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Bell JR, Botham MS, Henrys PA, Leech DI, Pearce‐Higgins JW, Shortall CR, Brereton TM, Pickup J, Thackeray SJ. Spatial and habitat variation in aphid, butterfly, moth and bird phenologies over the last half century. GLOBAL CHANGE BIOLOGY 2019; 25:1982-1994. [PMID: 30761691 PMCID: PMC6563090 DOI: 10.1111/gcb.14592] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/07/2018] [Revised: 01/18/2019] [Accepted: 01/31/2019] [Indexed: 05/12/2023]
Abstract
Global warming has advanced the timing of biological events, potentially leading to disruption across trophic levels. The potential importance of phenological change as a driver of population trends has been suggested. To fully understand the possible impacts, there is a need to quantify the scale of these changes spatially and according to habitat type. We studied the relationship between phenological trends, space and habitat type between 1965 and 2012 using an extensive UK dataset comprising 269 aphid, bird, butterfly and moth species. We modelled phenologies using generalized additive mixed models that included covariates for geographical (latitude, longitude, altitude), temporal (year, season) and habitat terms (woodland, scrub, grassland). Model selection showed that a baseline model with geographical and temporal components explained the variation in phenologies better than either a model in which space and time interacted or a habitat model without spatial terms. This baseline model showed strongly that phenologies shifted progressively earlier over time, that increasing altitude produced later phenologies and that a strong spatial component determined phenological timings, particularly latitude. The seasonal timing of a phenological event, in terms of whether it fell in the first or second half of the year, did not result in substantially different trends for butterflies. For moths, early season phenologies advanced more rapidly than those recorded later. Whilst temporal trends across all habitats resulted in earlier phenologies over time, agricultural habitats produced significantly later phenologies than most other habitats studied, probably because of nonclimatic drivers. A model with a significant habitat-time interaction was the best-fitting model for birds, moths and butterflies, emphasizing that the rates of phenological advance also differ among habitats for these groups. Our results suggest the presence of strong spatial gradients in mean seasonal timing and nonlinear trends towards earlier seasonal timing that varies in form and rate among habitat types.
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Affiliation(s)
- James R. Bell
- Rothamsted Insect Survey, Biointeractions and Crop ProtectionRothamsted ResearchHarpendenUK
| | | | - Peter A. Henrys
- Centre for Ecology & Hydrology, Lancaster Environment CentreLancasterLancashireUK
| | | | | | - Chris R. Shortall
- Rothamsted Insect Survey, Biointeractions and Crop ProtectionRothamsted ResearchHarpendenUK
| | | | | | - Stephen J. Thackeray
- Centre for Ecology & Hydrology, Lancaster Environment CentreLancasterLancashireUK
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2
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Posledovich D, Toftegaard T, Wiklund C, Ehrlén J, Gotthard K. Phenological synchrony between a butterfly and its host plants: Experimental test of effects of spring temperature. J Anim Ecol 2017; 87:150-161. [PMID: 29048758 DOI: 10.1111/1365-2656.12770] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/24/2016] [Accepted: 10/08/2017] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
Climate-driven changes in the relative phenologies of interacting species may potentially alter the outcome of species interactions. Phenotypic plasticity is expected to be important for short-term response to new climate conditions, and differences between species in plasticity are likely to influence their temporal overlap and interaction patterns. As reaction norms of interacting species may be locally adapted, any such climate-induced change in interaction patterns may vary among localities. However, consequences of spatial variation in plastic responses for species interactions are understudied. We experimentally explored how temperature affected synchrony between spring emergence of a butterfly, Anthocharis cardamines, and onset of flowering of five of its host plant species across a latitudinal gradient. We also studied potential effects on synchrony if climate-driven northward expansions would be faster in the butterflies than in host plants. Lastly, to assess how changes in synchrony influence host use we carried out an experiment to examine the importance of the developmental stage of plant reproductive structures for butterfly oviposition preference. In southern locations, the butterflies were well-synchronized with the majority of their local host plant species across temperatures, suggesting that thermal plasticity in butterfly development matches oviposition to host plant development and that thermal reaction norms of insects and plants result in similar advancement of spring phenology in response to warming. In the most northern region, however, relative phenology between the butterfly and two of its host plant species changed with increased temperature. We also show that the developmental stage of plants was important for egg-laying, and conclude that temperature-induced changes in synchrony in the northernmost region are likely to lead to shifts in host use in A. cardamines if spring temperatures become warmer. Northern expansion of butterfly populations might possibly have a positive effect on keeping up with host plant phenology with more northern host plant populations. Considering that the majority of insect herbivores exploit multiple plant species differing in their phenological response to spring temperatures, temperature-induced changes in synchrony might lead to shifts in host use and changes in species interactions in many temperate communities.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Tenna Toftegaard
- Department of Ecology, Environment and Plant Sciences, Stockholm University, Stockholm, Sweden
| | | | - Johan Ehrlén
- Department of Ecology, Environment and Plant Sciences, Stockholm University, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Karl Gotthard
- Department of Zoology, Stockholm University, Stockholm, Sweden
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3
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Donnelly A, Yu R. The rise of phenology with climate change: an evaluation of IJB publications. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF BIOMETEOROLOGY 2017; 61:29-50. [PMID: 28527153 DOI: 10.1007/s00484-017-1371-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/06/2017] [Revised: 04/26/2017] [Accepted: 04/28/2017] [Indexed: 05/28/2023]
Abstract
In recent decades, phenology has become an important tool by which to measure both the impact of climate change on ecosystems and the feedback of ecosystems to the climate system. However, there has been little attempt to date to systematically quantify the increase in the number of scientific publications with a focus on phenology and climate change. In order to partially address this issue, we examined the number of articles (original papers, reviews and short communications) containing the terms 'phenology' and 'climate change' in the title, abstract or keywords, published in the International Journal of Biometeorology in the 60 years since its inception in 1957. We manually inspected all issues prior to 1987 for the search terms and subsequently used the search facility on the Web of Science online database. The overall number of articles published per decade remained relatively constant (255-378) but rose rapidly to 1053 in the most recent decade (2007-2016), accompanied by an increase (41-172) in the number of articles containing the search terms. A number of factors may have contributed to this rise, including the recognition of the value of phenology as an indicator of climate change and the initiation in 2010 of a series of conferences focusing on phenology which subsequently led to two special issues of the journal. The word 'phenology' was in use from the first issue, whereas 'climate change' only emerged in 1987 and peaked in 2014. New technologies such as satellite remote sensing and the internet led to an expansion of and greater access to a growing reservoir of phenological information. The application of phenological data included determining the impact of warming of phenophases, predicting wine quality and the pollen season, demonstrating the potential for mismatch to occur and both reconstructing and forecasting climate. Even though this analysis was limited to one journal, it is likely to be indicative of a similar trend across other scientific publications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alison Donnelly
- Department of Geography, University of Wisconsin-Milwaukee, Milwaukee, WI, 53201, USA.
| | - Rong Yu
- School of Natural Resources, University of Nebraska-Lincoln, Lincoln, NE, 68583, USA
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4
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Roy DB, Oliver TH, Botham MS, Beckmann B, Brereton T, Dennis RLH, Harrower C, Phillimore AB, Thomas JA. Similarities in butterfly emergence dates among populations suggest local adaptation to climate. GLOBAL CHANGE BIOLOGY 2015; 21:3313-22. [PMID: 26390228 PMCID: PMC4744750 DOI: 10.1111/gcb.12920] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/23/2014] [Accepted: 01/30/2015] [Indexed: 05/23/2023]
Abstract
Phenology shifts are the most widely cited examples of the biological impact of climate change, yet there are few assessments of potential effects on the fitness of individual organisms or the persistence of populations. Despite extensive evidence of climate-driven advances in phenological events over recent decades, comparable patterns across species' geographic ranges have seldom been described. Even fewer studies have quantified concurrent spatial gradients and temporal trends between phenology and climate. Here we analyse a large data set (~129 000 phenology measures) over 37 years across the UK to provide the first phylogenetic comparative analysis of the relative roles of plasticity and local adaptation in generating spatial and temporal patterns in butterfly mean flight dates. Although populations of all species exhibit a plastic response to temperature, with adult emergence dates earlier in warmer years by an average of 6.4 days per °C, among-population differences are significantly lower on average, at 4.3 days per °C. Emergence dates of most species are more synchronised over their geographic range than is predicted by their relationship between mean flight date and temperature over time, suggesting local adaptation. Biological traits of species only weakly explained the variation in differences between space-temperature and time-temperature phenological responses, suggesting that multiple mechanisms may operate to maintain local adaptation. As niche models assume constant relationships between occurrence and environmental conditions across a species' entire range, an important implication of the temperature-mediated local adaptation detected here is that populations of insects are much more sensitive to future climate changes than current projections suggest.
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Affiliation(s)
- David B Roy
- Centre for Ecology & Hydrology, Wallingford, Oxfordshire, OX10 8BB, UK
| | - Tom H Oliver
- Centre for Ecology & Hydrology, Wallingford, Oxfordshire, OX10 8BB, UK
| | - Marc S Botham
- Centre for Ecology & Hydrology, Wallingford, Oxfordshire, OX10 8BB, UK
| | - Bjorn Beckmann
- Centre for Ecology & Hydrology, Wallingford, Oxfordshire, OX10 8BB, UK
| | - Tom Brereton
- Butterfly Conservation, Manor Yard, East Lulworth, Wareham, Dorset, BH20 5QP, UK
| | - Roger L H Dennis
- Centre for Ecology & Hydrology, Wallingford, Oxfordshire, OX10 8BB, UK
- Institute for Environment, Sustainability and Regeneration, Staffordshire University, Room s122, Mellor Building, College Road, Stoke on Trent, ST4 2DE, UK
| | - Colin Harrower
- Centre for Ecology & Hydrology, Wallingford, Oxfordshire, OX10 8BB, UK
| | - Albert B Phillimore
- Institute of Evolutionary Biology, The King's Buildings, Edinburgh, EH9 3JT, UK
| | - Jeremy A Thomas
- Department of Zoology, University of Oxford, South Parks Road, Oxford, OX1 3PS, UK
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5
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Kharouba HM, Vellend M. Flowering time of butterfly nectar food plants is more sensitive to temperature than the timing of butterfly adult flight. J Anim Ecol 2015; 84:1311-21. [PMID: 25823582 DOI: 10.1111/1365-2656.12373] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/25/2014] [Accepted: 03/06/2015] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
Abstract
1. Variation among species in their phenological responses to temperature change suggests that shifts in the relative timing of key life cycle events between interacting species are likely to occur under climate warming. However, it remains difficult to predict the prevalence and magnitude of these shifts given that there have been few comparisons of phenological sensitivities to temperature across interacting species. 2. Here, we used a broad-scale approach utilizing collection records to compare the temperature sensitivity of the timing of adult flight in butterflies vs. flowering of their potential nectar food plants (days per °C) across space and time in British Columbia, Canada. 3. On average, the phenology of both butterflies and plants advanced in response to warmer temperatures. However, the two taxa were differentially sensitive to temperature across space vs. across time, indicating the additional importance of nontemperature cues and/or local adaptation for many species. 4. Across butterfly-plant associations, flowering time was significantly more sensitive to temperature than the timing of butterfly flight and these sensitivities were not correlated. 5. Our results indicate that warming-driven shifts in the relative timing of life cycle events between butterflies and plants are likely to be prevalent, but that predicting the magnitude and direction of such changes in particular cases is going to require detailed, fine-scale data.
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Affiliation(s)
- Heather M Kharouba
- The Biodiversity Research Centre, University of British Columbia, 2212 Main Mall, Vancouver, BC, V6T 1Z4, Canada.,Center for Population Biology, University of California at Davis, One Shields Avenue, Davis, CA, 95616, USA
| | - Mark Vellend
- The Biodiversity Research Centre, University of British Columbia, 2212 Main Mall, Vancouver, BC, V6T 1Z4, Canada.,Département de biologie, Université de Sherbrooke, Sherbrooke, QC, J1K 2R1, Canada
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6
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Chapman DS, Bell S, Helfer S, Roy DB. Unbiased inference of plant flowering phenology from biological recording data. Biol J Linn Soc Lond 2015. [DOI: 10.1111/bij.12515] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Affiliation(s)
| | - Sandra Bell
- Royal Botanic Gardens; Kew Richmond Surrey TW9 3AB UK
| | - Stephan Helfer
- Royal Botanic Gardens, Edinburgh; 20A Inverleith Row Edinburgh EH3 5LR UK
| | - David B. Roy
- Centre for Ecology & Hydrology; Maclean Building Benson Lane Crowmarsh Gifford Wallingford OX10 8BB UK
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Navarro-Cano JA, Karlsson B, Posledovich D, Toftegaard T, Wiklund C, Ehrlén J, Gotthard K. Climate change, phenology, and butterfly host plant utilization. AMBIO 2015; 44 Suppl 1:S78-88. [PMID: 25576283 PMCID: PMC4289000 DOI: 10.1007/s13280-014-0602-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/21/2023]
Abstract
Knowledge of how species interactions are influenced by climate warming is paramount to understand current biodiversity changes. We review phenological changes of Swedish butterflies during the latest decades and explore potential climate effects on butterfly-host plant interactions using the Orange tip butterfly Anthocharis cardamines and its host plants as a model system. This butterfly has advanced its appearance dates substantially, and its mean flight date shows a positive correlation with latitude. We show that there is a large latitudinal variation in host use and that butterfly populations select plant individuals based on their flowering phenology. We conclude that A. cardamines is a phenological specialist but a host species generalist. This implies that thermal plasticity for spring development influences host utilization of the butterfly through effects on the phenological matching with its host plants. However, the host utilization strategy of A. cardamines appears to render it resilient to relatively large variation in climate.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jose A. Navarro-Cano
- Department of Ecology, Environment and Plant Sciences, Stockholm University, 106 91 Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Bengt Karlsson
- Department of Zoology, Stockholm University, 106 91 Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Diana Posledovich
- Department of Zoology, Stockholm University, 106 91 Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Tenna Toftegaard
- Department of Ecology, Environment and Plant Sciences, Stockholm University, 106 91 Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Christer Wiklund
- Department of Zoology, Stockholm University, 106 91 Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Johan Ehrlén
- Department of Ecology, Environment and Plant Sciences, Stockholm University, 106 91 Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Karl Gotthard
- Department of Zoology, Stockholm University, 106 91 Stockholm, Sweden
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8
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Karlsson B. Extended season for northern butterflies. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF BIOMETEOROLOGY 2014; 58:691-701. [PMID: 23456374 DOI: 10.1007/s00484-013-0649-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/20/2012] [Revised: 02/04/2013] [Accepted: 02/04/2013] [Indexed: 06/01/2023]
Abstract
Butterflies are like all insects in that they are temperature sensitive and a changing climate with higher temperatures might effect their phenology. Several studies have found support for earlier flight dates among the investigated species. A comparative study with data from a citizen science project, including 66 species of butterflies in Sweden, was undertaken, and the result confirms that most butterfly species now fly earlier during the season. This is especially evident for butterflies overwintering as adults or as pupae. However, the advancement in phenology is correlated with flight date, and some late season species show no advancement or have even postponed their flight dates and are now flying later in the season. The results also showed that latitude had a strong effect on the adult flight date, and most of the investigated species showed significantly later flights towards the north. Only some late flying species showed an opposite trend, flying earlier in the north. A majority of the investigated species in this study showed a general response to temperature and advanced their flight dates with warmer temperatures (on average they advanced their flight dates by 3.8 days/°C), although not all species showed this response. In essence, a climate with earlier springs and longer growing seasons seems not to change the appearance patterns in a one-way direction. We now see butterflies on the wings both earlier and later in the season and some consequences of these patterns are discussed. So far, studies have concentrated mostly on early season butterfly-plant interactions but also late season studies are needed for a better understanding of long-term population consequences.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bengt Karlsson
- Department of Zoology, Stockholm University, 106 91, Stockholm, Sweden,
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9
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Bishop TR, Botham MS, Fox R, Leather SR, Chapman DS, Oliver TH. The utility of distribution data in predicting phenology. Methods Ecol Evol 2013. [DOI: 10.1111/2041-210x.12112] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Tom R. Bishop
- School of Environmental Sciences; University of Liverpool; Liverpool L69 3GP UK
| | - Marc S. Botham
- NERC Centre for Ecology and Hydrology; Maclean Building Benson Lane Crowmarsh Gifford Wallingford Oxfordshire OX10 8BB UK
| | - Richard Fox
- Butterfly Conservation; Manor Yard East Lulworth Dorset BH20 5QP UK
| | - Simon R. Leather
- Department of Crop and Environment Sciences; Harper Adams University College; Edgmond Newport Shropshire TF10 8NB UK
| | - Daniel S. Chapman
- NERC Centre for Ecology and Hydrology; Bush Estate Penicuik Edinburgh EH26 0QB UK
| | - Tom H. Oliver
- NERC Centre for Ecology and Hydrology; Maclean Building Benson Lane Crowmarsh Gifford Wallingford Oxfordshire OX10 8BB UK
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10
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Dennis EB, Freeman SN, Brereton T, Roy DB. Indexing butterfly abundance whilst accounting for missing counts and variability in seasonal pattern. Methods Ecol Evol 2013. [DOI: 10.1111/2041-210x.12053] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/01/2022]
Affiliation(s)
| | - Stephen N. Freeman
- NERC Centre for Ecology & Hydrology; Maclean Building; Benson Lane; Crowmarsh Gifford; Wallingford; Oxfordshire; OX10 8BB; UK
| | - Tom Brereton
- Butterfly Conservation; Manor Yard; East Lulworth; Wareham; Dorset; BH20 5QP; UK
| | - David B. Roy
- NERC Centre for Ecology & Hydrology; Maclean Building; Benson Lane; Crowmarsh Gifford; Wallingford; Oxfordshire; OX10 8BB; UK
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Phillimore AB, Stålhandske S, Smithers RJ, Bernard R. Dissecting the contributions of plasticity and local adaptation to the phenology of a butterfly and its host plants. Am Nat 2012; 180:655-70. [PMID: 23070325 DOI: 10.1086/667893] [Citation(s) in RCA: 55] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/03/2022]
Abstract
Phenology affects the abiotic and biotic conditions that an organism encounters and, consequently, its fitness. For populations of high-latitude species, spring phenology often occurs earlier in warmer years and regions. Here we apply a novel approach, a comparison of slope of phenology on temperature over space versus over time, to identify the relative roles of plasticity and local adaptation in generating spatial phenological variation in three interacting species, a butterfly, Anthocharis cardamines, and its two host plants, Cardamine pratensis and Alliaria petiolata. All three species overlap in the time window over which mean temperatures best predict variation in phenology, and we find little evidence that a day length requirement causes the sensitive time window to be delayed as latitude increases. The focal species all show pronounced temperature-mediated phenological plasticity of similar magnitude. While we find no evidence for local adaptation in the flowering times of the plants, geographic variation in the phenology of the butterfly is consistent with countergradient local adaptation. The butterfly's phenology appears to be better predicted by temperature than it is by the flowering times of either host plant, and we find no evidence that coevolution has generated geographic variation in adaptive phenological plasticity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Albert B Phillimore
- Institute of Evolutionary Biology, University of Edinburgh, King's Buildings, Edinburgh EH9 3JT, United Kingdom.
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12
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Skandalis DA, Richards MH, Sformo TS, Tattersall GJ. Climate limitations on the distribution and phenology of a large carpenter bee, Xylocopa virginica (Hymenoptera: Apidae). CAN J ZOOL 2011. [DOI: 10.1139/z11-051] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
We studied climatic correlates of the geographic range of a common large carpenter bee ( Xylocopa virginica (L., 1771)), which reaches farther north than any other Xylocopa in North America. Computational models of the species’ range predicted that summer and winter temperatures limit its northern extent, whereas summer precipitation limits its western extent. We empirically evaluated the climatic constraints imposed by different seasons by examining the winter low-temperature tolerance of X. virginica, and the timing of activity during spring and summer. The bee’s absolute low-temperature tolerance (supercooling point) did not differ between two populations at mid- and high latitudes, and was in excess of requirements of a mean winter minimum temperature. Absolute minimum temperature tolerances may not directly influence the range of X. virginica, whereas other measures of cold tolerance, like exposure duration, might be more relevant. Between years within a study population, spring emergence dates of bees were significantly predicted by spring temperatures and weather (April: 6–11 °C; May: 13–17 °C). Between populations across the bee’s geographic range, bees in warmer climates were observed as much as 2–3 months earlier in the year. This suggests that a major constraint on the bee’s range is the length of the active season, which may be too short for brood development at high latitudes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dimitri A. Skandalis
- Department of Biological Sciences, Brock University, St. Catharines, ON L2S 3A1, Canada, and Department of Biology, University of Ottawa, Ottawa, ON K1N 6N5, Canada
| | - Miriam H. Richards
- Department of Biological Sciences, Brock University, St. Catharines, ON L2S 3A1, Canada
| | - Todd S. Sformo
- Department of Biology and Wildlife, University of Alaska Fairbanks, Fairbanks, AK 99775, USA
| | - Glenn J. Tattersall
- Department of Biological Sciences, Brock University, St. Catharines, ON L2S 3A1, Canada
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Gordo O, Sanz JJ, Lobo JM. Determining the environmental factors underlying the spatial variability of insect appearance phenology for the honey bee, Apis mellifera, and the small white, Pieris rapae. JOURNAL OF INSECT SCIENCE (ONLINE) 2010; 10:34. [PMID: 20578955 PMCID: PMC3014758 DOI: 10.1673/031.010.3401] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/10/2008] [Accepted: 08/18/2008] [Indexed: 05/29/2023]
Abstract
The spatial patterns of the variability of the appearance dates of the honey bee Apis mellifera L. (Hymenoptera: Apidea) and the small white Pieris rapae (L.) (Lepidoptera: Pieridae) were investigated in Spain. A database of more than 7,000 records of the dates of the first spring sightings of each species in more than 700 localities from 1952-2004 was used. Phenological data were related to spatial, topographical, climate, land use, and vegetation productivity explanatory variables by means of multiple regression models in order to search for the environmental mechanisms underlying the observable phenological variability. Temperature and altitudinal spatial gradients accounted for most of the spatial variability in the phenology of the studied species, while vegetation productivity and land use had low relevance. In both species, the first individuals were recorded at those sites with warmer springs and dry summers, at low altitudes, and not covered with dry farming (i.e., cereal crops). The identity and magnitude of the effect of the variables were almost identical for both species and closely mirrored spatial temperature gradients. The best explanatory models accounted for up to half of the variability of appearance dates. Residuals did not show a spatial autocorrelation, meaning that no other spatially structured variable at our working resolution could have improved the results. Differences in the spatial patterns of phenology with regard to other taxa, such as arrival dates of migratory birds, suggest that spatial constraints may play an essential role in the phenological matching between trophic levels.
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Affiliation(s)
- Oscar Gordo
- Departamento de Ecología Evolutiva, Museo Nacional de Ciencias Naturales-CSIC, Madrid, Spain.
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14
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Maistrello L, Lombroso L, Pedroni E, Reggiani A, Vanin S. Summer raids of Arocatus melanocephalus (Heteroptera, Lygaeidae) in urban buildings in Northern Italy: Is climate change to blame? J Therm Biol 2006. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jtherbio.2006.08.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
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