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Mellado-Mansilla D, Testo W, Sundue MA, Zotz G, Kreft H, Coiro M, Kessler M. The relationship between chlorophyllous spores and mycorrhizal associations in ferns: evidence from an evolutionary approach. AMERICAN JOURNAL OF BOTANY 2022; 109:2068-2081. [PMID: 36310350 DOI: 10.1002/ajb2.16094] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/24/2022] [Revised: 10/17/2022] [Accepted: 10/17/2022] [Indexed: 06/16/2023]
Abstract
PREMISE Approximately 14% of all fern species have physiologically active chlorophyllous spores that are much more short-lived than the more common and dormant achlorophyllous spores. Most chlorophyllous-spored species (70%) are epiphytes and account for almost 37% of all epiphytic ferns. Chlorophyllous-spored ferns are also overrepresented among fern species in habitats with waterlogged soils, of which nearly 60% have chlorophyllous spores. Ferns in these disparate habitat types also have a low incidence of mycorrhizal associations. We therefore hypothesized that autotrophic chlorophyllous spores represent an adaptation of ferns to habitats with scarce mycorrhizal associations. METHODS We evaluated the coevolution of chlorophyllous spores and mycorrhizal associations in ferns and their relation to habitat type using phylogenetic comparative methods. RESULTS Although we did not find support for the coevolution of spore type and mycorrhizal associations, we did find that chlorophyllous spores and the absence of mycorrhizal associations have coevolved with epiphytic and waterlogged habitats. Transition rates to epiphytic and waterlogged habitats were significantly higher in species with chlorophyllous spores compared to achlorophyllous lineages. CONCLUSIONS Spore type and mycorrhizal associations appear to play important roles in the radiation of ferns into different habitat types. Future work should focus on clarifying the functional significance of these associations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daniela Mellado-Mansilla
- Department of Biodiversity, Macroecology and Biogeography, Faculty of Forest Sciences and Forest Ecology, University of Göttingen, Göttingen, Germany
- Institute for Biology and Environmental Sciences, AG Functional Ecology, Carl von Ossietzky University of Oldenburg, Oldenburg, Germany
| | - Weston Testo
- Department of Biological and Environmental Sciences, University of Gothenburg, Göteborg, Sweden
- Gothenburg Global Biodiversity Centre, Göteborg, Sweden
| | - Michael A Sundue
- The Pringle Herbarium, Department of Plant Biology, University of Vermont, Burlington, VT, USA
| | - Gerhard Zotz
- Institute for Biology and Environmental Sciences, AG Functional Ecology, Carl von Ossietzky University of Oldenburg, Oldenburg, Germany
- Smithsonian Tropical Research Institute, Panama
| | - Holger Kreft
- Department of Biodiversity, Macroecology and Biogeography, Faculty of Forest Sciences and Forest Ecology, University of Göttingen, Göttingen, Germany
- Centre of Biodiversity and Sustainable Land Use (CBL), University of Göttingen, Göttingen, Germany
| | - Mario Coiro
- Department of Paleontology, University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria
- Ronin Institute for Independent Scholarship, Montclair, NJ, USA
| | - Michael Kessler
- Department of Systematic and Evolutionary Botany, University of Zürich, Zürich, Switzerland
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2
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Ogura-Tsujita Y, Yamamoto K, Hirayama Y, Ebihara A, Morita N, Imaichi R. Fern gametophytes of Angiopteris lygodiifolia and Osmunda japonica harbor diverse Mucoromycotina fungi. JOURNAL OF PLANT RESEARCH 2019; 132:581-588. [PMID: 31292767 DOI: 10.1007/s10265-019-01121-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/06/2018] [Accepted: 06/18/2019] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Abstract
Mycorrhizal symbiosis between plants and fungi is ubiquitous, and has been played key roles in plant terrestrialization and diversification. Although arbuscular mycorrhizal (AM) symbioses with Glomeromycotina fungi have long been recognized as both ancient and widespread symbionts, recent studies showed that Mucoromycotina fungi were also ancestral symbionts and would thus be expected to co-exist with many land plants. To explore whether Mucoromycotina colonize fern gametophytes, we subjected fungal associations with gametophytes of two distantly related ferns, Angiopteris lygodiifolia (Marattiales) and Osmunda japonica (Osmundales), to molecular analysis. Direct PCR amplification from intracellular hyphal coils was also performed. We detected Mucoromycotina sequences in the gametophytes of A. lygodiifolia and O. japonica at rates of 41% (7/17) and 50% (49/98) of gametophytes, respectively, and assigned them to 10 operational taxonomic units of Endogonales lineages. In addition, we used AM fungal-specific primers and detected Glomeromycotina sequences in all individuals examined. The results suggest that Glomeromycotina and Mucoromycotina colonized fern gametophytes simultaneously. We found that Mucoromycotina were present in fern gametophytes of Marratiales and Osmundales, which implies that a variety of fern taxa have Mucoromycotina associations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuki Ogura-Tsujita
- Faculty of Agriculture, Saga University, 1 Honjyo-machi, Saga, 840-8502, Japan.
- United Graduate School of Agricultural Sciences, Kagoshima University, 1-21-24 Korimoto, Kagoshima, 890-0065, Japan.
| | - Kohei Yamamoto
- Tochigi Prefectural Museum, 2-2 Mutsumi-cho, Utsunomiya, Tochigi, 320-0865, Japan
| | - Yumiko Hirayama
- National Museum of Nature and Science, 4-1-1 Amakubo, Tsukuba, 305-0005, Japan
| | - Atsushi Ebihara
- National Museum of Nature and Science, 4-1-1 Amakubo, Tsukuba, 305-0005, Japan
| | - Nana Morita
- Mie Prefectural Museum, 3060 Isshinden-Kouzubeta, Tsu, Mie, 514-0061, Japan
| | - Ryoko Imaichi
- Department of Chemical and Biological Sciences, Japan Women's University, 2-8-1 Mejirodai, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo, 112-8681, Japan
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3
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Hoysted GA, Kowal J, Jacob A, Rimington WR, Duckett JG, Pressel S, Orchard S, Ryan MH, Field KJ, Bidartondo MI. A mycorrhizal revolution. CURRENT OPINION IN PLANT BIOLOGY 2018; 44:1-6. [PMID: 29289791 DOI: 10.1016/j.pbi.2017.12.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/02/2017] [Revised: 12/14/2017] [Accepted: 12/15/2017] [Indexed: 05/27/2023]
Abstract
It has long been postulated that symbiotic fungi facilitated plant migrations onto land through enhancing the scavenging of mineral nutrients and exchanging these for photosynthetically fixed organic carbon. Today, land plant-fungal symbioses are both widespread and diverse. Recent discoveries show that a variety of potential fungal associates were likely available to the earliest land plants, and that these early partnerships were probably affected by changing atmospheric CO2 concentrations. Here, we evaluate current hypotheses and knowledge gaps regarding early plant-fungal partnerships in the context of newly discovered fungal mutualists of early and more recently evolved land plants and the rapidly changing views on the roles of plant-fungal symbioses in the evolution and ecology of the terrestrial biosphere.
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Affiliation(s)
- Grace A Hoysted
- Centre for Plant Sciences, Faculty of Biological Sciences, University of Leeds, Leeds LS2 9JT, UK.
| | - Jill Kowal
- Department of Life Sciences, National History Museum, London SW7 5BD, UK
| | - Alison Jacob
- Comparative Plant & Fungal Biology, Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew, Richmond TW9 3DS, UK
| | - William R Rimington
- Department of Life Sciences, National History Museum, London SW7 5BD, UK; Comparative Plant & Fungal Biology, Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew, Richmond TW9 3DS, UK; Department of Life Sciences, Imperial College London, London SW7 2AZ, UK
| | - Jeffrey G Duckett
- Department of Life Sciences, National History Museum, London SW7 5BD, UK
| | - Silvia Pressel
- Department of Life Sciences, National History Museum, London SW7 5BD, UK
| | - Suzanne Orchard
- UWA School of Agriculture and Environment, and Institute of Agriculture, The University of Western Australia, 35 Stirling Hwy, Crawley (Perth), WA 6009, Australia
| | - Megan H Ryan
- UWA School of Agriculture and Environment, and Institute of Agriculture, The University of Western Australia, 35 Stirling Hwy, Crawley (Perth), WA 6009, Australia
| | - Katie J Field
- Centre for Plant Sciences, Faculty of Biological Sciences, University of Leeds, Leeds LS2 9JT, UK
| | - Martin I Bidartondo
- Comparative Plant & Fungal Biology, Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew, Richmond TW9 3DS, UK; Department of Life Sciences, Imperial College London, London SW7 2AZ, UK
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Orchard S, Standish RJ, Dickie IA, Renton M, Walker C, Moot D, Ryan MH. Fine root endophytes under scrutiny: a review of the literature on arbuscule-producing fungi recently suggested to belong to the Mucoromycotina. MYCORRHIZA 2017; 27:619-638. [PMID: 28593464 DOI: 10.1007/s00572-017-0782-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/05/2016] [Accepted: 05/21/2017] [Indexed: 05/26/2023]
Abstract
Fine root endophytes (FRE) are arbuscule-forming fungi presently considered as a single species-Glomus tenue in the Glomeromycota (Glomeromycotina)-but probably belong within the Mucoromycotina. Thus, FRE are the only known arbuscule-forming fungi not within the arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi (AMF; Glomeromycotina) as currently understood. Phylogenetic differences between FRE and AMF could reflect ecological differences. To synthesize current ecological knowledge, we reviewed the literature on FRE and identified 108 papers that noted the presence of FRE and, in some, the colonization levels for FRE or AMF (or both). We categorized these records by geographic region, host-plant family and environment (agriculture, moderate-natural, low-temperature, high-altitude and other) and determined their influence on the percentage of root length colonized by FRE in a meta-analysis. We found that FRE are globally distributed, with many observations from Poaceae, perhaps due to grasses being widely distributed. In agricultural environments, colonization by FRE often equalled or exceeded that of AMF, particularly in Australasia. In moderate-natural and high-altitude environments, average colonization by FRE (~10%) was lower than that of AMF (~35%), whereas in low-temperature environments, colonization was similar (~20%). Several studies suggested that FRE can enhance host-plant phosphorus uptake and growth, and may be more resilient than AMF to environmental stress in some host plants. Further research is required on the functioning of FRE in relation to the environment, host plant and co-occurring AMF and, in particular, to examine whether FRE are important for plant growth in stressful environments. Targeted molecular primers are urgently needed for further research on FRE.
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Affiliation(s)
- Suzanne Orchard
- UWA School of Agriculture and Environment, and Institute of Agriculture, The University of Western Australia, 35 Stirling Hwy, Crawley (Perth), WA, 6009, Australia.
| | - Rachel J Standish
- School of Veterinary & Life Sciences, Murdoch University, 90 South Street, Murdoch, WA, 6150, Australia
| | - Ian A Dickie
- Bio-Protection Research Centre, Lincoln University, Lincoln, 7647, New Zealand
| | - Michael Renton
- UWA School of Agriculture and Environment, and Institute of Agriculture, The University of Western Australia, 35 Stirling Hwy, Crawley (Perth), WA, 6009, Australia
- UWA School of Biological Sciences, The University of Western Australia, 35 Stirling Hwy, Crawley (Perth), WA, 6009, Australia
| | - Christopher Walker
- UWA School of Agriculture and Environment, and Institute of Agriculture, The University of Western Australia, 35 Stirling Hwy, Crawley (Perth), WA, 6009, Australia
- Royal Botanic Garden, 20A Inverleith Row, Edinburgh, EH3 5LR, UK
| | - Derrick Moot
- Department of Agricultural Sciences, Lincoln University, Lincoln, 7647, New Zealand
| | - Megan H Ryan
- UWA School of Agriculture and Environment, and Institute of Agriculture, The University of Western Australia, 35 Stirling Hwy, Crawley (Perth), WA, 6009, Australia
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A review of symbiotic fungal endophytes in lycophytes and ferns – a global phylogenetic and ecological perspective. Symbiosis 2016. [DOI: 10.1007/s13199-016-0436-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
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Ogura-Tsujita Y, Hirayama Y, Sakoda A, Suzuki A, Ebihara A, Morita N, Imaichi R. Arbuscular mycorrhizal colonization in field-collected terrestrial cordate gametophytes of pre-polypod leptosporangiate ferns (Osmundaceae, Gleicheniaceae, Plagiogyriaceae, Cyatheaceae). MYCORRHIZA 2016; 26:87-97. [PMID: 26047572 DOI: 10.1007/s00572-015-0648-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/25/2015] [Accepted: 05/26/2015] [Indexed: 05/27/2023]
Abstract
To determine the mycorrhizal status of pteridophyte gametophytes in diverse taxa, the mycorrhizal colonization of wild gametophytes was investigated in terrestrial cordate gametophytes of pre-polypod leptosporangiate ferns, i.e., one species of Osmundaceae (Osmunda banksiifolia), two species of Gleicheniaceae (Diplopterygium glaucum, Dicranopteris linearis), and four species of Cyatheales including tree ferns (Plagiogyriaceae: Plagiogyria japonica, Plagiogyria euphlebia; Cyatheaceae: Cyathea podophylla, Cyathea lepifera). Microscopic observations revealed that 58 to 97% of gametophytes in all species were colonized with arbuscular mycorrhizal (AM) fungi. Fungal colonization was limited to the multilayered midrib (cushion) tissue in all gametophytes examined. Molecular identification using fungal SSU rDNA sequences indicated that the AM fungi in gametophytes primarily belonged to the Glomeraceae, but also included the Claroideoglomeraceae, Gigasporaceae, Acaulosporaceae, and Archaeosporales. This study provides the first evidence for AM fungal colonization of wild gametophytes in the Plagiogyriaceae and Cyatheaceae. Taxonomically divergent photosynthetic gametophytes are similarly colonized by AM fungi, suggesting that mycorrhizal associations with AM fungi could widely occur in terrestrial pteridophyte gametophytes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuki Ogura-Tsujita
- Faculty of Agriculture, Saga University, 1 Honjyo-machi, Saga, 840-8752, Japan.
| | - Yumiko Hirayama
- Department of Chemical and Biological Sciences, Japan Women's University, 2-8-1 Mejirodai, Tokyo, 112-8681, Japan
| | - Aki Sakoda
- Department of Chemical and Biological Sciences, Japan Women's University, 2-8-1 Mejirodai, Tokyo, 112-8681, Japan
| | - Ayako Suzuki
- Department of Chemical and Biological Sciences, Japan Women's University, 2-8-1 Mejirodai, Tokyo, 112-8681, Japan
| | - Atsushi Ebihara
- National Museum of Nature and Science, 4-1-1 Amakubo, Tsukuba, Ibaraki, 305-0005, Japan
| | - Nana Morita
- Mie Prefectural Museum, Isshinden-kouzubeta, Tsu, Mie, 514-0061, Japan
| | - Ryoko Imaichi
- Department of Chemical and Biological Sciences, Japan Women's University, 2-8-1 Mejirodai, Tokyo, 112-8681, Japan
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7
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Turnau K, Przybyłowicz WJ, Ryszka P, Orłowska E, Anielska T, Mesjasz-Przybyłowicz J. Mycorrhizal fungi modify element distribution in gametophytes and sporophytes of a fern Pellaeaviridis from metaliferous soils. CHEMOSPHERE 2013; 92:1267-1273. [PMID: 23714153 DOI: 10.1016/j.chemosphere.2013.04.062] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/13/2013] [Accepted: 04/22/2013] [Indexed: 06/02/2023]
Abstract
In the present study, the element distribution within mycothallic and nonmycothallic gametophytes and the early stages of sporophyte development of Pellaea viridis (Pteridaceae) were investigated. Gametophytes of this fern were collected from soil samples originating in the ultramafic area of the Agnes Mine near Barberton, South Africa. The gametophytes were grown on both the original soil and on a plant growth substratum obtained from the local botanical garden. Gametophytes and young sporophytes grown on substratum inoculated with Glomus tenue or non-inoculated were freeze-dried, and the distribution of elements was studied using micro-PIXE. The GeoPIXE II software package was used for quantitative elemental mapping complemented by data extracted from arbitrarily selected micro-areas. The obtained results suggest that although the fern itself avoids the uptake of large amounts of heavy metals, increased levels of Ni, Cr, Fe, Co and Ti were found in the part of the gametophyte that hosted the fungal endophyte. This finding suggests that the fungus might be active in the immobilisation of certain potentially toxic metals that are taken up from the soil by the plant, although other mechanisms cannot be excluded. For the first time, precise, quantitative measurements of the concentration of individual elements in the fern gametophytes and young sporophytes were obtained, along with their distribution within the plant parts.
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Affiliation(s)
- Katarzyna Turnau
- Institute of Environmental Sciences of the Jagiellonian University, Gronostajowa 7, 30-387 Kraków, Poland.
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8
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Ogura-Tsujita Y, Sakoda A, Ebihara A, Yukawa T, Imaichi R. Arbuscular mycorrhiza formation in cordate gametophytes of two ferns, Angiopteris lygodiifolia and Osmunda japonica. JOURNAL OF PLANT RESEARCH 2013; 126:41-50. [PMID: 22806582 DOI: 10.1007/s10265-012-0511-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/27/2012] [Accepted: 06/16/2012] [Indexed: 05/27/2023]
Abstract
Mycorrhizal symbiosis is common among land plants including pteridophytes (monilophytes and lycophytes). In pteridophytes with diplohaplontic life cycle, mycorrhizal formations were mostly reported for sporophytes, but very few for gametophytes. To clarify the mycorrhizal association of photosynthetic gametophytes, field-collected gametophytes of Angiopteris lygodiifolia (Marattiaceae, n = 52) and Osmunda japonica (Osmundaceae, n = 45) were examined using microscopic and molecular techniques. Collected gametophytes were mostly cut into two pieces. One piece was used for light and scanning microscopic observations, and the other for molecular identification of plant species (chloroplast rbcL sequences) and mycorrhizal fungi (small subunit rDNA sequences). Microscopic observations showed that 96 % (50/52) of Angiopteris and 95 % (41/43) of Osmunda gametophytes contained intracellular hyphae with arbuscules and/or vesicles and fungal colonization was limited to the inner tissue of the thick midribs (cushion). Fungal DNA analyses showed that 92 % (48/52) of Angiopteris and 92 % (35/38) of Osmunda have sequences of arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi, which were highly divergent but all belonged to Glomus group A. These results suggest that A. lygodiifolia and O. japonica gametophytes consistently form arbuscular mycorrhizae. Mycorrhizal formation in wild fern gametophytes, based on large-scale sampling with molecular identification of host plant species, was demonstrated for the first time.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuki Ogura-Tsujita
- Department of Chemical and Biological Sciences, Japan Women's University, 2-8-1 Mejirodai, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo 112-8681, Japan.
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9
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Ryszka P, Błaszkowski J, Jurkiewicz A, Turnau K. Arbuscular mycorrhiza of Arnica montana under field conditions--conventional and molecular studies. MYCORRHIZA 2010; 20:551-557. [PMID: 20195874 DOI: 10.1007/s00572-010-0302-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/10/2009] [Accepted: 01/29/2010] [Indexed: 05/28/2023]
Abstract
Two distinct populations of Arnica montana, an endangered medicinal plant, were studied under field conditions. The material was investigated using microscopic and molecular methods. The analyzed plants were always found to be mycorrhizal. Nineteen arbuscular mycorrhizal fungal DNA sequences were obtained from the roots. They were related to Glomus Group A, but most did not match any known species. Some showed a degree of similarity to fungi colonizing liverworts. Conventional analysis of spores isolated from soil samples allowed to identify different fungal taxa: Glomus macrocarpum, Glomus mosseae, Acaulospora lacunosa, and Scutellospora dipurpurescens. Their spores were also isolated from trap cultures.
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Affiliation(s)
- Przemysław Ryszka
- Institute of Environmental Sciences, Jagiellonian University, Gronostajowa 7, 30-387, Kraków, Poland.
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10
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Bothe H, Turnau K, Regvar M. The potential role of arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi in protecting endangered plants and habitats. MYCORRHIZA 2010; 20:445-57. [PMID: 20652364 DOI: 10.1007/s00572-010-0332-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/24/2010] [Accepted: 07/04/2010] [Indexed: 05/04/2023]
Abstract
Ecosystems worldwide are threatened with the extinction of plants and, at the same time, invasion by new species. Plant invasiveness and loss of species can be caused by similar but opposing pressures on the community structures. Arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi (AMF) can have multiple positive effects on plant growth, productivity, health, and stress relief. Many endangered species live in symbiosis with AMF. However, the list of the International Union for Conservation of Nature and Natural Resources (IUCN Red List of Threatened Species) indicates that the mycorrhizal status of most of the threatened species has not been assessed. Rare plants often occur in specialized and also endangered habitats and might utilize specialized or unique AMF. The specificity of any endangered plant to its AMF population has not been investigated. Because most of the current AMF isolates that are available colonize a broad range of plant species, selected inocula could be used to promote growth of endangered plants before the proper and more effective indigenous AMF are characterized. Application of AMF in field sites to protect endangered plants is hardly feasible due to the complexity of plant community structures and the large amount of fungal inocula needed. Endangered plants could, however, be grown as greenhouse cultures together with appropriate fungi, and, at the relevant developmental stage, they could be re-planted into native sites to prevent extinction and to preserve plant community ecology.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hermann Bothe
- Biology Department, Botany, The University of Cologne, Zülpicher Str. 47b, 50674, Cologne, Germany.
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11
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West B, Brandt J, Holstien K, Hill A, Hill M. Fern-associated arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi are represented by multiple Glomus spp.: do environmental factors influence partner identity? MYCORRHIZA 2009; 19:295-304. [PMID: 19242733 DOI: 10.1007/s00572-009-0234-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/22/2008] [Accepted: 02/09/2009] [Indexed: 05/27/2023]
Abstract
Symbioses involving arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi (AMF) are among the most important ecological associations for many plant species. The diversity of AMF associated with ferns, however, remains poorly studied. Using recently designed Glomus-specific primers, we surveyed the AMF community associated with ferns from deciduous, broad-leaved second-growth forest habitats at the eastern edge of the piedmont region of central Virginia, USA. Results indicate that this molecular approach may be a useful tool for detecting AMF in ferns compared to traditional techniques based on morphology. Over 30 potential fungal ribotypes were identified from eight fern species using denaturing gradient gel electrophoresis. Fungal ribotypes were found to differ widely in terms of (1) the number of fern partners with which they interact and (2) their relative frequency within each fern. Sequence analysis of fungal isolates from three species of fern indicated that the primers were generally highly specific for Glomus species but some non-target DNA was also amplified. Cloned polymerase chain reaction (PCR) products from Polystichum acrostichoides and Osmunda regalis revealed several phylogenetically distinct Glomus species. A single Glomus species was identified in the cloned PCR products from Botrychium virginianum. These findings challenge the hypothesis that the extent or degree of fern-fungal symbiosis is somehow tied to root complexity. Environmental factors appear to influence the suite of AMF that form partnerships with ferns. Some species of fern from similar habitats associated with dissimilar fungal partners (e.g., P. acrostichoides and Athyrium filix-femina var. asplenioides), whereas others harbored uniform fungal communities (e.g., Asplenium platyneuron). The significance of these data in terms of ecological and evolutionary dynamics of the AMF-fern symbiosis is discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Brittany West
- Biology Department, University of Richmond, Richmond, VA, 23173, USA
| | - Jessica Brandt
- Department of Biology, Frostburg State University, Frostburg, MD, 21532, USA
| | - Kay Holstien
- Program in Developmental Biology, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX, 77030, USA
| | - April Hill
- Biology Department, University of Richmond, Richmond, VA, 23173, USA
| | - Malcolm Hill
- Biology Department, University of Richmond, Richmond, VA, 23173, USA.
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12
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Kovács GM, Balázs T, Pénzes Z. Molecular study of arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi colonizing the sporophyte of the eusporangiate rattlesnake fern (Botrychium virginianum, Ophioglossaceae). MYCORRHIZA 2007; 17:597-605. [PMID: 17566790 DOI: 10.1007/s00572-007-0137-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/27/2007] [Accepted: 05/11/2007] [Indexed: 05/11/2023]
Abstract
The arbuscular mycorrhizal (AM) fungi colonizing the sporophytes of the eusporangiate rattlesnake fern (Botrychium virginianum, Ophioglossaceae) in its Hungarian population were investigated in the present study. Different regions of the nrRNA gene complex were analyzed using two different primer sets. These produced similar results for the detected AM fungi phylotypes. Several AM fungal lineages were associated with sporophytes of B. virginianum. Phylogenetic analyses of different partial small subunit datasets grouped one lineage into the Gigasporaceae, showing similarities with Scutellospora sequences. In addition to unidentified Scutellospora phylotypes, it is possible that S. gregaria also colonized the fern. Several AM fungal phylotypes colonizing the sporophytes grouped into Glomus group A. They did not form distinct clades but grouped with sequences of AM fungi with different geographic and host origins. One main lineage clustered into the widespread G. fasciculatum/G. intraradices group and one into the subgroup GlGrAc, while others had no affinity to the subgroups of Glomus group A. As AM fungal phylotypes associated with B. virginianum seem to belong to widespread AM fungal taxa and show no specificity to this fern, we suppose that the previously described special anatomy of AM of B. virginianum is determined by the plant.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gábor M Kovács
- Department of Plant Anatomy, Institute of Biology, Eötvös Loránd University, Pázmány Péter sétány 1/C, 1117,, Budapest, Hungary.
| | - Tímea Balázs
- Department of Plant Anatomy, Institute of Biology, Eötvös Loránd University, Pázmány Péter sétány 1/C, 1117,, Budapest, Hungary
| | - Zsolt Pénzes
- Institute of Genetics, Biological Research Center of Hungarian Academy of Sciences, P.O. Box 521, 6701,, Szeged, Hungary
- Department of Ecology, University of Szeged, Egyetem utca 2, 6721,, Szeged, Hungary
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Fonseca HMAC, Berbara RLL, Pereira ML. Lunularia cruciata, a potential in vitro host for Glomus proliferum and G. intraradices. MYCORRHIZA 2006; 16:503-508. [PMID: 16896799 DOI: 10.1007/s00572-006-0061-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/09/2005] [Accepted: 06/09/2006] [Indexed: 05/11/2023]
Abstract
A study was conducted to define culture conditions for in vitro growth arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi (AMF) with liverworts as hosts. Lunularia cruciata (L.) Dumortier ex. Lindberg developed in vitro monoxenic mycothalli with both Glomus proliferum Dalpé & Declerck (MUCL 41827) and Glomus intraradices Schenck & Smith (MUCL 43204). AMF inoculated plants were co-cultured in plastic Petri dishes with semi-solidified medium supplemented with sucrose and grown under filtered light. Mycothalli of L. cruciata produced external hyphae and spores in quantities equivalent to those obtained with Ri T-DNA transformed root systems.
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Affiliation(s)
- Henrique M A C Fonseca
- Centre of Cellular Biology, Department of Biology, University of Aveiro, 3810-193, Aveiro, Portugal.
| | - Ricardo L L Berbara
- Soil Department, Universidade Federal Rural of Rio de Janeiro, Seropédica, Itaguaí, RJ, CEP 23851-970, Brazil
| | - Maria L Pereira
- Centre of Ceramic and Composite Materials, Department of Biology, University of Aveiro, 3810-193, Aveiro, Portugal
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