Laparoscopic sleeve gastrectomy as an initial weight-loss procedure for high-risk patients with morbid obesity

National trends in utilization and safety of gastric bypass, sleeve gastrectomy and conversion surgery in patients with GERD

BACKGROUND

While some studies have reported improvement in gastro-esophageal reflux disease (GERD) symptoms after sleeve gastrectomy (SG), others have reported higher incidence of de-novo GERD, worsening of prior GERD symptoms and erosive esophagitis post SG. Furthermore, GERD unresponsive to medical management is one of the most common indications for conversion of SG to Roux-en-Y gastric bypass (RYGB). Real-world data on safety of primary SG, primary RYGB and SG to RYGB conversion for obese patients with GERD would be helpful for informing surgeons and patient procedure selection. We sought to evaluate the trends in utilization and safety of primary RYGB and primary SG for patients with GERD requiring medications, and compare the peri-operative outcomes between primary RYGB and conversion surgery from SG to RYGB for GERD using the MBSAQIP database.

METHODS

A comparative analysis of post-operative outcomes within 30 days was performed for primary RYGB and primary SG after 1:1 nearest neighbor propensity score matching for patient demographics and preoperative comorbidities using the Metabolic and Bariatric Surgery Accreditation and Quality Improvement Program (MBSAQIP) registry from 2015 to 2021. This was followed by comparison of peri-operative outcomes between conversion surgery from SG to RYGB for GERD and primary RYGB using MBSAQIP 2020-2021 data.

RESULTS

Utilization of primary RYGB increased from 38% in 2015 to 45% in 2021, while primary SG decreased from 62% in 2015 to 55% in 2021 for bariatric patients with GERD. Post-operative outcomes including reoperation, reintervention, readmission, major complications, and death within 30 days were significantly higher for patients undergoing primary RYGB compared to primary SG. Increased readmissions and ED visits were seen with conversion surgery. However, there was no difference in rates of reoperation, reintervention, major complications, or death between primary RYGB and SG conversion to RYGB cohorts.

CONCLUSIONS

This data suggests that a strategy of performing a primary SG and subsequent SG-RYGB conversion for those with recalcitrant GERD symptoms is not riskier than a primary RYGB. Thus, it may be reasonable to perform SG in patients who are well informed of the risk of worsening GERD requiring additional surgical interventions. However, the impact of such staged approach (SG followed by conversion to RYGB) on long-term outcomes remains unknown.

Safety of Non-steroidal Anti-inflammatory Drugs as Part of Enhanced Recovery After Laparoscopic Sleeve Gastrectomy-A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis

Laparoscopic sleeve gastrectomy (LSG) is an effective bariatric surgery option for managing extreme obesity in most patients. While non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs) promise postoperative pain management after bariatric surgeries, their safety in LSG remains unexplored. In this systematic review, we studied the safety of NSAIDs following LSG reported by six studies involving 588 patients. Our study demonstrated that NSAIDs effectively alleviated the postoperative pain after LSG without major safety concerns. Most reported (>20% incidence) adverse events included postoperative nausea and vomiting (PONV, 21%). For patients undergoing LSG, NSAIDs offer a valuable option for pain management and improved care, potentially reducing opioid consumption. However, additional research is required to optimize NSAID usage and ensure safety, especially concerning renal and gastrointestinal issues.

Ultrasonography Guided Modified BRILMA (Blocking the Cutaneous Branches of Intercostal Nerves in the Middle Axillary Line) Block in Bariatric Surgery

Background: Postoperative pain is one of the major problems after laparoscopic sleeve gastrectomy besides complications. Management of pain control is still unclear in the obese population. Modified BRILMA (blocking the cutaneous branches of intercostal nerves in the middle axillary line) is a new analgesia technique which is performed by ultrasonography guided through the way between eighth and ninth rib level. This study is to evaluate the efficiency of modified BRILMA in bariatric patients while comparing with trocar site infiltration. Materials and Methods: This is a prospective designed retrospective data analysis study. Patients undergoing laparoscopic sleeve gastrectomy between June 2019 and January 2020 were divided into two groups. One group underwent BRILMA block; the other group used traditional trocar site injection. Postoperative pain was followed by using visual analogue scale (VAS) (at 1, 3, 6, 12, 24, 36, 48 hours postoperatively). Results: Thirty patients were included in the study. Twenty-four (80%) of the patients were women, and 6 (20%) of the patients were men. Mean body mass index of patients were 39.83 ± 4.02 kg/m2. Mean operational time was calculated 86.16 ± 19.94 minutes. When the patients' VAS was compared, 12th hour VAS value was statistically less in the BRILMA group. There were no significant differences in other hours' VAS between two groups. When compared with the use of opioid amount, there were no statistically significant difference between the two groups (P = .66), but BRILMA group had less amount. Conclusion: Modified BRILMA is an alternative technique to the use of trocar site bupivacain injection in bariatric surgery. It is new technique that is tried in bariatric population, which is also cost-effective and has less opioid consumption.

Investigatıon of the effect of weight loss after laparoscopic sleeve gastrectomy on cobb angle, waist and back pain: a prospective study

BACKGROUND

In many studies, it has been stated that obesity causes severe increases in the risks of disc degeneration, vertebral fracture, low back, and back pain. One of the most effective treatment options for obesity is bariatric surgery.

OBJECTIVES

In this study, the effect of weight loss on these parameters was investigated by evaluating the Cobb angle, low back, and back pain.

SETTING

University Hospital METHODS: A total of 89 patients were included in the study. Laparoscopic sleeve gastrectomy (SG) was performed on all patients. In addition, Cobb angle, height, weight, and body mass index (BMI) measurements were recorded at each visit. Investigating the quality and quantity of low back pain and the loss of function caused by the patients; visual analog scale (VAS), Oswestry Low Back Pain Disability Questionnaire (OLBPDQ), Roland-Morris Disability Questionnaire (RMDQ), and SF-36 Quality of Life Questionnaire (SF36) were administered.

RESULTS

According to the preoperative Cobb angles, the decrease in the 6th month (P = .029) and 12th month (P = .007) measurements after the operation was found to be statistically significant (P < .05), but it was found to be clinically insignificant. When the changes in RMDQ, OLBPDQ, VAS, and SF-36 scores were examined, the decrease in the 6th month (P = .001) and 12th month (P = .001) scores after the operation was found to be significant compared to the preoperative scores (P < .01).

CONCLUSIONS

In this study, weight loss after SG improved for patients with chronic low back and back pain and significantly improved their quality of life.

Gastroesophageal reflux after sleeve gastrectomy: The dimension of the problem

Sleeve gastrectomy is a safe and effective bariatric surgery in terms of weight loss and longterm improvement or resolution of comorbidities. However, its achilles heel is the possible association with the development with the novo and/or worsening of pre-existing gastroesophageal reflux disease. The anatomical and mechanical changes that this technique induces in the esophagogastric junction, support or contradict this hypothesis. Questions such as «what is the natural history of gastroesophageal reflux in the patient undergoing gastric sleeve surgery?», «how many patients after vertical gastrectomy will develop gastroesophageal reflux?» and «how many patients will worsen their previous reflux after this technique?» are intended to be addressed in the present article.

The effect of antral resection start point on post sleeve gastrectomy gastroesophageal reflux symptoms and weight loss outcomes

PURPOSE

Sleeve gastrectomy (SG) has gained worldwide popularity by surgeons due to acceptable results in weight loss and obesity-associated medical problems. Distance from the pylorus during antral resection in SG may be effective in decreasing the occurrence of gastroesophageal reflux disease (GERD). The aim of this study was to evaluate GERD symptoms and weight loss outcomes in two groups of SG patients with different start points of antral resection.

METHODS

This is a prospective cohort study on 220 patients who underwent SG between June 2019 and July 2021, aged 18 and above, BMI ≥ 40 kg/m², or BMI > 35 kg/m² with at least one obesity-associated medical problem. According to the start point of antral resection the patients were divided in two groups (group A: from 2 cm of pylorus and group B: from 4 cm of pylorus). Evaluation of GERD was performed using GerdQ questionnaire at 12-month follow up.

RESULTS

Mean age and BMI of all patients were 37.6 ± 10 year and 44.8 ± 5.7 kg/m² at the time of SG. Totally 153(69.5%) of the patients were female. De novo GERD after 12 months in the groups A and B was found in 18 (20%) and 19 (21%) patients. TWL% at 12-month follow ups, were 33.9% and 32.5% in group A and B, respectively.

CONCLUSION

Antral resection's start point has no statistically significant effect on the excess and total weight loss indices, resolution of the obesity-related medical problems and De novo GERD between 2 and 4 cm start point for antral resection during SG.

Endoscopic management of refractory leak and gastro-cutaneous fistula after laparoscopic sleeve gastrectomy: a randomized controlled trial

BACKGROUND

Gastro-cutaneous fistula is a rare complication after laparoscopic sleeve gastrectomy (LSG) with incidence of occurrence 1-2%. Most of gastro-cutaneous fistulae do not respond to conservative management and need intervention either surgically or endoscopically.

METHODS

This prospective randomized clinical study included referred patients who had LSG performed at our department or other centers, and complicated with post-LSG leak or gastro-cutaneous fistula between December/2019 and March/2021. Included patients were ASA Physical status I-II. Primary and secondary outcomes were recurrence of the fistula and mortality in each group after the intervention during the 18 months follow-up period, respectively.

RESULTS

Thirty patients were randomized into two groups: Surgery Group (SG, n = 15) and Endoscopy Group (EG, n = 15). Mean age of patients was 42.3 ± 8.7 and 42.6 ± 8.3 years-old in SG and EG, respectively. Females constituted 73.3% and 80% in SG and EG, respectively. Median time-to-gastric leak post LSG was six (range: 4-7) days in both groups. SG patients were surgically managed with primary repair of the gastric fistula and gastrojejunostomy in 13 patients or converting SG into Roux-en-Y gastric bypass in two patients, while EG patients were endoscopically managed with stitching, stenting, stenting and dilation, and clipping and dilation in 5, 4, 4 and 2 patients, respectively. Incidence of recurrent leak during 1^st week was significantly higher in SG than EG (p < 0.001). No mortality reported in EG, while 2 patients died in SG (p = 0.48).

CONCLUSION

Endoscopic intervention may offer a successful modality in managing post-LSG gastric leak and gastro-cutaneous fistula that do not respond to conservative measures in stable patients.

Outcomes of laparoscopic revisional conversion of sleeve gastrectomy to Roux-en-Y gastric bypass: Diff erent strategies for obese and non-obese Asian patients

BACKGROUND

Sleeve gastrectomy (SG) is the most performed bariatric procedure now. Some patients would necessitate a revision to Roux-en-Y gastric bypass (RYGB) as a salvage procedure for intractable gastroesophageal reflux disease (GERD). However, outcome of the revision in Asians with co-existed obesity and those non-obese is not clear.

METHODS

We retrospectively reviewed the data of patients who underwent revisional laparoscopic RYGB after SG between 2007 and 2019 for intractable GERD with data of one year follow-up. Pre-operative clinical data, perioperative outcomes, GERD symptoms, weight loss and medication details were analyzed. Patients were classified into those with body mass index (BMI) ≥ 25 and < 25 kg/m².

RESULTS

Fifty-five patients (44 women, 11 men; mean age 42.5 years) were included. Mean interval from the initial SG to revision surgery was 51.2 months (range, 5-132). Mean body mass index before SG was 34.6 kg/m², whereas that before revision surgery was 27.6 kg/m². All the patients required continue proton pump inhibitor (PPI) to control the GERD symptoms before surgery. Among them, 36 (65.4%) patients in the obese group received long BP limb (>100 cm) RYGB for associated obesity but the common channel was assured to ≥ 400 cm or 70% of small bowel length, the other 19 (34.6%) patients in the non-obese group received standard BP limb (<100 cm) RYGB. There was no difference in basic characters between the two groups before revision surgery except a higher mean BMI (30.0 vs. 22.2 kg/m², p < 0.001), blood pressure and triglyceride in obese group. One year after revision surgery, all the patients had improved GERD symptoms but only 33 (60%) can completely wave PPI, without difference between the 2 groups. Obese group with a long BP limb RYGB had a significant higher % total weight loss (TWL) than non-obese group (%TWL 9.1% vs. -3.1%, p = 0.005).

CONCLUSION

Laparoscopic revision to RYGB is a safe and effective treatment for patients with intractable GERD after SG but some patients may still have residual GERD symptoms. Using a modified RYGB technique in revision surgery may help in weight reduction for obese Asian patients.

Long-term (11 + years) efficacy of sleeve gastrectomy as a stand-alone bariatric procedure: a single-center retrospective observational study

INTRODUCTION

Sleeve gastrectomy (SG) is currently the most commonly performed bariatric procedure worldwide. The aim of the present study was to evaluate the long-term efficacy of SG as a stand-alone bariatric procedure.

METHODS

A single-center retrospective analysis of 104 patients who underwent SG as a stand-alone bariatric procedure between January 2005 and December 2009. Weight loss, weight regain, remission or improvement of comorbidities and the new onset of comorbidities were the main outcomes of the study.

RESULTS

The percent excess body weight loss (%EBWL), percent excess body mass weight (BMI) loss (%EBMIL), and percent total body weight loss (%TBWL) were 59 ± 25, 69 ± 29, and 29 ± 12, respectively, after a mean follow-up of 13.4 years. At the last follow-up, nearly two thirds of patients (67.3%) had an %EBWL greater than 50. The percentage of patients who experienced significant weight regain ranged from 47 to 64%, depending on the definition used for weight regain. The rate of improvement or remission of hypertension, type 2 diabetes, dyslipidemia, obstructive sleep apnea, and degenerative joint disease at a mean follow-up of 13.4 years was 40%, 94.7%, 70%, 100%, and 42.9%, respectively. The new onset of gastroesophageal reflux disease (GERD) symptoms in the same period was 43%.

CONCLUSION

Our data supports that SG results in long-lasting weight loss in the majority of patients and acceptable rates of remission or improvement of comorbidities. Weight regain and GERD may be issues of particular concern during long-term follow-up after SG.

Perplexing findings during laparoscopic evaluation for tubal factor infertility resulting from a gastric leak after bariatric surgery: A case report

Tubal factor is the primary type of female infertility, accounting for 25-35% of cases. Common causes include inflammation due to pelvic inflammatory disease, septic abortion, tubal surgery, and surgical adhesions. Bariatric surgery is becoming increasingly popular as rates of obesity rise, with over 256,000 surgeries performed in 2019. Half of these procedures were performed on women of reproductive age. This is the first reported case of a patient with tubal factor infertility as a result of a gastric leak from a remote sleeve gastrectomy that led to extensive abdominal and pelvic adhesions.

The utility of intraoperative endoscopy to assist novice surgeons in the detection of gastric stenosis during laparoscopic sleeve gastrectomy

BACKGROUND

Laparoscopic sleeve gastrectomy (LSG) is a commonly performed bariatric surgery. Gastric stenosis and leaks are 2 major complications associated with LSG and revision surgery might be needed. Herein, we report our experience of intraoperative endoscopy (IOE) to evaluate stenosis and leaks during LSG.

METHODS

LSG was performed by three surgeons. Patients who underwent LSG and IOE between January 2016 and March 2020 were enrolled and assigned to two groups: group 1 (1st-30th LSG case for each surgeon) and group 2 (> 30th LSG for each surgeon). Patients' anthropometric and biochemical data pre- and post-LSG, as well as IOE findings and follow-up esophagogastroduodenoscopy records were reviewed.

RESULTS

In total, 352 patients were enrolled including 90 patients in group 1 and 262 patients in group 2. Three out of 352 patients (0.9%) were found to have stenosis by IOE, which was related to tightly gastropexy stitch or reinforcement stitch, all of which were in group 1. Stenosis was resolved after removal of the stitch during LSG. The incidence of gastric stenosis detected by IOE was 3.3% (3/90) and 0% (0/262) in group 1 and group 2, respectively (P = 0.003). No leakage was found in this study and no patient developed clinical or endoscopic stenosis after LSG.

CONCLUSIONS

The existing evidence showed that IOE can help detect gastric stenosis during LSG, especially for novice surgeons, and the stenosis could be resolved during operation.

Weight loss outcomes for patients undergoing conversion to Roux-en-Y-gastric bypass after sleeve gastrectomy

BACKGROUND

Despite excellent reported outcomes after laparoscopic sleeve gastrectomy (LSG), a percentage of patients go on to have a secondary bariatric surgery to manage side-effects or address weight regain after LSG. Reported weight loss outcomes for patients undergoing laparoscopic Roux-en-Y gastric bypass (LRYGB) after previous LSG are variable. We sought to determine the weight-loss outcomes of patients undergoing LRYGB after LSG in the largest bariatric surgical network in Canada and to determine whether outcomes differ according to indications for conversion.

METHODS

The Bariatric Registry is a multi-center database with prospectively collected standardized data on patients undergoing bariatric surgery at ten Bariatric Centers of Excellence within the Ontario Bariatric Network in Ontario, Canada. A retrospective analysis was performed of patients who underwent LRYGB after previous LSG between 2012 and 2019. Weight loss outcomes were compared between patients who underwent LRYGB for insufficient weight loss/weight regain and those who underwent conversion to LRYGB for other reasons.

RESULTS

Excluding patients with multiple revisions and those without follow-up data, 48 patients were included in the analysis: 33 patients (69%) underwent conversion to LRGYB for insufficient weight loss/weight regain (Group 1) and 15 patients (31%) underwent conversion for other reasons (Group 2). Mean body mass index (BMI) measured pre-LSG, pre-LRYGB, and at mid-term follow-up after LRYGB was 61, 48, and 43 kg/m² in Group 1 and 51, 39, and 34 kg/m² in Group 2, respectively. ΔBMI and %total weight loss (TWL) at mid-term follow-up were not significantly different between the groups.

CONCLUSIONS

Conversion to LRYGB after previous LSG resulted in an additional loss of 4 kg/m² in BMI points at mid-term follow-up. Patients lost a similar number of BMI points and cumulative %TWL was similar regardless of reason for conversion. This can help inform surgical decision-making in the setting of weight regain after LSG.

Physical Exercise to Improve Functional Capacity: Randomized Clinical Trial in Bariatric Surgery Population

Background: Bariatric surgery is a safe and effective method to lose weight over time. However, some patients fail to achieve healthy weight losses. We aimed to determine if a moderate-intensity physical exercise intervention in patients who underwent bariatric surgery increases their functional capacity thus improving bariatric surgery results. Methods: We conducted a parallel-group non-blinded randomized controlled trial at a surgery clinic in Talca, Chile. A total of 43 participants with obesity and scheduled bariatric surgery completed the six months follow-up. A physical exercise program was conducted in exercise group participants one month after bariatric surgery. Walked distance in the six-minute walk test, BMI, Borg scale of perceptive exertion results and cardiovascular variables were evaluated. Results: Patients’ weight significantly decreased after bariatric surgery but there was no difference between the groups of study. The exercise group progressed from a base value of 550 ± 75 m walked in the six-minute walk test to a sixth-month value of 649.6 ± 68.5 m (p < 0.05), whilst the control group yielded base values of 554.4 ± 35.1 and a sixth-month walked distance of 591.1 ± 75.34 (p > 0.05). Conclusions: Physical exercise in obese patients undergoing bariatric surgery increased functional capacity independently of weight losses resulting from bariatric surgery.

One anastomosis gastric bypass as a one-stage bariatric surgical procedure in patients with BMI ≥ 50 kg/m2

In patients with BMI ≥ 50 kg/m², it is difficult to select an appropriate procedure that can lead to optimum results. This study aims to evaluate mid-term weight loss outcomes in patients with BMI ≥ 50 kg/m² following one anastomosis gastric bypass (OAGB) as a one-stage procedure. A prospective study was conducted on patients with BMI ≥ 50 kg/m², aged 18 years and above who had undergone primary OAGB from January 2016 to February 2019 with at least two years follow-ups. A total of 197 patients with BMI ≥ 50 kg/m² had underwent OAGB. The mean age was 38 years and the mean pre-operative BMI was 53.7 kg/m². Mean EWL% were 63.7%, 67.8% and 66.2% at one, two and five years after OAGB respectively. The highest level of EWL% was 68.4%, which was achieved in the 18th month following OAGB. OAGB can be performed safely in patients with BMI ≥ 50 kg/m² as a one-stage procedure with acceptable weight loss outcomes and remission of obesity associated medical problems.

Surgical Treatment of Obesity. Special Mention to Roux-en-Y Gastric Bypass and Vertical Gastrectomy

INTRODUCTION

The prevalence of obesity has increased exponentially in recent decades, being one of the diseases that most affects global health. It is a chronic disease associated with multiple comorbidities, which lead to a decrease in life expectancy and quality of life. It requires a multidisciplinary approach by a specialized medical team. Obesity can be treated with conservative or with surgical treatments that will depend on the characteristics of the patient.

OBJECTIVE/METHODOLOGY

The referenced surgery can be performed using different surgical techniques that are analyzed in the present work through an exhaustive narrative bibliographic review in the PubMed and Cochrane databases, as well as in UpToDate.

RESULTS

Currently, those most used are restrictive techniques, specifically vertical gastrectomy and mixed techniques, with gastric bypass being the "gold standard".

CONCLUSIONS

In order to choose one technique or another, the characteristics of each patient and the experience of the surgical team must be taken into account.

Gastric Wall Thickness and Linear Staple Height in Sleeve Gastrectomy in Japanese Patients with Obesity

BACKGROUND

Laparoscopic sleeve gastrectomy (LSG) is a standard procedure due to its low complication rates and favorable outcomes. However, limited data are available regarding the optimal size of linear staplers in relation to gastric wall thickness (GWT).

METHODS

Between August 2016 and December 2020, we performed LSG in 70 patients with an average age, body weight, and body mass index of 42 years, 107 kg, and 40 kg/m², respectively. We measured the GWT at the antrum, body, and fundus using resected specimens. We used an endo-linear stapler, and the closed staple height (CSH) was 1.75 mm.

RESULTS

We found that the average GWT at the antrum was significantly thicker than the GWT at the body and fundus. There was a statistically significant relationship between body weight and the GWT at the antrum and body and obstructive sleep apnea and the GWT at the body. The average CSH/GWT ratios were 0.55, 0.62, and 0.90 at the antrum, body, and fundus, respectively. However, in 20 patients (29%), the CSH/GWT ratio at the fundus area was ≥ 1.0, and only preoperative body weight was a significant predictor for a CSH/GWT ratio of ≥ 1.0.

CONCLUSION

A light body weight may be related to a CSH/GWT ratio of ≥ 1.0 at the fundus.

Five Years of MBSAQIP Data: Characteristics, Outcomes, and Trends for Patients with Super-obesity

PURPOSE

Incidence of super obesity (SO; BMI ≥ 50 kg/m²) is growing rapidly and confers worse metabolic complications than non-SO (BMI 30-50 kg/m²). We aim to characterize bariatric surgery patients with SO, their postoperative complications, and treatment trends over the last 5 years in hopes of informing SO-specific treatment protocols.

MATERIALS AND METHODS

The MBSAQIP database was analyzed, and two cohorts were compared, those with SO and non-SO. Univariate analysis was performed to determine between-group differences. Multivariable logistic regression analysis was performed to determine if SO was independently associated with serious complications or mortality.

RESULTS

We evaluated 751,952 patients with 173,110 (23.0%) having SO. Patients with SO were younger (42.2 ± 11.8 SO vs 45.1 ± 12.0 years non-SO, p < 0.001) and less likely to be female (74.8% vs 81.1%, p < 0.001). While comorbidities seem to be decreasing overall in bariatric surgery patients, those with SO have worse functional capacity and more endocrine, pulmonary, and vascular comorbidities. Patients with SO also have worse 30-day postoperative complications, and SO was independently associated with severe complications (OR 1.08; CI 1.05-1.11, p < 0.001) and mortality (OR 2.49; CI 2.12-2.92, p < 0.001) CONCLUSIONS: Patients with SO have significantly increased preoperative comorbidities resulting in worse postoperative outcomes. SO remains an independent risk factor for serious complications and the greatest independent risk factor for 30-day postoperative mortality. Considering the expected increase in patients with SO, substantial work is required to optimize bariatric surgery strategies specific to these patients.

Bone Mineral Density Trends During the First Year After Laparoscopic Sleeve Gastrectomy-a Cohort Study on 241 Patients

Purpose

Laparoscopic sleeve gastrectomy (LSG) is an effective weight loss procedure, but detrimental effects on bone health have been described. We aimed to assess the dynamics of regional and total bone mineral density (BMD) in a cohort of patients undergoing LSG and to capture gender differences in terms of evolution.

Materials and Methods

We conducted a retrospective study on 241 patients who underwent LSG to determine the regional and total BMD changes at 6 and 12 months after the intervention.

Results

One hundred ten males and 140 females (97 pre-, 43 postmenopausal) were included. Mean baseline body mass index (BMI) was 44.16 ± 6.11 kg/m² in males and 41.60 ± 5.54 kg/m² in females, reaching 28.62 ± 4.26 kg/m² and 27.39 ± 4.2 kg/m², respectively, at 12 months. BMD showed a continuous decline, with significant loss from 6 months postoperatively. There was a positive correlation between BMD and BMI decline at 12 months (r = 0.134, p < 0.05). Total BMD loss at 12 months was significantly greater in males than premenopausal females, independent of BMI variation and age. During the first 6 months, men lost significantly more bone mass than premenopausal and postmenopausal women (BMD variation was 2.62%, 0.27%, 1.58%, respectively). The second period (6–12 months) was similar in all three groups, revealing a further steady (~ 1.4%) BMD decline.

Conclusions

Our results are consistent with previous findings that LSG negatively impacts BMD, stressing the importance of bone health-oriented measures in postoperative care. Moreover, the impact that seems more significant in males warrants future exploration, as it might change clinical practice.

Graphical abstract

Which predictors could effect on remission of type 2 diabetes mellitus after the metabolic surgery: A general perspective of current studies?

BACKGROUND

The alarming rise in the worldwide prevalence of obesity is paralleled by an increasing burden of type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM). Metabolic surgery is the most effective means of obtaining substantial and durable weight loss in individual obese patients with T2DM. There are randomized trials that justify the inclusion of metabolic surgery into the treatment algorithm for patients with T2DM, but remission rates of T2DM after metabolic surgery can display great variability.

AIM

To discuss the most commonly used surgical options including vertical sleeve gastrectomy, adjustable gastric banding, Roux-en-Y gastric bypass, and biliopancreatic diversion with duodenal switch.

METHODS

We also report from observational and randomized controlled studies on rate of remission of T2DM after the surgical procedures.

RESULTS

In light of the recent findings, metabolic surgery is a safe and effective treatment option for obese patient with T2DM, but further studies are needed to clarify better the rate of diabetes remission.

CONCLUSION

In light of the recent findings, metabolic surgery is a safe and effective treatment option for obese patients with T2DM, but further studies are needed to clarify better the rate of diabetes remission.

A Comprehensive Review of Endoscopic Management of Sleeve Gastrectomy Leaks

BACKGROUND

Bariatric surgery leaks result in significant morbidity and mortality. Experts report variable therapeutic approaches, without uniform guidelines or consensus.

OBJECTIVE

To review the pathogenesis, risk factors, prevention, and treatment of gastric sleeve leaks, with a focus on endoscopic approaches. In addition, the efficacy and success rates of different treatment modalities are assessed.

DESIGN

A comprehensive review was conducted using a thorough literature search of 5 online electronic databases (PubMed, PubMed Central, Cochrane, EMBASE, and Web of Science) from the time of their inception through March 2020. Studies evaluating gastric sleeve leaks were included. MeSH terms related to "endoscopic," "leak," "sleeve," "gastrectomy," "anastomotic," and "bariatric" were applied to a highly sensitive search strategy. The main outcomes were epidemiology, pathophysiology, diagnosis, treatment, and outcomes.

RESULTS

Literature search yielded 2418 studies of which 438 were incorporated into the review. Shock and peritonitis necessitate early surgical intervention for leaks. Endoscopic therapies in acute and early leaks involve modalities with a focus on one of: (i) defect closure, (ii) wall diversion, or (iii) wall exclusion. Surgical revision is required if endoscopic therapies fail to control leaks after 6 months. Chronic leaks require one or more endoscopic, radiologic, or surgical approaches for fluid collection drainage to facilitate adequate healing. Success rates depend on provider and center expertise.

CONCLUSION

Endoscopic management of leaks post sleeve gastrectomy is a minimally invasive and effective alternative to surgery. Their effect may vary based on clinical presentation, timing or leak morphology, and should be tailored to the appropriate endoscopic modality of treatment.

Promising effects of 33 to 36 Fr. bougie calibration for laparoscopic sleeve gastrectomy: a systematic review and network meta-analysis

The standard size of bougie for laparoscopic sleeve gastrectomy (LSG) is not yet established. Therefore, a systematic review and network meta-analysis were conducted to assess the weight loss effects and associated complications of LSG for patients with morbid obesity, based on different bougie sizes. A total of 15 studies were reviewed in this systemic review and network meta-analysis (2,848 participants), including RCTs and retrospective studies in PubMed, and Embase until September 1, 2020. The effectiveness of different bougie calibration sizes was assessed based on excess weight loss (EWL), total complications, and staple line leak. Within this network meta-analysis, S-sized (≤ 32 Fr.) and M-sized (33–36 Fr.) bougies had similar effects and were associated with the highest EWL improvement among all different bougie sizes (S-sized: standardized mean difference [SMD], 10.52; 95% confidence interval [CI] − 5.59 to  − 26.63, surface under the cumulative ranking curve [SUCRA], 0.78; and M-sized: SMD, 10.16; 95% CI − 3.04–23.37; SUCRA, 0.75). M-sized bougie was associated with the lowest incidence of total complications (M-sized: odds ratio, 0.43; 95% CI, 0.16–1.11; SUCRA, 0.92). Based on our network meta-analysis, using M-sized bougie (33–36 Fr.) is an optimal choice to balance the effectiveness and perioperative safety of LSG in the clinical practice.

Social determinants of health and their impact on rates of postoperative complications among patients undergoing vertical sleeve gastrectomy

BACKGROUND

Vertical sleeve gastrectomy is one of the most common bariatric procedures worldwide, but the impact of social determinants of health on postoperative outcomes for this procedure has not been well characterized. The objective of this study was to analyze the impact that social determinants of health have on postoperative outcomes after vertical sleeve gastrectomy.

METHOD

This was a population-based study using the MARINER-15 database, an all-payer claims database. The primary endpoint of this study was the development of any complication, including cardiac complication, acute kidney injury, deep vein thrombosis, wound complication, hematoma, pneumonia, pulmonary embolism, transfusion, or urinary tract infection within 60 days, 30- and 90-day all-cause mortality, or readmission within 30 or 90 days in patients undergoing vertical sleeve gastrectomy procedures.

RESULTS

Individuals in the social determinants of health cohort had a significantly longer length of stay when compared with those without social determinants of health (3.07 days vs 1.582 days, P < .001). These patients were more likely to develop any complication within 60 days after surgery (hazard ratio 1.20, 95% confidence interval 1.03-1.40) but were less likely to return for readmission within 30 and 90 days (hazard ratio 0.80, 95% confidence interval 0.66-0.96; hazard ratio 0.85 95% confidence interval 0.72-0.99).

CONCLUSION

Vertical sleeve gastrectomy is an effective treatment for morbid obesity and its associated comorbidities. Although patients with social determinants of health are more likely to develop any of the analyzed postoperative complications within 60 days, they are less likely to return for readmission, highlighting the importance of focused follow-up and other measures to avoid lapses in care and eliminate further barriers to care in this population.

Long-Term Efficacy of Bariatric Surgery for the Treatment of Super-Obesity: Comparison of SG, RYGB, and OAGB

BACKGROUND

The most appropriate procedure for the treatment of super obesity (BMI > 50 kg/m²) is unknown. We aimed to evaluate the safety, long-term (> 5 years) weight loss, and adverse events between three commonly performed procedures, sleeve gastrectomy (SG), Roux-en-Y gastric bypass (RYGB), and one anastomosis gastric bypass (OAGB) in super-obese patients.

METHODS

Between January 2002 and December 2015, 498 successive patients with super morbid obesity (BMI > 50), who underwent SG or RYGB or OAGB, were recruited. Surgical outcome, weight loss, resolution of co-morbidities, and late complications were followed and compared between the 3 groups. All data derived from a prospective bariatric database and a retrospective analysis was conducted.

RESULTS

The average patient age was 32.1 ± 10.4 years, with a mean body mass index (BMI) of 56.0 ± 6.7 kg/m². Of them, 190 (38.9%) underwent SG, 62 (12.4%) RYGB, and 246 (49.4%) OAGB. There was no difference in basic characters between the 3 groups except SG had fewer diabetic patients. RYGB group had higher intraoperative blood loss, longer operating time, and hospital stay than the other 2 groups. RYGB had a higher 30-days post-operative major complication rate (4.8%) than SG (0.5%) and OAGB (0.8%). The follow-up rate at 1 and 5 years was 89.4% and 52.0%. At post-operative 5 years, OAGB had a higher total weight loss (40.8%) than SG (35.1%), but not RYGB (37.2%). SG had a lower remission rate in dyslipidemia comparing to OAGB and RYGB, but T2DM remission rate was no different between the groups. The overall revision rate is 5.4% (27/498) of the whole group, and SG had a lower revision rate (2.6%) than RYGB (8.1%) and OAGB (6.9%).

CONCLUSION

SG is an effective and durable primary bariatric procedure for the treatment of super obesity and metabolic disorders. OAGB had a similar operation risk to SG but resulted in a better weight loss than SG.

Bariatric Support Groups Predicts Long-term Weight Loss

BACKGROUND

Support groups are an integral part of bariatric surgery (BS) programs yet there is limited evidence for an association between support group attendance and BS weight outcomes.

SETTINGS

University Hospital, Spain.

OBJECTIVES

This study examined the effect of support group attendance on weight loss (WL) at short- and long-term follow-up (FU) following BS.

METHODS

Participants were 531 (mean body mass index (BMI) = 45.8 (5.4) kg/m²; mean age 45.9 (11.1) years, 76.4% females) who underwent BS (Roux-en-Y gastric bypass (RYGB): 233 (43.8%); sleeve gastrectomy (SG): 298 (56.2%)) in our clinic. The bariatric support group program (BSGP) consisted of two subprograms: Novel-BSGP (N-BSGP; first 12 months after surgery) and Experienced-BSGP (E-BSGP; FU between 12 months 5 years after BS).

RESULTS

Three hundred and twenty-three (60.8%) and 129 (24.3%) participants attended at least one session of N-BSGP and E-BSGP, respectively. Linear regression analyses showed that number of sessions attended during year 1 predicted percent total body WL (%TBWL (β = 0.381, p < 0.001)) and percent excess WL (%EWL (β = 0.928, p < 0.001)) at one year and number of sessions attended during years 2-5 were positively related to %TBWL and %EWL achieved at 5 years (%EWL: β = 0.162 (p = 0.014) and %TBWL: β = 0.378 (p = 0.013)) respectively.

CONCLUSION

We observed a significant beneficial effect of a post-surgical support group program on short- and long-term body WL after BS.

Staple-line reinforcement using barbed sutures in 1008 sleeve gastrectomies

Purpose

Among various staple-line reinforcement methods applied during sleeve gastrectomy (SG), although data on full-thickness-continuous-suturing (FTCS) is nearly nil, it has been considered as potentially harmful. The safety/efficacy profile of FTCS is assessed.

Methods

All consecutive SGs completing 3-month follow-up were studied. Data on peri-operative parameters, complications, and follow-up were prospectively recorded. All reinforcements were completed by FTCS utilizing barbed suture. Super-super obese, secondary SGs, SGs performed in patients with prior anti-reflux surgery, and SGs performed with additional concomitant procedures were evaluated as “technically demanding” SGs. Student’s t/chi-square tests were used as appropriate.

Results

Between January 2012 and July 2020, 1008 SGs (941 “primary-standard,” 67 “technically demanding”) were performed without mortality/venous event. Single leak occurred in a patient with sleeve obstruction (0.1%). Thirteen bleedings, 4 requiring re-surgery (0.4%), and 17 stenoses (1.7%) were encountered. Four stenoses were treated with gastric bypass (1 emergency), 6 by dilatation(s), and one required parenteral nutrition. Six patients with stenosis chose not to have any treatment. No statistically significant difference was observed in postoperative complications between “primary-standard” and “technically demanding” SGs (p > 0.05). The median follow-up was 44 months. The excess weight loss % at 5th year was 80.1%. Suturing added 28.4 ± 6 minutes to the SG, 3 or fewer sutures were used to complete the reinforcement in > 95%. No mishap/complication occurred related to suturing.

Conclusion

FTCS produced excellent result in terms of leakage/hemorrhage with an acceptable stenosis rate at a low cost with half-an-hour increase in the operating time. In contrast to previous allegations, no harm attributable to stitching itself occurred.

Supplementary Information

The online version contains supplementary material available at 10.1007/s00423-021-02161-5.

Perioperative Practices Concerning Sleeve Gastrectomy - a Survey of 863 Surgeons with a Cumulative Experience of 520,230 Procedures

BACKGROUND

Sleeve Gastrectomy (SG) is the most commonly performed bariatric procedure worldwide. There is currently no scientific study aimed at understanding variations in practices concerning this procedure. The aim of this study was to study the global variations in perioperative practices concerning SG.

METHODS

A 37-item questionnaire-based survey was conducted to capture the perioperative practices of the global community of bariatric surgeons. Data were analyzed using descriptive statistics.

RESULTS

Response of 863 bariatric surgeons from 67 countries with a cumulative experience of 520,230 SGs were recorded. A total of 689 (80%) and 764 (89%) surgeons listed 13 absolute and relative contraindications, respectively. 65% (n = 559) surgeons perform routine preoperative endoscopy and 97% (n = 835) routinely use intraoperative orogastric tube for sizing the resection. A wide variation is observed in the diameter of the tube used. 73% (n = 627) surgeons start dividing the stomach at a distance of 3-5 cm from the pylorus, and 54% (n = 467) routinely use staple line reinforcement. Majority (65%, n = 565) of surgeons perform routine intraoperative leak test at the end of the procedure, while 25% (n = 218) surgeons perform a routine contrast study in the early postoperative period. Lifelong multivitamin/mineral, iron, vitamin D, calcium, and vitamin B12 supplementation is advocated by 66%, 29%, 40%, 38% and 44% surgeons, respectively.

CONCLUSION

There is a considerable variation in the perioperative practices concerning SG. Data can help in identifying areas for future consensus building and more focussed studies.

Clinical Features and Short-Term Outcomes of Bariatric Surgery in Morbidly Obese Patients: Institutional Experience at a Rural Hospital

Objective: To prospectively evaluate the postoperative morbidity, mortality, and weight loss evolution of patients who underwent a bariatric procedure during 1 year of follow-up. Methods: Since July 2016, a total of 101 patients' data have been prospectively registered in a database. Comorbidities, operating time, hospital stay, early and late complications rate, and weight loss evolution after 1 year of follow-up were recorded. Results: The mean age was 38.41 ± 11.05 years with a mean body mass index (BMI) of 49.02 ± 5.89 kg/m2 (range 38-67). Laparoscopic sleeve gastrectomy (LSG) was performed in 93 patients (92.07%) and Roux-en-Y gastric bypass (RNYGB) in 8 patients (7.92%). Thirty-day morbidity rate was 7.92% (8/101). Within a mean 9.32 ± 2.25 (range 1-19) months follow-up time, mean percent of the excess of weight loss of 1st, 6th, and 12th months were 22.7 ± 6.1, 67.2 ± 11.2, and 81.4 ± 10.5, respectively. Diabetes (n = 38, 37.6%), hypertension (n = 13, 12.9%), and obstructive sleep apnea (n = 5, 4.9%) were resolved in 76%, 68.4%, and 100% of the patients, respectively (p < 0.001). Conclusions: LSG and RNYGB are safe and highly effective, particularly in patients with a BMI >50 kg/m2. Both techniques have been presented with better clinical outcomes regarding significant comorbidity resolution in the early evolution of weight loss.

Implications of Technical Factors in Development of Early Sleeve Stenosis After Laparoscopic Sleeve Gastrectomy: an Analysis Using the Metabolic and Bariatric Surgery Accreditation and Quality Improvement Program Database

PURPOSE

Laparoscopic sleeve gastrectomy (LSG) is the most commonly performed bariatric procedure worldwide. Sleeve stenosis (SS) is a rare complication of LSG and is associated with significant morbidity and economic burden. The objective of this study was to determine the prevalence and impact of early SS and identify technical factors which may predict its development.

MATERIALS AND METHODS

Data was extracted from the Metabolic and Bariatric Surgery Accreditation and Quality Improvement Program (MBSAQIP) data registry from 2015 to 2018. Patients undergoing primary LSG were included, while patients undergoing revisional bariatric surgery were excluded. A multivariable logistic regression analysis was performed to identify technical factors associated with SS.

RESULTS

A total of 389,839 patients (79.4% female) were included with a mean age of 44.2 ± 12.0 years and mean body mass index of 45.1 ± 7.8 kg/m². SS was rare, occurring in only 0.09% (n=345) of patients within 30 days of the operation. Following multivariable analysis, technical factors associated with early SS included prolonged operative time > 60 min (OR 1.32, 95% CI 1.17-1.48, p < 0.001) and a shorter PD (OR 0.864, 95% CI 0.784-0.951, p=0.003). For every 1-cm increase in PD, the odds of SS decreased by 13.6%.

CONCLUSION

Overall, early SS is a rare complication, affecting only 0.09% of patients undergoing primary LSG. Technical factors associated with 30-day SS included PD and operative time. Though current guidelines suggest a PD as short as 2 cm, our findings suggest this may be associated with an increased risk of early postoperative SS.

Gastroesophageal Reflux After Sleeve Gastrectomy

Sleeve gastrectomy continues to be the most commonly performed bariatric operation worldwide. Development or worsening of pre-existing GERD has been recognized as a significant issue postoperatively. There is a paucity of information concerning the most appropriate preoperative workup and the technical and anatomical factors that may or may not contribute to the occurrence of reflux symptoms. Contemporary data quality is deficient given the predominantly retrospective nature, limited follow-up time, and heterogeneous outcome measures across studies. This has produced mixed results regarding the postoperative incidence and severity of GERD. Ultimately, better-constructed investigations are needed in order to offer evidence-based recommendations that may guide preoperative workup and improved patient selection criteria.

Laparoscopic sleeve gastrectomy: A role of inflammatory markers in the early detection of gastric leak

Setting:

Laparoscopic sleeve gastrectomy (LSG) is gaining popularity as a bariatric option. Gastric leak (GL) is the most dreaded septic complication of LSG. Early detection and treatment of this complication may improve outcomes.

Objectives:

This study investigates biomarkers that might be useful to predict GL before its clinical presentation in patients who underwent LSG.

Patients and Methods:

This study, prospective observational, was carried out in 151 patients, who underwent LSG for morbid obesity between February 2014 and October 2019. Blood samples were collected before the operation and on post-operative days one, three and five to dose serum C-reactive protein (CRP), pro-calcitonin (PCT), fibrinogen, white blood cells (WBCs) count and neutrophil-to-lymphocyte ratio (NLR).

Results:

GL occurred in 6 patients (3.97%). According to the receiver operating characteristics curve, NLR detected leak with remarkably higher sensitivity (100%) and specificity (100%) than CRP, fibrinogen, WBC on all the days and higher than PCT in post-operative days 3 and 5. Moreover, the area under the curve (AUC) of NLR (AUC = 1) was higher than the AUC of CRP, fibrinogen, WBC on all the days and higher than PCT in post-operative days 3 and 5, suggesting important statistical significance.

Conclusions:

Because NLR and PCT detected GL with remarkably higher sensitivity and specificity than CRP, fibrinogen and WBC, these two markers seem to be more accurate for the early detection of this complication.

Drain Amylase Levels in the Early Diagnosis of Gastric Leak after Laparoscopic Sleeve Gastrectomy

OBJECTIVES

Laparoscopic sleeve gastrectomy is gaining popularity as a bariatric option. Gastric leak is the most dreaded septic complication after this procedure. This study investigated levels of drain amylase that could be useful for predicting gastric leak before its clinical presentation.

SUBJECTS AND METHODS

This prospective observational study was carried out in 167 patients who underwent sleeve gastrectomy for morbid obesity between February 2014 and March 2020. Measurement of drain amylase levels (DALs) was adapted as a routine procedure. The results of the receiver operative characteristic (ROC) curve analysis revealed an optimal drain amylase levels cutoff point of 814.18 IU/L. Consequently, the DALs were classified as DALs &lt814.18 or DALs ≥814.18 for all subsequent analyses.

RESULTS

Gastric leak occurred in 6 patients. Drain amylase levels of 167 patients were tested. The mean value for patients without leak was 71.13 ± 72.11 IU/L; for patients with leak, it was 4,687 ± 6,670 IU/L (p &lt 0.001). Using ROC curve analysis, the mean ± standard error of the area under the curve for DALs on postoperative day 1 was 0.9927 ± 0.0075, CI = 0.978-1.00, and a cutoff level at 814.18 IU/L for predicting gastric leak achieved 83.33% sensitivity and 100% specificity with positive predictive value of 100% and negative predictive value 99.38%. All patients with a leak, but one, had a drain amylase level &gt;814.18 IU/L.

CONCLUSION

The determination of drain amylase levels after sleeve gastrectomy is a significant indicator of gastric leak with high sensitivity and specificity.

Evaluation of reflux following sleeve gastrectomy and one anastomosis gastric bypass: 1-year results from a randomized open-label controlled trial

Background

Recent reports have demonstrated that de novo reflux and worsening of pre-existing symptoms occur after SG; concerns are still expressed about the risk of symptomatic biliary reflux gastritis and oesophagitis. The aim of our study was to investigate and compare the rate of postoperative acid and non-acid reflux following Mini-/One anastomosis gastric bypass (MGB/OAGB) and laparoscopic sleeve gastrectomy (LSG).

Study design

A prospective randomized open-label, controlled trial registered on clinicaltrial.gov (NCT number: NCT02987673) has been carried out to evaluate esophagogastric junction exposure to reflux in the first year after MGB/OAGB and LSG using high impedance manometry, endoscopy, and a validated questionnaire.

Results

A total of 58 individuals were eventually enrolled in this trial and represented the per-protocol population (n = 28 MGB/OAGB, n = 30 LSG). No difference was found between the two groups in terms of demographic characteristics, PAGI-SYM score, acid exposure time percent of the esophagus (AET%), esophagitis, and other HRiM and MII-pH data at baseline. Comparing MII-pH outcomes of the two groups, AET% resulted significantly higher after LSG at 12 months. Endoscopic findings showed a significant increase of esophagitis ≥ B in the LSG group after 1 year; postoperative esophagitis ≥ B resulted also significantly worsened after LSG when compared to MGB/OAGB.

Conclusion

Since AET% and rate of esophagitis are significantly higher after LSG when compared to MGB/OAGB, this procedure should be preferred in case of preoperative subclinical reflux or low grade (A) esophagitis.

Do we understand the pathophysiology of GERD after sleeve gastrectomy?

Gastroesophageal reflux disease (GERD), a prevalent problem among obese individuals, is strongly associated with obesity and weight loss. Hence, bariatric surgery effectively improves GERD for many patients. Depending on the type of bariatric procedure, however, surgery can also worsen or even cause a new onset of GERD. As a consequence, GERD remains a relevant problem for many bariatric patients, and especially those who have undergone sleeve gastrectomy (SG). Affected patients report not only a decrease in physical functioning but also suffer from mental and emotional problems, resulting in poorer social functioning. The pathomechanism of GERD after SG is most likely multifactorial and triggered by the interaction of anatomical, physiological, and physical factors. Contributing factors include the shape of the sleeve, the extent of injury to the lower esophageal sphincter, and the presence of hiatal hernia. In order to successfully treat post-sleeve gastrectomy GERD, the cause of the problem must first be identified. Therapeutic approaches include lifestyle changes, medication, interventional treatment, and/or revisional surgery.

Can Omentopexy Reduce the Incidence of Gastroesophageal Reflux Disease After Laparoscopic Sleeve Gastrectomy

BACKGROUND

De novo gastroesophageal reflux disease (GERD) is one of the complications that may occur after laparoscopic sleeve gastrectomy (LSG). This study was conducted to examine whether omentopexy can be effective in reducing the incidence of GERD after LSG.

METHODS

A total of 201 patients (145 females) were compared in this retrospective cohort study, including Group A (n = 100) and Group B (n = 101), consisting of patients undergoing LSG with omentopexy and LSG without omentopexy, respectively. One year after surgery, the patients were evaluated by GERD-Q; those obtaining a score of eight or above also underwent upper endoscopy to confirm their de novo GERD.

RESULTS

Thirty-seven patients had a GERD-Q score ≥ 8 and therefore underwent upper endoscopy. Seventeen patients had fully normal endoscopy results, and no significant differences was observed between the two groups in terms of the incidence of de novo GERD (P = 0.966). There were also no significant differences between the groups in terms of age (P = 0.517), sex (P = 0.193), diabetes (P = 0.979), and GERD-Q score (P = 0.880). The pre-operative mean weight (P = 0.003) and total weight loss (TWL) showed significant intergroup differences (P = 0.001). The mean body mass index (BMI) showed significant differences between the groups before the operation (P = 0.001) and 1 year after the surgery (P = 0.009). Excess BMI loss (EBMIL) was also significantly higher in Group A 1 year after the surgery (P = 0.004). Even after omitting confounder effect of BMI between two groups with and without omentopexy, GerdQ was not significantly different.

CONCLUSION

Omentopexy does not have a significant effect on reducing the incidence of de novo GERD after LSG, even in individuals with higher BMI and weight.

Guideline No. 391-Pregnancy and Maternal Obesity Part 1: Pre-conception and Prenatal Care

OBJECTIVE

This guideline will review key aspects in the pregnancy care of women with obesity. Part I will focus on pre-conception and pregnancy care. Part II will focus on team planning for delivery and Postpartum Care.

INTENDED USERS

All health care providers (obstetricians, family doctors, midwives, nurses, anaesthesiologists) who provide pregnancy-related care to women with obesity.

TARGET POPULATION

Women with obesity who are pregnant or planning pregnancies.

EVIDENCE

Literature was retrieved through searches of Statistics Canada, Medline, and The Cochrane Library on the impact of obesity in pregnancy on antepartum and intrapartum care, maternal morbidity and mortality, obstetrical anaesthesia, and perinatal morbidity and mortality. Results were restricted to systematic reviews, randomized controlled trials/controlled clinical trials, and observational studies. There were no date or language restrictions. Searches were updated on a regular basis and incorporated in the guideline to September 2018. Grey (unpublished) literature was identified through searching the websites of health technology assessment and related agencies, clinical practice guideline collections, clinical trial registries, and national and international medical specialty societies.

VALIDATION METHODS

The content and recommendations were drafted and agreed upon by the authors. Then the Maternal-Fetal Medicine Committee peer reviewed the content and submitted comments for consideration, and the Board of the Society of Obstetricians and Gynaecologists of Canada (SOGC) approved the final draft for publication. Areas of disagreement were discussed during meetings, at which time consensus was reached. The level of evidence and quality of the recommendation made were described using the Evaluation of Evidence criteria of the Canadian Task Force on Preventive Health Care.

BENEFITS, HARMS, AND COSTS

Implementation of the recommendations in these guidelines may increase obstetrical provider recognition of the issues affected pregnant individuals with obesity, including clinical prevention strategies, communication between the health care team, the patient and family as well as equipment and human resource planning. It is hoped that regional, provincial and federal agencies will assist in the education and support of coordinated care for pregnant individuals with obesity.

GUIDELINE UPDATE

SOGC guidelines will be automatically reviewed 5 years after publication. However, authors can propose another review date if they feel that 5 years is too short/long based on their expert knowledge of the subject matter.

SPONSORS

This guideline was developed with resources funded by the SOGC.

SUMMARY STATEMENTS

RECOMMENDATIONS.

Bariatric surgery in patients with gastroesophageal reflux disease and/or hiatus hernia

INTRODUCTION

Gastroesophageal reflux disease (GERD) and hiatus hernia (HH) are frequently encountered comorbidities in patients seeking bariatric and metabolic surgery (BMS) for obesity. sleeve gastrectomy (SG), Roux-en-Y gastric bypass (RYGB), and one anastomosis gastric bypass (OAGB) are the three commonest bariatric procedures performed worldwide. The purpose of this review was to analyze and compare the data on outcomes of these three procedures in patients with GERD and/or HH.

EVIDENCE ACQUISITION

We examined published English language scientific literature available on PubMed for data comparing SG, RYGB, and OAGB with specific focus on GERD outcomes and outcomes in those with GERD and/or HH.

EVIDENCE SYNTHESIS

Several authors have addressed the outcome of GERD after bariatric surgery. There have been randomized control trials and comparative studies in the literature comparing the results of these procedure. But very few studies have exclusively looked into the outcome of different procedures in patients with pre-existing GERD and/or HH. In this narrative review, we evaluate pros and cons of three commonest bariatric procedures worldwide in this subgroup of patients seeking BMS. We also suggest an algorithm on the basis of our experience and the available data in scientific literature.

CONCLUSIONS

Though RYGB is the best anti reflux procedure it is associated with significant higher morbidity/mortality as compared to SG and OAGB. These two procedures can be used in the majority of patients with GERD and/or HH seeking BMS with an acceptance that some patients will need conversion to RYGB in the long term.

Use of sleeve gastrectomy in adolescents and young adults with severe obesity

PURPOSE OF REVIEW

The prevalence of pediatric obesity and its associated complications is increasing around the world. Treatment of obesity is challenging and metabolic and bariatric surgery (MBS) is currently the most effective treatment for this condition. At this time, vertical sleeve gastrectomy (VSG) is the most commonly performed bariatric procedure in adolescents. However, knowledge regarding the efficacy, safety, and durability of VSG in adolescents is still evolving. This review summarizes the most recent updates in the field of MBS particularly VSG in adolescents.

RECENT FINDINGS

MBS is recommended to treat moderate to severe obesity, especially when complicated by comorbidities. The use of VSG for weight loss is increasing among adolescents and produces similar weight loss at five years in both adolescents and adults. The physiologic mechanisms causing weight loss after VSG are multifactorial and still being investigated. The complication rate after VSG ranges between 0 and 17.5%.

SUMMARY

VSG appears to be a well-tolerated and effective procedure in adolescents. However, it continues to be underutilized despite the increasing prevalence of moderate to severe obesity in adolescents. It is thus important to educate providers regarding its benefits and safety profile.

The hundred most frequently cited studies on sleeve gastrectomy

INTRODUCTION

Sleeve gastrectomy (SG) is one of the most popular bariatric operations and one of the most frequently studied areas in bariatric surgery.

AIM

To summarise the characteristics of the most frequently cited studies focusing on SG.

MATERIAL AND METHODS

We used the Web of Science database to identify all studies focused on SG published from 2000 to 2018. The term "sleeve gastrectomy" and synonyms were used to reveal the 100 most cited records.

RESULTS

The most frequently cited publication had 493 citations. The highest mean number of citations per year was 73.00. Studies were most frequently published in the years 2010 and 2012. Articles were most commonly published in bariatric surgery-oriented journals.

CONCLUSIONS

Our study indicates an increase in medical researchers' interest in the subject of SG and underlines the need to perform studies with a higher level of evidence to further analyse the outcomes and basic science behind SG.

Effect of Resection Distance from Pylorus on Weight Loss Outcomes in Laparoscopic Sleeve Gastrectomy

BACKGROUND

Despite the established efficacy and safety of laparoscopic sleeve gastrectomy (LSG), controversy still exists on optimal operative technique, the resection distance from pylorus (DP) being among the most controversial issues. This study aimed to examine the effect of resection distance from pylorus on % excess weight loss (EWL) during postoperative period, in patients who underwent LSG for morbid obesity.

METHODS

A total of 390 patients who underwent laparoscopic sleeve gastrectomy for morbid obesity were included in this retrospective study. Patients were allocated into one of the two groups based on the distance between antrum resection margin and pylorus: group A, ≤ 3 cm and group B, > 3 cm. Follow-up data for %EWS and nausea/vomiting as well as demographical and perioperative data were retrospectively reviewed and logistic regression analysis was done.

RESULTS

Follow-up data up to 12 months were available for all patients, whereas 199 patients had follow-up data at 24 months. Shorter distance from pylorus was associated with higher %EWL throughout the treatment period (p < 0.001), evident from the first postoperative month (p = 0.013 for the first month, p < 0.001 for all other time points). The benefit extended up to 24 months in ≤ 3 cm group. However, nausea/vomiting was more frequent in the ≤ 3 cm group only at 1-month visit (15% vs. 4%, p < 0.001). In multivariate evaluations, while %EWL variable was taken as a dependent variable, time variable with DP × time interaction was statistically significant in the model.

CONCLUSIONS

Our findings indicate that a short distance between resection margin and pylorus is associated with better and sustained %EWL in LSG. However, these patients seem to be more prone to nausea and vomiting in the early postoperative period. Further prospective large studies would help to define an optimal resection distance.

Food Tolerance After Laparoscopic Sleeve Gastrectomy with Total Antral Resection

BACKGROUND

Among the controversial points in laparoscopic sleeve gastrectomy (LSG) is how much of the antrum to be resected. This study aimed to evaluate food tolerance after preservation or resection of the antrum during LSG.

METHODS

Prospective randomized study included 50 patients scheduled for LSG. Participants were randomly allocated into one of two groups. In antral resection (AR-LSG) group (n = 25), resection started 2 cm from the pylorus. In antral sparing (AS-LSG) group (n = 25), it started 6 cm from the pylorus. Percentage of excess weight loss (%EWL) and percentage of excess BMI loss (%EBL) were evaluated after 3 and 6 months. Quality of life (QOL) was evaluated by using the Bariatric Analysis and Reporting Outcome System (BAROS). Food tolerance was assessed using the Quality of Alimentation questionnaire. Primary outcome measure was food tolerance and %EWL.

RESULTS

Food tolerance was significantly better in the antral sparing group compared to the antral resection group after 3 and 6 months. The two groups were comparable in %EWL and BMI change after 3 and 6 months. Six months after surgery, the majority of patients had a very good quality of life, with no significant difference between the two groups (p = 0.877). There was no significant difference between the two groups in operative time, intraoperative blood loss, and hospital stay.

CONCLUSIONS

Preservation of the pyloric antrum during LSG is associated with significantly better food tolerance and comparable effect of weight loss up to 6 months postoperatively when compared with total antral resection.

Comparison of Intravenous Ibuprofen and Paracetamol for Postoperative Pain Management after Laparoscopic Sleeve Gastrectomy. A Randomized Controlled Study

BACKGROUND

Laparoscopic sleeve gastrectomy (LSG) is defined as the first-step bariatric surgery for the treatment of obesity. Opioid analgesics are often preferred for pain management because of their strong analgesic potentials. However, opioids have undesirable adverse effects.

OBJECTIVES

The objective of this study is to evaluate and compare the influence of IV forms of ibuprofen and paracetamol on pain management and opioid consumption on patients undergoing LSG surgery.

SETTING

This study was conducted at Istanbul Medipol University Hospital.

METHODS

Patients were stratified into three groups. Group I (group ibuprofen, n = 30) was administered 800 mg of IV ibuprofen, group P (group paracetamol, n = 30) was administered 1000 mg of IV paracetamol, and group C (control group, n = 30) was given 100 ml of saline solution. We evaluated opioid consumption and VAS scores postoperatively.

RESULTS

This study included 90 patients who underwent LSG. The use of rescue medication in group I was statistically lower than the other groups. VAS scores in group I and group P at recovery and at 2, 4, 8, 12, and 24 h were lower than those in group C. In particular, the VAS scores in group I at the first 2 h postoperatively were significantly lower than those in group P (p < 0.05). Opioid consumption in group C was significantly higher than the other groups (p < 0.05).

CONCLUSION

Our study suggested that IV ibuprofen resulted in lower pain scores compared to paracetamol by reducing postoperative opioid use in the first 24 h in patients undergoing LSG surgery.