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Shi Z, Wang W, Xu Z, Zhang X, Lan Y. Genetic and phylogenetic analyses of the first GIII.2 bovine norovirus in China. BMC Vet Res 2019; 15:311. [PMID: 31477115 PMCID: PMC6720400 DOI: 10.1186/s12917-019-2060-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/08/2019] [Accepted: 08/25/2019] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Norovirus (NoV) is recognized as a highly contagious enteric pathogen of mammals, and bovine norovirus (BNoV) is associated with calf diarrhoea and has caused great economic losses in the cattle industry. Results Here, we describe a case of emerging calf diarrhoea on a cattle farm in Henan Province, Central China. BNoV was the only enteric pathogen detected in outbreaks according to tests for enteric viruses, bacteria and parasites. The complete genome of the newly identified strain CH-HNSC-2018 was successfully sequenced and found to be 7342 nucleotides in length. Sequence and phylogenetic analyses revealed that CH-HNSC-2018 belongs to GIII.2 BNoV. Further analysis of the major capsid protein demonstrated that it is separated by specific genetic distances from previous BNoV strains identified in China and has 4 new amino acid (aa) mutations, 134A, 327 T, 380 L and 423A, in the VP1 protein and 11 aa substitutions in the hypervariable P2 subdomain, suggesting that the BNoV strains circulating in China are diverse. Conclusions This is the first detection of GIII.2 BNoV in the VP1 region in China. This report should form a basis for further molecular studies on NoV and bovine enteric viruses in China. Electronic supplementary material The online version of this article (10.1186/s12917-019-2060-0) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhihai Shi
- Institute of Animal Husbandry and Veterinary Science, Henan Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Zhengzhou, 450002, Henan, China.,Henan Key Laboratory of Farm Animal Breeding and Nutritional Regulation, Zhengzhou, 450002, Henan, China
| | - Wenjia Wang
- College of Pharmaceutical Engineering, Henan University of Animal Husbandry and Economy, Zhengzhou, 450046, Henan, China
| | - Zhaoxue Xu
- Institute of Animal Husbandry and Veterinary Science, Henan Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Zhengzhou, 450002, Henan, China.,Henan Key Laboratory of Farm Animal Breeding and Nutritional Regulation, Zhengzhou, 450002, Henan, China
| | - Xiaozhan Zhang
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Henan University of Animal Husbandry and Economy, Zhengzhou, 450046, Henan, China.
| | - Yali Lan
- Institute of Animal Husbandry and Veterinary Science, Henan Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Zhengzhou, 450002, Henan, China.
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Animals as Reservoir for Human Norovirus. Viruses 2019; 11:v11050478. [PMID: 31130647 PMCID: PMC6563253 DOI: 10.3390/v11050478] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/11/2019] [Revised: 05/20/2019] [Accepted: 05/21/2019] [Indexed: 01/12/2023] Open
Abstract
Norovirus is the most common cause of non-bacterial gastroenteritis and is a burden worldwide. The increasing norovirus diversity is currently categorized into at least 10 genogroups which are further classified into more than 40 genotypes. In addition to humans, norovirus can infect a broad range of hosts including livestock, pets, and wild animals, e.g., marine mammals and bats. Little is known about norovirus infections in most non-human hosts, but the close genetic relatedness between some animal and human noroviruses coupled with lack of understanding where newly appearing human norovirus genotypes and variants are emerging from has led to the hypothesis that norovirus may not be host restricted and might be able to jump the species barrier. We have systematically reviewed the literature to describe the diversity, prevalence, and geographic distribution of noroviruses found in animals, and the pathology associated with infection. We further discuss the evidence that exists for or against interspecies transmission including surveillance data and data from in vitro and in vivo experiments.
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Mohamed FF, Ktob GKF, Ismaeil MEA, Ali AAH, Goyal SM. Phylogeny of bovine norovirus in Egypt based on VP2 gene. Int J Vet Sci Med 2018; 6:48-52. [PMID: 30255078 PMCID: PMC6147391 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijvsm.2018.04.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/23/2018] [Revised: 04/06/2018] [Accepted: 04/06/2018] [Indexed: 11/07/2022] Open
Abstract
Bovine norovirus (BNoV) has emerged as a viral pathogen that causes a gastrointestinal illness and diarrhea in cattle. Despite its worldwide distribution, very little information is known about BNoV in Africa. In this study, BNoV was detected in 27.6% (8/29) of tested fecal materials, collected from sporadic cases of diarrheic calves, using the reverse transcription-polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR) and primers that target RNA dependent RNA polymerase gene. Additionally, one primer pair was designed to flank the BNoV-VP2 (small capsid protein) gene for molecular analysis. Study VP2 sequences were phylogenetically-related to BNoV-GIII.2 (Newbury2-like) genotype, which is highly prevalent all over the world. However, they were separated within the cluster and one strain (41FR) grouped with recombinant GIII.P1/GIII.2 strains. Compared to reference VP2 sequences, 14 amino acid substitution mutations were found to be unique to our strains. The study confirms that BNoV is currently circulating among diarrheic calves of Egypt and also characterizes its ORF3 (VP2) genetically. The status of BNoV should be continuously evaluated in Egypt for effective prevention and control.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fakry F Mohamed
- Department of Virology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Zagazig University, Zagazig, Sharkia 44511, Egypt.,Department of Veterinary Population Medicine and Veterinary Diagnostic Laboratory, University of Minnesota, St. Paul, Minnesota 55108, USA
| | - Gamelat K F Ktob
- Department of Virology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Zagazig University, Zagazig, Sharkia 44511, Egypt
| | - Mohamed E A Ismaeil
- Department of Virology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Zagazig University, Zagazig, Sharkia 44511, Egypt
| | - Ahmed A H Ali
- Department of Virology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Zagazig University, Zagazig, Sharkia 44511, Egypt
| | - Sagar M Goyal
- Department of Veterinary Population Medicine and Veterinary Diagnostic Laboratory, University of Minnesota, St. Paul, Minnesota 55108, USA
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4
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Identification of a novel canine norovirus. INFECTION GENETICS AND EVOLUTION 2017; 52:75-81. [PMID: 28450084 PMCID: PMC7185614 DOI: 10.1016/j.meegid.2017.04.020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/04/2017] [Revised: 04/19/2017] [Accepted: 04/20/2017] [Indexed: 01/26/2023]
Abstract
By screening a collection of fecal samples from young dogs from different European countries, noroviruses (NoVs) were found in 13/294 (4.4%) animals with signs of enteritis whilst they were not detected in healthy dogs (0/42). An informative portion of the genome (3.4 kb at the 3′ end) was generated for four NoV strains. In the capsid protein VP1 region, strains 63.15/2015/ITA and FD53/2007/ITA were genetically related to the canine GVI.2 strain C33/Viseu/2007/PRT (97.4–98.6% nt and 90.3–98.6% aa). Strain FD210/2007/ITA displayed the highest identity to the GVI.1 canine strain Bari/91/2007/ITA (88.0% nt and 95.0% aa). Strain 5010/2009/ITA displayed only 66.6–67.6% nt and 75.5–81.6% aa identities to the GVI.1 canine strains FD210/2007/ITA and Bari/91/2007/ITA and the GVI feline strain M49-1/2012/JPN. Identity to the other canine/feline NoVs strains in the VP1 was lower than 67.6% nt and 62.7% aa. Based on the full-length VP1 amino acid sequence and the criteria proposed for distinction of NoV genotypes, the canine NoV 5010/2009/ITA could represent the prototype of a third GVI genotype, thus providing further evidence for the genetic heterogeneity of NoVs in carnivores. Noroviruses are important human pathogens, also found in several animal species. Canine noroviruses were detected in 4.4% (13/294) of diarrhoeic dogs. Upon genome sequencing, a novel canine norovirus was identified. The observed genetic diversity may pose a challenge for diagnostics.
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5
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Di Martino B, Di Profio F, Melegari I, Sarchese V, Cafiero MA, Robetto S, Aste G, Lanave G, Marsilio F, Martella V. A novel feline norovirus in diarrheic cats. INFECTION GENETICS AND EVOLUTION 2015; 38:132-137. [PMID: 26739218 PMCID: PMC7185403 DOI: 10.1016/j.meegid.2015.12.019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/26/2015] [Revised: 12/22/2015] [Accepted: 12/24/2015] [Indexed: 01/11/2023]
Abstract
By screening a collection of fecal samples from young cats housed in three different shelters in South Italy, noroviruses (NoVs) were found in 3/48 (6.2%) specimens of animals with enteritis signs while they were not detected in samples collected from healthy cats (0/57). Upon sequence analysis of the short RNA-dependent RNA polymerase (RdRp) region, the three strains displayed the highest nucleotide (nt) and amino acid (aa) identities to the prototype GIV.2 strain lion/Pistoia/387/06/ITA (91.0–93.0% nt and 97.0–98.0% aa). The sequence of ~ 3.4-kb portion at the 3′ end of the genome of a NoV strain, TE/77-13/ITA, was determined. In the full-length ORF2, encoding the VP1 capsid protein, the virus was genetically closest to the canine GVI.2 NoV strains C33/Viseu/2007/PRT and FD53/2007/ITA (81.0–84.0% nt and 93.0–94.0% aa identities), suggesting a recombination nature, with the cross-over site being mapped to the ORF1-ORF2 junction. Based on the full-length VP1 amino acid sequence, we classified the novel feline NoV, together with the canine strains Viseu and FD53, as a genotype 2, within the genogroup GVI. These findings indicate that, as observed for GIV NoV, GVI strains may infect both the canine and feline host. Unrestricted circulation of NoV strains in small carnivores may provide the basis for quick genetic diversification of these viruses by recombination. Interspecies circulation of NoVs in pets must also be considered when facing outbreaks of enteric diseases in these animals. GIV and GVI NoVs have been recently found in domestic carnivores. In this study, NoV strains resembling animal GIV.2 NoVs in their polymerase region were detected in diarrheic cats. One Italian strain, TE/77-13/ITA, in the full-length VP1 sequence shared the highest identity to the canine GVI.2 NoVs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Barbara Di Martino
- Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Università degli Studi di Teramo, Italy.
| | | | - Irene Melegari
- Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Università degli Studi di Teramo, Italy
| | - Vittorio Sarchese
- Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Università degli Studi di Teramo, Italy
| | | | - Serena Robetto
- Experimental Zooprophylactic Institute of Piemonte, Liguria e Valle d'Aosta, Centro di Referenza Nazionale per le Malattie degli Animali Selvatici (CeRMAS), Italy
| | - Giovanni Aste
- Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Università degli Studi di Teramo, Italy
| | - Gianvito Lanave
- Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Università Aldo Moro di Bari, Valenzano, Italy
| | - Fulvio Marsilio
- Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Università degli Studi di Teramo, Italy
| | - Vito Martella
- Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Università Aldo Moro di Bari, Valenzano, Italy
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Di Felice E, Mauroy A, Pozzo FD, Thiry D, Ceci C, Di Martino B, Marsilio F, Thiry E. Bovine noroviruses: A missing component of calf diarrhoea diagnosis. Vet J 2015; 207:53-62. [PMID: 26631944 PMCID: PMC7110452 DOI: 10.1016/j.tvjl.2015.10.026] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/31/2014] [Revised: 05/27/2015] [Accepted: 10/08/2015] [Indexed: 01/05/2023]
Abstract
Noroviruses are RNA viruses that belong to the Genus Norovirus, Family Caliciviridae, and infect human beings and several animal species, including cattle. Bovine norovirus infections have been detected in cattle of a range of different ages throughout the world. Currently there is no suitable cell culture system for these viruses and information on their pathogenesis is limited. Molecular and serological tests have been developed, but are complicated by the high genetic and antigenic diversity of bovine noroviruses. Bovine noroviruses can be detected frequently in faecal samples of diarrhoeic calves, either alone or in association with other common enteric pathogens, suggesting a role for these viruses in the aetiology of calf enteritis.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Axel Mauroy
- Faculty of Veterinary Medicine and Fundamental and Applied Research on Animal and Health Center, University of Liège, B-4000 Liège, Belgium.
| | - Fabiana Dal Pozzo
- Faculty of Veterinary Medicine and Fundamental and Applied Research on Animal and Health Center, University of Liège, B-4000 Liège, Belgium
| | - Damien Thiry
- Faculty of Veterinary Medicine and Fundamental and Applied Research on Animal and Health Center, University of Liège, B-4000 Liège, Belgium
| | - Chiara Ceci
- Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Università degli studi di Teramo, Teramo, Italy
| | - Barbara Di Martino
- Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Università degli studi di Teramo, Teramo, Italy
| | - Fulvio Marsilio
- Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Università degli studi di Teramo, Teramo, Italy
| | - Etienne Thiry
- Faculty of Veterinary Medicine and Fundamental and Applied Research on Animal and Health Center, University of Liège, B-4000 Liège, Belgium
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Di Martino B, Di Profio F, Di Felice E, Melegari I, Ceci C, Mauroy A, Thiry E, Martella V, Marsilio F. Genetic heterogeneity of bovine noroviruses in Italy. Arch Virol 2014; 159:2717-22. [PMID: 24824347 DOI: 10.1007/s00705-014-2109-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/20/2014] [Accepted: 04/29/2014] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
Abstract
By screening 104 faecal samples from asymptomatic calves in Italy, bovine norovirus RNA was detected with a prevalence rate of 10.5 % (11/104). A continuous sequence spanning the RdRp region and the 5' end of the capsid gene was generated for 7 of the 11 strains. Upon phylogenetic analysis, five strains were grouped with GIII.2 Newbury2-like viruses, and one strain was grouped with GIII.1 Jena-like noroviruses. Interestingly, one strain (80TE/IT) was genetically related to the GIII.1/Jena/80/De in the RdRp but resembled the GIII.2/Newbury2/76/UK in the capsid gene, suggesting a recombination event occurring in the ORF1/ORF2 junction region.
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Affiliation(s)
- Barbara Di Martino
- Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Teramo, Piazza Aldo Moro, 45, 64100, Teramo, Italy,
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8
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Mauroy A, Scipioni A, Mathijs E, Ziant D, Daube G, Thiry E. Genetic and evolutionary perspectives on genogroup III, genotype 2 bovine noroviruses. Arch Virol 2013; 159:39-49. [PMID: 23881084 DOI: 10.1007/s00705-013-1791-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/26/2013] [Accepted: 06/08/2013] [Indexed: 02/05/2023]
Abstract
Bovine noroviruses are enteric pathogens that are detected in stool samples from cattle. Five genogroups are currently described in the genus Norovirus (family Caliciviridae), and within the genogroups, sequences are further divided into genotypes according to genetic homology and phylogenetic relationships. In this study, stool specimens from Belgian cattle were screened by RT-PCR. All of the sequences that were detected were phylogenetically related to genogroup III genotype 2 bovine noroviruses, confirming their higher prevalence in comparison with strains from genotype 1. When other sequences from around the world were introduced, phylogenetic inferences allowed neither the determination of phylogenetic lineages over time nor the deduction of topotypes for genotype 2 bovine noroviruses. Three complete genotype 2 bovine norovirus sequences were also compared genetically (Newbury2/1976 /UK, Dumfries/1994/UK and B309/2003/BE). Interestingly, the genetic divergence of the complete genomes of these three strains was relatively low, but a region of the N-terminal protein encoded by ORF1, the hypervariable region of the capsid gene encoded by ORF2, and a region of the minor structural protein encoded by ORF3 seem to be the most exposed to genetic evolution. Bayesian inference also showed that genetic evolution of genogroup III, genotype 2 bovine noroviruses over a 30-year period seemed to be lower than that already reported for noroviruses from the genotypes 3 and 4 in genogroup II.
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Affiliation(s)
- A Mauroy
- Department of Infectious and Parasitic Diseases, Veterinary Virology and Animal Viral Diseases, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Liège, 20 Boulevard de Colonster B43b, 4000, Liège, Belgium,
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9
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Nelson AM, Elftman MD, Pinto AK, Baldridge M, Hooper P, Kuczynski J, Petrosino JF, Young VB, Wobus CE. Murine norovirus infection does not cause major disruptions in the murine intestinal microbiota. MICROBIOME 2013; 1:7. [PMID: 24451302 PMCID: PMC4177540 DOI: 10.1186/2049-2618-1-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/22/2012] [Accepted: 01/09/2013] [Indexed: 06/03/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Murine norovirus (MNV) is the most common gastrointestinal pathogen of research mice and can alter research outcomes in biomedical mouse models of inflammatory bowel disease (IBD). Despite indications that an altered microbiota is a risk factor for IBD, the response of the murine intestinal microbiota to MNV infection has not been examined. Microbiota disruption caused by MNV infection could introduce the confounding effects observed in research experiments. Therefore, this study investigated the effects of MNV infection on the intestinal microbiota of wild-type mice. RESULTS The composition of the intestinal microbiota was assessed over time in both outbred Swiss Webster and inbred C57BL/6 mice following MNV infection. Mice were infected with both persistent and non-persistent MNV strains and tissue-associated or fecal-associated microbiota was analyzed by 16S rRNA-encoding gene pyrosequencing. Analysis of intestinal bacterial communities in infected mice at the phylum and family level showed no major differences to uninfected controls, both in tissue-associated samples and feces, and also over time following infection, demonstrating that the intestinal microbiota of wild-type mice is highly resistant to disruption following MNV infection. CONCLUSIONS This is the first study to describe the intestinal microbiota following MNV infection and demonstrates that acute or persistent MNV infection is not associated with major disruptions of microbial communities in Swiss Webster and C57BL/6 mice.
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Affiliation(s)
- Adam M Nelson
- Department of Internal Medicine, Division of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, University of Michigan Medical School, Ann Arbor, MI, USA
- Department of Internal Medicine, Division of Infectious Diseases, University of Michigan Medical School, Ann Arbor, MI, USA
| | - Michael D Elftman
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Michigan Medical School, 5622 Medical Sciences Bldg. II, 1150 West Medical Center Drive, 48109-5620, Ann Arbor, USA
| | - Amelia K Pinto
- Department of Medicine, Washington University School of Medicine, St Louis, MO, USA
| | - Megan Baldridge
- Department of Pathology and Immunology, Washington University School of Medicine, MO, St Louis, USA
| | - Patrick Hooper
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Michigan Medical School, 5622 Medical Sciences Bldg. II, 1150 West Medical Center Drive, 48109-5620, Ann Arbor, USA
| | - Justin Kuczynski
- Department of Molecular, Cellular and Developmental Biology, University of Colorado, Boulder, CO, USA
| | - Joseph F Petrosino
- Alkek Center for Metagenomics and Microbiome Research Department of Molecular Virology and Microbiology, Human Genome Sequencing Center, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX, USA
| | - Vincent B Young
- Department of Internal Medicine, Division of Infectious Diseases, University of Michigan Medical School, Ann Arbor, MI, USA
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Michigan Medical School, 5622 Medical Sciences Bldg. II, 1150 West Medical Center Drive, 48109-5620, Ann Arbor, USA
| | - Christiane E Wobus
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Michigan Medical School, 5622 Medical Sciences Bldg. II, 1150 West Medical Center Drive, 48109-5620, Ann Arbor, USA
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Abstract
Noroviruses (NoVs) are the main agents of gastroenteritis in humans and the primary pathogens of shellfish-related outbreaks. Some NoV strains bind to shellfish tissues by using carbohydrate structures similar to their human ligands, leading to the hypothesis that such ligands may influence bioaccumulation. This study compares the bioaccumulation efficiencies and tissue distributions in oysters (Crassostrea gigas) of three strains from the two principal human norovirus genogroups. Clear differences between strains were observed. The GI.1 strain was the most efficiently concentrated strain. Bioaccumulation specifically occurred in digestive tissues in a dose-dependent manner, and its efficiency paralleled ligand expression, which was highest during the cold months. In comparison, the GII.4 strain was very poorly bioaccumulated and was recovered in almost all tissues without seasonal influence. The GII.3 strain presented an intermediate behavior, without seasonal effect and with less bioaccumulation efficiency than that of the GI.1 strain during the cold months. In addition, the GII.3 strain was transiently concentrated in gills and mantle before being almost specifically accumulated in digestive tissues. Carbohydrate ligand specificities of the strains at least partly explain the strain-dependent bioaccumulation characteristics. In particular, binding to the digestive-tube-specific ligand should contribute to bioaccumulation, whereas we hypothesize that binding to the sialic acid-containing ligand present in all tissues would contribute to retain virus particles in the gills or mantle and lead to rapid destruction.
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Mauroy A, Gillet L, Mathijs E, Vanderplasschen A, Thiry E. Alternative attachment factors and internalization pathways for GIII.2 bovine noroviruses. J Gen Virol 2011; 92:1398-1409. [PMID: 21346032 DOI: 10.1099/vir.0.030072-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/01/2023] Open
Abstract
Bovine noroviruses belong to the family Caliciviridae, genus Norovirus. Two genotypes have been described and viruses genetically related to the Jena and Newbury2 strains have been classified into genotypes 1 and 2, respectively. In this study, virus-like particles (VLP) of the previously detected B309 Belgian strain, genetically related to genotype 2 bovine noroviruses, were used to investigate virus-host interactions in vitro. B309 VLP were shown to bind to several bovine cell lines. This binding was not affected by heparinase or chondroitinase treatment but was significantly inhibited by both sodium periodate, α-galactosidase, trypsin and phospholipase C treatment. Cell treatment by neuraminidase also moderately affected this binding. Taken together, these results show that, in addition to a galactosyl residue, sialic acid could also be involved in binding to susceptible cells. In addition, both the cholesterol-dependent pathway and macropinocytosis are used for B309 VLP internalization by Madin-Darby bovine kidney cells. The data increase the knowledge on bovine norovirus cell interactions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Axel Mauroy
- Virology and Viral Diseases, Department of Infectious and Parasitic Diseases, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Liège, 4000 Liège, Belgium
| | - Laurent Gillet
- Immunology, Department of Infectious and Parasitic Diseases, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Liège, 4000 Liège, Belgium
| | - Elisabeth Mathijs
- Virology and Viral Diseases, Department of Infectious and Parasitic Diseases, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Liège, 4000 Liège, Belgium
| | - Alain Vanderplasschen
- Immunology, Department of Infectious and Parasitic Diseases, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Liège, 4000 Liège, Belgium
| | - Etienne Thiry
- Virology and Viral Diseases, Department of Infectious and Parasitic Diseases, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Liège, 4000 Liège, Belgium
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12
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Higgins PDR, Johnson LA, Sauder K, Moons D, Blanco L, Taube S, Wobus CE. Transient or persistent norovirus infection does not alter the pathology of Salmonella typhimurium induced intestinal inflammation and fibrosis in mice. Comp Immunol Microbiol Infect Dis 2011; 34:247-57. [PMID: 21237511 DOI: 10.1016/j.cimid.2010.12.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/19/2010] [Revised: 11/29/2010] [Accepted: 11/29/2010] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
Murine noroviruses (MNV) are currently the most prevalent viruses infecting mouse research colonies. Concurrent infection of research mice with these viruses can dramatically alter the experimental outcome in some research models, but not others. In this report, we investigated the effect of MNV1 and MNV4 on a murine model of intestinal inflammation and fibrosis induced by Salmonella typhimurium infection in C57BL/6 mice. Subsequent co-infection of these mice with MNV1 or MNV4 did not lead to major changes in histopathology, the inflammatory response, or the fibrotic response. Thus, MNV does not substantially alter all gastrointestinal research models, highlighting the importance of investigating potential alterations in the research outcome by MNV on an individual basis. We hypothesize that this is particularly important in cases of research models that use immunocompromised mice, which could be more sensitive to MNV infection-induced changes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Peter D R Higgins
- Division of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Department of Internal Medicine, University of Michigan Medical Center, Medical Science Research Building One, 1150 West Medical Center Drive, Ann Arbor, MI 48109-5682, United States.
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13
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Vildevall M, Grahn A, Oliver SL, Bridger JC, Charpilienne A, Poncet D, Larson G, Svensson L. Human antibody responses to bovine (Newbury-2) norovirus (GIII.2) and association to histo-blood group antigens. J Med Virol 2010; 82:1241-6. [PMID: 20513091 DOI: 10.1002/jmv.21776] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/16/2023]
Abstract
Serum antibodies to bovine norovirus have been found recently in about 22% of humans. Whether this prevalence reflects limited virulence properties of the virus or that inherited host factors provide protection against bovine norovirus infection in humans remains to be established. To investigate whether histo-blood group antigens correlate with the presence of bovine norovirus (GIII.2) antibody, plasma (n = 105) from Swedish blood donors, genotyped and phenotyped for secretor, Lewis and ABO, were tested and compared for the frequency of IgG antibody and antibody titer to Bo/Newbury2/76/UK. In total, 26.7% (28/105) of Swedish blood donors were antibody-positive. Two non-secretors (2/21, 9.5%) were antibody-positive compared with 26/84 (31%) secretors (P = 0.047). While no statistically significant correlation was found between the frequency of antibodies to bovine norovirus and different ABO blood groups, individuals with blood type B presented the highest frequency of antibodies (37.5%) compared with 0-30% among other blood groups. Individuals with Le(a-b+) had not only higher frequency of antibodies (31.3%) compared with Le(a+b-) (11%) (P = 0.068) but also higher antibody titer (P = 0.085) although this was not significant statistically. No detectable cross-reaction between bovine GIII.2 and human GII.3 NoV VLP was found with human and animal sera. The results of this study suggest that bovine norovirus infections occur in Sweden and that secretor status but not ABO blood groups is a possible risk factor for infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Malin Vildevall
- Division of Molecular Virology, University of Linköping, Linköping, Sweden
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Rohayem J, Bergmann M, Gebhardt J, Gould E, Tucker P, Mattevi A, Unge T, Hilgenfeld R, Neyts J. Antiviral strategies to control calicivirus infections. Antiviral Res 2010; 87:162-78. [PMID: 20471996 PMCID: PMC7114105 DOI: 10.1016/j.antiviral.2010.05.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/11/2009] [Revised: 05/01/2010] [Accepted: 05/04/2010] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
Caliciviridae are human or non-human pathogenic viruses with a high diversity. Some members of the Caliciviridae, i.e. human pathogenic norovirus or rabbit hemorrhagic disease virus (RHDV), are worldwide emerging pathogens. The norovirus is the major cause of viral gastroenteritis worldwide, accounting for about 85% of the outbreaks in Europe between 1995 and 2000. In the United States, 25 million cases of infection are reported each year. Since its emergence in 1984 as an agent of fatal hemorrhagic diseases in rabbits, RHDV has killed millions of rabbits and has been dispersed to all of the inhabitable continents. In view of their successful and apparently increasing emergence, the development of antiviral strategies to control infections due to these viral pathogens has now become an important issue in medicine and veterinary medicine. Antiviral strategies have to be based on an understanding of the epidemiology, transmission, clinical symptoms, viral replication and immunity to infection resulting from infection by these viruses. Here, we provide an overview of the mechanisms underlying calicivirus infection, focusing on the molecular aspects of replication in the host cell. Recent experimental data generated through an international collaboration on structural biology, virology and drug design within the European consortium VIZIER is also presented. Based on this analysis, we propose antiviral strategies that may significantly impact on the epidemiological characteristics of these highly successful viral pathogens.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jacques Rohayem
- The Calicilab, Institute of Virology, Dresden University of Technology, Dresden, Germany.
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Jor E, Myrmel M, Jonassen CM. SYBR Green based real-time RT-PCR assay for detection and genotype prediction of bovine noroviruses and assessment of clinical significance in Norway. J Virol Methods 2010; 169:1-7. [PMID: 20381534 PMCID: PMC7112832 DOI: 10.1016/j.jviromet.2010.03.028] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/12/2009] [Revised: 03/17/2010] [Accepted: 03/30/2010] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
A novel SYBR Green based real-time RT-PCR assay for detection of genogroup III bovine noroviruses (BoNoV) was developed and the assay applied to 419 faecal samples from calves with and without diarrhoea. The samples were obtained from 190 Norwegian dairy and beef herds. BoNoV was detected in 49.6% of the samples from 61.1% of the herds indicating that BoNoV is ubiquitous in Norway. The overall prevalence was not significantly different in diarrhoea and non-diarrhoea samples. Analyses of polymerase gene sequences revealed both genotype III/1 and III/2 with genotype III/2 (Newbury2-like) being the most prevalent. Detected capsid sequences were restricted to Newbury2-like and the chimeric Bo/Thirsk10/00/UK strain. The RNA polymerase genotypes of the circulating BoNoVs in Norway were predicted by melting temperature analysis. Additional data from a challenge experiment suggest that a high proportion of young calves are shedding low levels of BoNoV for a prolonged time after recovering from the associated diarrhoea. The findings may explain some of the discrepancies in detection rates from previous studies and explain why some studies have failed to detect significant prevalence differences between calves with and without diarrhoea. It may also shed new light on some epidemiological aspects of norovirus infections.
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Affiliation(s)
- Evert Jor
- Department of Animal Health, National Veterinary Institute, PO Box 750, Sentrum, NO-0106 Oslo, Norway.
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Mauroy A, Scipioni A, Mathijs E, Thys C, Thiry E. Molecular detection of kobuviruses and recombinant noroviruses in cattle in continental Europe. Arch Virol 2009; 154:1841-5. [PMID: 19816652 DOI: 10.1007/s00705-009-0518-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/07/2009] [Accepted: 09/14/2009] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
Abstract
Two genotypes (Jena and Newbury2) and two intergenotype recombinant strains have been recognized in bovine noroviruses. Several studies have shown an apparent predominance of bovine infection with Newbury2-related (genotype 2) strains. Bovine stool samples were screened with two primer pairs targeting both the polymerase and the capsid genes. Among the predominant genotype 2 sequences, two were genetically related to the recombinant strain Thirsk10. The detection of sequences genetically related to Thirsk10, together with the very low rate of detection of Jena-related sequences, characterized the bovine norovirus population in Belgium, a representative region of continental Europe. Unexpectedly, bovine kobuvirus-related sequences were also amplified, extending their distribution area in Europe.
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Affiliation(s)
- Axel Mauroy
- Laboratory of Virology and Viral Diseases, Department of Parasitic and Infectious Diseases, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Liège, 4000, Liège, Belgium
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Mauroy A, Scipioni A, Mathijs E, Saegerman C, Mast J, Bridger JC, Ziant D, Thys C, Thiry E. Epidemiological study of bovine norovirus infection by RT-PCR and a VLP-based antibody ELISA. Vet Microbiol 2009; 137:243-51. [PMID: 19232845 PMCID: PMC7117358 DOI: 10.1016/j.vetmic.2009.01.031] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/16/2008] [Revised: 01/16/2009] [Accepted: 01/21/2009] [Indexed: 01/10/2023]
Abstract
Noroviruses, belonging to the family Caliciviridae, have been identified in human beings and in several animal species including cattle. The distribution of bovine norovirus infections was investigated by both RT-PCR to detect norovirus genomes and a virus-like particles-based ELISA to detect genotype 2 bovine norovirus antibodies. During a 1-year systematic study, a virus prevalence of 7.5% (CI 95%: [3.7; 13.4%]) (10 out of 133 samples) was found in stool samples from diarrhoeic calves screened by RT-PCR. Nucleotide sequencing performed on the polymerase region classified all the norovirus amplicons in the bovine norovirus genotype 2. Rather surprisingly, some rotavirus sequences were also detected. On the basis of the polymerase region, genotype 1 bovine norovirus was not identified. Other enteropathogens were found in all samples. By ELISA, a genotype 2 seroprevalence of 93.2% (CI 95%: [90.4; 95.3%]) was found from calves and adult cattle. Antibody levels against genotype 2 bovine noroviruses rose in the first 6 months of life and were maintained in adults. Together the results of virus prevalence and seroprevalence studies suggest that bovine norovirus infection occurs early in life and that re-infection with serologically related bovine noroviruses strains could occur in adult cattle as reported for rotaviruses. The antibody rise against genotype 2 bovine noroviruses in the adult cattle also suggests a short lived and/or strain specific immunity as already shown in human noroviruses. Genotype 2 bovine noroviruses are endemic in the region investigated.
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Affiliation(s)
- Axel Mauroy
- Department of Infectious and Parasitic Diseases, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Liège, B-4000 Liège, Belgium
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Molecular detection of norovirus in sheep and pigs in New Zealand farms. Vet Microbiol 2008; 133:184-9. [PMID: 18676104 DOI: 10.1016/j.vetmic.2008.06.019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 72] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/23/2008] [Revised: 06/17/2008] [Accepted: 06/26/2008] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
Human norovirus (NoV) is reportedly the major cause of non-bacterial gastroenteritis outbreaks worldwide and is commonly associated with water- and food-borne transmission via the faecal-oral route. Aside from humans, norovirus has been detected in pigs, cattle and mice. The close relatedness of some human and animal noroviruses has raised concerns about potential zoonotic transmission. Our laboratory recently reported the development of a multiplex real-time RT-PCR for the detection and genotyping of norovirus of genogroups I-III. Here we report a study of 56 faecal specimens from pigs and sheep that were collected and screened for noroviruses using this assay. Norovirus was found in 2/23 (9%) of porcine specimens (all were genogroup II) and in 8/33 (24%) of ovine specimens (all were genogroup III). Samples tested positive for norovirus were verified by conventional RT-PCR with different primer sets. Genomes of representative porcine and ovine norovirus strains underwent partial sequence analysis (343 and 2045 bases, respectively). This is the first report describing norovirus in sheep.
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Salim O, Clarke IN, Lambden PR. Functional analysis of the 5' genomic sequence of a bovine norovirus. PLoS One 2008; 3:e2169. [PMID: 18478070 PMCID: PMC2364642 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0002169] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/26/2008] [Accepted: 04/04/2008] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Jena Virus (JV), a bovine Norovirus, causes enteric disease in cattle and represents a potential model for the study of enteric norovirus infection and pathogenesis. The positive sense RNA genome of JV is organised into ORF1 (non-structural proteins), ORF2 (major capsid protein) and ORF3 (minor capsid protein). The lack of a cell culture system for studying JV replication has meant that work to date has relied upon in vitro systems to study non-structural protein synthesis and processing. PRINCIPAL FINDINGS Only two of the three major ORF1 proteins were identified (p110 and 2C) following in vitro translation of JV RNA, the N-term protein was not detected. The N-term encoding genomic sequence (5'GS) was tested for IRES-like function in a bi-cistronic system and displayed no evidence of IRES-like activity. The site of translation initiation in JV was determined to be at the predicted nucleotide 22. Following the insertion of an epitope within the 5'GS the JV N-term protein was identified in vitro and within RNA transfected cells. CONCLUSIONS The in vitro transcription/translation system is currently the best system for analysing protein synthesis and processing in JV. Unlike similarly studied human noroviruses JV initially did not appear to express the N-terminal protein, presenting the possibility that the encoding RNA sequence had a regulatory function, most likely involved in translation initiation in an IRES-like manner. This was not the case and, following determination of the site of translation initiation the N-term protein was detected using an epitope tag, both in vitro and in vivo. Although slightly larger than predicted the N-term protein was detected in a processed form in vivo, thus not only demonstrating initial translation of the ORF1 polyprotein but also activity of the viral protease. These findings indicate that the block to noroviral replication in cultured cells lies elsewhere.
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Affiliation(s)
- Omar Salim
- Molecular Microbiology Group, University of Southampton Medical School, Southampton General Hospital, Southampton, United Kingdom.
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