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Bai B, Guo Y, Meng S, Gong Y, Bo T, Zhang J, Shen D, Fan S, Yang Y. Determination of insecticide residues in beverages based on MIL-100(Fe) dispersive solid-phase microextraction in combination with dispersive liquid-liquid microextraction followed by HPLC-MS/MS. Food Chem 2024; 453:139660. [PMID: 38761738 DOI: 10.1016/j.foodchem.2024.139660] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/30/2024] [Revised: 04/20/2024] [Accepted: 05/11/2024] [Indexed: 05/20/2024]
Abstract
A novel dispersive solid-phase microextraction method based on a metal-organic framework (MIL-100(Fe)) combined with a dispersive liquid-liquid microextraction technique was proposed for the extraction and enrichment of four insecticides in beverages. The qualitative and quantitative analysis of these insecticides was conducted using HPLC-MS/MS. To optimize the extraction process, several parameters were investigated, and the main variables were optimized using CCD-based RSM. The developed method displayed a wide linear range of 1.000-1000 ng/L and R2 values >0.993 for all four calibration curves. The method demonstrated high sensitivity, with LODs and LOQs of 0.3-0.6 ng/L and 0.8-1.0 ng/L, respectively. In addition, the greenness of the proposed method was assessed using the Complex GAPI tool, and the results showed that the proposed method exhibits benefits, such as minimal usage of organic solvents and negligible matrix influence, making it a suitable method for the detection of insecticide residues in beverages.
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Affiliation(s)
- Baoqing Bai
- School of Life Science, Shanxi University, Taiyuan 030006, China,; Xinghuacun College of Shanxi University, Taiyuan 030006, China
| | - Yanli Guo
- School of Life Science, Shanxi University, Taiyuan 030006, China
| | - Siyuan Meng
- School of Life Science, Shanxi University, Taiyuan 030006, China
| | - Yaozhong Gong
- Inspection and Testing Center of Shanxi Province, Taiyuan 030031, China,; Shanxi Key Laboratory of Food and Drug Safety Prevention and Control, Taiyuan 030031, China
| | - Tao Bo
- School of Life Science, Shanxi University, Taiyuan 030006, China,; Institute of Biotechnology, Key Laboratory of Chemical Biology and Molecular Engineering of National Ministry of Education, Shanxi University, Taiyuan 030006, China
| | - Jinhua Zhang
- School of Life Science, Shanxi University, Taiyuan 030006, China,; Xinghuacun College of Shanxi University, Taiyuan 030006, China
| | - Dan Shen
- School of Life Science, Shanxi University, Taiyuan 030006, China
| | - Sanhong Fan
- School of Life Science, Shanxi University, Taiyuan 030006, China,; Xinghuacun College of Shanxi University, Taiyuan 030006, China
| | - Yukun Yang
- School of Life Science, Shanxi University, Taiyuan 030006, China,; Xinghuacun College of Shanxi University, Taiyuan 030006, China,.
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Li Y, Ma Q, Gong H, Gu J, Liu T, Wang X. Superior oxidase-mimetic activity of FeCo-NC dual-atom nanozyme for smartphone-based visually colorimetric assay of organophosphorus pesticides. Mikrochim Acta 2024; 191:368. [PMID: 38833176 DOI: 10.1007/s00604-024-06443-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/28/2024] [Accepted: 05/17/2024] [Indexed: 06/06/2024]
Abstract
A colorimetric analysis platform has been successfully developed based on FeCo-NC dual-atom nanozyme (FeCo-NC DAzyme) for the detection of organophosphorus pesticides (OPPs). The FeCo-NC DAzyme exhibited exceptional oxidase-like activity (OXD), enabling the catalysis of colorless TMB to form blue oxidized TMB (oxTMB) without the need for H2O2 involvement. By combining acid phosphatase (ACP) hydrolase with FeCo-NC DAzyme, a "FeCo-NC DAzyme + TMB + ACP + SAP" colorimetric system was constructed, which facilitated the rapid detection of malathion. The chromogenic system was applied to detect malathion using a smartphone-based app and an auxiliary imaging interferogram device for colorimetric measurements, which have a linear range of 0.05-4.0 µM and a limit of detection (LOD) as low as 15 nM in real samples, comparable to UV-Vis and HPLC-DAD detection methods. Overall, these findings present a novel approach for convenient, rapid, and on-site monitoring of OPPs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuhao Li
- School of Environmental Science and Engineering, Suzhou University of Science and Technology, Suzhou, 215009, China
| | - Qinqin Ma
- School of Environmental Science and Engineering, Suzhou University of Science and Technology, Suzhou, 215009, China
| | - Hailong Gong
- School of Environmental Science and Engineering, Suzhou University of Science and Technology, Suzhou, 215009, China
| | - Jingjing Gu
- School of Environmental Science and Engineering, Suzhou University of Science and Technology, Suzhou, 215009, China
| | - Tingting Liu
- School of Environmental Science and Engineering, Suzhou University of Science and Technology, Suzhou, 215009, China.
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Environmental Science and Engineering, Suzhou University of Science and Technology, Suzhou, 215009, China.
| | - Xuedong Wang
- School of Environmental Science and Engineering, Suzhou University of Science and Technology, Suzhou, 215009, China.
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Wang H, Liu X, Wang X, Qiu P, Li P. Enzyme-free ratiometric fluorescence and colorimetric dual-signal determination of glyphosate based on copper nanoclusters (ZIF/CuNCs) combined with blue carbon dots (bCDs). SPECTROCHIMICA ACTA. PART A, MOLECULAR AND BIOMOLECULAR SPECTROSCOPY 2024; 308:123796. [PMID: 38141505 DOI: 10.1016/j.saa.2023.123796] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/08/2023] [Revised: 12/10/2023] [Accepted: 12/16/2023] [Indexed: 12/25/2023]
Abstract
A novel ratio fluorescent and colorimetric dual-signal sensing platform for detecting glyphosate based on blue carbon dots (bCDs) combined with ZIF/CuNCs nanomaterials that encapsulate copper nanoclusters (CuNCs) in a metal-organic framework (MOF). In principle, the immobilization of Cu2+ in ZIF/CuNCs results in complexation with imidazole in ZIF, leading to fluorescence quenching of ZIF/CuNCs, while the reference fluorophore bCDs remains unaffected. In addition, the colorimetric sensing strategy was based on the efficient peroxidase-like activity of bCDs binding to Cu2+, catalyzing H2O2 to generate OH. Under this condition, TMB could be oxidized to form blue oxTMB. However, when glyphosate was involved in the system, the fluorescence of ZIF/CuNCs was restored upon due to the strong chelation between Cu2+ and glyphosate, while the peroxidase-like activity of bCDs/Cu2+ decreased and resulted in the generation of fewer oxTMB, accompanied by a lighter blue color. The sensing platform was successfully applied to the determination of glyphosate in real samples of lake water and cabbage, demonstrating reliable and sensitive performance in practical applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Huiwen Wang
- Department of Chemistry, Nanchang University, Nanchang, Jiangxi 330031, China; School of Biomedical Engineering, Sun Yat-Sen University, Shenzhen Campus of Sun Yat-Sen University, Shenzhen 518107, China
| | - Xukai Liu
- Nanchang University School of Future Technology, Nanchang, Jiangxi 330031, China
| | - Xiulin Wang
- Department of Chemistry, Nanchang University, Nanchang, Jiangxi 330031, China
| | - Ping Qiu
- Department of Chemistry, Nanchang University, Nanchang, Jiangxi 330031, China; Jiangxi Province Key Laboratory of Modern Analytical Science, Nanchang University, Nanchang, Jiangxi 330031, China.
| | - Pengjun Li
- International Food Innovation Research Institute, Nanchang University, Nanchang, Jiangxi 330200, China.
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Xue J, Mao K, Cao H, Feng R, Chen Z, Du W, Zhang H. Portable sensors equipped with smartphones for organophosphorus pesticides detection. Food Chem 2024; 434:137456. [PMID: 37716150 DOI: 10.1016/j.foodchem.2023.137456] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/02/2023] [Revised: 09/03/2023] [Accepted: 09/10/2023] [Indexed: 09/18/2023]
Abstract
Organophosphorus pesticides (OPs) play an important role in agricultural production and the accurate detection of OP residues is essential to ensure food safety. Portable sensors are expected to be a potential device due to their high detection efficiency, easy-to-use processes and low cost. Due to the widespread popularity and powerful capabilities of smartphones, smartphone-based sensing systems have rapidly developed into ideal tools for portable detection, however, a systematic review on the detection of OPs is still lacking. Therefore, a comprehensive overview of sensors equipped with smartphones for OP detection in recent year is provided; this overview includes their sensing signals (colorimetric, fluorescent, chemiluminescent and electrochemical signals), detection mechanism, analysis applications, advantages/disadvantages and perspectives. Moreover, the progress of sensors equipped with smartphones for the detection of OPs in food is thoroughly summarized. This review contributes to food safety and the development of efficient and reliable methods for smartphone-based OPs detection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jiaqi Xue
- State Key Laboratory of Environmental Geochemistry, Institute of Geochemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Guiyang 550081, China; University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
| | - Kang Mao
- State Key Laboratory of Environmental Geochemistry, Institute of Geochemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Guiyang 550081, China.
| | - Haorui Cao
- State Key Laboratory of Environmental Geochemistry, Institute of Geochemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Guiyang 550081, China; University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
| | - Rida Feng
- State Key Laboratory of Environmental Geochemistry, Institute of Geochemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Guiyang 550081, China
| | - Zhuo Chen
- State Key Laboratory of Environmental Geochemistry, Institute of Geochemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Guiyang 550081, China
| | - Wei Du
- Yunnan Provincial Key Laboratory of Soil Carbon Sequestration and Pollution Control, Faculty of Environmental Science & Engineering, Kunming University of Science & Technology, Kunming 650500, China
| | - Hua Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Environmental Geochemistry, Institute of Geochemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Guiyang 550081, China.
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Yu HM, Liang GX, Wang HY, Hang XM, Wang HH, Peng JX, Wang L. A MnO 2 nanosheet-mediated CRISPR/Cas12a system for the detection of organophosphorus pesticides in environmental water. Analyst 2024; 149:729-734. [PMID: 38131397 DOI: 10.1039/d3an02020g] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/23/2023]
Abstract
Nowadays, easy, convenient, and sensitive sensing strategies are still critical for organophosphorus pesticides in environmental water samples. Herein, a novel organophosphorus pesticide (OP) assay based on acetylcholinesterase (AChE) and a MnO2 nanosheet-mediated CRISPR/Cas12a reaction is reported. The single-strand DNA (ssDNA) activator of CRISPR/Cas12a was simply adsorbed on the MnO2 nanosheets as the nanoswitches of the assay. In the absence of target OPs, AChE hydrolyzed acetylcholine (ATCh) to thiocholine (TCh), which reduced the MnO2 nanosheets to Mn2+, resulting in the release of the activator followed by activation of the CRISPR/Cas12a system. The activated Cas12a thereafter nonspecifically cleaved the FAM/BHQ1-labeled ssDNA (FQ-reporter), producing a fluorescence signal. Upon the addition of target OPs, the hydrolysis of ATCh by AChE was inhibited owing to OPs combining with AChE, and thus effective quantification of OPs could be achieved by measuring the fluorescence changes of the system. As a proof of concept, dichlorvos (DDVP) was chosen as a model OP analyte to address the feasibility of the proposed method. Attributed to the excellent trans-cleavage activity of Cas12a, the fluorescent biosensor exhibits a satisfactory limit of detection (LOD) for DDVP at 0.135 ng mL-1. In addition, the excellent recoveries for the detection of DDVP in environmental water samples demonstrate the applicability of the proposed assay in real sample research.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hao-Ming Yu
- School of the Environment and Safety Engineering, Jiangsu University, Zhenjiang 212013, P. R. China
| | - Guo-Xi Liang
- School of the Environment and Safety Engineering, Jiangsu University, Zhenjiang 212013, P. R. China
| | - Hui-Yi Wang
- School of Pharmacy, Jiangsu University, Zhenjiang 212013, P. R. China.
| | - Xiao-Min Hang
- School of Pharmacy, Jiangsu University, Zhenjiang 212013, P. R. China.
| | - Hong-Hong Wang
- School of Pharmacy, Jiangsu University, Zhenjiang 212013, P. R. China.
| | - Jia-Xin Peng
- School of Pharmacy, Jiangsu University, Zhenjiang 212013, P. R. China.
| | - Li Wang
- School of Pharmacy, Jiangsu University, Zhenjiang 212013, P. R. China.
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Dong X, Qi S, Qin M, Ding N, Zhang Y, Wang Z. A novel ternary Y-DNA walker amplification strategy designed fluorescence aptasensor based on Au@SiO 2@Fe 3O 4 nanomaterials for ochratoxin A detection. Mikrochim Acta 2023; 190:443. [PMID: 37848735 DOI: 10.1007/s00604-023-06018-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/07/2023] [Accepted: 09/25/2023] [Indexed: 10/19/2023]
Abstract
A novel ternary Y-DNA walker amplification strategy designed fluorescence aptasensor based on Au@SiO2@Fe3O4 nanomaterials for ultrasensitive and specific ochratoxin A detection in food samples is presented. Au@SiO2@Fe3O4 nanomaterials provide the loading platform as well as separation and recovery properties for the ternary Y-DNA walker. The ternary Y-DNA walker is designed to be driven by Nb.BbvCI cleaving a large number of FAM probes to achieve signal amplification. Since Ochratoxin A (OTA) can bind to the constituent aptamer in the ternary Y-DNA walker, adding OTA will destroy the structure of the ternary Y-DNA walker, thereby inhibiting the driving process of the walker. After optimization of various parameters, a standard curve was obtained from 100 to 0.05 ng·mL-1 of OTA with the limit of determination of 0.027 ng·mL-1. The spiked recovery of peanut samples by this method was 82.00-93.30%, and the aptasensor showed excellent specificity and long-term stability. This simple, robust, and scalable oligonucleotide chain-based ternary Y-DNA walker can provide a general signal amplification strategy for trace analysis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaoze Dong
- State Key Laboratory of Food Science and Technology, International Joint Laboratory On Food Safety, Jiangnan University, Wuxi, 214122, China
| | - Shuo Qi
- State Key Laboratory of Food Science and Technology, International Joint Laboratory On Food Safety, Jiangnan University, Wuxi, 214122, China
| | - Mingwei Qin
- State Key Laboratory of Food Science and Technology, International Joint Laboratory On Food Safety, Jiangnan University, Wuxi, 214122, China
| | - Ning Ding
- State Key Laboratory of Food Science and Technology, International Joint Laboratory On Food Safety, Jiangnan University, Wuxi, 214122, China
| | - Yin Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Meat Processing of Sichuan, Chengdu University, Chengdu, 610106, China
| | - Zhouping Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Food Science and Technology, International Joint Laboratory On Food Safety, Jiangnan University, Wuxi, 214122, China.
- Key Laboratory of Meat Processing of Sichuan, Chengdu University, Chengdu, 610106, China.
- School of Food Science and Technology, National Engineering Research Center for Functional Food, Collaborative Innovation Center of Food Safety and Quality Control in Jiangsu Province, Food, Jiangnan University, Wuxi, 214122, China.
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Chaudhari P, Chau LK, Ngo LT, Chang TC, Chen YL, Huang KT. Competitive Assay for the Ultrasensitive Detection of Organophosphate Pesticides Based on a Fiber-Optic Particle Plasmon Resonance Biosensor and an Acetylcholinesterase Binding Peptide. Anal Chem 2023; 95:14600-14607. [PMID: 37726976 DOI: 10.1021/acs.analchem.3c01960] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 09/21/2023]
Abstract
An acetylcholinesterase (AChE) binding-based biosensor was developed for the ultrasensitive detection of organophosphate (OP) pesticides. The biosensor integrates the technique based on fiber-optic particle plasmon resonance detection and a synthetic AChE binding peptide conjugated with gold nanoparticles on the optical fiber surface via an AChE competitive binding assay. The OP pesticides present in the solution hinder the binding of AChE to the peptide on the biosensor by competing for the binding sites present in AChE. The limit of detection obtained for parathion using this method was observed to be 0.66 ppt (2.3 pM). This method shows a wide linear dynamic range of 6 orders. Furthermore, the use of the AChE binding peptide in the biosensor can better discriminate OPs against carbamates by using only a single biosensor. The practical application of this method was tested using spiked samples, which yielded good recovery and reproducibility. The spiked sample required minimal pretreatment before analysis; hence, this biosensor may also be used in the field.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pallavi Chaudhari
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, National Chung Cheng University, Chiayi 621301, Taiwan
| | - Lai-Kwan Chau
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, National Chung Cheng University, Chiayi 621301, Taiwan
- Center for Nano Bio-Detection, National Chung Cheng University, Chiayi 621301, Taiwan
| | - Loan Thi Ngo
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, National Chung Cheng University, Chiayi 621301, Taiwan
| | - Ting-Chou Chang
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, National Chung Cheng University, Chiayi 621301, Taiwan
| | - Yi-Ling Chen
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, National Chung Cheng University, Chiayi 621301, Taiwan
| | - Kuang-Tse Huang
- Center for Nano Bio-Detection, National Chung Cheng University, Chiayi 621301, Taiwan
- Department of Chemical Engineering, National Chung Cheng University, Chiayi 621301, Taiwan
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Hossain MI, Hasnat MA. Recent advancements in non-enzymatic electrochemical sensor development for the detection of organophosphorus pesticides in food and environment. Heliyon 2023; 9:e19299. [PMID: 37662791 PMCID: PMC10474438 DOI: 10.1016/j.heliyon.2023.e19299] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/08/2023] [Revised: 07/28/2023] [Accepted: 08/17/2023] [Indexed: 09/05/2023] Open
Abstract
Organophosphorus Pesticides (OPPs) are among the extensively used pesticides throughout the world to boost agricultural production. However, persistent residues of these toxic pesticides in various vegetables, fruits, and drinking water poses detrimental health effects. Consequently, the rapid monitoring of these harmful chemicals through simple and cost-effective methods has become crucial. In such an instance, electrochemical methods offer simple, rapid, sensitive, reproducible, and affordable detection pathways. To overcome the limitations associated with electrochemical enzymatic sensors, non-enzymatic sensors have emerged as promising and simpler alternatives. The non-enzymatic sensors have demonstrated superior activity, reaching detection limit up to femto (10-15) molar concentration in recent years, leveraging higher selectivity obtained through the molecularly imprinted polymers, synergistic effects between carbonaceous nanomaterials and metals, metal oxide alloys, and other alternative approaches. Herein, this review paper provides an overview of the recent advancements in the development of non-enzymatic electrochemical sensors for the detection of commonly used OPPs, such as Chlorpyrifos (CHL), Diazinon (DZN), Malathion (MTN), Methyl parathion (MP) and Fenthion (FEN). The design method of the electrodes, electrode functioning mechanism, and their analytical performance metrics, such as limit of detection, sensitivity, selectivity, and linearity range, were reviewed and compared. Furthermore, the existing challenges within this rapidly growing field were discussed along with their potential solutions which will facilitate the fabrication of advanced and sustainable non-enzymatic sensors in the future.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mohammad Imran Hossain
- Electrochemistry & Catalysis Research Laboratory (ECRL), Department of Chemistry, School of Physical Sciences, Shahjalal University of Science and Technology, Sylhet, 3114, Bangladesh
| | - Mohammad A. Hasnat
- Electrochemistry & Catalysis Research Laboratory (ECRL), Department of Chemistry, School of Physical Sciences, Shahjalal University of Science and Technology, Sylhet, 3114, Bangladesh
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Zhou J, Zhao Z, Zhao X, Toan S, Wang L, Wågberg T, Hu G. Copper nanoparticle-decorated nitrogen-doped carbon nanosheets for electrochemical determination of paraquat. Mikrochim Acta 2023; 190:252. [PMID: 37286788 DOI: 10.1007/s00604-023-05812-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/19/2023] [Accepted: 04/21/2023] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Abstract
A new strategy to prepare copper (Cu) nanoparticles anchored in nitrogen-doped carbon nanosheets (Cu@CN) has been designed and the nanomaterial applied to the determination of paraquat (PQ). The nanocomposite materials were characterized by transmission electron microscopy (TEM), X-ray diffraction (XRD), X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS), and several other techniques. We found that the Cu nanoparticles are uniformly distributed on the carbon materials, providing abundant active sites for electrochemical detection. The electrochemical behavior of the Cu@CN-based PQ sensor was investigated by square-wave voltammetry (SWV). Cu@CN exhibited excellent electrochemical activity and PQ detection performance. The Cu@CN-modified glassy carbon electrode (Cu@CN/GCE) exhibited excellent stability, favorable sensitivity, and high selectivity under optimized conditions (enrichment voltage -0.1 V and enrichment time 400 s) of the SWV test. The detection range reached 0.50 nM to 12.00 μM, and the limit of detection was 0.43 nM with high sensitivity of 18 μA·μM-1·cm-2. The detection limit is 9 times better than that of the high-performance liquid chromatography method. The Cu@CN electrochemical sensor demonstrated excellent sensitivity and selectivity also in environmental water and fruit samples enabling its use in practical, rapid trace-level detection of PQ in environmental samples.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jie Zhou
- College of Environmental Science and Engineering, Qingdao University, Qingdao, 266071, China
- Institute for Ecological Research and Pollution Control of Plateau Lakes, School of Ecology and Environmental Science, Yunnan University, Kunming, 650504, China
| | - Zongshan Zhao
- College of Environmental Science and Engineering, Qingdao University, Qingdao, 266071, China.
| | - Xue Zhao
- Institute for Ecological Research and Pollution Control of Plateau Lakes, School of Ecology and Environmental Science, Yunnan University, Kunming, 650504, China
| | - Sam Toan
- Department of Chemical Engineering, University of Minnesota-Duluth, Duluth, MN, 55812, USA
| | - Lei Wang
- Department of Chemical Engineering, University of Minnesota-Duluth, Duluth, MN, 55812, USA.
| | - Thomas Wågberg
- Department of Physics, Umeå University, 90187, Umeå, Sweden
| | - Guangzhi Hu
- Institute for Ecological Research and Pollution Control of Plateau Lakes, School of Ecology and Environmental Science, Yunnan University, Kunming, 650504, China.
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