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Charakas C, Khokhani D. Expanded trade: tripartite interactions in the mycorrhizosphere. mSystems 2024:e0135223. [PMID: 38837330 DOI: 10.1128/msystems.01352-23] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/07/2024] Open
Abstract
Interactions between arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi (AMF), plants, and the soil microbial community have the potential to increase the availability and uptake of phosphorus (P) and nitrogen (N) in agricultural systems. Nutrient exchange between plant roots, AMF, and the adjacent soil microbes occurs at the interface between roots colonized by mycorrhizal fungi and soil, referred to as the mycorrhizosphere. Research on the P exchange focuses on plant-AMF or AMF-microbe interactions, lacking a holistic view of P exchange between the plants, AMF, and other microbes. Recently, N exchange at both interfaces revealed the synergistic role of AMF and bacterial community in N uptake by the host plant. Here, we highlight work carried out on each interface and build upon it by emphasizing research involving all members of the tripartite network. Both nutrient systems are challenging to study due to the complex chemical and biological nature of the mycorrhizosphere. We discuss some of the effective methods to identify important nutrient processes and the tripartite members involved in these processes. The extrapolation of in vitro studies into the field is often fraught with contradiction and noise. Therefore, we also suggest some approaches that can potentially bridge the gap between laboratory-generated data and their extrapolation to the field, improving the applicability and contextual relevance of data within the field of mycorrhizosphere interactions. Overall, we argue that the research community needs to adopt a holistic tripartite approach and that we have the means to increase the applicability and accuracy of in vitro data in the field.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christos Charakas
- Department of Plant and Microbial Biology, University of Minnesota, Twin Cities, Minnesota, USA
| | - Devanshi Khokhani
- Department of Plant Pathology, University of Minnesota, Twin Cities, Minnesota, USA
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Sun D, Rozmoš M, Kokkoris V, Kotianová M, Hršelová H, Bukovská P, Faghihinia M, Jansa J. Unraveling the diversity of hyphal explorative traits among Rhizophagus irregularis genotypes. MYCORRHIZA 2024:10.1007/s00572-024-01154-8. [PMID: 38829432 DOI: 10.1007/s00572-024-01154-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/15/2024] [Accepted: 05/26/2024] [Indexed: 06/05/2024]
Abstract
Differences in functioning among various genotypes of arbuscular mycorrhizal (AM) fungi can determine their fitness under specific environmental conditions, although knowledge of the underlying mechanisms still is very fragmented. Here we compared seven homokaryotic isolates (genotypes) of Rhizophagus irregularis, aiming to characterize the range of intraspecific variability with respect to hyphal exploration of organic nitrogen (N) resources, and N supply to plants. To this end we established two experiments (one in vitro and one in open pots) and used 15N-chitin as the isotopically labeled organic N source. In Experiment 1 (in vitro), mycelium of all AM fungal genotypes transferred a higher amount of 15N to the plants than the passive transfer of 15N measured in the non-mycorrhizal (NM) controls. Noticeably, certain genotypes (e.g., LPA9) showed higher extraradical mycelium biomass production but not necessarily greater 15N acquisition than the others. Experiment 2 (in pots) highlighted that some of the AM fungal genotypes (e.g., MA2, STSI) exhibited higher rates of targeted hyphal exploration of chitin-enriched zones, indicative of distinct N exploration patterns from the other genotypes. Importantly, there was a high congruence of hyphal exploration patterns between the two experiments (isolate STSI always showing highest efficiency of hyphal exploration and isolate L23/1 being consistently the lowest), despite very different (micro) environmental conditions in the two experiments. This study suggests possible strategies that AM fungal genotypes employ for efficient N acquisition, and how to measure them. Implications of such traits for local mycorrhizal community assembly still need to be understood.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daquan Sun
- Institute of Microbiology, Czech Academy of Sciences, Vídeňská, 14220, Praha 4, 1083, Czech Republic.
| | - Martin Rozmoš
- Institute of Microbiology, Czech Academy of Sciences, Vídeňská, 14220, Praha 4, 1083, Czech Republic
| | - Vasilis Kokkoris
- Vrije Universiteit Amsterdam, Amsterdam Institute for Life and Environment (A-LIFE), De Boelelaan 1108, Amsterdam, NL-1081HZ, The Netherlands
| | - Michala Kotianová
- Institute of Microbiology, Czech Academy of Sciences, Vídeňská, 14220, Praha 4, 1083, Czech Republic
| | - Hana Hršelová
- Institute of Microbiology, Czech Academy of Sciences, Vídeňská, 14220, Praha 4, 1083, Czech Republic
| | - Petra Bukovská
- Institute of Microbiology, Czech Academy of Sciences, Vídeňská, 14220, Praha 4, 1083, Czech Republic
| | - Maede Faghihinia
- Institute of Microbiology, Czech Academy of Sciences, Vídeňská, 14220, Praha 4, 1083, Czech Republic
- Department of Plant Pathology, Entomology, and Microbiology, Iowa State University, 2213 Pammel Dr, Ames, IA, 50011, US
| | - Jan Jansa
- Institute of Microbiology, Czech Academy of Sciences, Vídeňská, 14220, Praha 4, 1083, Czech Republic
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Corrêa A, Ferrol N, Cruz C. Testing the trade-balance model: resource stoichiometry does not sufficiently explain AM effects. THE NEW PHYTOLOGIST 2024; 242:1561-1575. [PMID: 38009528 DOI: 10.1111/nph.19432] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/08/2023] [Accepted: 10/25/2023] [Indexed: 11/29/2023]
Abstract
Variations in arbuscular mycorrhizae (AM) effects on plant growth (MGR) are commonly assumed to result from cost : benefit balances, with C as the cost and, most frequently, P as the benefit. The trade-balance model (TBM) adopts these assumptions and hypothesizes that mycorrhizal benefit depends on C : N : P stoichiometry. Although widely accepted, the TBM has not been experimentally tested. We isolated the parameters included in the TBM and tested these assumptions using it as framework. Oryza sativa plants were supplied with different N : P ratios at low light level, establishing different C : P and C : N exchange rates, and C, N or P limitation. MGR and effects on nutrient uptake, %M, ERM, photosynthesis and shoot starch were measured. C distribution to AM fungi played no role in MGR, and N was essential for all AM effects, including on P nutrition. C distribution to AM and MGR varied with the limiting nutrient (N or P), and evidence of extensive interplay between N and P was observed. The TBM was not confirmed. The results agreed with the exchange of surplus resources and source-sink regulation of resource distribution among plants and AMF. Rather than depending on exchange rates, resource exchange may simply obey both symbiont needs, not requiring further regulation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ana Corrêa
- Centre for Ecology, Evolution and Environmental Changes, Faculdade de Ciências da Universidade de Lisboa, Campo Grande, 1749-016, Lisboa, Portugal
| | - Nuria Ferrol
- Department of Soil and Plant Microbiology, Estación Experimental del Zaidín, CSIC, 18008, Granada, Spain
| | - Cristina Cruz
- Centre for Ecology, Evolution and Environmental Changes, Faculdade de Ciências da Universidade de Lisboa, Campo Grande, 1749-016, Lisboa, Portugal
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Sun D, Rozmoš M, Kotianová M, Hršelová H, Jansa J. Arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi suppress ammonia-oxidizing bacteria but not archaea across agricultural soils. Heliyon 2024; 10:e26485. [PMID: 38444950 PMCID: PMC10912043 DOI: 10.1016/j.heliyon.2024.e26485] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/12/2023] [Revised: 02/06/2024] [Accepted: 02/14/2024] [Indexed: 03/07/2024] Open
Abstract
Arbuscular mycorrhizal (AM) fungi are supposedly competing with ammonia-oxidizing microorganisms (AO) for soil nitrogen in form of ammonium. Despite a few studies directly addressing AM fungal and AO interactions, mostly in artificial cultivation substrates, it is not yet clear whether AM fungi can effectively suppress AO in field soils containing complex indigenous microbiomes. To fill this knowledge gap, we conducted compartmentalized pot experiments using four pairs of cropland and grassland soils with varying physicochemical properties. To exclude the interference of roots, a fine nylon mesh was used to separate the rhizosphere and mesh bags, with the latter being filled with unsterile field soils. Inoculation of plants with AM fungus Rhizophagus irregularis LPA9 suppressed AO bacteria (AOB) but not archaea (AOA) in the soils, indicating how soil nitrification could be suppressed by AM fungal presence/activity. In addition, in rhizosphere filled with artificial substrate, AM inoculation did suppress both AOB and AOA, implying more complex interactions between roots, AO, and AM fungi. Besides, we also observed that indigenous AM fungi contained in the field soils eventually did colonize the roots of plants behind the root barrier, and that the extent of such colonization was higher if the soil has previously been taken from cropland than from grassland. Despite this, the effect of experimental AM fungal inoculation on suppression of indigenous AOB in the unsterile field soils did not vanish. It seems that studying processes at a finer temporal scale, using larger buffer zones between rhizosphere and mesh bags, and/or detailed characterization of indigenous AM fungal and AO communities would be needed to uncover further details of the biotic interactions between the AM fungi and indigenous soil AO.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daquan Sun
- Laboratory of Fungal Biology, Institute of Microbiology, Czech Academy of Sciences, Vídeňská 1083, 14220 Praha 4, Czech Republic
| | - Martin Rozmoš
- Laboratory of Fungal Biology, Institute of Microbiology, Czech Academy of Sciences, Vídeňská 1083, 14220 Praha 4, Czech Republic
| | - Michala Kotianová
- Laboratory of Fungal Biology, Institute of Microbiology, Czech Academy of Sciences, Vídeňská 1083, 14220 Praha 4, Czech Republic
| | - Hana Hršelová
- Laboratory of Fungal Biology, Institute of Microbiology, Czech Academy of Sciences, Vídeňská 1083, 14220 Praha 4, Czech Republic
| | - Jan Jansa
- Laboratory of Fungal Biology, Institute of Microbiology, Czech Academy of Sciences, Vídeňská 1083, 14220 Praha 4, Czech Republic
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Liu H, Pausch J, Wu Y, Xu H, Liu G, Ma L, Xue S. Implications of plant N/P stoichiometry influenced by arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi for stability of plant species and community in response to nutrient limitation. OIKOS 2022. [DOI: 10.1111/oik.09649] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Hongfei Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Soil Erosion and Dryland Farming on the Loess Plateau, Northwest A&F Univ. Yangling PR China
- Agroecology, Bayreuth Center of Ecology and Environmental Research (BayCEER), Univ. of Bayreuth Bayreuth Germany
- Chinese Academy of Sciences and Ministry Water Resources, Inst. of Soil and Water Conservation Yangling PR China
| | - Johanna Pausch
- Agroecology, Bayreuth Center of Ecology and Environmental Research (BayCEER), Univ. of Bayreuth Bayreuth Germany
| | - Yang Wu
- State Key Laboratory of Soil Erosion and Dryland Farming on the Loess Plateau, Northwest A&F Univ. Yangling PR China
- Chinese Academy of Sciences and Ministry Water Resources, Inst. of Soil and Water Conservation Yangling PR China
| | - Hongwei Xu
- State Key Laboratory of Soil Erosion and Dryland Farming on the Loess Plateau, Northwest A&F Univ. Yangling PR China
- Chinese Academy of Sciences and Ministry Water Resources, Inst. of Soil and Water Conservation Yangling PR China
| | - Guobin Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Soil Erosion and Dryland Farming on the Loess Plateau, Northwest A&F Univ. Yangling PR China
- Chinese Academy of Sciences and Ministry Water Resources, Inst. of Soil and Water Conservation Yangling PR China
| | - LiHui Ma
- State Key Laboratory of Soil Erosion and Dryland Farming on the Loess Plateau, Northwest A&F Univ. Yangling PR China
- Chinese Academy of Sciences and Ministry Water Resources, Inst. of Soil and Water Conservation Yangling PR China
| | - Sha Xue
- State Key Laboratory of Soil Erosion and Dryland Farming on the Loess Plateau, Northwest A&F Univ. Yangling PR China
- Chinese Academy of Sciences and Ministry Water Resources, Inst. of Soil and Water Conservation Yangling PR China
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Dumack K, Feng K, Flues S, Sapp M, Schreiter S, Grosch R, Rose LE, Deng Y, Smalla K, Bonkowski M. What Drives the Assembly of Plant-associated Protist Microbiomes? Investigating the Effects of Crop Species, Soil Type and Bacterial Microbiomes. Protist 2022; 173:125913. [PMID: 36257252 DOI: 10.1016/j.protis.2022.125913] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/27/2022] [Revised: 08/24/2022] [Accepted: 09/22/2022] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
Abstract
In a field experiment we investigated the influence of the environmental filters soil type (i.e. three contrasting soils) and plant species (i.e. lettuce and potato) identity on rhizosphere community assembly of Cercozoa, a dominant group of mostly bacterivorous soil protists. Plant species (14%) and rhizosphere origin (vs bulk soil) with 13%, together explained four times more variation in cercozoan beta diversity than the three soil types (7% explained variation). Our results clearly confirm the existence of plant species-specific protist communities. Network analyses of bacteria-Cercozoa rhizosphere communities identified scale-free small world topologies, indicating mechanisms of self-organization. While the assembly of rhizosphere bacterial communities is bottom-up controlled through the resource supply from root (secondary) metabolites, our results support the hypothesis that the net effect may depend on the strength of top-down control by protist grazers. Since grazing of protists has a strong impact on the composition and functioning of bacteria communities, protists expand the repertoire of plant genes by functional traits, and should be considered as 'protist microbiomes' in analogy to 'bacterial microbiomes'.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kenneth Dumack
- University of Cologne, Institute of Zoology, Terrestrial Ecology, Zülpicher Str. 47b, 50674 Köln, Germany; Cluster of Excellence on Plant Sciences (CEPLAS), University of Cologne, Germany.
| | - Kai Feng
- University of Cologne, Institute of Zoology, Terrestrial Ecology, Zülpicher Str. 47b, 50674 Köln, Germany; CAS Key Laboratory for Environmental Biotechnology, Research Center for Eco-Environmental Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China; College of Resources and Environment, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Sebastian Flues
- University of Cologne, Institute of Zoology, Terrestrial Ecology, Zülpicher Str. 47b, 50674 Köln, Germany; Cluster of Excellence on Plant Sciences (CEPLAS), University of Cologne, Germany
| | - Melanie Sapp
- Cluster of Excellence on Plant Sciences (CEPLAS), Heinrich Heine University, Population Genetics, Universitätsstrasse 1, 40225 Düsseldorf, Germany
| | - Susanne Schreiter
- Julius Kühn-Institut, Federal Research Centre for Cultivated Plants, Institute for Epidemiology and Pathogen Diagnostics, Messeweg 11-12, 38104 Braunschweig, Germany; Helmholtz Centre for Environmental Research GmbH (UFZ), Deptartment Soil System Science, Theodor-Lieser-Str.4, 06120 Halle, Germany
| | - Rita Grosch
- Leibniz Institute of Vegetable and Ornamental Crops (IGZ), Plant-Microbe Systems, Theodor-Echtermeyer-Weg 1, 14979 Großbeeren, Germany
| | - Laura E Rose
- Cluster of Excellence on Plant Sciences (CEPLAS), Heinrich Heine University, Population Genetics, Universitätsstrasse 1, 40225 Düsseldorf, Germany
| | - Ye Deng
- CAS Key Laboratory for Environmental Biotechnology, Research Center for Eco-Environmental Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China; College of Resources and Environment, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Kornelia Smalla
- Julius Kühn-Institut, Federal Research Centre for Cultivated Plants, Institute for Epidemiology and Pathogen Diagnostics, Messeweg 11-12, 38104 Braunschweig, Germany
| | - Michael Bonkowski
- University of Cologne, Institute of Zoology, Terrestrial Ecology, Zülpicher Str. 47b, 50674 Köln, Germany; Cluster of Excellence on Plant Sciences (CEPLAS), University of Cologne, Germany
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Plant-associated fungi support bacterial resilience following water limitation. THE ISME JOURNAL 2022; 16:2752-2762. [PMID: 36085516 PMCID: PMC9666503 DOI: 10.1038/s41396-022-01308-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/20/2021] [Revised: 08/01/2022] [Accepted: 08/09/2022] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
Drought disrupts soil microbial activity and many biogeochemical processes. Although plant-associated fungi can support plant performance and nutrient cycling during drought, their effects on nearby drought-exposed soil microbial communities are not well resolved. We used H218O quantitative stable isotope probing (qSIP) and 16S rRNA gene profiling to investigate bacterial community dynamics following water limitation in the hyphospheres of two distinct fungal lineages (Rhizophagus irregularis and Serendipita bescii) grown with the bioenergy model grass Panicum hallii. In uninoculated soil, a history of water limitation resulted in significantly lower bacterial growth potential and growth efficiency, as well as lower diversity in the actively growing bacterial community. In contrast, both fungal lineages had a protective effect on hyphosphere bacterial communities exposed to water limitation: bacterial growth potential, growth efficiency, and the diversity of the actively growing bacterial community were not suppressed by a history of water limitation in soils inoculated with either fungus. Despite their similar effects at the community level, the two fungal lineages did elicit different taxon-specific responses, and bacterial growth potential was greater in R. irregularis compared to S. bescii-inoculated soils. Several of the bacterial taxa that responded positively to fungal inocula belong to lineages that are considered drought susceptible. Overall, H218O qSIP highlighted treatment effects on bacterial community structure that were less pronounced using traditional 16S rRNA gene profiling. Together, these results indicate that fungal-bacterial synergies may support bacterial resilience to moisture limitation.
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Nuccio EE, Blazewicz SJ, Lafler M, Campbell AN, Kakouridis A, Kimbrel JA, Wollard J, Vyshenska D, Riley R, Tomatsu A, Hestrin R, Malmstrom RR, Firestone M, Pett-Ridge J. HT-SIP: a semi-automated stable isotope probing pipeline identifies cross-kingdom interactions in the hyphosphere of arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi. MICROBIOME 2022; 10:199. [PMID: 36434737 PMCID: PMC9700909 DOI: 10.1186/s40168-022-01391-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/29/2022] [Accepted: 10/04/2022] [Indexed: 06/16/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Linking the identity of wild microbes with their ecophysiological traits and environmental functions is a key ambition for microbial ecologists. Of many techniques that strive for this goal, Stable-isotope probing-SIP-remains among the most comprehensive for studying whole microbial communities in situ. In DNA-SIP, actively growing microorganisms that take up an isotopically heavy substrate build heavier DNA, which can be partitioned by density into multiple fractions and sequenced. However, SIP is relatively low throughput and requires significant hands-on labor. We designed and tested a semi-automated, high-throughput SIP (HT-SIP) pipeline to support well-replicated, temporally resolved amplicon and metagenomics experiments. We applied this pipeline to a soil microhabitat with significant ecological importance-the hyphosphere zone surrounding arbuscular mycorrhizal fungal (AMF) hyphae. AMF form symbiotic relationships with most plant species and play key roles in terrestrial nutrient and carbon cycling. RESULTS Our HT-SIP pipeline for fractionation, cleanup, and nucleic acid quantification of density gradients requires one-sixth of the hands-on labor compared to manual SIP and allows 16 samples to be processed simultaneously. Automated density fractionation increased the reproducibility of SIP gradients compared to manual fractionation, and we show adding a non-ionic detergent to the gradient buffer improved SIP DNA recovery. We applied HT-SIP to 13C-AMF hyphosphere DNA from a 13CO2 plant labeling study and created metagenome-assembled genomes (MAGs) using high-resolution SIP metagenomics (14 metagenomes per gradient). SIP confirmed the AMF Rhizophagus intraradices and associated MAGs were highly enriched (10-33 atom% 13C), even though the soils' overall enrichment was low (1.8 atom% 13C). We assembled 212 13C-hyphosphere MAGs; the hyphosphere taxa that assimilated the most AMF-derived 13C were from the phyla Myxococcota, Fibrobacterota, Verrucomicrobiota, and the ammonia-oxidizing archaeon genus Nitrososphaera. CONCLUSIONS Our semi-automated HT-SIP approach decreases operator time and improves reproducibility by targeting the most labor-intensive steps of SIP-fraction collection and cleanup. We illustrate this approach in a unique and understudied soil microhabitat-generating MAGs of actively growing microbes living in the AMF hyphosphere (without plant roots). The MAGs' phylogenetic composition and gene content suggest predation, decomposition, and ammonia oxidation may be key processes in hyphosphere nutrient cycling. Video Abstract.
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Affiliation(s)
- Erin E. Nuccio
- Physical and Life Sciences Directorate, Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory, Livermore, CA USA
| | - Steven J. Blazewicz
- Physical and Life Sciences Directorate, Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory, Livermore, CA USA
| | - Marissa Lafler
- Physical and Life Sciences Directorate, Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory, Livermore, CA USA
| | - Ashley N. Campbell
- Physical and Life Sciences Directorate, Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory, Livermore, CA USA
| | - Anne Kakouridis
- Biosciences Division, Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, Berkeley, CA USA
- Department of Environmental Science Policy and Management, University of California, Berkeley, CA USA
| | - Jeffrey A. Kimbrel
- Physical and Life Sciences Directorate, Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory, Livermore, CA USA
| | - Jessica Wollard
- Physical and Life Sciences Directorate, Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory, Livermore, CA USA
| | | | | | | | - Rachel Hestrin
- Physical and Life Sciences Directorate, Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory, Livermore, CA USA
- Stockbridge School of Agriculture, University of Massachusetts, Amherst, MA USA
| | | | - Mary Firestone
- Department of Environmental Science Policy and Management, University of California, Berkeley, CA USA
| | - Jennifer Pett-Ridge
- Physical and Life Sciences Directorate, Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory, Livermore, CA USA
- Life & Environmental Sciences Department, University of California Merced, Merced, CA USA
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Arbuscular Mycorrhiza and Nitrification: Disentangling Processes and Players by Using Synthetic Nitrification Inhibitors. Appl Environ Microbiol 2022; 88:e0136922. [PMID: 36190238 PMCID: PMC9599619 DOI: 10.1128/aem.01369-22] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Both plants and their associated arbuscular mycorrhizal (AM) fungi require nitrogen (N) for their metabolism and growth. This can result in both positive and negative effects of AM symbiosis on plant N nutrition. Either way, the demand for and efficiency of uptake of mineral N from the soil by mycorrhizal plants are often higher than those of nonmycorrhizal plants. In consequence, the symbiosis of plants with AM fungi exerts important feedbacks on soil processes in general and N cycling in particular. Here, we investigated the role of the AM symbiosis in N uptake by Andropogon gerardii from an organic source (15N-labeled plant litter) that was provided beyond the direct reach of roots. In addition, we tested if pathways of 15N uptake from litter by mycorrhizal hyphae were affected by amendment with different synthetic nitrification inhibitors (dicyandiamide [DCD], nitrapyrin, or 3,4-dimethylpyrazole phosphate [DMPP]). We observed efficient acquisition of 15N by mycorrhizal plants through the mycorrhizal pathway, independent of nitrification inhibitors. These results were in stark contrast to 15N uptake by nonmycorrhizal plants, which generally took up much less 15N, and the uptake was further suppressed by nitrapyrin or DMPP amendments. Quantitative real-time PCR analyses showed that bacteria involved in the rate-limiting step of nitrification, ammonia oxidation, were suppressed similarly by the presence of AM fungi and by nitrapyrin or DMPP (but not DCD) amendments. On the other hand, abundances of ammonia-oxidizing archaea were not strongly affected by either the AM fungi or the nitrification inhibitors. IMPORTANCE Nitrogen is one of the most important elements for all life on Earth. In soil, N is present in various chemical forms and is fiercely competed for by various microorganisms as well as plants. Here, we address competition for reduced N (ammonia) between ammonia-oxidizing prokaryotes and arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi. These two functionally important groups of soil microorganisms, participating in nitrification and plant mineral nutrient acquisition, respectively, have often been studied in separation in the past. Here, we showed, using various biochemical and molecular approaches, that the fungi systematically suppress ammonia-oxidizing bacteria to an extent similar to that of some widely used synthetic nitrification inhibitors, whereas they have only a limited impact on abundance of ammonia-oxidizing archaea. Competition for free ammonium is a plausible explanation here, but it is also possible that the fungi produce some compounds acting as so-called biological nitrification inhibitors.
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Arbuscular mycorrhizae: natural modulators of plant–nutrient relation and growth in stressful environments. Arch Microbiol 2022; 204:264. [DOI: 10.1007/s00203-022-02882-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/09/2021] [Revised: 03/20/2022] [Accepted: 03/28/2022] [Indexed: 11/02/2022]
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Zhang L, Zhou J, George TS, Limpens E, Feng G. Arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi conducting the hyphosphere bacterial orchestra. TRENDS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2022; 27:402-411. [PMID: 34782247 DOI: 10.1016/j.tplants.2021.10.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 19.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/04/2021] [Revised: 10/13/2021] [Accepted: 10/22/2021] [Indexed: 05/22/2023]
Abstract
More than two-thirds of terrestrial plants acquire nutrients by forming a symbiosis with arbuscular mycorrhizal (AM) fungi. AM fungal hyphae recruit distinct microbes into their hyphosphere, the narrow region of soil influenced by hyphal exudates. They thereby shape this so-called second genome of AM fungi, which significantly contributes to nutrient mobilization and turnover. We summarize current insights into characteristics of the hyphosphere microbiome and the role of hyphal exudates on orchestrating its composition. The hyphal exudates not only contain carbon-rich compounds but also promote bacterial growth and activity and influence the microbial community structure. These effects lead to shifts in function and cause changes in organic nutrient cycling, making the hyphosphere a unique and largely overlooked functional zone in ecosystems.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lin Zhang
- College of Resources and Environmental Sciences, National Academy of Agriculture Green Development, China Agricultural University, Beijing 100193, China
| | - Jiachao Zhou
- College of Resources and Environmental Sciences, National Academy of Agriculture Green Development, China Agricultural University, Beijing 100193, China
| | | | - Erik Limpens
- Laboratory of Molecular Biology, Wageningen University & Research, Wageningen 6708, PB, The Netherlands
| | - Gu Feng
- College of Resources and Environmental Sciences, National Academy of Agriculture Green Development, China Agricultural University, Beijing 100193, China.
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12
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Reuter R, Ferlian O, Tarkka M, Eisenhauer N, Pritsch K, Simon J. Tree species rather than type of mycorrhizal association drive inorganic and organic nitrogen acquisition in tree-tree interactions. TREE PHYSIOLOGY 2021; 41:2096-2108. [PMID: 33929538 DOI: 10.1093/treephys/tpab059] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/25/2020] [Accepted: 03/30/2021] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
Mycorrhizal fungi play an important role for the nitrogen (N) supply of trees. The influence of different mycorrhizal types on N acquisition in tree-tree interactions is, however, not well understood, particularly with regard to the competition for growth-limiting N. We studied the effect of competition between temperate forest tree species on their inorganic and organic N acquisition in relation to their mycorrhizal type (i.e., arbuscular mycorrhiza or ectomycorrhiza). In a field experiment, we quantified net N uptake capacity from inorganic and organic N sources using 15N/13C stable isotopes for arbuscular mycorrhizal tree species (i.e., Acer pseudoplatanus L., Fraxinus excelsior L., and Prunus avium L.) as well as ectomycorrhizal tree species (i.e., Carpinus betulus L., Fagus sylvatica L., and Tilia platyphyllos Scop.). All species were grown in intra- and interspecific competition (i.e., monoculture or mixture). Our results showed that N sources were not used complementarily depending on a species' mycorrhizal association, but their uptake rather depended on the competitor, indicating species-specific effects. Generally, ammonium was preferred over glutamine and glutamine over nitrate. In conclusion, our findings suggest that the inorganic and organic N acquisition of the studied temperate tree species is less regulated by mycorrhizal association but rather by the availability of specific N sources in the soil as well as the competitive environment of different tree species.
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Affiliation(s)
- Robert Reuter
- Plant Interactions Ecophysiology Group, Department of Biology, University of Konstanz, Universitätsstraße 10, Konstanz 78457, Germany
| | - Olga Ferlian
- German Centre for Integrative Biodiversity Research (iDiv) Halle-Jena-Leipzig, Puschstraße 4, Leipzig 04103, Germany
- Institute of Biology, Leipzig University, Puschstraße 4, Leipzig 04103, Germany
| | - Mika Tarkka
- German Centre for Integrative Biodiversity Research (iDiv) Halle-Jena-Leipzig, Puschstraße 4, Leipzig 04103, Germany
- Department of Soil Ecology, Helmholtz Centre for Environmental Research - UFZ, Theodor-Lieser-Straße 5, Halle 06120, Germany
| | - Nico Eisenhauer
- German Centre for Integrative Biodiversity Research (iDiv) Halle-Jena-Leipzig, Puschstraße 4, Leipzig 04103, Germany
- Institute of Biology, Leipzig University, Puschstraße 4, Leipzig 04103, Germany
| | - Karin Pritsch
- Institute of Biochemical Plant Pathology, HelmholtzZentrum München, Deutsches Forschungszentrum für Gesundheit und Umwelt GmbH, Ingolstaedter Landstraße 1, Oberschleiβheim 85764, Germany
| | - Judy Simon
- Plant Interactions Ecophysiology Group, Department of Biology, University of Konstanz, Universitätsstraße 10, Konstanz 78457, Germany
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Zhao R, Li X, Bei S, Li D, Li H, Christie P, Bender SF, Zhang J. Enrichment of nosZ-type denitrifiers by arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi mitigates N 2 O emissions from soybean stubbles. Environ Microbiol 2021; 23:6587-6602. [PMID: 34672071 DOI: 10.1111/1462-2920.15815] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/30/2021] [Accepted: 10/05/2021] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Abstract
Hotspots of N2 O emissions are generated from legume residues during decomposition. Arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi (AMF) from co-cultivated intercropped plants may proliferate into the microsites and interact with soil microbes to reduce N2 O emissions. Yet, the mechanisms by which or how mycorrhizal hyphae affect nitrifiers and denitrifiers in the legume residues remain ambiguous. Here, a split-microcosm experiment was conducted to assess hyphae of Rhizophagus aggregatus from neighbouring maize on overall N2 O emissions from stubbles of nodulated or non-nodulated soybean. Soil microbes from fields intercropped with maize/soybean amended with fertilizer nitrogen (SS-N1) or unamended (SS-N0) were added to the soybean chamber only. AMF hyphae consistently reduced N2 O emissions by 20.8%-61.5%. Generally, AMF hyphae promoted the abundance of N2 O-consuming (nosZ-type) denitrifiers and altered their community composition. The effects were partly associated with increasing MBC and DOC. By contrast, AMF reduced the abundance of nirK-type denitrifiers in the nodulated SS-N0 treatment only and that of AOB in the non-nodulated SS-N1 treatment. Taken together, our results show that AMF reduced N2 O emissions from soybean stubbles, mainly through the promotion of N2 O-consuming denitrifiers. This holds promise for mitigating N2 O emissions by manipulating the efficacious AMF and their associated microbes in cereal/legume intercropping systems.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ruotong Zhao
- College of Resources and Environmental Sciences, National Academy of Agriculture Green Development, Key Laboratory of Plant-Soil Interactions, Ministry of Education, China Agricultural University, Beijing, 100193, China
| | - Xia Li
- College of Resources and Environmental Sciences, National Academy of Agriculture Green Development, Key Laboratory of Plant-Soil Interactions, Ministry of Education, China Agricultural University, Beijing, 100193, China
- School of Life Science, Shanxi Datong University, Datong, 037009, China
| | - Shuikuan Bei
- College of Resources and Environmental Sciences, National Academy of Agriculture Green Development, Key Laboratory of Plant-Soil Interactions, Ministry of Education, China Agricultural University, Beijing, 100193, China
| | - Dandan Li
- College of Resources and Environmental Sciences, National Academy of Agriculture Green Development, Key Laboratory of Plant-Soil Interactions, Ministry of Education, China Agricultural University, Beijing, 100193, China
| | - Haigang Li
- Inner Mongolia Key Laboratory of Soil Quality and Nutrient Resources, Key Laboratory of Grassland Resource (IMAU), Ministry of Education, College of Grassland, Resources and Environment, Inner Mongolia Agricultural University, Hohhot, 010018, China
| | - Peter Christie
- College of Resources and Environmental Sciences, National Academy of Agriculture Green Development, Key Laboratory of Plant-Soil Interactions, Ministry of Education, China Agricultural University, Beijing, 100193, China
| | - S Franz Bender
- Plant Soil Interactions, Division Agroecology and Environment, Agroscope, Reckenholzstrasse 191, Zurich, CH-8046, Switzerland
| | - Junling Zhang
- College of Resources and Environmental Sciences, National Academy of Agriculture Green Development, Key Laboratory of Plant-Soil Interactions, Ministry of Education, China Agricultural University, Beijing, 100193, China
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14
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Mycorrhizal fungi induced activation of tomato defense system mitigates Fusarium wilt stress. Saudi J Biol Sci 2021; 28:5442-5450. [PMID: 34588854 PMCID: PMC8459153 DOI: 10.1016/j.sjbs.2021.07.025] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/26/2021] [Revised: 07/01/2021] [Accepted: 07/05/2021] [Indexed: 12/04/2022] Open
Abstract
The fungus Fusarium oxysporum f. sp. lycopersici (FOL) is known to cause vascular wilt on tomato almost over the world. Inoculation of FOL reduced plant growth and increased wilt of tomato. The following study examined the possible role of arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi (AMF) consortium comprising of Rhizophagus intraradices, Funneliformis mosseae and Claroideoglomus etunicatum against FOL in tomato and explored in an inducing plant systemic defense. AMF inoculation reduced the wilt disease within vascular tissue and in vivo production of fusaric acid was observed which may be responsible in reduced wilting. FOL had an antagonistic effect on AMF colonization, reduced the number of spores, arbuscules and vesicles. AMF also inhibited the damage induced by Fusarium wilt through increasing chlorophyll contents along with the activity of phosphate metabolising enzymes (acid and alkaline phosphatases). Moreover, tomato plants with mycorrhizal inoculation showed an increase in the level of antioxidant enzymes including glutathione reductase, catalase, and etc. with an ultimate influence on the elimination of reactive oxygen species. Moreover, rise in phosphatase along with antioxidant enzymatic systems and enhanced photosynthetic performance contributed to induced resistance against FOL in tomato.
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15
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Ingraffia R, Saia S, Giovino A, Amato G, Badagliacca G, Giambalvo D, Martinelli F, Ruisi P, Frenda AS. Addition of high C:N crop residues to a P-limited substrate constrains the benefits of arbuscular mycorrhizal symbiosis for wheat P and N nutrition. MYCORRHIZA 2021; 31:441-454. [PMID: 33893547 PMCID: PMC8266712 DOI: 10.1007/s00572-021-01031-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/10/2020] [Accepted: 04/07/2021] [Indexed: 05/18/2023]
Abstract
Many aspects concerning the role of arbuscular mycorrhizal (AM) fungi in plant nutrient uptake from organic sources remain unclear. Here, we investigated the contribution of AM symbiosis to N and P uptake by durum wheat after the addition of a high C:N biomass to a P-limited soil. Plants were grown in pots in the presence or absence of a multispecies AM inoculum, with (Org) or without (Ctr) the addition of 15N-labelled organic matter (OM). A further treatment, in which 15N was applied in mineral form (Ctr+N) in the same amount as that supplied in the Org treatment, was also included. Inoculation with AM had positive effects on plant growth in both control treatments (Ctr and Ctr+N), mainly linked to an increase in plant P uptake. The addition of OM, increasing the P available in the soil for the plants, resulted in a marked decrease in the contribution of AM symbiosis to plant growth and nutrient uptake, although the percentage of mycorrhization was higher in the Org treatment than in the controls. In addition, mycorrhization drastically reduced the recovery of 15N from the OM added to the soil whereas it slightly increased the N recovery from the mineral fertiliser. This suggests that plants and AM fungi probably exert a differential competition for different sources of N available in the soil. On the whole, our results provide a contribution to a better understanding of the conditions under which AM fungi can play an effective role in mitigating the negative effects of nutritional stresses in plants.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rosolino Ingraffia
- Dipartimento di Scienze Agrarie, Alimentari e Forestali, Università degli Studi di Palermo, Viale delle Scienze, 90128, Palermo, Italy
| | - Sergio Saia
- Department of Veterinary Sciences, University of Pisa, Via delle Piagge 2, 56124, Pisa, Italy
| | - Antonio Giovino
- Council for Agricultural Research and Economics, Research Centre for Plant Protection and Certification (CREA-DC), SS 113 km 245.500, 90011, Bagheria (PA), Italy
| | - Gaetano Amato
- Dipartimento di Scienze Agrarie, Alimentari e Forestali, Università degli Studi di Palermo, Viale delle Scienze, 90128, Palermo, Italy
| | - Giuseppe Badagliacca
- Dipartimento di Agraria, Università Mediterranea di Reggio Calabria, Feo di Vito, 89124, Reggio Calabria, Italy
| | - Dario Giambalvo
- Dipartimento di Scienze Agrarie, Alimentari e Forestali, Università degli Studi di Palermo, Viale delle Scienze, 90128, Palermo, Italy
| | - Federico Martinelli
- Dipartimento di Biologia, Università degli Studi di Firenze, Via Madonna del Piano 6, 50019, Sesto Fiorentino (FI), Italy
| | - Paolo Ruisi
- Dipartimento di Scienze Agrarie, Alimentari e Forestali, Università degli Studi di Palermo, Viale delle Scienze, 90128, Palermo, Italy.
| | - Alfonso S Frenda
- Dipartimento di Scienze Agrarie, Alimentari e Forestali, Università degli Studi di Palermo, Viale delle Scienze, 90128, Palermo, Italy
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16
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Jansa J, Hodge A. Swimming, gliding, or hyphal riding? On microbial migration along the arbuscular mycorrhizal hyphal highway and functional consequences thereof. THE NEW PHYTOLOGIST 2021; 230:14-16. [PMID: 33600606 DOI: 10.1111/nph.17244] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Jan Jansa
- Institute of Microbiology, Czech Academy of Sciences, Vídeňská 1083, Praha 4, 14220, Czech Republic
| | - Angela Hodge
- Department of Biology, University of York, Wentworth Way, Heslington, York, YO10 5DD, UK
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17
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Bukovská P, Rozmoš M, Kotianová M, Gančarčíková K, Dudáš M, Hršelová H, Jansa J. Arbuscular Mycorrhiza Mediates Efficient Recycling From Soil to Plants of Nitrogen Bound in Chitin. Front Microbiol 2021; 12:574060. [PMID: 33679625 PMCID: PMC7933022 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2021.574060] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/18/2020] [Accepted: 02/02/2021] [Indexed: 12/04/2022] Open
Abstract
Symbiosis between plants and arbuscular mycorrhizal (AM) fungi, involving great majority of extant plant species including most crops, is heavily implicated in plant mineral nutrition, abiotic and biotic stress tolerance, soil aggregate stabilization, as well as shaping soil microbiomes. The latter is particularly important for efficient recycling from soil to plants of nutrients such as phosphorus and nitrogen (N) bound in organic forms. Chitin is one of the most widespread polysaccharides on Earth, and contains substantial amounts of N (>6% by weight). Chitin is present in insect exoskeletons and cell walls of many fungi, and can be degraded by many prokaryotic as well as eukaryotic microbes normally present in soil. However, the AM fungi seem not to have the ability to directly access N bound in chitin molecules, thus relying on microbes in their hyphosphere to gain access to this nutrient-rich resource in the process referred to as organic N mineralization. Here we show, using data from two pot experiments, both including root-free compartments amended with 15N-labeled chitin, that AM fungi can channel substantial proportions (more than 20%) of N supplied as chitin into their plants hosts within as short as 5 weeks. Further, we show that overall N losses (leaching and/or volatilization), sometimes exceeding 50% of the N supplied to the soil as chitin within several weeks, were significantly lower in mycorrhizal as compared to non-mycorrhizal pots. Surprisingly, the rate of chitin mineralization and its N utilization by the AM fungi was at least as fast as that of green manure (clover biomass), based on direct 15N labeling and tracing. This efficient N recycling from soil to plant, observed in mycorrhizal pots, was not strongly affected by the composition of AM fungal communities or environmental context (glasshouse or outdoors, additional mineral N supply to the plants or not). These results indicate that AM fungi in general can be regarded as a critical and robust soil resource with respect to complex soil processes such as organic N mineralization and recycling. More specific research is warranted into the exact molecular mechanisms and microbial players behind the observed patterns.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | | | | | - Jan Jansa
- Laboratory of Fungal Biology, Institute of Microbiology, Czech Academy of Sciences, Praha, Czechia
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18
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Zhou J, Chai X, Zhang L, George TS, Wang F, Feng G. Different Arbuscular Mycorrhizal Fungi Cocolonizing on a Single Plant Root System Recruit Distinct Microbiomes. mSystems 2020; 5:e00929-20. [PMID: 33323417 PMCID: PMC7771537 DOI: 10.1128/msystems.00929-20] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/12/2020] [Accepted: 11/17/2020] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Plant roots are usually colonized by various arbuscular mycorrhizal (AM) fungal species, which vary in morphological, physiological, and genetic traits. This colonization constitutes the mycorrhizal nutrient uptake pathway (MP) and supplements the pathway through roots. Simultaneously, the extraradical hyphae of each AM fungus is associated with a community of bacteria. However, whether the community structure and function of the microbiome on the extraradical hyphae differ between AM fungal species remains unknown. In order to understand the community structure and the predicted functions of the microbiome associated with different AM fungal species, a split-root compartmented rhizobox cultivation system, which allowed us to inoculate two AM fungal species separately in two root compartments, was used. We inoculated two separate AM fungal species combinations, (i) Funneliformis mosseae and Gigaspora margarita and (ii) Rhizophagus intraradices and G. margarita, on a single root system of cotton. The hyphal exudate-fed, active microbiome was measured by combining 13C-DNA stable isotope probing with MiSeq sequencing. We found that different AM fungal species, which were simultaneously colonizing a single root system, hosted active microbiomes that were distinct from one another. Moreover, the predicted potential functions of the different microbiomes were distinct. We conclude that the arbuscular mycorrhizal fungal component of the system is responsible for the recruitment of distinct microbiomes in the hyphosphere. The potential significance of the predicted functions of the microbial ecosystem services is discussed.IMPORTANCE Arbuscular mycorrhizal (AM) fungi form tight symbiotic relationships with the majority of terrestrial plants and play critical roles in plant P acquisition, adding a further dimension of complexity. The plant-AM fungus-bacterium system is considered a continuum, with the bacteria colonizing not only the plant roots, but also the associated mycorrhizal hyphal network, known as the hyphosphere microbiome. Plant roots are usually colonized by different AM fungal species which form an independent phosphorus uptake pathway from the root pathway, i.e., the mycorrhizal pathway. The community structure and function of the hyphosphere microbiome of different AM species are completely unknown. In this novel study, we found that arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi cocolonizing on single plant roots recruit their own specific microbiomes, which should be considered in evaluating plant microbiome form and function. Our findings demonstrate the importance of understanding trophic interactions in order to gain insight into the plant-AM fungus-bacterium symbiosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jiachao Zhou
- College of Resources and Environmental Sciences, China Agricultural University, Beijing, China
| | - Xiaofen Chai
- College of Resources and Environmental Sciences, China Agricultural University, Beijing, China
| | - Lin Zhang
- College of Resources and Environmental Sciences, China Agricultural University, Beijing, China
| | | | - Fei Wang
- School of Resource and Environmental Sciences, Henan Institute of Science and Technology, Xinxiang, China
| | - Gu Feng
- College of Resources and Environmental Sciences, China Agricultural University, Beijing, China
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19
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Securing of an Industrial Soil Using Turfgrass Assisted by Biostimulants and Compost Amendment. AGRONOMY-BASEL 2020. [DOI: 10.3390/agronomy10091310] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
This work aimed to study the effects of compost (applied at two rates) and two commercial microbial biostimulants on the mobility and bioavailability of potentially toxic elements (PTEs) in an industrial soil phytostabilized by Dactylis glomerata L. or a mixed stand of grasses (Lolium perenne L., Poa pratensis L. and Festuca arundinacea Shreb.). The soil showed very high pseudototal and bioavailable concentrations of cadmium (Cd) and lead (Pb), due to improper lead-acid batteries storage. Compost amendment in combination with the two biostimulants produced the best outcomes in terms of plant growth and nutrient uptake. The same mix of beneficial microbes improved soil biological fertility enhancing soil nitrogen fixing and ammonia oxidizing bacteria, while reduced the pore water and NH4NO3 extractable concentrations of Cd and at lower extent of Pb in soil. Accordingly, the lower mobility and bioavailability of Cd in soil determined a lower uptake and accumulation of Cd in shoots of different grass species. Our results suggest that a green cap with turfgrass assisted by biostimulants and compost amendment in PTE-contaminated industrial sites could be a reliable and effective practice to protect and restore soil biological fertility and to reduce the risk of PTE dispersion in the surrounding environment.
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20
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Balestrini R, Brunetti C, Chitarra W, Nerva L. Photosynthetic Traits and Nitrogen Uptake in Crops: Which Is the Role of Arbuscular Mycorrhizal Fungi? PLANTS (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2020; 9:E1105. [PMID: 32867243 PMCID: PMC7570035 DOI: 10.3390/plants9091105] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/04/2020] [Revised: 08/21/2020] [Accepted: 08/25/2020] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
Arbuscular mycorrhizal (AM) fungi are root symbionts that provide mineral nutrients to the host plant in exchange for carbon compounds. AM fungi positively affect several aspects of plant life, improving nutrition and leading to a better growth, stress tolerance, and disease resistance and they interact with most crop plants such as cereals, horticultural species, and fruit trees. For this reason, they receive expanding attention for the potential use in sustainable and climate-smart agriculture context. Although several positive effects have been reported on photosynthetic traits in host plants, showing improved performances under abiotic stresses such as drought, salinity and extreme temperature, the involved mechanisms are still to be fully discovered. In this review, some controversy aspects related to AM symbiosis and photosynthesis performances will be discussed, with a specific focus on nitrogen acquisition-mediated by AM fungi.
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Affiliation(s)
- Raffaella Balestrini
- National Research Council-Institute for Sustainable Plant Protection (CNR-IPSP), 10125 Turin, Italy; (C.B.); (W.C.); (L.N.)
| | - Cecilia Brunetti
- National Research Council-Institute for Sustainable Plant Protection (CNR-IPSP), 10125 Turin, Italy; (C.B.); (W.C.); (L.N.)
| | - Walter Chitarra
- National Research Council-Institute for Sustainable Plant Protection (CNR-IPSP), 10125 Turin, Italy; (C.B.); (W.C.); (L.N.)
- Council for Agricultural Research and Economics, Research Center for Viticulture and Enology, (CREA-VE), 31015 Conegliano (TV), Italy
| | - Luca Nerva
- National Research Council-Institute for Sustainable Plant Protection (CNR-IPSP), 10125 Turin, Italy; (C.B.); (W.C.); (L.N.)
- Council for Agricultural Research and Economics, Research Center for Viticulture and Enology, (CREA-VE), 31015 Conegliano (TV), Italy
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21
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Ingraffia R, Amato G, Sosa-Hernández MA, Frenda AS, Rillig MC, Giambalvo D. Nitrogen Type and Availability Drive Mycorrhizal Effects on Wheat Performance, Nitrogen Uptake and Recovery, and Production Sustainability. FRONTIERS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2020; 11:760. [PMID: 32636854 PMCID: PMC7318877 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2020.00760] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/04/2020] [Accepted: 05/13/2020] [Indexed: 05/23/2023]
Abstract
Plant performance is strongly dependent on nitrogen (N), and thus increasing N nutrition is of great relevance for the productivity of agroecosystems. The effects of arbuscular mycorrhizal (AM) fungi on plant N acquisition are debated because contradictory results have been reported. Using 15N-labeled fertilizers as a tracer, we evaluated the effects of AM fungi on N uptake and recovery from mineral or organic sources in durum wheat. Under sufficient N availability, AM fungi had no effects on plant biomass but increased N concentrations in plant tissue, plant N uptake, and total N recovered from the fertilizer. In N-deficient soil, AM fungi led to decreased aboveground biomass, which suggests that plants and AM fungi may have competed for N. When the organic source had a low C:N ratio, AM fungi favored both plant N uptake and N recovery. In contrast, when the organic source had a high C:N ratio, a clear reduction in N recovery from the fertilizer was observed. Overall, the results indicate an active role of arbuscular mycorrhizae in favoring plant N-related traits when N is not a limiting factor and show that these fungi help in N recovery from the fertilizer. These results hold great potential for increasing the sustainability of durum wheat production.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rosolino Ingraffia
- Department of Agricultural, Food and Forest Sciences, Università degli Studi di Palermo, Palermo, Italy
| | - Gaetano Amato
- Department of Agricultural, Food and Forest Sciences, Università degli Studi di Palermo, Palermo, Italy
| | - Moisés A Sosa-Hernández
- Plant Ecology, Institute of Biology, Freie Universität Berlin, Berlin, Germany
- Berlin-Brandenburg Institute of Advanced Biodiversity Research, Berlin, Germany
| | - Alfonso S Frenda
- Department of Agricultural, Food and Forest Sciences, Università degli Studi di Palermo, Palermo, Italy
| | - Matthias C Rillig
- Plant Ecology, Institute of Biology, Freie Universität Berlin, Berlin, Germany
- Berlin-Brandenburg Institute of Advanced Biodiversity Research, Berlin, Germany
| | - Dario Giambalvo
- Department of Agricultural, Food and Forest Sciences, Università degli Studi di Palermo, Palermo, Italy
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22
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Püschel D, Bitterlich M, Rydlová J, Jansa J. Facilitation of plant water uptake by an arbuscular mycorrhizal fungus: a Gordian knot of roots and hyphae. MYCORRHIZA 2020; 30:299-313. [PMID: 32253570 DOI: 10.1007/s00572-020-00949-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/05/2019] [Accepted: 03/16/2020] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
Arbuscular mycorrhizal (AM) fungi play a positive role in plant water relations, and the AM symbiosis is often cited as beneficial for overcoming drought stress of host plants. Nevertheless, water uptake via mycorrhizal hyphal networks has been little addressed experimentally, especially so through isotope tracing. In a greenhouse study conducted in two-compartment rhizoboxes, Medicago truncatula was planted in the primary compartment (PC), either inoculated with Rhizophagus irregularis or left uninoculated. Plant roots were either allowed to enter the secondary compartment (SC) or were restricted to the PC by root-excluding mesh. Substrate moisture was manipulated in the PC such that the plants were grown either in high moisture (15% of gravimetric water content, GWC) or low moisture (8% GWC). Meanwhile, the SC was maintained at 15% GWC throughout and served as a water source accessible (or not) by roots and/or hyphae. Water in the SC was labeled with deuterium (D) to quantify water uptake by the plants from the SC. Significantly, increased D incorporation into plants indicated higher water uptake by mycorrhizal plants when roots had access to the D source, but this was mainly explained by generally larger mycorrhizal root systems in proximity to the D source. On the other hand, AM fungal hyphae with access to the D source increased D incorporation into plants more than twofold compared to non-mycorrhizal plants. Despite this strong effect, water transport via AM fungal hyphae was low compared to the transpiration demand of the plants.
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Affiliation(s)
- David Püschel
- Department of Mycorrhizal Symbioses, Institute of Botany of the Czech Academy of Sciences, Průhonice, Czech Republic.
- Laboratory of Fungal Biology, Institute of Microbiology of the Czech Academy of Sciences, Prague, Czech Republic.
| | - Michael Bitterlich
- Leibniz Institute of Vegetable and Ornamental Crops e.V. (IGZ), Grossbeeren, Germany
| | - Jana Rydlová
- Department of Mycorrhizal Symbioses, Institute of Botany of the Czech Academy of Sciences, Průhonice, Czech Republic
| | - Jan Jansa
- Laboratory of Fungal Biology, Institute of Microbiology of the Czech Academy of Sciences, Prague, Czech Republic
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23
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Teste FP, Jones MD, Dickie IA. Dual-mycorrhizal plants: their ecology and relevance. THE NEW PHYTOLOGIST 2020; 225:1835-1851. [PMID: 31514244 DOI: 10.1111/nph.16190] [Citation(s) in RCA: 61] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/08/2019] [Accepted: 08/17/2019] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
Dual-mycorrhizal plants are capable of associating with fungi that form characteristic arbuscular mycorrhizal (AM) and ectomycorrhizal (EM) structures. Here, we address the following questions: (1) How many dual-mycorrhizal plant species are there? (2) What are the advantages for a plant to host two, rather than one, mycorrhizal types? (3) Which factors can provoke shifts in mycorrhizal dominance (i.e. mycorrhizal switching)? We identify a large number (89 genera within 32 families) of confirmed dual-mycorrhizal plants based on observing arbuscules or coils for AM status and Hartig net or similar structures for EM status within the same plant species. We then review the possible nutritional benefits and discuss the possible mechanisms leading to net costs and benefits. Cost and benefits of dual-mycorrhizal status appear to be context dependent, particularly with respect to the life stage of the host plant. Mycorrhizal switching occurs under a wide range of abiotic and biotic factors, including soil moisture and nutrient status. The relevance of dual-mycorrhizal plants in the ecological restoration of adverse sites where plants are not carbon limited is discussed. We conclude that dual-mycorrhizal plants are underutilized in ecophysiological-based experiments, yet are powerful model plant-fungal systems to better understand mycorrhizal symbioses without confounding host effects.
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Affiliation(s)
- François P Teste
- Grupo de Estudios Ambientales, IMASL-CONICET & Universidad Nacional de San Luis, Av. Ejercito de los Andes 950 (5700), San Luis, Argentina
- School of Biological Sciences, The University of Western Australia, 35 Stirling Highway, Crawley (Perth), WA, 6009, Australia
| | - Melanie D Jones
- Department of Biology, University of British Columbia, Okanagan Campus, Kelowna, BC, V1V 1V7, Canada
| | - Ian A Dickie
- Bio-Protection Research Centre, School of Biological Sciences, University of Canterbury, Christchurch, 8140, New Zealand
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24
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Jansa J, Šmilauer P, Borovička J, Hršelová H, Forczek ST, Slámová K, Řezanka T, Rozmoš M, Bukovská P, Gryndler M. Dead Rhizophagus irregularis biomass mysteriously stimulates plant growth. MYCORRHIZA 2020; 30:63-77. [PMID: 32062707 DOI: 10.1007/s00572-020-00937-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/09/2019] [Accepted: 02/05/2020] [Indexed: 05/26/2023]
Abstract
Arbuscular mycorrhizal (AM) fungi establish symbiotic associations with many plant species, transferring significant amounts of soil nutrients such as phosphorus to plants and receiving photosynthetically fixed carbon in return. Functioning of AM symbiosis is thus based on interaction between two living partners. The importance of dead AM fungal biomass (necromass) in ecosystem processes remains unclear. Here, we applied either living biomass or necromass (0.0004 potting substrate weight percent) of monoxenically produced AM fungus (Rhizophagus irregularis) into previously sterilized potting substrate planted with Andropogon gerardii. Plant biomass production significantly improved in both treatments as compared to non-amended controls. Living AM fungus, in contrast to the necromass, specifically improved plant acquisition of nutrients normally supplied to the plants by AM fungal networks, such as phosphorus and zinc. There was, however, no difference between the two amendment treatments with respect to plant uptake of other nutrients such as nitrogen and/or magnesium, indicating that the effect on plants of the AM fungal necromass was not primarily nutritional. Plant growth stimulation by the necromass could thus be either due to AM fungal metabolites directly affecting the plants, indirectly due to changes in soil/root microbiomes or due to physicochemical modifications of the potting substrate. In the necromass, we identified several potentially bioactive molecules. We also provide experimental evidence for significant differences in underground microbiomes depending on the amendment with living or dead AM fungal biomass. This research thus provides the first glimpse into possible mechanisms responsible for observed plant growth stimulation by the AM fungal necromass.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jan Jansa
- Laboratory of Fungal Biology, Institute of Microbiology, Czech Academy of Sciences, Vídeňská 1083, 142 20, Prague 4, Czech Republic.
| | - Petr Šmilauer
- Department of Ecosystem Biology, Faculty of Science, University of South Bohemia, Branišovská 1760, 370 05, České Budějovice, Czech Republic
| | - Jan Borovička
- Institute of Geology, Czech Academy of Sciences, Rozvojová 269, 165 00, Prague 6, Czech Republic
| | - Hana Hršelová
- Laboratory of Fungal Biology, Institute of Microbiology, Czech Academy of Sciences, Vídeňská 1083, 142 20, Prague 4, Czech Republic
| | - Sándor T Forczek
- Laboratory of Fungal Biology, Institute of Microbiology, Czech Academy of Sciences, Vídeňská 1083, 142 20, Prague 4, Czech Republic
- Isotope Laboratory, Institute of Experimental Botany, Czech Academy of Sciences, Vídeňská 1083, 142 20, Prague 4, Czech Republic
| | - Kristýna Slámová
- Laboratory of Biotransformation, Institute of Microbiology, Czech Academy of Sciences, Vídeňská 1083, 142 20, Prague 4, Czech Republic
| | - Tomáš Řezanka
- Laboratory of Fungal Genetics and Metabolism, Institute of Microbiology, Czech Academy of Sciences, Vídeňská 1083, 142 20, Prague 4, Czech Republic
| | - Martin Rozmoš
- Laboratory of Fungal Biology, Institute of Microbiology, Czech Academy of Sciences, Vídeňská 1083, 142 20, Prague 4, Czech Republic
| | - Petra Bukovská
- Laboratory of Fungal Biology, Institute of Microbiology, Czech Academy of Sciences, Vídeňská 1083, 142 20, Prague 4, Czech Republic
| | - Milan Gryndler
- Laboratory of Fungal Biology, Institute of Microbiology, Czech Academy of Sciences, Vídeňská 1083, 142 20, Prague 4, Czech Republic
- Faculty of Science, Jan Evangelista Purkyně University in Ústí nad Labem, České mládeže 8, 400 96, Ústí nad Labem, Czech Republic
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25
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Konečný J, Hršelová H, Bukovská P, Hujslová M, Jansa J. Correlative evidence for co-regulation of phosphorus and carbon exchanges with symbiotic fungus in the arbuscular mycorrhizal Medicago truncatula. PLoS One 2019; 14:e0224938. [PMID: 31710651 PMCID: PMC6844471 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0224938] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/15/2019] [Accepted: 10/24/2019] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Research efforts directed to elucidation of mechanisms behind trading of resources between the partners in the arbuscular mycorrhizal (AM) symbiosis have seen a considerable progress in the recent years. Yet, despite of the recent developments, some key questions still remain unanswered. For example, it is well established that the strictly biotrophic AM fungus releases phosphorus to- and receives carbon molecules from the plant symbiont, but the particular genes, and their products, responsible for facilitating this exchange, are still not fully described, nor are the principles and pathways of their regulation. Here, we made a de novo quest for genes involved in carbon transfer from the plant to the fungus using genome-wide gene expression array targeting whole root and whole shoot gene expression profiles of mycorrhizal and non-mycorrhizal Medicago truncatula plants grown in a glasshouse. Using physiological intervention of heavy shading (90% incoming light removed) and the correlation of expression levels of MtPT4, the mycorrhiza-inducible phosphate transporter operating at the symbiotic interface between the root cortical cells and the AM fungus, and our candidate genes, we demonstrate that several novel genes may be involved in resource tradings in the AM symbiosis established by M. truncatula. These include glucose-6-phosphate/phosphate translocator, polyol/monosaccharide transporter, DUR3-like, nucleotide-diphospho-sugar transferase or a putative membrane transporter. Besides, we also examined the expression of other M. truncatula phosphate transporters (MtPT1-3, MtPT5-6) to gain further insights in the balance between the "direct" and the "mycorrhizal" phosphate uptake pathways upon colonization of roots by the AM fungus, as affected by short-term carbon/energy deprivation. In addition, the role of the novel candidate genes in plant cell metabolism is discussed based on available literature.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jan Konečný
- Department of Experimental Plant Biology, Faculty of Science, Charles University, Viničná, Prague, Czech Republic
- Institute of Microbiology, Czech Academy of Sciences, Vídeňská, Prague, Czech Republic
- * E-mail:
| | - Hana Hršelová
- Institute of Microbiology, Czech Academy of Sciences, Vídeňská, Prague, Czech Republic
| | - Petra Bukovská
- Institute of Microbiology, Czech Academy of Sciences, Vídeňská, Prague, Czech Republic
| | - Martina Hujslová
- Institute of Microbiology, Czech Academy of Sciences, Vídeňská, Prague, Czech Republic
| | - Jan Jansa
- Institute of Microbiology, Czech Academy of Sciences, Vídeňská, Prague, Czech Republic
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Frey SD. Mycorrhizal Fungi as Mediators of Soil Organic Matter Dynamics. ANNUAL REVIEW OF ECOLOGY EVOLUTION AND SYSTEMATICS 2019. [DOI: 10.1146/annurev-ecolsys-110617-062331] [Citation(s) in RCA: 125] [Impact Index Per Article: 25.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Abstract
Inhabiting the interface between plant roots and soil, mycorrhizal fungi play a unique but underappreciated role in soil organic matter (SOM) dynamics. Their hyphae provide an efficient mechanism for distributing plant carbon throughout the soil, facilitating its deposition into soil pores and onto mineral surfaces, where it can be protected from microbial attack. Mycorrhizal exudates and dead tissues contribute to the microbial necromass pool now known to play a dominant role in SOM formation and stabilization. While mycorrhizal fungi lack the genetic capacity to act as saprotrophs, they use several strategies to access nutrients locked in SOM and thereby promote its decay, including direct enzymatic breakdown, oxidation via Fenton chemistry, and stimulation of heterotrophic microorganisms through carbon provision to the rhizosphere. An additional mechanism, competition with free-living saprotrophs, potentially suppresses SOM decomposition, leading to its accumulation. How these various nutrient acquisition strategies differentially influence SOM formation, stabilization, and loss is an area of critical research need.
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Affiliation(s)
- Serita D. Frey
- Department of Natural Resources and the Environment, University of New Hampshire, Durham, New Hampshire 03824, USA
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27
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Bunn RA, Simpson DT, Bullington LS, Lekberg Y, Janos DP. Revisiting the 'direct mineral cycling' hypothesis: arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi colonize leaf litter, but why? THE ISME JOURNAL 2019; 13:1891-1898. [PMID: 30911130 PMCID: PMC6775977 DOI: 10.1038/s41396-019-0403-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 58] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/12/2018] [Revised: 02/08/2019] [Accepted: 03/01/2019] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Rebecca A Bunn
- Department of Environmental Sciences, Western Washington University, 516 High St., MS-9181, Bellingham, WA, 98225, USA.
| | - Dylan T Simpson
- Department of Environmental Sciences, Western Washington University, 516 High St., MS-9181, Bellingham, WA, 98225, USA
| | | | - Ylva Lekberg
- MPG Ranch, Missoula, MT, USA
- Department of Ecosystem and Conservation Sciences, University of Montana, Missoula, MT, USA
| | - David P Janos
- Department of Biology, University of Miami, Miami, FL, USA
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28
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Hestrin R, Hammer EC, Mueller CW, Lehmann J. Synergies between mycorrhizal fungi and soil microbial communities increase plant nitrogen acquisition. Commun Biol 2019; 2:233. [PMID: 31263777 PMCID: PMC6588552 DOI: 10.1038/s42003-019-0481-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 57] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/15/2019] [Accepted: 05/28/2019] [Indexed: 01/03/2023] Open
Abstract
Nitrogen availability often restricts primary productivity in terrestrial ecosystems. Arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi are ubiquitous symbionts of terrestrial plants and can improve plant nitrogen acquisition, but have a limited ability to access organic nitrogen. Although other soil biota mineralize organic nitrogen into bioavailable forms, they may simultaneously compete for nitrogen, with unknown consequences for plant nutrition. Here, we show that synergies between the mycorrhizal fungus Rhizophagus irregularis and soil microbial communities have a highly non-additive effect on nitrogen acquisition by the model grass Brachypodium distachyon. These multipartite microbial synergies result in a doubling of the nitrogen that mycorrhizal plants acquire from organic matter and a tenfold increase in nitrogen acquisition compared to non-mycorrhizal plants grown in the absence of soil microbial communities. This previously unquantified multipartite relationship may contribute to more than 70 Tg of annually assimilated plant nitrogen, thereby playing a critical role in global nutrient cycling and ecosystem function.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rachel Hestrin
- Soil and Crop Sciences, School of Integrative Plant Science, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY 14853 USA
| | - Edith C. Hammer
- Department of Biology, Lund University, Box 118, 22100 Lund, Sweden
| | - Carsten W. Mueller
- Lehrstuhl für Bodenkunde, TU München, 85356 Freising-Weihenstephan, Germany
| | - Johannes Lehmann
- Soil and Crop Sciences, School of Integrative Plant Science, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY 14853 USA
- Atkinson Center for a Sustainable Future, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY 14853 USA
- Institute for Advanced Studies, TU München, 85748 Garching, Germany
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29
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Paymaneh Z, Gryndler M, Konvalinková T, Benada O, Borovička J, Bukovská P, Püschel D, Řezáčová V, Sarcheshmehpour M, Jansa J. Soil Matrix Determines the Outcome of Interaction Between Mycorrhizal Symbiosis and Biochar for Andropogon gerardii Growth and Nutrition. Front Microbiol 2018; 9:2862. [PMID: 30538687 PMCID: PMC6277529 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2018.02862] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/31/2018] [Accepted: 11/06/2018] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Biochar has been heralded as a multipurpose soil amendment to sustainably increase soil fertility and crop yields, affect soil hydraulic properties, reduce nutrient losses, and sequester carbon. Some of the most spectacular results of biochar (and organic nutrient) inputs are the terra preta soils in the Amazon, dark anthropogenic soils with extremely high fertility sustained over centuries. Such soil improvements have been particularly difficult to achieve on a short run, leading to speculations that biochar may need to age (weather) in soil to show its best. Further, interaction of biochar with arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi (AMF), important root symbionts of a great majority of terrestrial plants including most agricultural crops, remains little explored. To study the effect of aged biochar on highly mycotrophic Andropogon gerardii plants and their associated AMF, we made use of softwood biochar, collected from a historic charcoal burning site. This biochar (either untreated or chemically activated, the latter serving as a proxy for freshly prepared biochar) was added into two agricultural soils (acid or alkaline), and compared to soils without biochar. These treatments were further crossed with inoculation with a synthetic AMF community to address possible interactions between biochar and the AMF. Biochar application was generally detrimental for growth and mineral nutrition of our experimental plants, but had no effect on the extent of their root colonized by the AMF, nor did it affect composition of their root-borne AMF communities. In contrast, biochar affected development of two out of five AMF (Claroideoglomus and Funneliformis) in the soil. Establishment of symbiosis with AMF largely mitigated biochar-induced suppression of plant growth and mineral nutrition, mainly by improving plant acquisition of phosphorus. Both mycorrhizal and non-mycorrhizal plants grew well in the acid soil without biochar application, whereas non-mycorrhizal plants remained stunted in the alkaline soils under all situations (with or without biochar). These different and strong effects indicate that response of plants to biochar application are largely dependent on soil matrix and also on microbes such as AMF, and call for further research to enable qualified predictions of the effects of different biochar applications on field-grown crops and soil processes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zahra Paymaneh
- Department of Soil Science, Faculty of Agriculture, Shahid Bahonar University of Kerman, Kerman, Iran
- Laboratory of Fungal Biology, Institute of Microbiology, Czech Academy of Sciences, Prague, Czechia
| | - Milan Gryndler
- Laboratory of Fungal Biology, Institute of Microbiology, Czech Academy of Sciences, Prague, Czechia
- Faculty of Science, Jan Evangelista Purkyně University in Ústí nad Labem, Ústí nad Labem, Czechia
| | - Tereza Konvalinková
- Laboratory of Fungal Biology, Institute of Microbiology, Czech Academy of Sciences, Prague, Czechia
| | - Oldřich Benada
- Laboratory of Molecular Structure Characterization, Institute of Microbiology, Czech Academy of Sciences, Prague, Czechia
| | - Jan Borovička
- Institute of Geology, Czech Academy of Sciences, Prague, Czechia
| | - Petra Bukovská
- Laboratory of Fungal Biology, Institute of Microbiology, Czech Academy of Sciences, Prague, Czechia
| | - David Püschel
- Laboratory of Fungal Biology, Institute of Microbiology, Czech Academy of Sciences, Prague, Czechia
- Institute of Botany, Czech Academy of Sciences, Průhonice, Czechia
| | - Veronika Řezáčová
- Laboratory of Fungal Biology, Institute of Microbiology, Czech Academy of Sciences, Prague, Czechia
| | - Mehdi Sarcheshmehpour
- Department of Soil Science, Faculty of Agriculture, Shahid Bahonar University of Kerman, Kerman, Iran
| | - Jan Jansa
- Laboratory of Fungal Biology, Institute of Microbiology, Czech Academy of Sciences, Prague, Czechia
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30
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Mycorrhizal fungal community structure in tropical humid soils under fallow and cropping conditions. Sci Rep 2018; 8:17061. [PMID: 30459316 PMCID: PMC6244078 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-018-34736-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/22/2017] [Accepted: 10/23/2018] [Indexed: 11/08/2022] Open
Abstract
Little is known to what extent soil biota, in particular, the mycorrhizae are altered through different fallow durations/types in tropical soils. We found that soil-N, -C, -Al, -K and -Ca contents significantly differed due to the fallow durations/types. Subsequently, the effects of fallow types and soil depths on the diversity, species richness and community structure of arbuscular mycorrhizal (AM) fungi were examined. A higher AM species richness was identified in the cropping than in forest fallow fields, suggesting a positive cropping feedback on the AM community composition. Distribution of the AM species was positively related to soil properties, specifically soil-pH, and soil-Pi, -Ca and -Mg contents. The soil properties conjointly accounted for 78.5% of explained variation in the AM community composition, signifying that the main factors altering the community structure under different fallow and cropping systems were the soil properties. Among the soil chemical characteristics, the soil-pH disclosed a significant explained variation in the AM community composition in the topsoil layer under the short fallow. Structural modeling equation to understand multiple predictive pathways that connect soil properties, fallow practices and AM community structures indicated that soil-C, -N and -Ca contents were highlighted as important factors influencing the AM community compositions.
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Řezáčová V, Zemková L, Beskid O, Püschel D, Konvalinková T, Hujslová M, Slavíková R, Jansa J. Little Cross-Feeding of the Mycorrhizal Networks Shared Between C 3- Panicum bisulcatum and C 4- Panicum maximum Under Different Temperature Regimes. FRONTIERS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2018; 9:449. [PMID: 29681914 PMCID: PMC5897505 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2018.00449] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/04/2017] [Accepted: 03/22/2018] [Indexed: 05/26/2023]
Abstract
Common mycorrhizal networks (CMNs) formed by arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi (AMF) interconnect plants of the same and/or different species, redistributing nutrients and draining carbon (C) from the different plant partners at different rates. Here, we conducted a plant co-existence (intercropping) experiment testing the role of AMF in resource sharing and exploitation by simplified plant communities composed of two congeneric grass species (Panicum spp.) with different photosynthetic metabolism types (C3 or C4). The grasses had spatially separated rooting zones, conjoined through a root-free (but AMF-accessible) zone added with 15N-labeled plant (clover) residues. The plants were grown under two different temperature regimes: high temperature (36/32°C day/night) or ambient temperature (25/21°C day/night) applied over 49 days after an initial period of 26 days at ambient temperature. We made use of the distinct C-isotopic composition of the two plant species sharing the same CMN (composed of a synthetic AMF community of five fungal genera) to estimate if the CMN was or was not fed preferentially under the specific environmental conditions by one or the other plant species. Using the C-isotopic composition of AMF-specific fatty acid (C16:1ω5) in roots and in the potting substrate harboring the extraradical AMF hyphae, we found that the C3-Panicum continued feeding the CMN at both temperatures with a significant and invariable share of C resources. This was surprising because the growth of the C3 plants was more susceptible to high temperature than that of the C4 plants and the C3-Panicum alone suppressed abundance of the AMF (particularly Funneliformis sp.) in its roots due to the elevated temperature. Moreover, elevated temperature induced a shift in competition for nitrogen between the two plant species in favor of the C4-Panicum, as demonstrated by significantly lower 15N yields of the C3-Panicum but higher 15N yields of the C4-Panicum at elevated as compared to ambient temperature. Although the development of CMN (particularly of the dominant Rhizophagus and Funneliformis spp.) was somewhat reduced under high temperature, plant P uptake benefits due to AMF inoculation remained well visible under both temperature regimes, though without imminent impact on plant biomass production that actually decreased due to inoculation with AMF.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | - Jan Jansa
- Laboratory of Fungal Biology, Ecology, Institute of Microbiology, Czech Academy of Sciences, Prague, Czechia
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