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Laroche C, Lucchini G, Worth A, Marks SD. Optimal transplantation options for children with Schimke immuno-osseous dysplasia. Pediatr Transplant 2024; 28:e14616. [PMID: 37787006 DOI: 10.1111/petr.14616] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/14/2023] [Accepted: 08/18/2023] [Indexed: 10/04/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Camille Laroche
- Department of Paediatric Nephrology, Great Ormond Street Hospital for Children NHS Foundation Trust, London, UK
| | - Giovanna Lucchini
- Department of Paediatric Immunology, Great Ormond Street Hospital for Children NHS Foundation Trust, London, UK
| | - Austen Worth
- Department of Paediatric Immunology, Great Ormond Street Hospital for Children NHS Foundation Trust, London, UK
| | - Stephen D Marks
- Department of Paediatric Nephrology, Great Ormond Street Hospital for Children NHS Foundation Trust, London, UK
- NIHR Great Ormond Street Hospital Biomedical Research Centre, University College London Great Ormond Street Institute of Child Health, London, UK
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2
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Nagai TH, Hartigan C, Mizoguchi T, Yu H, Deik A, Bullock K, Wang Y, Cromley D, Schenone M, Cowan CA, Rader DJ, Clish CB, Carr SA, Xu YX. Chromatin regulator SMARCAL1 modulates cellular lipid metabolism. Commun Biol 2023; 6:1298. [PMID: 38129665 PMCID: PMC10739977 DOI: 10.1038/s42003-023-05665-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/25/2023] [Accepted: 12/04/2023] [Indexed: 12/23/2023] Open
Abstract
Biallelic mutations of the chromatin regulator SMARCAL1 cause Schimke Immunoosseous Dysplasia (SIOD), characterized by severe growth defects and premature mortality. Atherosclerosis and hyperlipidemia are common among SIOD patients, yet their onset and progression are poorly understood. Using an integrative approach involving proteomics, mouse models, and population genetics, we investigated SMARCAL1's role. We found that SmarcAL1 interacts with angiopoietin-like 3 (Angptl3), a key regulator of lipoprotein metabolism. In vitro and in vivo analyses demonstrate SmarcAL1's vital role in maintaining cellular lipid homeostasis. The observed translocation of SmarcAL1 to cytoplasmic peroxisomes suggests a potential regulatory role in lipid metabolism through gene expression. SmarcAL1 gene inactivation reduces the expression of key genes in cellular lipid catabolism. Population genetics investigations highlight significant associations between SMARCAL1 genetic variations and body mass index, along with lipid-related traits. This study underscores SMARCAL1's pivotal role in cellular lipid metabolism, likely contributing to the observed lipid phenotypes in SIOD patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Taylor Hanta Nagai
- Center for Genomic Medicine, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, MA, 02114, USA
| | | | - Taiji Mizoguchi
- Center for Genomic Medicine, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, MA, 02114, USA
| | - Haojie Yu
- Division of Cardiovascular Medicine, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, 02215, USA
| | - Amy Deik
- Broad Institute of MIT and Harvard, Cambridge, MA, 02142, USA
| | - Kevin Bullock
- Broad Institute of MIT and Harvard, Cambridge, MA, 02142, USA
| | - Yanyan Wang
- Center for Genomic Medicine, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, MA, 02114, USA
| | - Debra Cromley
- Division of Translational Medicine and Human Genetics, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, 19104, USA
| | - Monica Schenone
- Broad Institute of MIT and Harvard, Cambridge, MA, 02142, USA
| | - Chad A Cowan
- Division of Cardiovascular Medicine, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, 02215, USA
| | - Daniel J Rader
- Division of Translational Medicine and Human Genetics, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, 19104, USA
- Institute for Translational Medicine and Therapeutics, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, 19104, USA
| | - Clary B Clish
- Broad Institute of MIT and Harvard, Cambridge, MA, 02142, USA
| | - Steven A Carr
- Broad Institute of MIT and Harvard, Cambridge, MA, 02142, USA
| | - Yu-Xin Xu
- Center for Genomic Medicine, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, MA, 02114, USA.
- Department of Medicine, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, 02115, USA.
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3
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Woo HA, Kim SH, Ahn YH, Min SI, Ha J, Ha IS, Cheong HI, Kang HG. Clinical course of post-kidney transplant Schimke immuno-osseous dysplasia. Pediatr Transplant 2023; 27:e14605. [PMID: 37691539 DOI: 10.1111/petr.14605] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/27/2022] [Revised: 01/02/2023] [Accepted: 08/18/2023] [Indexed: 09/12/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Schimke immuno-osseous dysplasia (SIOD) is a rare systemic disease characterized by short stature, proteinuria, and recurrent infections. Patients usually have spondyloepiphyseal dysplasia, and progressive steroid-resistant nephropathy that leads to kidney failure. However, their clinical course after kidney transplantation (KT) is not yet well known. Here, we present our experience with cases of SIOD treated at our institute. CASE PRESENTATION Since 2014, three children have been diagnosed with nephropathy resulting from SIOD. They presented with proteinuria in the nephrotic range at 7, 5, and 3 years of age. Focal segmental glomerulosclerosis was confirmed and progressed to kidney failure approximately 2 years after proteinuria was detected. These patients underwent living-donor KT from their parents. After KT, Case 1 lost his graft within 7 months due to multi-organ failure caused by disseminated adenovirus infection and died. Case 2 experienced graft failure 5 years after KT due to acute rejection from poor compliance. In Case 3, the allograft was still functioning 6 years after KT with low-dose tacrolimus single medication (trough level < 5 ng/mL). Extra-renal manifestations progressed regardless of KT, namely, right renal vein thrombosis and pulmonary hypertension in Case 1, severe bilateral hip dysplasia and Moyamoya syndrome in Case 2, and neutropenia and thrombocytopenia in Case 3, in addition to recurrent infection. CONCLUSION In SIOD patients, KT is complicated with recurrent infections due to their inherent immune dysfunction. Additionally, extra-renal symptoms may render the patients morbid despite the recovery of kidney function.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hyun Ah Woo
- Department of Pediatrics, Seoul National University Hospital and Seoul National University College of Medicine, Seoul, Korea
| | - Seong Heon Kim
- Department of Pediatrics, Seoul National University Hospital and Seoul National University College of Medicine, Seoul, Korea
| | - Yo Han Ahn
- Department of Pediatrics, Seoul National University Hospital and Seoul National University College of Medicine, Seoul, Korea
| | - Sang Il Min
- Department of Surgery, Seoul National University Hospital and Seoul National University College of Medicine, Seoul, Korea
| | - Jongwon Ha
- Department of Surgery, Seoul National University Hospital and Seoul National University College of Medicine, Seoul, Korea
| | - Il-Soo Ha
- Department of Pediatrics, Seoul National University Hospital and Seoul National University College of Medicine, Seoul, Korea
| | - Hae Il Cheong
- Department of Pediatrics, Seoul National University Hospital and Seoul National University College of Medicine, Seoul, Korea
| | - Hee Gyung Kang
- Department of Pediatrics, Seoul National University Hospital and Seoul National University College of Medicine, Seoul, Korea
- Kidney Research Institute, Seoul National University Medical Research Center, Seoul, Korea
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4
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Nayak M, Mishra B, Gaikwad SB, Sarma K, Tripathi M. Moyamoya Syndrome in Schimke Immune-Osseous Dysplasia: A Rare Association. Cureus 2022; 14:e25838. [PMID: 35836429 PMCID: PMC9273200 DOI: 10.7759/cureus.25838] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 06/10/2022] [Indexed: 11/05/2022] Open
Abstract
Schimke immuno-osseous dysplasia (SIOD) is an uncommon autosomal recessive (AR) spondylo-epiphyseal dysplasia (SED) and its clinical course and phenotype are yet to be properly described. The phenotypic presentation is quite varied with involvement of the renal, skeletal, vascular, immune, and hematopoietic systems being the most common presentation. We describe a 19-year-old female who presented with adolescent-onset brain and skeletal involvement without renal manifestations. Based on imaging and clinical features, she was diagnosed with a case of SIOD. There is no definitive treatment yet for this disorder, however, clinicians should be aware of this disorder so that adequate counseling and symptomatic management, especially in controlling hypertension and dyslipidemia, can be provided to the affected patients.
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5
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Castellano-Martinez A, Acuñas-Soto S, de la Varga Martínez R, Rodriguez-Gonzalez M, Mora-Lopez F, Iriarte-Gahete M, Roldan-Cano V. Different phenotypes of Schimke immuno-osseous dysplasia (SIOD) in two sisters with the same mutation in the SMARCAL1 gene: case reports. Endocr Metab Immune Disord Drug Targets 2022; 22:888-894. [PMID: 35209826 DOI: 10.2174/1871530322666220223154028] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/10/2021] [Revised: 01/09/2022] [Accepted: 01/17/2022] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Schimke immuno-osseous dysplasia (SIOD) is a very rare autosomal recessive genetic disease caused by mutations in the SMARCAL1 gene. It is characterized by spondyloepiphyseal dysplasia, T-cell immunodeficiency, hypercromic nevi, hypercholesterolemia and steroid-resistant nephrotic syndrome with progressive renal failure to end-stage kidney disease. CASE PRESENTATION We report two cases of SIOD in sisters, diagnosed after the debut of nephrotic syndrome. Both had a personal history of short stature, acetabular hip dysplasia and hypercholesterolemia. The first case, a 6 year-old girl, presented peripheral refractory edema, severe arterial hypertension and progressive decrease of the glomerular filtration rate. Steroid-resistance of nephrotic syndrome was confirmed, treated with tacrolimus without response. Renal function worsened over the following 4 months, so haemodialysis was started. Her sister, a 5 years-old girl, had steroid-resistant nephrotic syndrome, who is currently with normal blood pressure and normal renal function under enalapril treatment. In view of the suspicion of SIOD, the genetic studies were carried out, revealing the same mutation in homozygosis. CONCLUSIONS SIOD has a variable expression with multi-systemic involvement with a short life expectancy. The early diagnosis is important, which can encourage the early start of treatment and anticipation of complications that may be life-threatening.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Silvia Acuñas-Soto
- Pediatric Nephrology Department of Puerta del Mar University Hospital, Cadiz, Spain
| | | | | | - Francisco Mora-Lopez
- Haematology, Immunology and Genetics Department of Puerta del Mar University Hospital, Cadiz, Spain
| | - Marianela Iriarte-Gahete
- Haematology, Immunology and Genetics Department of Puerta del Mar University Hospital, Cadiz, Spain
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6
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Beleford DT, Diab M, Qubty WF, Malloy MJ, Long RK, Shieh JT. Schimke immunoosseous dysplasia and management considerations for vascular risks. Am J Med Genet A 2019; 179:1246-1252. [PMID: 31039288 DOI: 10.1002/ajmg.a.61148] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/28/2018] [Revised: 01/31/2019] [Accepted: 02/22/2019] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Abstract
Schimke immunoosseous dysplasia (SIOD) is a multisystemic condition characterized by early arteriosclerosis and progressive renal insufficiency, among other features. Many SIOD patients have severe, migraine-like headaches, transient neurologic attacks, or cerebral ischemic events. Cerebral events could be exacerbated or precipitated by hypertension, and it is unclear how these are related to arteriosclerotic changes as dyslipidemia is also a feature of SIOD. The correlation between hypercholesterolemia and cardiovascular risk in SIOD is unclear. Also, the etiology and management of headaches is not well characterized. Here we report our clinical observations in the management of SIOD in a patient who was diagnosed in school age despite early signs and symptoms. We describe biallelic variants, including a previously unreported c.1931G>A (p.Arg644Gln) variant in SMARCAL1. We specifically investigated whether migraine-like headaches and progressive nephropathy may be related to blood pressure dysregulation. We found a correlation between tighter blood pressure regulation using ambulatory blood pressure monitoring and a subjective decrease in headache symptoms. We discuss blood pressure medication management in SIOD. We also characterize dyslipidemia relative to atherosclerosis risks and provide new management strategies to consider for optimizing care.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daniah T Beleford
- Division of Medical Genetics, Department of Pediatrics, Institute for Human Genetics, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, California
| | - Mohammad Diab
- Pediatric Orthopaedics, Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, California
| | - William F Qubty
- Pediatric Headache, Division of Child Neurology, Department of Neurology, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, California
| | - Mary J Malloy
- Departments of Medicine and Pediatrics, Cardiovascular Research Institute, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, California
| | - Roger K Long
- Division of Pediatric Endocrinology, Department of Pediatrics, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, California
| | - Joseph T Shieh
- Division of Medical Genetics, Department of Pediatrics, Institute for Human Genetics, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, California.,Institute for Human Genetics and Department of Pediatrics, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, California
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7
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Yuruk Yildirim Z, Ozkan M, Yilmaz A, Kayserili H, Pehlivanoglu C, Emre S, Nayir A. An unusual cause of nephrotic syndrome: Answers. Pediatr Nephrol 2019; 34:819-821. [PMID: 30406368 DOI: 10.1007/s00467-018-4115-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/26/2018] [Revised: 09/27/2018] [Accepted: 10/05/2018] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Zeynep Yuruk Yildirim
- Istanbul Faculty of Medicine, Pediatric Nephrology Department, Istanbul University, Istanbul, Turkey.
| | - Melis Ozkan
- Istanbul Faculty of Medicine, Department of Pediatrics, Istanbul University, Istanbul, Turkey
| | - Alev Yilmaz
- Istanbul Faculty of Medicine, Pediatric Nephrology Department, Istanbul University, Istanbul, Turkey
| | - Hülya Kayserili
- Istanbul Faculty of Medicine, Medical Genetics Department, Istanbul University, Istanbul, Turkey.,Medical Genetics Department & Genetic Diagnosis Center, Koç University School of Medicine, Istanbul, Turkey
| | - Cemile Pehlivanoglu
- Istanbul Faculty of Medicine, Pediatric Nephrology Department, Istanbul University, Istanbul, Turkey
| | - Sevinc Emre
- Istanbul Faculty of Medicine, Pediatric Nephrology Department, Istanbul University, Istanbul, Turkey
| | - Ahmet Nayir
- Istanbul Faculty of Medicine, Pediatric Nephrology Department, Istanbul University, Istanbul, Turkey
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8
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Morimoto M, Myung C, Beirnes K, Choi K, Asakura Y, Bokenkamp A, Bonneau D, Brugnara M, Charrow J, Colin E, Davis A, Deschenes G, Gentile M, Giordano M, Gormley AK, Govender R, Joseph M, Keller K, Lerut E, Levtchenko E, Massella L, Mayfield C, Najafian B, Parham D, Spranger J, Stenzel P, Yis U, Yu Z, Zonana J, Hendson G, Boerkoel CF. Increased Wnt and Notch signaling: a clue to the renal disease in Schimke immuno-osseous dysplasia? Orphanet J Rare Dis 2016; 11:149. [PMID: 27816064 PMCID: PMC5097426 DOI: 10.1186/s13023-016-0519-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/14/2016] [Accepted: 09/23/2016] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Schimke immuno-osseous dysplasia (SIOD) is a multisystemic disorder caused by biallelic mutations in the SWI/SNF-related matrix-associated actin-dependent regulator of chromatin, subfamily A-like 1 (SMARCAL1) gene. Changes in gene expression underlie the arteriosclerosis and T-cell immunodeficiency of SIOD; therefore, we hypothesized that SMARCAL1 deficiency causes the focal segmental glomerulosclerosis (FSGS) of SIOD by altering renal gene expression. We tested this hypothesis by gene expression analysis of an SIOD patient kidney and verified these findings through immunofluorescent analysis in additional SIOD patients and a genetic interaction analysis in Drosophila. Results We found increased expression of components and targets of the Wnt and Notch signaling pathways in the SIOD patient kidney, increased levels of unphosphorylated β-catenin and Notch1 intracellular domain in the glomeruli of most SIOD patient kidneys, and genetic interaction between the Drosophila SMARCAL1 homologue Marcal1 and genes of the Wnt and Notch signaling pathways. Conclusions We conclude that increased Wnt and Notch activity result from SMARCAL1 deficiency and, as established causes of FSGS, contribute to the renal disease of most SIOD patients. This further clarifies the pathogenesis of SIOD and will hopefully direct potential therapeutic approaches for SIOD patients. Electronic supplementary material The online version of this article (doi:10.1186/s13023-016-0519-7) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marie Morimoto
- Department of Medical Genetics, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC, Canada.,Child & Family Research Institute, Vancouver, BC, Canada
| | - Clara Myung
- Department of Medical Genetics, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC, Canada.,Child & Family Research Institute, Vancouver, BC, Canada
| | - Kimberly Beirnes
- Department of Medical Genetics, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC, Canada.,Child & Family Research Institute, Vancouver, BC, Canada
| | - Kunho Choi
- Department of Medical Genetics, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC, Canada.,Child & Family Research Institute, Vancouver, BC, Canada
| | - Yumi Asakura
- Department of Endocrinology & Metabolism, Kanagawa Children's Medical Center, Yokohama, Japan
| | - Arend Bokenkamp
- Department of Pediatric Nephrology, VU University Medical Center, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Dominique Bonneau
- Département de Biochimie et Génétique, Centre Hospitalier Universitaire d'Angers, Angers, France
| | - Milena Brugnara
- Department of Pediatrics, University of Verona, Verona, Italy
| | - Joel Charrow
- Division of Genetics, Birth Defects and Metabolism, Ann and Robert H. Lurie Children's Hospital of Chicago, Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine, Chicago, IL, USA
| | - Estelle Colin
- Département de Biochimie et Génétique, Centre Hospitalier Universitaire d'Angers, Angers, France
| | - Amira Davis
- Seattle Children's Hospital, Seattle, WA, USA
| | | | - Mattia Gentile
- Department of Medical Genetics, Hospital Di Venere - ASL Bari, Bari, Italy
| | - Mario Giordano
- Pediatric Nephrology and Dialysis Unit, Ospedale Pediatrico Giovanni XXIII, Bari, Italy
| | - Andrew K Gormley
- Department of Pediatrics, University of Oklahoma Health Sciences Center, Oklahoma City, OK, USA
| | - Rajeshree Govender
- Department of Pediatrics and Child Health, Nelson R. Mandela School of Medicine, University of KwaZulu-Natal, Durban, South Africa
| | - Mark Joseph
- Department of Pediatric Nephrology, Phoenix Children's Hospital, Phoenix, AZ, USA
| | - Kory Keller
- Child Development and Rehabiliation Center, Oregon Institute on Disability & Development, Oregon Health & Science University, Portland, OR, USA
| | - Evelyne Lerut
- Department of Pathology, University Hospitals Leuven, Leuven, Belgium
| | - Elena Levtchenko
- Department of Pediatric Nephrology, University Hospitals Leuven, Leuven, Belgium
| | - Laura Massella
- Division of Nephrology, Bambino Gesù Children's Hospital and Research Institute, Rome, Italy
| | | | - Behzad Najafian
- Department of Pathology, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, USA
| | - David Parham
- Department of Pathology, Children's Hospital Los Angeles and Keck School of Medicine, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA, USA
| | | | - Peter Stenzel
- Department of Pathology, Oregon Health and Science University, Portland, OR, USA
| | - Uluc Yis
- Department of Pediatrics, Division of Child Neurology, Dokuz Eylül University, School of Medicine, İzmir, Turkey
| | - Zhongxin Yu
- Department of Pathology, University of Oklahoma Health Sciences Center, Oklahoma City, OK, USA
| | - Jonathan Zonana
- Child Development and Rehabiliation Center, Oregon Institute on Disability & Development, Oregon Health & Science University, Portland, OR, USA
| | - Glenda Hendson
- Department of Anatomic Pathology, Children's and Women's Health Centre of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC, Canada
| | - Cornelius F Boerkoel
- Department of Medical Genetics, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC, Canada. .,Child & Family Research Institute, Vancouver, BC, Canada. .,Provincial Medical Genetics Program, Department of Medical Genetics, Children's and Women's Health Centre of British Columbia, 4500 Oak Street, Room C234, Vancouver, BC, V6H 3N1, Canada.
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9
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Westbroek EM, Mukerji N, Kalanithi P, Steinberg GK. Internal carotid artery surgical revascularization in a pediatric patient with Schimke immuno-osseous dysplasia. J Neurosurg Pediatr 2015; 15:189-91. [PMID: 25431900 DOI: 10.3171/2014.10.peds14141] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Schimke immuno-osseous dysplasia (SIOD) is a rare autosomal recessive disorder characterized by spondyloepiphyseal dysplasia, episodic lymphopenia, renal failure, and cerebrovascular disease secondary to arteriosclerosis and myointimal hyperplasia. In this paper the authors report the first known application of internal carotid artery (ICA) surgical revascularization to relieve a high-grade focal stenosis of the ICA in a pediatric patient, a 6-year-old boy with SIOD. The clinical presentation, imaging features, operative technique, and postoperative course are described and the molecular genetics, pathophysiology, and treatment considerations in SIOD are discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Erick M Westbroek
- Department of Neurosurgery and Stanford Stroke Center, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, California
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10
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Gendronneau M, Kérourédan O, Taque S, Sixou JL, Bonnaure-Mallet M. Dental abnormalities and preventive oral care in Schimke immuno-osseous dysplasia. Eur Arch Paediatr Dent 2013; 15:217-21. [PMID: 24327104 DOI: 10.1007/s40368-013-0099-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/27/2013] [Accepted: 11/27/2013] [Indexed: 12/01/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Schimke immuno-osseous dysplasia (SIOD) is a rare, severe, autosomal recessive disorder that results in spondyloepiphyseal dysplasia, renal dysfunction, immunodeficiency, facial dysmorphism and growth failure. Little is known about oral features associated with SIOD. Some of the dental anomalies encountered are specific to SIOD and have only been reported in individuals with SIOD. CASE REPORT This paper describes the clinical and radiographic dental manifestations of SIOD in two Caucasian brothers. Both lived to be about 10 years old. After a variety of symptoms were reported, a diagnosis of SIOD was finally made when the brothers were, respectively, 5 and 8 years old. At that time, dental anomalies, such as dyschromia, bulbous crowns, short and thin roots, had not been taken into account to establish the diagnosis. However, knowledge of the dental features characteristic of this disease could have helped make the diagnosis. Although both were caries- and periodontal disease-free, special attention was focused on prevention, including dietary counselling, plaque control, oral hygiene instructions and the use of fluoridated toothpaste. FOLLOW-UP The two patients were followed every 6 months, for over 2 years (until their death), by both a private dentist and a university hospital dentist, which helped them maintain good oral health. Oral hygiene was assessed at each appointment and fissure sealants were placed by the private practitioner on their first permanent molars. CONCLUSION This report describes dental anomalies specific to SIOD that could facilitate diagnosis. Clinicians and dentists should work in collaboration to diagnose and treat children with SIOD. These patients require regular and specific dental management because of their fragile health and their characteristic dental anomalies. Ideally, preventive visits should be scheduled every 6 months in addition to curative visits as needed.
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Affiliation(s)
- M Gendronneau
- Université Européenne de Bretagne, Université de Rennes 1 and Centre Hospitalier Universitaire de Rennes, Rennes, France
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11
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Simon AJ, Lev A, Jeison M, Borochowitz ZU, Korn D, Lerenthal Y, Somech R. Novel SMARCAL1 bi-allelic mutations associated with a chromosomal breakage phenotype in a severe SIOD patient. J Clin Immunol 2013; 34:76-83. [PMID: 24197801 DOI: 10.1007/s10875-013-9957-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/20/2013] [Accepted: 10/14/2013] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE Chromosomal instability syndromes include a group of rare diseases characterized by defective DNA-damage-response and increased risk of chromosomal breakage. Patients display defects in the recognition and/or repair of DNA damage, with a subsequent high rate of malignancies and abnormal gene rearrangements. Other clinical manifestations, such as immunodeficiency, neurodevelopmental delay and skeletal abnormalities, are present in some of these syndromes. We studied a patient with profound T-lymphocyte defect, neurodevelopmental delay, facial dysmorphism, nephrotic syndrome and spondyloepiphyseal bone dysplasia typical of SIOD. METHODS Karyotype and chromosome fragility assays on patients' peripheral blood mononuclear cells showed an abnormal rate of spontaneous breaks. Cell cycle analysis of patient's fibroblasts following replication stress induced by hydroxyhurea revealed a delay in their release from S-phase to G2. When using higher concentrations of hydroxyhurea no patient fibroblast colonies could survive, compared with control fibroblasts. Whole-exome sequencing revealed novel compound heterozygote mutations in SMARCAL1 gene, resulting in putative frame shifts of encoded SMARCAL1 from each allele and no detected protein in patient's cells. The patient's youngest brother was found to have similar manifestations of SIOD but of less severity, including short stature, facial dysmorphism and typical osseous dysplasia, but no clinical findings suggestive of immunodeficiency and no chromosomal fragility. Similar to his sister, the brother carries both bi-allelic mutations in SMARCAL1 gene. CONCLUSIONS We present here the first evidence of intrinsic chromosomal instability in a severe SMARCAL1-deficient patient with a clinical picture of SIOD. Our results are consistent with the recently outlined role of SMARCAL1 protein in DNA damage response.
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Affiliation(s)
- Amos J Simon
- Cancer Research Center, Chaim Sheba Medical Center, Tel Hashomer, 52621, Israel,
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12
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Morimoto M, Kérourédan O, Gendronneau M, Shuen C, Baradaran-Heravi A, Asakura Y, Basiratnia M, Bogdanovic R, Bonneau D, Buck A, Charrow J, Cochat P, Dehaai KA, Fenkçi MS, Frange P, Fründ S, Fryssira H, Keller K, Kirmani S, Kobelka C, Kohler K, Lewis DB, Massella L, McLeod DR, Milford DV, Nobili F, Olney AH, Semerci CN, Stajic N, Stein A, Taque S, Zonana J, Lücke T, Hendson G, Bonnaure-Mallet M, Boerkoel CF. Dental abnormalities in Schimke immuno-osseous dysplasia. J Dent Res 2012; 91:29S-37S. [PMID: 22699664 DOI: 10.1177/0022034512450299] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Described for the first time in 1971, Schimke immuno-osseous dysplasia (SIOD) is an autosomal-recessive multisystem disorder that is caused by bi-allelic mutations of SMARCAL1, which encodes a DNA annealing helicase. To define better the dental anomalies of SIOD, we reviewed the records from SIOD patients with identified bi-allelic SMARCAL1 mutations, and we found that 66.0% had microdontia, hypodontia, or malformed deciduous and permanent molars. Immunohistochemical analyses showed expression of SMARCAL1 in all developing teeth, raising the possibility that the malformations are cell-autonomous consequences of SMARCAL1 deficiency. We also found that stimulation of cultured skin fibroblasts from SIOD patients with the tooth morphogens WNT3A, BMP4, and TGFβ1 identified altered transcriptional responses, raising the hypothesis that the dental malformations arise in part from altered responses to developmental morphogens. To the best of our knowledge, this is the first systematic study of the dental anomalies associated with SIOD.
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Affiliation(s)
- M Morimoto
- Department of Medical Genetics, Child and Family Research Institute, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC, Canada
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13
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Morimoto M, Yu Z, Stenzel P, Clewing JM, Najafian B, Mayfield C, Hendson G, Weinkauf JG, Gormley AK, Parham DM, Ponniah U, André JL, Asakura Y, Basiratnia M, Bogdanović R, Bokenkamp A, Bonneau D, Buck A, Charrow J, Cochat P, Cordeiro I, Deschenes G, Fenkçi MS, Frange P, Fründ S, Fryssira H, Guillen-Navarro E, Keller K, Kirmani S, Kobelka C, Lamfers P, Levtchenko E, Lewis DB, Massella L, McLeod DR, Milford DV, Nobili F, Saraiva JM, Semerci CN, Shoemaker L, Stajić N, Stein A, Taha D, Wand D, Zonana J, Lücke T, Boerkoel CF. Reduced elastogenesis: a clue to the arteriosclerosis and emphysematous changes in Schimke immuno-osseous dysplasia? Orphanet J Rare Dis 2012; 7:70. [PMID: 22998683 PMCID: PMC3568709 DOI: 10.1186/1750-1172-7-70] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/15/2012] [Accepted: 09/14/2012] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Arteriosclerosis and emphysema develop in individuals with Schimke immuno-osseous dysplasia (SIOD), a multisystem disorder caused by biallelic mutations in SMARCAL1 (SWI/SNF-related, matrix-associated, actin-dependent regulator of chromatin, subfamily a-like 1). However, the mechanism by which the vascular and pulmonary disease arises in SIOD remains unknown. METHODS We reviewed the records of 65 patients with SMARCAL1 mutations. Molecular and immunohistochemical analyses were conducted on autopsy tissue from 4 SIOD patients. RESULTS Thirty-two of 63 patients had signs of arteriosclerosis and 3 of 51 had signs of emphysema. The arteriosclerosis was characterized by intimal and medial hyperplasia, smooth muscle cell hyperplasia and fragmented and disorganized elastin fibers, and the pulmonary disease was characterized by panlobular enlargement of air spaces. Consistent with a cell autonomous disorder, SMARCAL1 was expressed in arterial and lung tissue, and both the aorta and lung of SIOD patients had reduced expression of elastin and alterations in the expression of regulators of elastin gene expression. CONCLUSIONS This first comprehensive study of the vascular and pulmonary complications of SIOD shows that these commonly cause morbidity and mortality and might arise from impaired elastogenesis. Additionally, the effect of SMARCAL1 deficiency on elastin expression provides a model for understanding other features of SIOD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marie Morimoto
- Provincial Medical Genetics Program, Department of Medical Genetics, Children's and Women's Health Centre of BC, 4500 Oak Street, Room C234, Vancouver, BC, V6H 3N1, Canada
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14
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Lücke T, Kanzelmeyer N, Baradaran-Heravi A, Boerkoel CF, Burg M, Ehrich JHH, Pape L. Improved outcome with immunosuppressive monotherapy after renal transplantation in Schimke-immuno-osseous dysplasia. Pediatr Transplant 2009; 13:482-9. [PMID: 18785907 DOI: 10.1111/j.1399-3046.2008.01013.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Abstract
SIOD is a multisystem disorder caused by a mutant chromatin remodelling protein. The main clinical findings are spondyloepiphyseal dysplasia with disproportionate growth restriction, defective cellular immunity, and steroid-resistant nephrotic syndrome secondary to biopsy proven FSGS leading to ESRF. Concerning ESRF, kidney transplantation is the therapy of choice since FSGS does not recur in the graft. However, with respect to the underlying immune disorder and the increased susceptibility to life threatening infections, the question of the optimal immunosuppressive therapy after renal transplantation remains unresolved. Under conventional immunosuppressive regimens some SIOD patients have developed severe disseminated cutaneous papilloma virus infections or EBV associated lymphoproliferative disease. We present several cases of children with SIOD (four of five had SMARCAL1 mutations) and monotherapy maintenance immunosuppression after renal transplantation and compare them with 13 patients from the SIOD registry. We have found that post-renal transplantation immunosuppressive monotherapy results in a good outcome with a reduced number of severe infections. Due to the underlying immunodeficiency in SIOD, limited immunosuppression may be possible without increasing the risk of acute or chronic rejection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Thomas Lücke
- Department of Pediatric Nephrology, Hannover Medical School, Hannover, Germany.
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15
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Neurologic phenotype of Schimke immuno-osseous dysplasia and neurodevelopmental expression of SMARCAL1. J Neuropathol Exp Neurol 2008; 67:565-77. [PMID: 18520775 DOI: 10.1097/nen.0b013e3181772777] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/14/2023] Open
Abstract
Schimke immuno-osseous dysplasia (OMIM 242900) is an uncommon autosomal-recessive multisystem disease caused by mutations in SMARCAL1 (swi/snf-related, matrix-associated, actin-dependent regulator of chromatin, subfamily a-like 1), a gene encoding a putative chromatin remodeling protein. Neurologic manifestations identified to date relate to enhanced atherosclerosis and cerebrovascular disease. Based on a clinical survey, we determined that half of Schimke immuno-osseous dysplasia patients have a small head circumference, and 15% have social, language, motor, or cognitive abnormalities. Postmortem examination of 2 Schimke immuno-osseous dysplasia patients showed low brain weights and subtle brain histologic abnormalities suggestive of perturbed neuron-glial migration such as heterotopia, irregular cortical thickness, incomplete gyral formation, and poor definition of cortical layers. We found that SMARCAL1 is highly expressed in the developing and adult mouse and human brain, including neural precursors and neuronal lineage cells. These observations suggest that SMARCAL1 deficiency may influence brain development and function in addition to its previously recognized effect on cerebral circulation.
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16
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Lücke T, Clewing JM, Boerkoel CF, Hartmann H, Das AM, Knauth M, Becker H, Donnerstag F. Cerebellar atrophy in Schimke-immuno-osseous dysplasia. Am J Med Genet A 2007; 143A:2040-5. [PMID: 17676601 DOI: 10.1002/ajmg.a.31878] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Abstract
Schimke-immuno-osseous dysplasia is an autosomal-recessive multisystem disorder with the prominent clinical features disproportionate growth failure, progressive renal failure, and T-cell immunodeficiency. Neurological symptoms caused by transient ischemic attacks (TIAs) and strokes are a typical clinical finding in severe SIOD. Cerebral ischemia and white matter changes, moyamoya phenomena and absence of a cerebellar hemisphere and partial absence of the cerebellar vermis have been described in patients with severe SIOD. We present three SIOD patients with atrophy of the caudal parts of the cerebellar vermis (posterior lobule) and of the cerebellar hemispheres. We hypothesize that these cerebellar abnormalities are a continuum of the ongoing vascular disease in severe SIOD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Thomas Lücke
- Department of Pediatrics, Hannover Medical School, Hannover, Germany.
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17
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Clewing JM, Fryssira H, Goodman D, Smithson SF, Sloan EA, Lou S, Huang Y, Choi K, Lücke T, Alpay H, André JL, Asakura Y, Biebuyck-Gouge N, Bogdanovic R, Bonneau D, Cancrini C, Cochat P, Cockfield S, Collard L, Cordeiro I, Cormier-Daire V, Cransberg K, Cutka K, Deschenes G, Ehrich JHH, Fründ S, Georgaki H, Guillen-Navarro E, Hinkelmann B, Kanariou M, Kasap B, Kilic SS, Lama G, Lamfers P, Loirat C, Majore S, Milford D, Morin D, Ozdemir N, Pontz BF, Proesmans W, Psoni S, Reichenbach H, Reif S, Rusu C, Saraiva JM, Sakallioglu O, Schmidt B, Shoemaker L, Sigaudy S, Smith G, Sotsiou F, Stajic N, Stein A, Stray-Pedersen A, Taha D, Taque S, Tizard J, Tsimaratos M, Wong NACS, Boerkoel CF. Schimke immunoosseous dysplasia: suggestions of genetic diversity. Hum Mutat 2007; 28:273-83. [PMID: 17089404 DOI: 10.1002/humu.20432] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
Abstract
Schimke immunoosseous dysplasia (SIOD), which is characterized by prominent spondyloepiphyseal dysplasia, T-cell deficiency, and focal segmental glomerulosclerosis, is a panethnic autosomal recessive multisystem disorder with variable expressivity. Biallelic mutations in switch/sucrose nonfermenting (swi/snf) related, matrix-associated, actin-dependent regulator of chromatin, subfamily a-like 1 (SMARCAL1) are the only identified cause of SIOD. However, among 72 patients from different families, we identified only 38 patients with biallelic mutations in the coding exons and splice junctions of the SMARCAL1 gene. This observation, the variable expressivity, and poor genotype-phenotype correlation led us to test several hypotheses including modifying haplotypes, oligogenic inheritance, or locus heterogeneity in SIOD. Haplotypes associated with the two more common mutations, R820H and E848X, did not correlate with phenotype. Also, contrary to monoallelic SMARCAL1 coding mutations indicating oligogenic inheritance, we found that all these patients did not express RNA and/or protein from the other allele and thus have biallelic SMARCAL1 mutations. We hypothesize therefore that the variable expressivity among patients with biallelic SMARCAL1 mutations arises from environmental, genetic, or epigenetic modifiers. Among patients without detectable SMARCAL1 coding mutations, our analyses of cell lines from four of these patients showed that they expressed normal levels of SMARCAL1 mRNA and protein. This is the first evidence for nonallelic heterogeneity in SIOD. From analysis of the postmortem histopathology from two patients and the clinical data from most patients, we propose the existence of endophenotypes of SIOD.
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Affiliation(s)
- J Marietta Clewing
- Department of Molecular and Human Genetics, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, Texas, USA
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18
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Clewing JM, Antalfy BC, Lücke T, Najafian B, Marwedel KM, Hori A, Powel RM, Do AFS, Najera L, SantaCruz K, Hicks MJ, Armstrong DL, Boerkoel CF. Schimke immuno-osseous dysplasia: a clinicopathological correlation. J Med Genet 2006; 44:122-30. [PMID: 16840568 PMCID: PMC2598061 DOI: 10.1136/jmg.2006.044313] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/03/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Schimke immuno-osseous dysplasia (SIOD) is a fatal autosomal recessive disorder caused by loss-of-function mutations in swi/snf-related matrix-associated actin-dependent regulator of chromatin, subfamily a-like 1 (SMARCAL1). METHODS Analysis of detailed autopsies to correlate clinical and pathological findings in two men severely affected with SIOD. RESULTS As predicted by the clinical course, T cell deficiency in peripheral lymphoid organs, defective chondrogenesis, focal segmental glomerulosclerosis, cerebral ischaemic lesions and premature atherosclerosis were identified. Clinically unexpected findings included a paucity of B cells in the peripheral lymphoid organs, emperipolesis-like (penetration of one cell by another) abnormalities in the adenohypophysis, fatty infiltration of the cardiac right ventricular wall, pulmonary emphysema, testicular hypoplasia with atrophy and azospermia, and clustering of small cerebral vessels. CONCLUSIONS A regulatory role for the SMARCAL1 protein in the proliferation of chondrocytes, lymphocytes and spermatozoa, as well as in the development or maintenance of cardiomyocytes and in vascular homoeostasis, is suggested. Additional clinical management guidelines are recommended as this study has shown that patients with SIOD may be at risk of pulmonary hypertension, combined immunodeficiency, subcortical ischaemic dementia and cardiac dysfunction.
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Affiliation(s)
- J Marietta Clewing
- Department of Molecular and Human Genetics, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, Texas, USA
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Ozdemir N, Alpay H, Bereket A, Bereket G, Biyikli N, Aydoğan M, Cakalağoğlu F, Kiliçaslan I, Akpinar I. Membranous nephropathy in Schimke immuno-osseous dysplasia. Pediatr Nephrol 2006; 21:870-2. [PMID: 16570201 DOI: 10.1007/s00467-006-0082-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/16/2005] [Revised: 12/24/2005] [Accepted: 12/26/2005] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
Schimke immuno-osseous dysplasia is a rare autosomal recessive multi-system disorder, with clinical features of growth retardation, spondylo-epiphyseal dysplasia, nephrotic syndrome and immunodeficiency beginning in childhood. Here, we report a new case, in a 10-year-old boy with characteristic symptoms of Schimke immuno-osseous dysplasia. The patient presented with short stature and, later, developed nephrotic syndrome and peritonitis. In addition, he had perinuclear anti-neutrophilic cytoplasmic antibody (p-ANCA)-positive arthritis. Renal pathology of the patients with this disease usually show focal segmental glomerulonephritis, whereas our patient had membranous nephropathy, which has not previously been reported.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nihal Ozdemir
- Paediatric Nephrology, Marmara University, Istanbul, Turkey
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20
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Elizondo LI, Huang C, Northrop JL, Deguchi K, Clewing JM, Armstrong DL, Boerkoel CF. Schimke immuno-osseous dysplasia: a cell autonomous disorder? Am J Med Genet A 2006; 140:340-8. [PMID: 16419127 DOI: 10.1002/ajmg.a.31089] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Abstract
SMARCAL1 (SWI/SNF-related, matrix-associated, actin-dependent regulator of chromatin, subfamily a-like protein 1) encodes a SWI/SNF ATP-dependent chromatin remodeling protein. Mutations in SMARCAL1 cause the autosomal-recessive multisystem disorder Schimke immuno-osseous dysplasia (SIOD); this suggests that the SMARCAL1 protein is involved in the development or maintenance of multiple organs. Disease within these many tissues could arise by a cell autonomous or a cell non-autonomous mechanism. Consistent with a cell autonomous mechanism, we did not find any disease recurrence in transplanted organs or protection of other tissues by the organ grafts. In order to better understand the role of SMARCAL1 during normal development and in the pathogenesis of SIOD, we characterized the spatial and temporal expression of the murine homolog (Smarcal1). The Smarcal1 mRNA and protein were expressed throughout development and in all tissues affected in patients with SIOD including the bone, kidney, thymus, thyroid, tooth, bone marrow, hair, eye, and blood vessels. Significantly, the expression profile of Smarcal1 in the mouse has led us to reexamine and identify novel pathology in our patient population resulting in changes in the clinical management of SIOD. The expression of Smarcal1 in affected tissues and the non-recurrence of disease in grafted organs lead us to hypothesize a cell autonomous function for SMARCAL1 and to propose tissue-specific mechanisms for the pathophysiology of SIOD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Leah I Elizondo
- Interdepartmental Program in Cell and Molecular Biology, Baylor College of Medicine, One Baylor Plaza, Houston, Texas 77030, USA
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21
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Chesney RW, Brewer E, Moxey-Mims M, Watkins S, Furth SL, Harmon WE, Fine RN, Portman RJ, Warady BA, Salusky IB, Langman CB, Gipson D, Scheidt P, Feldman H, Kaskel FJ, Siegel NJ. Report of an NIH task force on research priorities in chronic kidney disease in children. Pediatr Nephrol 2006; 21:14-25. [PMID: 16252095 DOI: 10.1007/s00467-005-2087-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/17/2005] [Revised: 06/09/2005] [Accepted: 08/04/2005] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Russell W Chesney
- Department of Pediatrics, University of Tennessee Health Science Center, 50 North Dunlap, 38103-4909, USA.
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22
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Bökenkamp A, deJong M, van Wijk JAE, Block D, van Hagen JM, Ludwig M. R561C missense mutation in the SMARCAL1 gene associated with mild Schimke immuno-osseous dysplasia. Pediatr Nephrol 2005; 20:1724-8. [PMID: 16237566 DOI: 10.1007/s00467-005-2047-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/22/2005] [Revised: 05/08/2005] [Accepted: 05/09/2005] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
Abstract
Autosomal-recessive Schimke immuno-osseous dysplasia (SIOD) characterized by spondyloepiphyseal dysplasia, focal-segmental glomerulosclerosis (FSGS), T-cell immunodeficiency and facial dysmorphism is caused by defects in the SMARCAL1 gene. The gene product is involved in the transcriptional regulation of other genes. A 12-year-old boy of consanginous Turkish descent developed disproportionate short stature from spondyloepiphyseal dysplasia at the age of 6 and nephrotic syndrome at the age of 10 years. Renal biopsy revealed FSGS, the kidney function was normal, T-lymphocytes were diminished without infectious complications, and he has had no cerebral ischemia. Analysis of the patient's SMARCAL1 gene revealed a novel homozygous C1798T transition leading to a R561C substitution. The parents and two healthy sisters were found to be heterozygous. A younger brother, who is also homozygous for the mutation, is clinically asymptomatic and has no proteinuria at the age of 18 months. Still, his CD4 cells are diminished. For SMARCAL1 mutations a clear genotype-phenotype correlation has been reported: severe SIOD with in utero or early-childhood onset leading to end-stage renal disease within a few years is caused by nonsense, frame shift or splice mutations. Many patients die from infections and cerebrovascular insults during childhood. Mild SIOD manifests later and progresses more slowly without infectious or cerebral vascular complications--the underlying defect being missense mutations in all three patients reported so far. The novel R561C missense mutation in our patient with mild SIOD is additional evidence for the genotype-phenotype correlation reported for SMARCAL1 mutations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Arend Bökenkamp
- Department of Pediatrics, Vrije University Medical Center, Amsterdam, The Netherlands.
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23
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Lücke T, Ehrich JHH, Das AM. Mitochondrial function in schimke-immunoosseous dysplasia. Metab Brain Dis 2005; 20:237-42. [PMID: 16167201 DOI: 10.1007/s11011-005-7211-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/21/2005] [Accepted: 06/20/2005] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
Abstract
Schimke-immunoosseous dysplasia (SIOD) is a multisystemic disorder caused by a mutation of a putative chromatin remodelling protein. Spondyloepiphyseal dysplasia with disproportionate growth deficiency, nephrotic syndrome with focal and segmental glomerulosclerosis, defective cellular immunity, and transient ischemic attacks are major clinical features in the severe form of SIOD. In the present study we tested the hypothesis that mitochondrial dysfunction may be an underlying pathophysiologic mechanism in this multisystemic disease. Mitochondrial parameters were studied in blood (lactate, pyruvate, ketone bodies, alanine) and in urine (organic acids) of four patients with the severe form of SIOD. Activities of respiratory chain enzymes were measured spectrophotometrically in fibroblasts of two of these patients. In patients with the severe form of SIOD normal concentrations of lactate as well as normal lactate/pyruvate- and ketone-body ratios were found in plasma. Alanine, the long-term parameter for lactate, was normal as well; metabolites of the citrate cycle were not found in the urine. Activities of respiratory chain enzymes I-V were not significantly reduced in fibroblasts from two patients with the severe form of SIOD. There was no evidence for mitochondrial dysfunction in SIOD. The underlying pathophysiology of SIOD remains unclear.
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Affiliation(s)
- Thomas Lücke
- Department of Pediatrics, Hannover Medical School, Hannover, Germany.
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24
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Kilic SS, Donmez O, Sloan EA, Elizondo LI, Huang C, André JL, Bogdanovic R, Cockfield S, Cordeiro I, Deschenes G, Fründ S, Kaitila I, Lama G, Lamfers P, Lücke T, Milford DV, Najera L, Rodrigo F, Saraiva JM, Schmidt B, Smith GC, Stajic N, Stein A, Taha D, Wand D, Armstrong D, Boerkoel CF. Association of migraine-like headaches with Schimke immuno-osseous dysplasia. Am J Med Genet A 2005; 135:206-10. [PMID: 15884045 DOI: 10.1002/ajmg.a.30692] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Abstract
Schimke immuno-osseous dysplasia (SIOD) is characterized by spondyloepiphyseal dysplasia, nephropathy, and T-cell deficiency. SIOD is caused by mutations in the putative chromatin remodeling protein SMARCAL1. We report an 8-year-old boy with SIOD and recurrent, severe, refractory migraine-like headaches. Through a retrospective questionnaire-based study, we found that refractory and severely disabling migraine-like headaches occur in nearly half of SIOD patients. We have also found that the vasodilator minoxidil provided symptomatic relief for one patient. We hypothesize that these headaches may arise from an intrinsic vascular, neuroimmune, or neurovascular defect resulting from loss of SMARCAL1 function.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sara Sebnem Kilic
- Department of Pediatrics, Division of Immunology, Uludag University Medical Faculty, Görükle-Bursa, Turkey
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25
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Lücke T, Billing H, Sloan EA, Boerkoel CF, Franke D, Zimmering M, Ehrich JHH, Das AM. Schimke-immuno-osseous dysplasia: New mutation with weak genotype-phenotype correlation in siblings. Am J Med Genet A 2005; 135:202-5. [PMID: 15880370 DOI: 10.1002/ajmg.a.30691] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Abstract
Schimke-immuno-osseous dysplasia (SIOD) is a multisystem disorder with the following consistent clinical features: spondyloepiphyseal dysplasia with disproportional growth deficiency, nephrotic syndrome with focal and segmental glomerulosclerosis, and defective cellular immunity. Transitory ischemic attacks due to vaso-occlusive processes are complications in some patients with severe SIOD. Recently, mutations of SMARCAL1, which encodes a putative chromatin remodelling protein, have been associated with SIOD. Patients with milder disease were observed to harbor a missense mutation on each allele, whereas patients with a severe form of the disease were predicted to have at least one allele with a nonsense, frameshift or splicing mutation. We report two brothers who are both compound heterozygous for the mutations 836 T>C and 2542 G>T detected in exons 4 and 17, respectively. We demonstrate the lack of genotype-phenotype correlation in these patients as one brother shows some features of the severe form while the other does not. Neither clinical nor molecular findings can fully predict the clinical course of SIOD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Thomas Lücke
- Department of Pediatrics, Hannover Medical School, Hannover, Germany.
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