics in terms of shape, color, size and biomass in liquid fermentation. The mutant strains were examined by infrared spectroscopy, and based on the established near-infrared (NIR) quantification model, the polysaccharide contents in these mutants were quantitatively evaluated. As a result, we found that the Ganoderma polysaccharide contents in some of the mutant strains were significantly changed compared with that of the original WT strain. The polysaccharide content of RWY-1 G. lingzhi was considerably higher than that of the WT strain, with an increase of 25.6%. Thus, this preliminary work demonstrates the extension of the plasma mutagenesis application in acquiring polysaccharide-enhanced Ganoderma lingzhi mutants and shows the usefulness of NIR spectroscopy in the rapid screening of mutagenic strains for other important ingredients.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Yuhan Ma
- Key Laboratory of High Magnetic Field and Ion Beam Physical Biology, Key Laboratory of Environmental Toxicology and Pollution Control Technology of Anhui Province, Institute of Technical Biology and Agriculture Engineering, Hefei Institutes of Physical Science, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Hefei, China
- University of Science & Technology of China, Hefei, China
- College of Life and Health Sciences, Anhui Science and Technology University, Fengyang, China
| | - Qianqian Zhang
- Key Laboratory of High Magnetic Field and Ion Beam Physical Biology, Key Laboratory of Environmental Toxicology and Pollution Control Technology of Anhui Province, Institute of Technical Biology and Agriculture Engineering, Hefei Institutes of Physical Science, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Hefei, China
- University of Science & Technology of China, Hefei, China
| | - Qifu Zhang
- Key Laboratory of High Magnetic Field and Ion Beam Physical Biology, Key Laboratory of Environmental Toxicology and Pollution Control Technology of Anhui Province, Institute of Technical Biology and Agriculture Engineering, Hefei Institutes of Physical Science, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Hefei, China
- University of Science & Technology of China, Hefei, China
| | - Huaqi He
- College of Life and Health Sciences, Anhui Science and Technology University, Fengyang, China
| | - Zhu Chen
- Key Laboratory of High Magnetic Field and Ion Beam Physical Biology, Key Laboratory of Environmental Toxicology and Pollution Control Technology of Anhui Province, Institute of Technical Biology and Agriculture Engineering, Hefei Institutes of Physical Science, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Hefei, China
- University of Science & Technology of China, Hefei, China
| | - Yan Zhao
- College of Life and Health Sciences, Anhui Science and Technology University, Fengyang, China
| | - Da Wei
- College of Life and Health Sciences, Anhui Science and Technology University, Fengyang, China
| | - Mingguang Kong
- Institute of Solid State Physics, Hefei Institutes of Physical Science, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Hefei, China
| | - Qing Huang
- Key Laboratory of High Magnetic Field and Ion Beam Physical Biology, Key Laboratory of Environmental Toxicology and Pollution Control Technology of Anhui Province, Institute of Technical Biology and Agriculture Engineering, Hefei Institutes of Physical Science, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Hefei, China
- University of Science & Technology of China, Hefei, China
| |
Collapse
|
22
|
Anticancer and other therapeutic relevance of mushroom polysaccharides: A holistic appraisal. Biomed Pharmacother 2018; 105:377-394. [DOI: 10.1016/j.biopha.2018.05.138] [Citation(s) in RCA: 60] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/13/2018] [Revised: 05/27/2018] [Accepted: 05/28/2018] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
|
23
|
Jiang LX, Han LL, Wang HP, Xu JW, Xiao JH. Improved production of jiangxienone in submerged fermentation of Cordyceps jiangxiensis under nitrogen deficiency. Bioprocess Biosyst Eng 2018; 41:1417-1423. [PMID: 29948214 DOI: 10.1007/s00449-018-1970-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/23/2018] [Accepted: 06/12/2018] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
Jiangxienone produced by Cordyceps jiangxiensis exhibits significant cytotoxicity and good selectivity against various human cancer cells, especially gastric cancer cells. In this work, the effect of nitrogen deficiency on the accumulation of jiangxienone and the transcription levels of jiangxienone biosynthesis genes was studied in submerged fermentation of C. jiangxiensis. Results showed that accumulation of jiangxienone was improved under nitrogen deficiency condition. A maximal jiangxienone content of 3.2 µg/g cell dry weight was reached at 5 mM glutamine, and it was about 8.9-fold higher than that obtained at 60 mM glutamine (control). The transcription levels of the biosynthetic pathway genes hmgr and sqs and the nitrogen regulatory gene areA were upregulated by 7-, 14-, and 28-fold, respectively, in culture with 5 mM glutamine compared to the control. It was hypothesized that the jiangxienone biosynthesis may involve the mevalonate pathway in C. jiangxiensis. Taken together, our study indicated that nitrogen deficiency is an efficient strategy for enhancing jiangxienone accumulation in submerged fermentation of C. jiangxiensis, which is useful for further understanding the regulation of jiangxienone biosynthesis.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Lu-Xi Jiang
- Division of Applied Mycology and Biochemical Pharmacy, Institute of Medicinal Biotechnology, Affiliated Hospital of Zunyi Medical University, Zunyi, 563000, People's Republic of China.,Faculty of Life Science and Technology, Kunming University of Science and Technology, Kunming, 650500, People's Republic of China
| | - Li-Liang Han
- Division of Applied Mycology and Biochemical Pharmacy, Institute of Medicinal Biotechnology, Affiliated Hospital of Zunyi Medical University, Zunyi, 563000, People's Republic of China.,Faculty of Life Science and Technology, Kunming University of Science and Technology, Kunming, 650500, People's Republic of China
| | - Hui-Ping Wang
- Department of Neurology, Kunming Children's Hospital, Kunming Medical University, Kunming, 650228, People's Republic of China
| | - Jun-Wei Xu
- Faculty of Life Science and Technology, Kunming University of Science and Technology, Kunming, 650500, People's Republic of China.
| | - Jian-Hui Xiao
- Division of Applied Mycology and Biochemical Pharmacy, Institute of Medicinal Biotechnology, Affiliated Hospital of Zunyi Medical University, Zunyi, 563000, People's Republic of China.
| |
Collapse
|
24
|
Tan X, Sun J, Ning H, Qin Z, Miao Y, Sun T, Zhang X. De novo transcriptome sequencing and comprehensive analysis of the heat stress response genes in the basidiomycetes fungus Ganoderma lucidum. Gene 2018; 661:139-151. [PMID: 29605602 DOI: 10.1016/j.gene.2018.03.093] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/04/2017] [Revised: 02/14/2018] [Accepted: 03/28/2018] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
Ganoderma lucidum is a valuable basidiomycete with numerous pharmacological compounds, which is widely consumed throughout China. We previously found that the polysaccharide content of Ganoderma lucidum fruiting bodies could be significantly improved by 45.63% with treatment of 42 °C heat stress (HS) for 2 h. To further investigate genes involved in HS response and explore the mechanisms of HS regulating the carbohydrate metabolism in Ganoderma lucidum, high-throughput RNA-Seq was conducted to analyse the difference between control and heat-treated mycelia at transcriptome level. We sequenced six cDNA libraries with three from control group (mycelia cultivated at 28 °C) and three from heat-treated group (mycelia subjected to 42 °C for 2 h). A total of 99,899 transcripts were generated using Trinity method and 59,136 unigenes were annotated by seven public databases. Among them, 2790 genes were identified to be differential expressed genes (DEGs) under HS condition, which included 1991 up-regulated and 799 down-regulated. 176 DEGs were then manually classified into five main responsive-related categories according to their putative functions and possible metabolic pathways. These groups include stress resistance-related factors; protein assembly, transportation and degradation; signal transduction; carbohydrate metabolism and energy provision-related process; other related functions, suggesting that a series of metabolic pathways in Ganoderma lucidum are activated by HS and the response mechanism involves a complex molecular network which needs further study. Remarkably, 48 DEGs were found to regulate carbohydrate metabolism, both in carbohydrate hydrolysis for energy provision and polysaccharide synthesis. In summary, this comprehensive transcriptome analysis will provide enlarged resource for further investigation into the molecular mechanisms of basidiomycete under HS condition.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Xiaoyan Tan
- Beijing Advanced Innovation Center for Food Nutrition and Human Health, College of Food Science & Nutritional Engineering, China Agricultural University, Beijing 100083, China
| | - Junshe Sun
- Chinese Academy of Agricultural Engineering, Beijing 100125, China
| | - Huijuan Ning
- Beijing Advanced Innovation Center for Food Nutrition and Human Health, College of Food Science & Nutritional Engineering, China Agricultural University, Beijing 100083, China
| | - Zifang Qin
- Beijing Advanced Innovation Center for Food Nutrition and Human Health, College of Food Science & Nutritional Engineering, China Agricultural University, Beijing 100083, China
| | - Yuxin Miao
- Beijing Advanced Innovation Center for Food Nutrition and Human Health, College of Food Science & Nutritional Engineering, China Agricultural University, Beijing 100083, China
| | - Tian Sun
- Tianfangjian (China) Pharma Company Ltd, Guangzhou 510623, China.
| | - Xiuqing Zhang
- Beijing Advanced Innovation Center for Food Nutrition and Human Health, College of Food Science & Nutritional Engineering, China Agricultural University, Beijing 100083, China.
| |
Collapse
|
25
|
Glucose fed-batch integrated dissolved oxygen control strategy enhanced polysaccharide, total triterpenoids and inotodiol production in fermentation of a newly isolated Inonotus obliquus strain. Process Biochem 2018. [DOI: 10.1016/j.procbio.2018.01.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
|
26
|
Tan X, Sun J, Xu Z, Li H, Hu J, Ning H, Qin Z, Pei H, Sun T, Zhang X. Effect of heat stress on production and in-vitro antioxidant activity of polysaccharides in Ganoderma lucidum. Bioprocess Biosyst Eng 2017; 41:135-141. [PMID: 29018957 DOI: 10.1007/s00449-017-1850-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/25/2017] [Accepted: 09/29/2017] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
Ganoderma lucidum is a traditional Chinese medicine, and its polysaccharides possess diverse and significant pharmacological activities. This study aimed to investigate the polysaccharide production, molecular characteristics and in-vitro antioxidant activity of G. lucidum fruiting body after the mushroom was harvested and treated with heat stress (HS). HS enhanced the production of polysaccharides after harvest and treatment of 42 °C HS for 2 h, and that resulted in the highest polysaccharide yield of 10.50%, which was 45.63% higher than that of the control, while 37, 45 °C HS had no significant effect on the production. In terms of molecular characteristics, 42 °C HS significantly changed monosaccharide ratio of polysaccharides, but no apparent molecular weight and functional group changes were found in polysaccharides after HS treatment. The results of in-vitro antioxidant activity assay revealed that 42 °C HS significantly improved the antioxidant activities of polysaccharides at the concentration of 2 mg/mL. In conclusion, this study provides a promising strategy to improve the production of G. lucidum fruiting body polysaccharides.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Xiaoyan Tan
- Beijing Advanced Innovation Center for Food Nutrition and Human Health, College of Food Science and Nutritional Engineering, China Agricultural University, No. 17 Qinghua Donglu, Haidian District, Beijing, 100083, People's Republic of China
| | - Junshe Sun
- Chinese Academy of Agricultural Engineering, Beijing, 100125, People's Republic of China
| | - Zhangyang Xu
- Department of Biological Systems Engineering, Washington State University, Richland, WA, USA
| | - Hengchang Li
- Beijing Advanced Innovation Center for Food Nutrition and Human Health, College of Food Science and Nutritional Engineering, China Agricultural University, No. 17 Qinghua Donglu, Haidian District, Beijing, 100083, People's Republic of China
| | - Jing Hu
- Beijing Advanced Innovation Center for Food Nutrition and Human Health, College of Food Science and Nutritional Engineering, China Agricultural University, No. 17 Qinghua Donglu, Haidian District, Beijing, 100083, People's Republic of China
| | - Huijuan Ning
- Beijing Advanced Innovation Center for Food Nutrition and Human Health, College of Food Science and Nutritional Engineering, China Agricultural University, No. 17 Qinghua Donglu, Haidian District, Beijing, 100083, People's Republic of China
| | - Zifang Qin
- Beijing Advanced Innovation Center for Food Nutrition and Human Health, College of Food Science and Nutritional Engineering, China Agricultural University, No. 17 Qinghua Donglu, Haidian District, Beijing, 100083, People's Republic of China
| | - Haisheng Pei
- Chinese Academy of Agricultural Engineering, Beijing, 100125, People's Republic of China
| | - Tian Sun
- Tianfangjian (China) Pharma Company Ltd, Guangzhou, 510623, People's Republic of China
| | - Xiuqing Zhang
- Beijing Advanced Innovation Center for Food Nutrition and Human Health, College of Food Science and Nutritional Engineering, China Agricultural University, No. 17 Qinghua Donglu, Haidian District, Beijing, 100083, People's Republic of China.
| |
Collapse
|
27
|
Wang Q, Wang F, Xu Z, Ding Z. Bioactive Mushroom Polysaccharides: A Review on Monosaccharide Composition, Biosynthesis and Regulation. Molecules 2017; 22:E955. [PMID: 28608797 PMCID: PMC6152739 DOI: 10.3390/molecules22060955] [Citation(s) in RCA: 87] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/22/2017] [Accepted: 06/05/2017] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Mushrooms are widely distributed around the world and are heavily consumed because of their nutritional value and medicinal properties. Polysaccharides (PSs) are an important component of mushrooms, a major factor in their bioactive properties, and have been intensively studied during the past two decades. Monosaccharide composition/combinations are important determinants of PS bioactivities. This review summarizes: (i) monosaccharide composition/combinations in various mushroom PSs, and their relationships with PS bioactivities; (ii) possible biosynthetic pathways of mushroom PSs and effects of key enzymes on monosaccharide composition; (iii) regulation strategies in PS biosynthesis, and prospects for controllable biosynthesis of PSs with enhanced bioactivities.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Qiong Wang
- Key Laboratory of Carbohydrate Chemistry and Biotechnology, Ministry of Education, School of Biotechnology, Jiangnan University, Wuxi 214122, China.
- National Engineering Laboratory for Cereal Fermentation Technology, Jiangnan University, Wuxi 214122, China.
| | - Feng Wang
- School of Food and Biological Engineering, Jiangsu University, Zhenjiang 212013, China.
| | - Zhenghong Xu
- Key Laboratory of Carbohydrate Chemistry and Biotechnology, Ministry of Education, School of Biotechnology, Jiangnan University, Wuxi 214122, China.
- National Engineering Laboratory for Cereal Fermentation Technology, Jiangnan University, Wuxi 214122, China.
| | - Zhongyang Ding
- Key Laboratory of Carbohydrate Chemistry and Biotechnology, Ministry of Education, School of Biotechnology, Jiangnan University, Wuxi 214122, China.
- National Engineering Laboratory for Cereal Fermentation Technology, Jiangnan University, Wuxi 214122, China.
| |
Collapse
|