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Riegger J, Maurer S, Pulasani S, Brenner RE. Simvastatin and fluvastatin attenuate trauma-induced cell death and catabolism in human cartilage. Front Bioeng Biotechnol 2022; 10:965302. [PMID: 36159664 PMCID: PMC9500391 DOI: 10.3389/fbioe.2022.965302] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/09/2022] [Accepted: 08/19/2022] [Indexed: 11/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Joint injuries are known to induce pathomechanisms that might lead to posttraumatic osteoarthritis (PTOA). In this regard, statins with their pleiotropic effects could represent potential therapeutic agents in preventing the development of PTOA. Therefore, we investigated the effects of simvastatin and fluvastatin in a drop-tower-based human ex vivo cartilage trauma model. After 7 days, a mechanical impact (0.59 J) resulted in a decrease of the cell viability and increased expression of catabolic enzymes in cartilage explants. Simvastatin and fluvastatin treatment of impacted cartilage demonstrated cell protective effects in a concentration dependent manner. Moreover, statin therapy exhibited chondroprotective effects as demonstrated by attenuated expression of MMP-2 and MMP-13 as well as subsequent breakdown of collagen type II (after impact). Further analysis indicated antioxidative properties of the statins by upregulating the gene expression of SOD2 and suppression that of NOX2 and NOX4. Despite its protective effects, simvastatin impaired the biosynthesis of collagen type II, which was confirmed during chondrogenic redifferentiation of high passage chondrocytes. However, while long-term administration of statins for 4 weeks impaired chondrogenic redifferentiation, addition of simvastatin at low concentrations for 1 week exhibited a slightly promoting effect. In conclusion, our data imply that simvastatin and fluvastatin are suitable in terms of initial harm reduction after cartilage trauma.
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Kuwahara M, Akasaki Y, Goto N, Kurakazu I, Sueishi T, Toya M, Uchida T, Tsutsui T, Hirose R, Tsushima H, Nakashima Y. Fluvastatin promotes chondrogenic differentiation of adipose-derived mesenchymal stem cells by inducing bone morphogenetic protein 2. BMC Pharmacol Toxicol 2022; 23:61. [PMID: 35945639 PMCID: PMC9361648 DOI: 10.1186/s40360-022-00600-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/11/2021] [Accepted: 07/28/2022] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Adipose-derived mesenchymal stem cells (ADMSCs) are a promising source of material source for medical regeneration of cartilage. Growth factors, including transforming growth factor-β (TGFβ) subfamily members and bone morphogenetic proteins (BMPs), play important roles in inducing and promoting chondrogenic differentiation of MSCs. However, these exogenous growth factors have some drawbacks related to their cost, biological half-life, and safety for clinical application. Several studies have reported that statins, the competitive inhibitors of 3-hydroxy-2-methylglutaryl coenzyme A (HMG-CoA) reductase, induce the expression of BMP2 in multiple cell types as the pleotropic effects. The objective of this study was to investigate the effects of fluvastatin during chondrogenic differentiation of human ADMSCs (hADMSCs). Methods The effects of fluvastatin were analyzed during chondrogenic differentiation of hADMSCs in the pellet culture without exogenous growth factors by qRT-PCR and histology. For functional studies, Noggin, an antagonist of BMPs, mevalonic acid (MVA) and geranylgeranyl pyrophosphate (GGPP), metabolites of the mevalonate pathway, ROCK inhibitor (Y27632), or RAC1 inhibitor (NSC23766) were applied to cells during chondrogenic differentiation. Furthermore, RhoA activity was measured by RhoA pulldown assay during chondrogenic differentiation with or without fluvastatin. Statistically significant differences between groups were determined by Student’s t-test or the Tukey–Kramer test. Results Fluvastatin-treated cells expressed higher levels of BMP2, SOX9, ACAN, and COL2A1 than control cells, and accumulated higher levels of glycosaminoglycans (GAGs). Noggin significantly inhibited the fluvastatin-mediated upregulation of ACAN and COL2A1. Both MVA and GGPP suppressed the effects of fluvastatin on the expressions of BMP2, SOX9, ACAN, and COL2A1. Furthermore, fluvastatin suppressed the RhoA activity, and inhibition of RhoA–ROCK signaling by Y27632 increased the expressions of BMP2, SOX9, ACAN, and COL2A1, as well as fluvastatin. Conclusions Our results suggest that fluvastatin promotes chondrogenic differentiation of hADMSCs by inducing endogenous BMP2, and that one of the mechanisms underlying the effects is inhibition of RhoA–ROCK signaling via suppression of GGPP. Fluvastatin is a safe and low-cost compound that holds promise for use in transplantation of hADMSCs for cartilage regeneration. Supplementary Information The online version contains supplementary material available at 10.1186/s40360-022-00600-7.
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Affiliation(s)
- Masanari Kuwahara
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Graduate School of Medical Sciences, Kyushu University, 3-1-1 Maidashi, Higashi-ku, Fukuoka city, Fukuoka, 812-8582, Japan
| | - Yukio Akasaki
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Graduate School of Medical Sciences, Kyushu University, 3-1-1 Maidashi, Higashi-ku, Fukuoka city, Fukuoka, 812-8582, Japan.
| | - Norio Goto
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Graduate School of Medical Sciences, Kyushu University, 3-1-1 Maidashi, Higashi-ku, Fukuoka city, Fukuoka, 812-8582, Japan
| | - Ichiro Kurakazu
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Graduate School of Medical Sciences, Kyushu University, 3-1-1 Maidashi, Higashi-ku, Fukuoka city, Fukuoka, 812-8582, Japan
| | - Takuya Sueishi
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Graduate School of Medical Sciences, Kyushu University, 3-1-1 Maidashi, Higashi-ku, Fukuoka city, Fukuoka, 812-8582, Japan
| | - Masakazu Toya
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Graduate School of Medical Sciences, Kyushu University, 3-1-1 Maidashi, Higashi-ku, Fukuoka city, Fukuoka, 812-8582, Japan
| | - Taisuke Uchida
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Graduate School of Medical Sciences, Kyushu University, 3-1-1 Maidashi, Higashi-ku, Fukuoka city, Fukuoka, 812-8582, Japan
| | - Tomoaki Tsutsui
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Graduate School of Medical Sciences, Kyushu University, 3-1-1 Maidashi, Higashi-ku, Fukuoka city, Fukuoka, 812-8582, Japan
| | - Ryota Hirose
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Graduate School of Medical Sciences, Kyushu University, 3-1-1 Maidashi, Higashi-ku, Fukuoka city, Fukuoka, 812-8582, Japan
| | - Hidetoshi Tsushima
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Graduate School of Medical Sciences, Kyushu University, 3-1-1 Maidashi, Higashi-ku, Fukuoka city, Fukuoka, 812-8582, Japan
| | - Yasuharu Nakashima
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Graduate School of Medical Sciences, Kyushu University, 3-1-1 Maidashi, Higashi-ku, Fukuoka city, Fukuoka, 812-8582, Japan
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Maus U, Maier GS, Lazovic D, Niedhart C. Beeinflussung der Knochenheilung durch häufig verordnete Medikamente. Unfallchirurg 2019; 122:500-505. [DOI: 10.1007/s00113-019-0670-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
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Yang SH, Yang KC, Chen CW, Huang TC, Sun YH, Hu MH. Comparison of Transforming Growth Factor-Beta1 and Lovastatin on Differentiating Mesenchymal Stem Cells toward Nucleus Pulposus-like Phenotype: An In Vitro Cell Culture Study. Asian Spine J 2019; 13:705-712. [PMID: 31079432 PMCID: PMC6773984 DOI: 10.31616/asj.2018.0257] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/30/2018] [Accepted: 12/30/2018] [Indexed: 01/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Study Design In Vitro cell culture study. Purpose This study aims to investigate the impact of transforming growth factor-beta1 (TGF-β1) and lovastatin on differentiating human mesenchymal stem cells (MSCs) toward nucleus pulposus (NP)-like phenotype. Overview of Literature MSCs offer a cell source to the cell-based therapy for intervertebral disc degeneration. TGF-β1 is used to induce MSCs to differentiate into NP-like cells; however, an undesired expression of collagen type I has been reported. Statins reportedly stimulate expression of bone morphogenetic protein-2 (BMP-2) and promote the chondrogenic phenotype to NP cells. However, the effects of statins with or without TGF-β1 on the differentiation of MSCs into NP-like cells remain unclear. Methods Human MSCs were treated with TGF-β1 alone, lovastatin alone, and simultaneous or sequential treatment with TGF-β1 and lovastatin. After the proposed stimulation, the total RNA was extracted to assess the expression profile of NP cells-specific genes. Hematoxylin–eosin staining was used for examining the microscopic morphology. Furthermore, we detected the syntheses of S-100 protein, aggrecan, and collagen type II in the extracellular matrix using immunohistochemical staining. Results Simultaneous or sequential treatment of TGF-β1 and lovastatin could further augment the BMP-2 overexpression compared with lovastatin-alone treatment. However, the mRNA expression of aggrecan and collagen type II was not compatible with the expression level of BMP-2. Immunohistochemical studies revealed compatible production of aggrecan, collagen type II, and S-100 protein in all three groups treated with lovastatin. Cells in groups treated with lovastatin were less populated than that in the group treated with TGF-β1 alone. Conclusions This study demonstrates a promising role of lovastatin in inducing human MSCs into NP-like cells. However, further optimization of cell density before lovastatin treatment, treatment duration, and combination with TGF-β1 are warranted to attain better stimulatory effects.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shu-Hua Yang
- Department of Orthopedics, National Taiwan University Hospital, National Taiwan University College of Medicine, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Kai-Chiang Yang
- Department of Dental Technology, College of Oral Medicine, Taipei Medical University, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Chih-Wei Chen
- Department of Orthopedics, National Taiwan University Hospital Hsin Chu Branch, Hsin Chu, Taiwan
| | - Ting-Chun Huang
- Department of Orthopedics, National Taiwan University Hospital Chu Tung Branch, Hsin Chu, Taiwan
| | - Yuan-Hui Sun
- Department of Orthopedics, National Taiwan University Hospital, National Taiwan University College of Medicine, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Ming-Hsiao Hu
- Department of Orthopedics, National Taiwan University Hospital, National Taiwan University College of Medicine, Taipei, Taiwan
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Zhang Y, Yu J, Zhang J, Hua Y. Simvastatin With PRP Promotes Chondrogenesis of Bone Marrow Stem Cells In Vitro and Wounded Rat Achilles Tendon-Bone Interface Healing In Vivo. Am J Sports Med 2019; 47:729-739. [PMID: 30668918 DOI: 10.1177/0363546518819108] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/31/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Tendons and ligaments are joined to bone in a specialized interface that transmits force from muscle to bone and permits body movement. Tendon/ligament injuries always occur in the interface areas, and injured tendons/ligaments have a limited healing response because the insertion site is composed of a fibrocartilaginous zone. PURPOSE To study the effect of simvastatin with platelet-rich plasma (PRP) on chondrogenesis of rat bone marrow stem cells (BMSCs) in vitro and wounded rat Achilles tendon-bone interface healing in vivo. STUDY DESIGN Controlled laboratory study. METHODS The in vitro model was performed by the culture of rat BMSCs with various concentrations of simvastatin (0, 10, 50, 100 nM) for 2 weeks. The effect of simvastatin on the chondrogenic differentiation of the BMSCs was examined by histochemical analysis and real-time quantitative reverse transcription polymerase chain reaction. The in vivo model was carried out by testing the healing effect of simvastatin with PRP on 12 wounded rat Achilles tendon-bone interfaces. RESULTS Simvastatin induced chondrogenic differentiation of rat BMSCs in a concentration-dependent manner as evidenced by histological staining and real-time quantitative reverse transcription polymerase chain reaction. The wounds treated with simvastatin alone or with simvastatin-containing PRP gel healed much faster than the wounds treated with saline alone or PRP alone. Histological analysis showed that higher percentages of healed tissues were positively stained with safranin O and fast green in wounds treated with simvastatin-containing PRP gel than in the other 3 groups. Immunohistochemical analysis further demonstrated these findings, as evidenced by more positively stained healed tissues with collagen I and II antibodies in the wound areas treated with simvastatin-containing PRP gel than the other 3 groups. CONCLUSION The combination of simvastatin with PRP induced chondrogenesis of BMSCs in vitro and enhanced fibrocartilage formation in vivo. The simvastatin-PRP gel treatment promotes wounded tendon-bone interface healing in clinical treatment. CLINICAL RELEVANCE The combination of simvastatin with PRP may be a good clinical treatment for wounded tendon/ligament junction healing, especially for acute sports-related tendon/ligament injuries.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ying Zhang
- Department of Orthopedics, Jinan Central Hospital Affiliated to Shandong University Medical School, Jinan, China
| | - Jing Yu
- Department of Anesthesiology, Jinan Central Hospital Affiliated to Shandong University Medical School, Jinan, China
| | - Jiefeng Zhang
- Department of Trauma Surgery, Taian City Central Hospital, Taian, China
| | - Yongxin Hua
- Department of Orthopedics, Jinan Central Hospital Affiliated to Shandong University Medical School, Jinan, China
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Tu J, Li W, Zhang Y, Wu X, Song Y, Kang L, Liu W, Wang K, Li S, Hua W, Yang C. Simvastatin Inhibits IL-1β-Induced Apoptosis and Extracellular Matrix Degradation by Suppressing the NF-kB and MAPK Pathways in Nucleus Pulposus Cells. Inflammation 2018; 40:725-734. [PMID: 28188410 DOI: 10.1007/s10753-017-0516-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
Abstract
Statins are widely used hypocholesterolemic drugs that block the mevalonate pathway. Some studies have shown that statins may have the potential to inhibit intervertebral disk (IVD) degeneration (IDD). Interleukin (IL)-1β, a catabolic cytokine, is a key regulator of IDD. This study aimed to investigate the mechanism underlying the effect of simvastatin on IDD. The viability of nucleus pulposus (NP) cells was determined by the methyl-thiazolyl-tetrazolium (MTT) assay. The apoptosis of NP cells was measured by flow cytometric analysis, terminal deoxynucleotidyl transferase dUTP nick end labeling (TUNEL), and western blotting of relevant apoptotic proteins. The protein levels of catabolic factors and anabolic factors were determined by western blotting. The cells were stimulated with IL-1β in the absence or presence of simvastatin to investigate the effects on matrix metalloproteinase (MMP)-3, MMP-13, a disintegrin and metalloproteinase with thrombospondin motifs (ADAMTS)-4, ADAMTS-5, type II collagen, and aggrecan expression. Our findings indicate that simvastatin considerably inhibited IL-1β-induced apoptosis in NP cells. We also found that simvastatin attenuated IL-1β-induced expression and MMP-3, MMP-13, ADAMTS-4, and ADAMTS-5 activities and also reduced the decrease in type II collagen and aggrecan expression. In addition, simvastatin considerably suppressed the nuclear translocation and activation of nuclear factor-kappa B (NF-KB) by inhibiting p65 phosphorylation and translocation and blocking inhibitor kB-α degradation. It also inhibited MAPK pathway activation by blocking c-Jun N-terminal kinase (JNK), p38, and ERK phosphorylation. The results of our study revealed that simvastatin is a potential agent for IDD prevention and treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ji Tu
- Department of Orthopedics, Union Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Jiefang Road, No. 1277, Wuhan, 430022, People's Republic of China
| | - Wentian Li
- Wuhan Institute of Biological Products Co., Ltd., 430207, Wuhan, Hubei, People's Republic of China
| | - Yukun Zhang
- Department of Orthopedics, Union Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Jiefang Road, No. 1277, Wuhan, 430022, People's Republic of China
| | - Xinghuo Wu
- Department of Orthopedics, Union Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Jiefang Road, No. 1277, Wuhan, 430022, People's Republic of China
| | - Yu Song
- Department of Orthopedics, Union Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Jiefang Road, No. 1277, Wuhan, 430022, People's Republic of China
| | - Liang Kang
- Department of Orthopedics, Union Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Jiefang Road, No. 1277, Wuhan, 430022, People's Republic of China
| | - Wei Liu
- Department of Orthopedics, Union Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Jiefang Road, No. 1277, Wuhan, 430022, People's Republic of China
| | - Kun Wang
- Department of Orthopedics, Union Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Jiefang Road, No. 1277, Wuhan, 430022, People's Republic of China
| | - Shuai Li
- Department of Orthopedics, Union Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Jiefang Road, No. 1277, Wuhan, 430022, People's Republic of China
| | - Wenbin Hua
- Department of Orthopedics, Union Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Jiefang Road, No. 1277, Wuhan, 430022, People's Republic of China
| | - Cao Yang
- Department of Orthopedics, Union Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Jiefang Road, No. 1277, Wuhan, 430022, People's Republic of China.
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Statins do not inhibit the FGFR signaling in chondrocytes. Osteoarthritis Cartilage 2017; 25:1522-1530. [PMID: 28583899 DOI: 10.1016/j.joca.2017.05.014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/04/2016] [Revised: 05/19/2017] [Accepted: 05/25/2017] [Indexed: 02/02/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Statins are widely used drugs for cholesterol lowering, which were recently found to counteract the effects of aberrant fibroblast growth factor receptor (FGFR3) signaling in cell and animal models of FGFR3-related chondrodysplasia. This opened an intriguing therapeutic possibility for human dwarfing conditions caused by gain-of-function mutations in FGFR3, although the mechanism of statin action on FGFR3 remains unclear. Here, we determine the effect of statins on FGFR signaling in chondrocytes. DESIGN Cultured chondrocyte cell lines, mouse embryonic tibia cultures and limb bud micromasses were treated with FGF2 to activate FGFR signaling. The effects of atorvastatin, fluvastatin, lovastatin and pravastatin on FGFR3 protein stability and on FGFR-mediated chondrocyte growth-arrest, loss of extracellular matrix (ECM), induction of premature senescence and hypertrophic differentiation were evaluated. RESULTS Statins did not alter the level of FGFR3 protein expression nor produce any effect on FGFR-mediated inhibition of chondrocyte proliferation and hypertrophic differentiation in cultured chondrocyte cell lines, mouse tibia cultures or limb bud micromasses. CONCLUSION We conclude that statins do not inhibit the FGFR signaling in chondrocytes. Therefore the statin-mediated rescue of FGFR3-related chondrodysplasia, described before, is likely not intrinsic to the growth plate cartilage.
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Farnaghi S, Crawford R, Xiao Y, Prasadam I. Cholesterol metabolism in pathogenesis of osteoarthritis disease. Int J Rheum Dis 2017; 20:131-140. [DOI: 10.1111/1756-185x.13061] [Citation(s) in RCA: 48] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Saba Farnaghi
- Institute of Health and Biomedical Innovation, Science and Engineering Faculty; Queensland University of Technology; Brisbane Qld Australia
| | - Ross Crawford
- Institute of Health and Biomedical Innovation, Science and Engineering Faculty; Queensland University of Technology; Brisbane Qld Australia
| | - Yin Xiao
- Institute of Health and Biomedical Innovation, Science and Engineering Faculty; Queensland University of Technology; Brisbane Qld Australia
| | - Indira Prasadam
- Institute of Health and Biomedical Innovation, Science and Engineering Faculty; Queensland University of Technology; Brisbane Qld Australia
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Han Y, Kim SJ. Simvastatin induces differentiation of rabbit articular chondrocytes via the ERK-1/2 and p38 kinase pathways. Exp Cell Res 2016; 346:198-205. [PMID: 27475840 DOI: 10.1016/j.yexcr.2016.07.025] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/07/2016] [Revised: 07/22/2016] [Accepted: 07/26/2016] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
Statins are competitive inhibitors of hydroxy-methyl-glutaryl Coenzyme A (HMG-CoA) reductase, a key enzyme involved in the conversion of HMG-CoA to the cholesterol precursor mevalonate. Some statins, such as simvastatin (simvastatin), have been shown to have anti-cancer and anti-inflammatory effects, reducing cartilage degradation in osteoarthritic rabbits in vivo. However, the regulatory mechanisms undergirding simvastatin mediated chondrocyte differentiation have not been well elucidated. Thus, we investigated the action and mechanism of simvastatin on differentiation of rabbit articular chondrocytes through western blot analyses, RT-PCR, and immunohistochemical (IHC) and immunofluorescence (IF) staining. Simvastatin treatment was found to induce type II collagen expression and sulfated-proteoglycan synthesis in a dose- and time-dependent manner. Indeed, RT-PCR revealed increased expression of type II collagen on treatment with simvastatin. Both IHC and IF staining indicated differentiation of chondrocytes. Simvastatin treatment reduced activation of ERK-1/2 and stimulated activation of p38 kinase. Inhibition of ERK-1/2 with PD98059 enhanced simvastatin induced differentiation, whereas inhibition of p38 kinase with SB203580 inhibited simvastatin induced differentiation. Simvastatin treatment also inhibits loss of type II collagen in serial monolayer culture. Collectively, our results indicate that ERK-1/2 and p38 kinase regulate simvastatin-induced differentiation of chondrocytes in opposing manners. Thus, these findings suggest that simvastatin may be a potential therapeutic drug for osteoarthritis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yohan Han
- Department of Biological Sciences, Kongju National University, Daehakro 56, Gongju 32588, Republic of Korea
| | - Song Ja Kim
- Department of Biological Sciences, Kongju National University, Daehakro 56, Gongju 32588, Republic of Korea.
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Terabe K, Takahashi N, Takemoto T, Knudson W, Ishiguro N, Kojima T. Simvastatin inhibits CD44 fragmentation in chondrocytes. Arch Biochem Biophys 2016; 604:1-10. [PMID: 27242325 DOI: 10.1016/j.abb.2016.05.019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/29/2015] [Revised: 05/25/2016] [Accepted: 05/26/2016] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
In human osteoarthritic chondrocytes, the hyaluronan receptor CD44 undergoes proteolytic cleavage at the cell surface. CD44 cleavage is thought to require transit of CD44 into cholesterol-rich lipid rafts. The purpose of this study was to investigate whether statins exert a protective effect on articular chondrocytes due to diminution of cholesterol. Three model systems of chondrocytes were examined including human HCS-2/8 chondrosarcoma cells, human osteoarthritic chondrocytes and normal bovine articular chondrocytes. Treatment with IL-1β + Oncostatin M resulted in a substantial increase in CD44 fragmentation in each of the three chondrocyte models. Pre-incubation with simvastatin prior to treatment with IL-1β + Oncostatin M decreased the level of CD44 fragmentation, decreased the proportion of CD44 that transits into the lipid raft fractions, decreased ADAM10 activity and diminished the interaction between CD44 and ADAM10. In HCS-2/8 cells and bovine articular chondrocytes, fragmentation of CD44 was blocked by the knockdown of ADAM10. Inhibition of CD44 fragmentation by simvastatin also resulted in improved retention of pericellular matrix. Addition of cholesterol and farnesyl-pyrophosphate reversed the protective effects of simvastatin. Thus, the addition of simvastatin exerts positive effects on chondrocytes including reduced CD44 fragmentation and enhanced the retention of pericellular matrix.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kenya Terabe
- Department of Orthopedic Surgery, Nagoya University Graduate School of Medicine, 65 Tsuruma-cho, Showa-ku, Nagoya 466-8550, Japan; Department of Anatomy and Cell Biology, The Brody School of Medicine, East Carolina University, 600 Moye Blvd., Greenville, NC 27834, USA
| | - Nobunori Takahashi
- Department of Orthopedic Surgery, Nagoya University Graduate School of Medicine, 65 Tsuruma-cho, Showa-ku, Nagoya 466-8550, Japan.
| | - Toki Takemoto
- Department of Orthopedic Surgery, Nagoya University Graduate School of Medicine, 65 Tsuruma-cho, Showa-ku, Nagoya 466-8550, Japan
| | - Warren Knudson
- Department of Anatomy and Cell Biology, The Brody School of Medicine, East Carolina University, 600 Moye Blvd., Greenville, NC 27834, USA
| | - Naoki Ishiguro
- Department of Orthopedic Surgery, Nagoya University Graduate School of Medicine, 65 Tsuruma-cho, Showa-ku, Nagoya 466-8550, Japan
| | - Toshihisa Kojima
- Department of Orthopedic Surgery, Nagoya University Graduate School of Medicine, 65 Tsuruma-cho, Showa-ku, Nagoya 466-8550, Japan
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Tao ZS, Zhou WS, Bai BL, Cui W, Lv YX, Yu XB, Huang ZL, Tu KK, Zhou Q, Sun T, Li H, Yang L. The effects of combined human parathyroid hormone (1-34) and simvastatin treatment on the interface of hydroxyapatite-coated titanium rods implanted into osteopenic rats femurs. JOURNAL OF MATERIALS SCIENCE. MATERIALS IN MEDICINE 2016; 27:43. [PMID: 26758890 DOI: 10.1007/s10856-015-5650-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/12/2015] [Accepted: 12/12/2015] [Indexed: 06/05/2023]
Abstract
The effect of human parathyroid hormone 1-34 (PTH) and simvastatin (SIM) alone could promote bone healing in osteoporotic implant fixation, but there are no reports about the combined use of PTH and SIM for promotion of bone healing around implant in osteoporotic settings. This study aims to investigate effects of PTH + SIM on implant stabilization in osteopenic rats. Fourteen weeks after chronically fed a low protein diet, osteopenic rats randomly received implants. Subsequently, the animals were randomly divided into four groups: Control, SIM, PTH and PTH + SIM. Then all rats from groups PTH, SIM and PTH + SIM received PTH (40 μg/kg, three times a week), SIM (25 mg/kg, daily), or both for 12 weeks. The results of our study indicated that all treatments promoted bone healing around implant compared to Control, but PTH + SIM treatment showed significantly stronger effects than PTH or SIM alone in histological, micro-CT, and biomechanical tests. The results indicated additive effects of PTH and SIM on implant fixation in osteoporotic rats.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhou-Shan Tao
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Second Affiliated Hospital of Wenzhou Medical University, 109 Xueyuan Xi Road, Wenzhou, 325027, Zhejiang, People's Republic of China
| | - Wan-Shu Zhou
- Endocrine & Metabolic Diseases Unit, Affiliated Hospital of Guizhou Medical University, Guizhou, 550001, People's Republic of China
| | - Bing-li Bai
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Second Affiliated Hospital of Wenzhou Medical University, 109 Xueyuan Xi Road, Wenzhou, 325027, Zhejiang, People's Republic of China
| | - Wei Cui
- Sichuan Provincial Orthopedics Hospital, No. 132 West First Section First Ring Road, Chengdu, 610000, Sichuan, People's Republic of China
| | - Yang-Xun Lv
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Wenzhou Central Hospital, Wenzhou, 325000, Zhejiang, People's Republic of China
| | - Xian-Bin Yu
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Second Affiliated Hospital of Wenzhou Medical University, 109 Xueyuan Xi Road, Wenzhou, 325027, Zhejiang, People's Republic of China
| | - Zheng-Liang Huang
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Second Affiliated Hospital of Wenzhou Medical University, 109 Xueyuan Xi Road, Wenzhou, 325027, Zhejiang, People's Republic of China
| | - Kai-kai Tu
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Second Affiliated Hospital of Wenzhou Medical University, 109 Xueyuan Xi Road, Wenzhou, 325027, Zhejiang, People's Republic of China
| | - Qiang Zhou
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Second Affiliated Hospital of Wenzhou Medical University, 109 Xueyuan Xi Road, Wenzhou, 325027, Zhejiang, People's Republic of China
| | - Tao Sun
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Second Affiliated Hospital of Wenzhou Medical University, 109 Xueyuan Xi Road, Wenzhou, 325027, Zhejiang, People's Republic of China
| | - Hang Li
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Second Affiliated Hospital of Wenzhou Medical University, 109 Xueyuan Xi Road, Wenzhou, 325027, Zhejiang, People's Republic of China
| | - Lei Yang
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Second Affiliated Hospital of Wenzhou Medical University, 109 Xueyuan Xi Road, Wenzhou, 325027, Zhejiang, People's Republic of China.
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12
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Dai L, Xu M, Wu H, Xue L, Yuan D, Wang Y, Shen Z, Zhao H, Hu M. The functional mechanism of simvastatin in experimental osteoporosis. J Bone Miner Metab 2016; 34:23-32. [PMID: 25511080 DOI: 10.1007/s00774-014-0638-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/04/2014] [Accepted: 10/02/2014] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
Osteoporosis is a systemic and metabolic bone disease. New drugs with good curative effect, fewer side effects, and high safety need to be developed urgently. Recently, simvastatin has been used to treat osteoporosis more frequently; however, its clinical effect and treatment mechanism are still unknown. With the use of animal models, the treatment effectiveness of simvastatin on experimental osteoporosis was investigated and the functional mechanism was preliminarily explored. The results show that simvastatin significantly increased the mechanical parameters such as maximum load, stiffness, and energy-absorbing capacity, and improved the microarchitecture. They indicated that the antiosteoporosis activity of simvastatin may be due to the promotion of proliferation and differentiation of osteoblasts. Simvastatin was effective in treating experimental osteoporosis. This study provides necessary experimental evidence for the clinical application of simvastatin in osteoporosis treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lifen Dai
- Kunming Research Center for Molecular Medicine, Kunming University, Kunming, 650214, People's Republic of China
- Department of Endocrinology, Second Affiliated Hospital of Kunming Medical University, Kunming, 650500, People's Republic of China
- School of Pharmaceutical Science and Yunnan Key Laboratory of Pharmacology for Natural Products, Kunming Medical University, Kunming, 650500, People's Republic of China
| | - Ming Xu
- Kunming Research Center for Molecular Medicine, Kunming University, Kunming, 650214, People's Republic of China
| | - Haiying Wu
- Department of Emergency Medicine and Intensive Care Unit, First Affiliated Hospital of Kunming Medical University, Kunming, 650032, People's Republic of China
| | - Lanjie Xue
- Faculty of Life Science and Technology, Kunming University of Science and Technology, Kunming, 650500, People's Republic of China
| | - Dekai Yuan
- Kunming Research Center for Molecular Medicine, Kunming University, Kunming, 650214, People's Republic of China
| | - Yuan Wang
- Kunming Research Center for Molecular Medicine, Kunming University, Kunming, 650214, People's Republic of China
| | - Zhiqiang Shen
- School of Pharmaceutical Science and Yunnan Key Laboratory of Pharmacology for Natural Products, Kunming Medical University, Kunming, 650500, People's Republic of China
| | - Hongbin Zhao
- Department of Emergency Medicine and Intensive Care Unit, First Affiliated Hospital of Kunming Medical University, Kunming, 650032, People's Republic of China.
| | - Min Hu
- Kunming Research Center for Molecular Medicine, Kunming University, Kunming, 650214, People's Republic of China.
- Department of Endocrinology, Second Affiliated Hospital of Kunming Medical University, Kunming, 650500, People's Republic of China.
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The effects of combined human parathyroid hormone (1-34) and simvastatin treatment on osseous integration of hydroxyapatite-coated titanium implants in the femur of ovariectomized rats. Injury 2015; 46:2164-9. [PMID: 26404665 DOI: 10.1016/j.injury.2015.08.034] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/18/2015] [Revised: 08/06/2015] [Accepted: 08/25/2015] [Indexed: 02/02/2023]
Abstract
The effect of human parathyroid hormone 1-34 (PTH) and simvastatin (SIM) alone could promote bone healing in osteoporotic osseous integration of the implant, but there are no reports about the combined use of PTH and SIM for promotion of bone healing around implant in osteoporotic settings still limited. This study aims to investigate effects of PTH+SIM on osseous integration of the implant in OVX rats. Female Sprague-Dawley rats were used for this study. Twelve weeks after bilateral ovariectomy, all animals were randomly divided into four groups: group control; group SIM; group PTH and group PTH+SIM. Afterwards, all OVX rats received hydroxyapatite (HA)-coated titanium rods (external diameter and length are 1.5mm and 20mm) in the femoral medullary canal. Subsequently, the animals from group SIM, group PTH and group PTH+SIM received human parathyroid hormone 1-34 (60μg/kg, three times a week), SIM (5mg/kg daily), or both for 12 weeks. Implants were inserted bilaterally in all animals until death at 12 weeks. The bilateral femurs of rats were harvested for evaluation. All groups increased new bone formation around the surface of titanium rods and push-out force; group PTH+SIM showed the strongest effects on new bone formation and biomechanical strength. Additionally, these are significant difference observed in bone formation and push-out force between groups SIM and PTH. This finding suggests that intermittent administration of PTH or SIM alone has an effect to increase new bone formation on the surface of HA-coated implants in the osteoporotic condition, and the additive effects of combination PTH and SIM on osseous integration of the implant in OVX rats.
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Ibrahim N'I, Mohamed N, Soelaiman IN, Shuid AN. The Effects of Targeted Deliveries of Lovastatin and Tocotrienol on Ossification-Related Gene Expressions in Fracture Healing in an Osteoporosis Rat Model. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH AND PUBLIC HEALTH 2015; 12:12958-76. [PMID: 26501302 PMCID: PMC4627010 DOI: 10.3390/ijerph121012958] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/28/2015] [Revised: 10/01/2015] [Accepted: 10/08/2015] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
Abstract
Osteoporotic drugs are used to prevent fragility fractures, but their role in fracture healing still remains unknown. Thus, alternative agents with suitable mode of delivery are needed to promote fracture healing. This study was performed to investigate the effects of direct deliveries of lovastatin and tocotrienol to fracture sites on ossification-related gene expression in fracture healing in a postmenopausal osteoporosis model. Forty-eight Sprague Dawley female rats were divided into six groups. Group I comprised the sham-operated rats, while Groups II–VI were ovariectomized rats. After 8 weeks, the right tibiae of all rats were fractured and stabilized. Group I and Group II were given two single injections of lovastatin and tocotrienol carriers. Group III was given an estrogen preparation at 64.5 µg/kg daily via oral gavages. Group IV was injected with lovastatin particles (750 µg/kg), while Group V was injected with tocotrienol particles (60 mg/kg). Group VI received two single injections of 750 µg/kg lovastatin particles and 60 mg/kg tocotrienol particles. After 4 weeks, the gene expressions were measured. Group VI showed significantly higher gene expressions of osteocalcin, BMP-2, VEGF-α, and RUNX-2 compared to Group II. In conclusion, combined treatment of lovastatin and tocotrienol upregulated the expression of genes related to fracture healing.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nurul 'Izzah Ibrahim
- Department of Pharmacology, Faculty of Medicine, Universiti Kebangsaan Malaysia Medical Centre, Jalan Yaacob Latif, Bandar Tun Razak, Cheras, 56000 Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia.
| | - Norazlina Mohamed
- Department of Pharmacology, Faculty of Medicine, Universiti Kebangsaan Malaysia Medical Centre, Jalan Yaacob Latif, Bandar Tun Razak, Cheras, 56000 Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia.
| | - Ima Nirwana Soelaiman
- Department of Pharmacology, Faculty of Medicine, Universiti Kebangsaan Malaysia Medical Centre, Jalan Yaacob Latif, Bandar Tun Razak, Cheras, 56000 Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia.
| | - Ahmad Nazrun Shuid
- Department of Pharmacology, Faculty of Medicine, Universiti Kebangsaan Malaysia Medical Centre, Jalan Yaacob Latif, Bandar Tun Razak, Cheras, 56000 Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia.
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15
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Hu MH, Yang KC, Chen YJ, Sun YH, Yang SH. Lovastatin prevents discography-associated degeneration and maintains the functional morphology of intervertebral discs. Spine J 2014; 14:2459-66. [PMID: 24713605 DOI: 10.1016/j.spinee.2014.03.050] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/12/2013] [Revised: 02/03/2014] [Accepted: 03/18/2014] [Indexed: 02/03/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND CONTEXT Discography is an important diagnostic approach to identify the painful discs. However, the benefit of discography, a procedure involving needle puncture and injection of the diagnostic agent into the intervertebral disc, is controversial and has been reported to be associated with accelerated degeneration. PURPOSE To investigate the effect of lovastatin on the prevention of degeneration caused by a discography simulation procedure in rat caudal discs. STUDY DESIGN In vivo study using rat caudal discs. METHODS A single flexible 27-gauge needle puncture into rat caudal discs was performed under fluoroscopic monitoring. Different concentrations (0.1, 1, 5, and 10 μM) of lovastatin were prepared and injected into randomly chosen caudal discs. RNA expression of selected genes, histologic, and immunohistochemical staining were performed to evaluate the phenotypic effects of lovastatin on rat caudal discs. RESULTS Simulation of the discography procedure by puncturing the rat caudal discs with a 27-gauge needle and injection of saline solution induced degenerative changes in the nucleus pulposus with minimal damage to the annulus fibrosus. Aggrecan, Type II collagen, and SOX9 expressions were upregulated, whereas Type I collagen expression was significantly suppressed in discs treated with 5 and 10 μM lovastatin. Discs treated with 5 and 10 μM lovastatin were subjected to alcian blue staining and immunohistochemistry that revealed higher levels of glycosaminoglycans and an increase in the number of cells producing S-100 proteins, Type II collagen, and bone morphogenetic protein-2 (BMP-2), respectively. The most effective phenotypic repair was observed in discs treated with 10 μM lovastatin. CONCLUSIONS Intradiscal administration of lovastatin solution upregulated the expressions of BMP-2 and SOX9 and promoted chondrogenesis of rat caudal discs after needle puncture and substance injection. Therefore, we suggest that lovastatin promotes disc repair and can be used as a potential therapeutic agent for biological repair of disc degeneration after the diagnostic discography procedure.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ming-Hsiao Hu
- Department of Orthopedics, National Taiwan University College of Medicine and National Taiwan University Hospital, No. 7, Jhong-Shan S Rd, Taipei, 10002, Taiwan; Institute of Biomedical Engineering, College of Medicine and College of Engineering, National Taiwan University, No. 1 Ren-Ai Rd, Sec. 1, Taipei, 10051, Taiwan
| | - Kai-Chiang Yang
- Department of Dental Technology, College of Oral Medicine, Taipei Medical University, No. 250, Wu-Hsing St, Taipei, 11031, Taiwan
| | - Yeong-Jang Chen
- Department of Orthopedics, Far Eastern Memorial Hospital, No. 21, Nanya S Rd, Sec. 2, New Taipei City, 22060, Taiwan
| | - Yuan-Hui Sun
- Department of Orthopedics, National Taiwan University College of Medicine and National Taiwan University Hospital, No. 7, Jhong-Shan S Rd, Taipei, 10002, Taiwan
| | - Shu-Hua Yang
- Department of Orthopedics, National Taiwan University College of Medicine and National Taiwan University Hospital, No. 7, Jhong-Shan S Rd, Taipei, 10002, Taiwan.
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17
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Chang CH, Hsu YM, Chen YC, Lin FH, Sadhasivam S, Loo ST, Savitha S. Anti-inflammatory effects of hydrophilic and lipophilic statins with hyaluronic acid against LPS-induced inflammation in porcine articular chondrocytes. J Orthop Res 2014; 32:557-65. [PMID: 24302463 DOI: 10.1002/jor.22536] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/29/2013] [Accepted: 11/14/2013] [Indexed: 02/04/2023]
Abstract
The objective of the study is to understand the therapeutic effects of lipophilic (simvastatin) and hydrophilic statins (pravastatin) combined with/without hyaluronic acid for osteoarthritis by an in vitro LPS-induced inflammatory model of articular chondrocytes. HA in combination with different doses of simvastatin or pravastatin were used. Beside cytotoxicity, the influence of statins on NO production, pro-inflammatory cytokine, inflammatory mediators, and NF-κB p50 protein were analyzed. Finally, TUNEL assay was performed to detect DNA strand breakage. Two statins were less able to lower NF-κB activity when they were administrated along without HA. The gene expression demonstrates that simvastatin and pravastatin had the ability to decrease pro-inflammatory and inflammatory mediator levels. High dose simvastatin with or without HA down regulated inflammatory cytokines, but resulted in higher cytotoxicity. TUNEL assay confirms the regulatory effect of statins with or without HA over the apoptosis of chondrocytes, especially in hydrophilic statins. The significant down-regulation of inflammatory mediators suggests that intra-articular injection of HA in combination with statins might feasibly slow the progress of osteoarthritis. Administration of simvastatin or pravastatin with hyaluronic acid may produce beneficial effects for OA treatment, but with better results when hydrophilic statin was used.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chih-Hung Chang
- Division of Orthopaedics, Department of Surgery, Far Eastern Memorial Hospital, No. 21, Nan-Ya South Road, Sec. 2 Pan-Chia Dict., New Taipei City, Taiwan; Graduate School of Biotechnology and Bioengineering, Yuan Ze University, Taoyuan, Taiwan; Department of Orthopaedics Surgery, National Taiwan University Hospital, Taipei, Taiwan
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Shadmehr E, Khademi A. Effect of
S
imvastatin on kinetics of
O
steoprotegrin/receptor activator nuclear kappa
B L
igand
mRNA
expression in periapical lesions. Int Endod J 2013; 46:1077-82. [DOI: 10.1111/iej.12101] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/06/2012] [Accepted: 02/19/2013] [Indexed: 01/17/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- E. Shadmehr
- Department of Endodontics and Torabinejad Research Center Esfahan Dental College Esfahan Iran
| | - A. Khademi
- Department of Endodontics and Torabinejad Research Center Esfahan Dental College Esfahan Iran
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Park YS, David AE, Park KM, Lin CY, Than KD, Lee K, Park JB, Jo I, Park KD, Yang VC. Controlled release of simvastatin from in situ forming hydrogel triggers bone formation in MC3T3-E1 cells. AAPS JOURNAL 2012; 15:367-76. [PMID: 23250670 DOI: 10.1208/s12248-012-9442-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/03/2012] [Accepted: 11/07/2012] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Simvastatin (SIM), a drug commonly administered for the treatment of hypercholesterolemia, has been recently reported to induce bone regeneration/formation. In this study, we investigated the properties of hydrogel composed of gelatin-poly(ethylene glycol)-tyramine (GPT) as an efficient SIM delivery vehicle that can trigger osteogenic differentiation. Sustained delivery of SIM was achieved through its encapsulation in an injectable, biodegradable GPT-hydrogel. Cross-linking of the gelatin-based GPT-hydrogel was induced by the reaction of horse radish peroxidase and H(2)O(2). GPT-hydrogels of three different matrix stiffness, 1,800 (GPT-hydrogel1), 5,800 (GPT-hydrogel2), and 8,400 Pa (GPT-hydrogel3) were used. The gelation/degradation time and SIM release profiles of hydrogels loaded with two different concentrations of SIM, 1 and 3 mg/ml, were also evaluated. Maximum swelling times of GPT-hydrogel1, GPT-hydrogel2, and GPT-hydrogel3 were observed to be 6, 12, and 20 days, respectively. All GPT-hydrogels showed complete degradation within 55 days. The in vitro SIM release profiles, investigated in PBS buffer (pH 7.4) at 37°C, exhibited typical biphasic release patterns with the initial burst being more rapid with GPT-hydrogel1 compared with GPT-hydrogel3. Substantial increase in matrix metalloproteinase-13, osteocalcin expression levels, and mineralization were seen in osteogenic differentiation system using MC3T3-E1 cells cultured with GPT-hydrogels loaded with SIM in a dose-dependent manner. This study demonstrated that controlled release of SIM from a biodegradable, injectable GPT-hydrogel had a promising role for long-term treatment of chronic degenerative diseases such as disc degenerative disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yoon Shin Park
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, College of Pharmacy, The University of Michigan, 428 Church Street, Ann Arbor, MI 48109-1065, USA
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Kramer J, Bartsch M, Krug D, Klinger M, Nitschke M, Rohwedel J. Simvastatin modulates mouse embryonic stem cell-derived chondrogenesis in vitro. Toxicol In Vitro 2012; 26:1170-6. [PMID: 22771337 DOI: 10.1016/j.tiv.2012.06.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/03/2011] [Revised: 06/22/2012] [Accepted: 06/25/2012] [Indexed: 10/28/2022]
Abstract
It has been studied in detail that cellular differentiation during chondrogenesis can be recapitulated in vitro by differentiation of embryonic stem (ES) cells as embryoid bodies (EBs). We here used this model system of cartilage development to analyze the effect of simvastatin, a potentially embryotoxic substance. Statins are a group of drugs used to treat hypercholesterolaemia. We found that simvastatin activated cartilage nodule formation during EB differentiation. Extended application of simvastatin resulted in enhanced expression of cartilage marker molecules and prolonged persistence of cartilage nodules. Expression of collagen type II was upregulated during simvastatin-induced chondrogenic ES cell differentiation as demonstrated by quantitative real time PCR. However, immunostaining for cartilage marker molecules revealed that cartilage nodules within simvastatin-treated EBs were defective, bearing cavities of cell loss. Furthermore, caspase activity was reduced in comparison to untreated controls indicating reduced apoptosis. Taken together, we may speculate that simvastatin prolongs survival of chondrocytes and disrupts cellular integrity of cartilage nodules during EB development by affecting apoptotic mechanisms. The study underlines that ES cell-derived EBs are a useful in vitro model to screen substances for their embryotoxic and teratogenic potential.
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Affiliation(s)
- J Kramer
- Medical Dept. I and Dept. of Virology and Cell Biology, University of Lübeck, 23538 Lübeck, Germany.
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21
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Abstract
Osteonecrosis or avascular necrosis (AVN) of the hip is a progressive disease mainly affecting adults in their third, fourth or fifth decade of life. Studies into the natural history of the disease suggest that femoral head collapse occurs within 2-3 yrs with associated degenerative changes and at that stage arthroplasty is the most reliable treatment option. Therefore prevention of femoral head collapse is highly desirable in this young patient group. In early stage disease, before femoral head collapse (Ficat and Arlet stage 1-3) core decompression of the femoral head is currently the most widely used procedure to try to relieve intraosseous pressure in the femoral head and restore blood supply.Greater understanding of the pathogenesis of osteonecrosis has led to research into non-surgical management of early stages of the disease, including pharmacological and biophysical treatments.There may be a reduction in symptoms and evidence of prevention of disease progression following some non-surgical treatments. Further studies are needed, including trials comparing medical management with surgical intervention.
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Maciel-Oliveira N, Bradaschia-Correa V, Arana-Chavez VE. Early alveolar bone regeneration in rats after topical administration of simvastatin. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2011; 112:170-9. [DOI: 10.1016/j.tripleo.2010.08.027] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/08/2010] [Accepted: 08/24/2010] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
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Rojbani H, Nyan M, Ohya K, Kasugai S. Evaluation of the osteoconductivity of α-tricalcium phosphate, β-tricalcium phosphate, and hydroxyapatite combined with or without simvastatin in rat calvarial defect. J Biomed Mater Res A 2011; 98:488-98. [PMID: 21681941 DOI: 10.1002/jbm.a.33117] [Citation(s) in RCA: 73] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/07/2010] [Revised: 01/08/2011] [Accepted: 03/17/2011] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Abstract
The purpose of this study is to evaluate the osteoconductivity of three different bone substitute materials: α-tricalcium phosphate (α-TCP), (β-TCP), and hydroxyapatite (HA), combined with or without simvastatin, which is a cholesterol synthesis inhibitor stimulating BMP-2 expression in osteoblasts. We used 72 Wistar rats and prepared two calvarial bone defects of 5 mm diameter in each rat. Defects were filled with the particles of 500-750 μm diameter combined with or without simvastatin at 0.1 mg dose for each defect. In the control group, defects were left empty. Animals were divided into seven groups: α-TCP, β-TCP, HA, α-TCP with simvastatin, β-TCP with simvastatin, HA with simvastatin, and control. The animals were sacrificed at 6 and 8 weeks. The calvariae were dissected out and analyzed with micro CT. The specimens were evaluated histologically and histomorphometrically. In α-TCP group, the amount of newly formed bone was significantly more than both HA and control groups but not significantly yet more than β-TCP group. Degradation of α-TCP was prominent and β-TCP showed slower rate while HA showed the least degradation. Combining the materials with Simvastatin led to increasing in the amount of newly formed bone. These results confirmed that α-TCP, β-TCP, and HA are osteoconductive materials acting as space maintainer for bone formation and that combining these materials with simvastatin stimulates bone regeneration and it also affects degradability of α-TCP and β-TCP. Conclusively, α-TCP has the advantage of higher rate of degradation allowing the more bone formation and combining α-TCP with simvastatin enhances this property.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hisham Rojbani
- Oral Implantology and Regenerative Dental Medicine, Graduate School, Tokyo Medical and Dental University, 1-5-45 Yushima, Bunkyo, Tokyo 113-8549, Japan.
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Yudoh K, Karasawa R. Statin prevents chondrocyte aging and degeneration of articular cartilage in osteoarthritis (OA). Aging (Albany NY) 2011; 2:990-8. [PMID: 21098883 PMCID: PMC3034187 DOI: 10.18632/aging.100213] [Citation(s) in RCA: 71] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Recent reports have shown that statin (HMG-CoA reductase inhibitors) may have the potential to inhibit inflammatory arthritis. More recently, the idea that chondrocyte aging is closely associated with the progression of cartilage degeneration has been promulgated. Here, we demonstrate the potential of statin as protective agents against chondrocyte aging and degeneration of articular cartilage during the progression of osteoarthritis (OA), both in vitro and in vivo. The OA-related catabolic factor, IL-1β induced marked downregulation of cellular activity, expression of a senescent biomarker, specific senescence-associated β-galactosidase activity and shortening of the cellular lifespan in chondrocytes. In contrast, treatment with statin inhibited the IL-1β-induced production of cartilage matrix degrading enzymes (metalloprotease-1 and -13) and cellular senescence in of chondrocytes in vitro. In addition, this statin accelerated the production of cartilage matrix proteoglycan in chondrocytes. The in vivo study was performed on the STR/OrtCrlj mouse, an experimental model which spontaneously develops an osteoarthritic process. In this mouse model, treatment with statin significantly reduced the degeneration of articular cartilage, while the control knee joints showed progressive cartilage degeneration over time. These findings suggest that statin may have the potential to prevent the catabolic stress-induced chondrocyte disability and aging observed in articular cartilage. Our results indicate that statin are potential therapeutic agents for protection of articular cartilage against the progression of OA.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kazuo Yudoh
- Department of Frontier Medicine, Institute of Medical Science, St. Marianna University School of Medicine, Kawasaki, Japan. yudo@marianna‐u.ac.jp
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Shi S, Wang C, Yuan W, Wang X, Zhou X. Potential prevention: Orally administered statins may retard the pathologic process of disc degeneration. Med Hypotheses 2011; 76:125-7. [DOI: 10.1016/j.mehy.2010.08.050] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/05/2010] [Revised: 08/26/2010] [Accepted: 08/28/2010] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
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Hu MH, Hung LW, Yang SH, Sun YH, Shih TTF, Lin FH. Lovastatin promotes redifferentiation of human nucleus pulposus cells during expansion in monolayer culture. Artif Organs 2010; 35:411-6. [PMID: 20883448 DOI: 10.1111/j.1525-1594.2010.01070.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Abstract
To acquire the capacities for matrix production and preservation of an expanded volume within a damaged intervertebral disc (IVD), cells isolated from human nucleus pulposus (NP) tissues must undergo several passages in monolayer culture. However, chondrocytes and IVD cells in monolayer culture undergo "dedifferentiation," characterized by decreased synthesis of type II collagen and increased synthesis of type I collagen, thereby compromising the properties of regenerative tissues. The present study was undertaken to ascertain whether lovastatin reverses "dedifferentiation" of human NP cells during monolayer expansion. Expression of genes encoding type II collagen and transcription factor SOX9 in these cells was upregulated by lovastatin, with maximal stimulations observed at 5 µM, whereas type I collagen gene expression was suppressed by the drug, with maximal inhibitions observed at 5-10 µM. At lovastatin concentrations ≥1 µM, expression of genes encoding the bone morphogenetic proteins BMP-2 and BMP-7 was also significantly enhanced. Furthermore, the number of NP cells exhibiting a rounded shape and positive staining for S-100 protein and type II collagen protein increased during treatment with lovastatin. These findings strongly support the induction by lovastatin of "redifferentiation" of human NP cells during their expansion in monolayer culture.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ming-Hsiao Hu
- Department of Orthopedics, National Taiwan University Hospital Yun-Lin Branch, no. 579 Yunlin Road sec. 2, Douliou City, Yunlin, Taiwan
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Lazzerini PE, Capecchi PL, Selvi E, Lorenzini S, Bisogno S, Baldari CT, Galeazzi M, Laghi-Pasini F. Statins and the joint: multiple targets for a global protection? Semin Arthritis Rheum 2010; 40:430-46. [PMID: 20884043 DOI: 10.1016/j.semarthrit.2010.06.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/10/2010] [Revised: 06/15/2010] [Accepted: 06/25/2010] [Indexed: 01/06/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES Evidence exists that the pleiotropic properties of the hydroxy-methyl-glutaryl Coenzyme A reductase inhibitors (statins) are not restricted to the cardiovascular system, as they can also favorably affect the joints, with intriguing implications for the treatment of many rheumatic diseases. In the view of the increasing interest on this topic, we here review the current state of the art. METHODS The PubMed database was searched for articles published between 1966 and 2010 for key words referring to statins and joint diseases. All relevant English-written articles were reviewed. RESULTS Many pivotal studies clearly demonstrated that HMG-CoA reductase inhibitors exert a wide spectrum of beneficial effects on the 3 main compartments of the joint, ie, the synovium, the cartilage, and the subchondral bone. Such (1) anti-inflammatory, (2) immunomodulating, and (3) anabolic effects strongly support a potential role of these drugs in the treatment and/or the prevention of the most important chronic joint diseases. However, although the majority of the in vivo studies with statins on animal models of inflammatory and degenerative joint diseases showed a marked protective activity substantially confirming the in vitro experiments, data arising from clinical trials are less probative and more conflicting. CONCLUSIONS Statins display multiple joint-protective effects. Since oral administration of statins could result in a relatively low drug bioavailability to the joints, alternative routes of administration of the drug (transdermal, intra-articular) and/or specific delivery systems should be developed to establish the entire therapeutic potential of statins in this clinical setting.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pietro Enea Lazzerini
- Department of Clinical Medicine and Immunological Sciences, Division of Clinical Immunology, University of Siena, Siena, Italy.
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Chissas D, Stamatopoulos G, Verettas D, Kazakos K, Papalois A, Agrogiannis G, Papaeliou A, Agapitos E, Balanika A, Papadopoulou E, Anastopoulos G, Ntagiopoulos PG, Asimakopoulos A. Can low doses of simvastatin enhance fracture healing? An experimental study in rabbits. Injury 2010; 41:687-92. [PMID: 19880111 DOI: 10.1016/j.injury.2009.10.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/22/2009] [Revised: 09/22/2009] [Accepted: 10/05/2009] [Indexed: 02/02/2023]
Abstract
Several observational and experimental studies have investigated the potential anabolic effects of statins on undisturbed bone but only a few recent studies have examined the effect of statins on skeletal repair. The goal of the study is to investigate any potential early anabolic effect of the systemic administration of simvastatin in low doses (based on earlier safety and efficacy studies on undisturbed bone) on fracture healing. Fifty-four skeletally mature male New Zealand White rabbits were used for the study. The rabbits were assigned to one of three experimental groups: a control group, and two groups that were orally administrated a diet with 10 and 30 mg/kg/day of simvastatin, respectively. A complete biochemical blood count was performed to exclude drug-induced complications. Half of the animals of each group were sacrificed at 15 days and the other half at 30 days after surgery at which time intervals healing quality was assessed. The bones were subjected to biomechanical testing, histomorphometric analysis and peripheral quantitative computed tomography. In animals received simvastatin of 30 mg/kg/day a significant reduction of BMD, stiffness, and energy absorbed to failure were observed. At 15 days, the amount of cartilaginous callus formation was reduced, and the void space was significantly increased, in the animals of both groups that received simvastatin when compared to the control group (p<.05). Our results suggest that simvastatin doses of 30 mg/kg/day may have a negative anabolic effect on callus formation in rabbits, whereas doses of 10 mg/kg/day seem not to produce a significant positive or a negative effect, especially at the early stages of fracture remodeling.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dionysios Chissas
- 2nd Department of Orthopaedic and Trauma Surgery, G. Genimmatas General Hospital of Athens, 154 Mesogeion Ave, 115 24 Athens, Greece.
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Simopoulou T, Malizos KN, Poultsides L, Tsezou A. Protective effect of atorvastatin in cultured osteoarthritic chondrocytes. J Orthop Res 2010; 28:110-5. [PMID: 19623662 DOI: 10.1002/jor.20953] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/04/2023]
Abstract
The aim of our study was to evaluate the in vitro effect of an HMG-CoA reductase inhibitor, atorvastatin, on the expression of significant anabolic and catabolic genes in human osteoarthritic chondrocytes and to explore the metabolic pathways involved in this process. Human articular osteoarthritic chondrocytes were cultured in the presence and absence of atorvastatin (10 and 50 micromol/L) for 24 h. Metalloproteinase 13 (MMP-13), collagen type II (COL2A1), and aggrecan (AGC) mRNA expression levels were evaluated by real-time PCR, and protein expression levels by Western blot analysis. IL-1beta levels in culture medium was analyzed with ELISA. The effect of the treatment with the mevalonate isoprenoid derivatives farnesol and geranylgeraniol, or the cholesterol precursor squalene, was evaluated in the atorvastatin osteoarthritic chondrocyte cultures. Incubation of osteoarthritic chondrocyte cultures with atorvastatin produced a significant dose-dependent reduction in IL-1beta production. Atorvastatin supplementation in cultures produced a decrease in MMP-13 mRNA and protein expression levels, which was reversed by the addition of farnesol. Regarding AGC and COL2A1 mRNA expression, a significant increase was observed only in chondrocytes cultures treated with 50 micromol/L atorvastatin. Our findings suggest that atorvastatin may have potential chondroprotective effects mostly by reducing cartilage degradation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Theodora Simopoulou
- Laboratory of Cytogenetics and Molecular Genetics, University of Thessaly Medical School, Larissa, Greece
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Abstract
Statins have been shown to stimulate BMP2 transcription and bone formation. This raises the possibility that they could be useful for enhancing rates of fracture repair. Observational studies in patients treated with oral statins for lipid-lowering have been controversial. The likely reason for their inconsistent effects is that the statin concentration reaching the periphery was too low after oral administration to produce a reproducible biologic effect. Thus, we examined the effects of lovastatin (LV) given transdermally in a well-described preclinical model of fracture repair. Effects on the healing fracture callus were assessed by biomechanical strength, radiographs, and quantitative morphology. LV was administered transdermally (TD) for 5 days after fracture in several doses (0.1-5 mg/kg/d) and compared with vehicle-treated control rats and rats treated with LV by oral gavage (PO) at 5-25 mg/kg/d for 5 days from the day of fracture. Radiological evaluation of bones treated with TD LV showed enhanced fracture repair at 2 and 6 wk. BMD in the callus area at 6 wk was also increased in the TD group compared with vehicle-treated controls (p < 0.05). The force required to break TD-treated bones (0.1 mg/kg/d for 5 days) was 42% greater than vehicle-treated controls (p < 0.02), and there was a 90% increase in stiffness (p < 0.01). PO LV at much higher doses (10 and 25 mg/kg/d) showed increased stiffness but no change in other biomechanical properties. By histological examination, a significant increase was also observed in the size of the callus, surrounding proliferating cell nuclear antigen-positive cells, and osteoblast and osteoclast number in TD-treated rats compared with controls at day 8 after fracture (n = 6). In summary, we found that TD LV in low doses accelerates fracture healing, whereas 10-fold the lipid-lowering dose was required to produce any effect when it was administered orally. These studies provide valuable information on the potential of statins and TD delivery as a new and effective therapeutic modality in fracture repair.
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Tang QO, Tran GT, Gamie Z, Graham S, Tsialogiannis E, Tsiridis E, Linder T, Tsiridis E. Statins: under investigation for increasing bone mineral density and augmenting fracture healing. Expert Opin Investig Drugs 2008; 17:1435-63. [DOI: 10.1517/13543784.17.10.1435] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/11/2023]
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Ayukawa Y, Yasukawa E, Moriyama Y, Ogino Y, Wada H, Atsuta I, Koyano K. Local application of statin promotes bone repair through the suppression of osteoclasts and the enhancement of osteoblasts at bone-healing sites in rats. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2008; 107:336-42. [PMID: 18801677 DOI: 10.1016/j.tripleo.2008.07.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 89] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/11/2008] [Revised: 06/28/2008] [Accepted: 07/17/2008] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE We investigated whether the local administration of simvastatin affected both the cellular events and the bone formation at surgically created bone defects in rat. STUDY DESIGN Simvastatin (or a vehicle) was injected into a rat bony defect for 3 consecutive days from the day of surgery. Five or ten days after the injection, new bone tissue was collected, and the gene expressions of bone-related proteins were examined. For the histomorphometry, new bone area was measured. RESULTS At day 5, the statin group demonstrated significantly larger new bone area. The number of tartrate-resistant acid phosphatase-positive multinucleated cells in the statin group was less than in the control group. In the statin group, the expressions of both alkaline phosphatase and bone morphogenetic protein 2 mRNA significantly increased. In contrast, the expression of cathepsin K was significantly suppressed in the statin group. Although the levels of both RANK and osteoprotegerin were not affected by statin, the expression of RANKL was depressed. At day 10, there were no significant differences among the groups in either histomorphometric or reverse-transcription polymerase chain reaction analyses. CONCLUSION New bone area increased under the influence of simvastatin; however, the effect did not continue when the administration was terminated. Osteoclast suppression may be the consequence of RANKL depression.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yasunori Ayukawa
- Division of Oral Rehabilitation, Faculty of Dental Science, Kyushu University, Fukuoka, Japan.
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Zhang M, Zhou SH, Li XP, Shen XQ, Fang ZF, Liu QM, Qiu SF, Zhao SP. Atorvastatin downregulates BMP-2 expression induced by oxidized low-density lipoprotein in human umbilical vein endothelial cells. Circ J 2008; 72:807-12. [PMID: 18441463 DOI: 10.1253/circj.72.807] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Bone morphogenetic protein-2 (BMP-2) plays a key role both in vascular development and pathophysiological processes. However, the effects of oxidized low-density lipoprotein (ox-LDL) combined with atorvastatin on BMP-2 expression are entirely unknown in human umbilical vein endothelial cells (HUVECs). The present study investigates the effects of ox-LDL on BMP-2 expression. Furthermore, the influence of atorvastatin on ox-LDL-induced BMP-2 expression is also examined. METHODS AND RESULTS The HUVECs were treated by ox-LDL or combined with pyrrolidine dithiocarbamate (PDTC) or atorvastatin. The expression level of BMP-2 mRNA was examined by real-time PCR and RT-PCR analysis. The expression of BMP-2 protein was assayed by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay. The malondialdehyde (MDA) and activities of total superoxide dismutase (SOD) were detected by routine methods. The activation of nuclear factor kappaB (NF-kappaB) in HUVECs was determined using an assay kit from active motif and western blot analysis. Ox-LDL treatment significantly increased BMP-2 expression, which is associated with NF-kappaB activation, but BMP-2 expression was suppressed by treatment with PDTC or atorvastatin. Furthermore, the increase in MDA levels and decrease in activities of total SOD caused by ox-LDL treatment were reversed by the treatment of PDTC or atorvastatin. CONCLUSIONS Ox-LDL-induced BMP-2 expression was suppressed by PDTC or atorvastatin treatment. The effects of atorvastatin might contribute to the mechanisms by inhibiting NF-kappaB activation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ming Zhang
- Department of Cardiology, Second Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha Hunan, China
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Simvastatin stimulates chondrogenic phenotype of intervertebral disc cells partially through BMP-2 pathway. Spine (Phila Pa 1976) 2008; 33:E525-31. [PMID: 18628692 DOI: 10.1097/brs.0b013e31817c561b] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/01/2023]
Abstract
STUDY DESIGN In vitro experiment to study the effect of simvastatin on rat intervertebral disc (IVD) cells. OBJECTIVE To evaluate the time-course effect of simvastatin on the gene expression of bone morphogenetic protein-2 (BMP-2), aggrecan, and collagen type II in rat IVD cells cultured in alginate bead. Role of BMP-2 on the simvastatin-induced chondrogenesis of IVD cells was also investigated. SUMMARY OF BACKGROUND DATA Growth factors including BMP-2 have been found to improve anabolism of IVD cells and have shown promise for the treatment of disc degeneration. Statins is known to increase BMP-2 expression in vitro and stimulate bone formation in vivo. However, it is still unknown whether statins can also increase BMP-2 expression and in turn, stimulate matrix synthesis by IVD cells. METHODS Rat IVD cells (harvested from nucleus pulpusos and inner annular fibrosus) cultured in alginate beads were exposed to different doses of simvastatin. DMMB, and real-time polymerase chain reaction were used to quantify proteoglycan and gene expression of BMP-2, aggrecan and collagen type II, respectively. Noggin or mevalonate was used to investigate the mechanism of the effect of simvastatin on rat IVD cells. RESULTS Simvastatin significantly upregulated BMP-2 mRNA expression, followed by aggrecan and type II collagen gene expression and proteoglycan content in rat IVD cells. Moderate dose (500 ng/mL) of noggin completely hindered the expression of aggrecan and collagen type II induced by simvastatin on day 7, but not on day 14. The upregulated type II collagen expression was blocked with 3 mug/mL of noggin on day 14, whereas aggrecan levels remained unchanged. Lastly, simvastatin appeared to facilitate BMP-2, aggrecan, and type II collagen gene expression by inhibiting the production of mevalonate as evidenced that the anabolic effect was completely reversed with the addition of mevalonate. CONCLUSION Simvastatin drives a mechanism for promoting chondrogenesis of IVD cells partially mediated by upregulated BMP-2 through the inhibition of mevalonate pathway.
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Abstract
This paper reviews the current literature concerning the main clinical factors which can impair the healing of fractures and makes recommendations on avoiding or minimising these in order to optimise the outcome for patients. The clinical implications are described.
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Affiliation(s)
- M S Gaston
- Department of Orthopaedics University of Edinburgh, Royal Infirmary of Edinburgh, Little France, Edinburgh EH16 4SA, UK.
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36
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Skoglund B. Linköping University Medical Dissertation No. 1033. Following the mevalonate pathway to bone heal alley. ACTA ORTHOPAEDICA. SUPPLEMENTUM 2007; 78:3-22. [PMID: 18283564 DOI: 10.1080/17453670710046549] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/22/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Björn Skoglund
- Department of Clinical and Experimental Medicine, Materials in Medicine, Faculty of Health Sciences, Linköping University, Linköping, Sweden.
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Wang JW, Xu SW, Yang DS, Lv RK. Locally applied simvastatin promotes fracture healing in ovariectomized rat. Osteoporos Int 2007; 18:1641-50. [PMID: 17622479 DOI: 10.1007/s00198-007-0412-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 67] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/20/2007] [Accepted: 05/31/2007] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
UNLABELLED Simvastatin solution was injected subcutaneously to the site of fractured tibiae of ovariectomized rats. Afterwards healing quality was evaluated by morphologic, radiographic, biomechanical, histological and histomorphometric methods at 1, 2 and 4 weeks after fracture. Results showed that locally applied simvastatin improved fracture healing. INTRODUCTION Many studies have documented an anabolic effect of hydroxymethylglutaryl coenzyme A (HMG-CoA) reductase inhibitors, statins, on undisturbed bone. Reports of their effects, however, on fractured skeletal systems have been limited. A study was, therefore, conducted to check the effects of statins on fracture healing. METHODS Simvastatin (10 mg/kg/day) was injected subcutaneously to tissue overlying the site of fractured tibiae of ovariectomized rats for a treatment period of 5 days. Vehicle reagent was used as a control. Healing quality was evaluated at 1, 2 and 4 weeks after fracture. RESULTS Compared with that in the vehicle group, the callus cross-section area in simvastatin-treated rats was significantly enlarged by 21.3% (p < 0.05) at 1 week and by 21.5% (p < 0.05) at 2 weeks; new woven bone was relatively substantive and arranged more tightly and regularly at 2 and 4 weeks; and maximal load was increased by 57.5% (p < 0.05) at 2 weeks and by 31.4% (p < 0.05) at 4 weeks. Histomorphometrically, simvastatin was associated with a significant (p < 0.05) increase of mineralization width (MLW), mineralization volume (MLV) and mineral apposition rate (MAR). CONCLUSION The current study suggests that local application of simvastatin could promote fracture healing in ovariectomized rats.
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Affiliation(s)
- J W Wang
- Department of Orthopaedics, the Second Affiliated Hospital, Medical School of Zhejiang University, No.88, Jiefang Road, Hangzhou, China 310009
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Skoglund B, Aspenberg P. Locally applied Simvastatin improves fracture healing in mice. BMC Musculoskelet Disord 2007; 8:98. [PMID: 17897477 PMCID: PMC2200653 DOI: 10.1186/1471-2474-8-98] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/17/2007] [Accepted: 09/27/2007] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Background HMG-CoA reductase inhibitors, statins, are widely prescribed to lower cholesterol. High doses of orally administered simvastatin has previously been shown to improve fracture healing in a mouse femur fracture model. In this study, simvastatin was administered either subcutaneously or directly to the fracture area, with the goal of stimulating fracture repair at acceptable doses. Methods Femur fractures were produced in 70 mature male Balb-C mice and stabilized with marrow-nailing. Three experiments were performed. Firstly, 20 mice received subcutaneous injections of either simvastatin (20 mg) or vehicle. Secondly, 30 mice were divided into three groups of 10 mice receiving continuous subcutaneous delivery of the vehicle substance, the vehicle with 5 mg or with 10 mg of simvastatin per kg bodyweight per day. Finally, in 20 mice, a silicone tube was led from an osmotic mini-pump to the fracture area. In this way, 10 mice received an approximate local dose of simvastatin of 0.1 mg per kg per day for the duration of the experiment and 10 mice received the vehicle compound. All treatments lasted until the end of the experiment. Bilateral femurs were harvested 14 days post-operative. Biomechanical tests were performed by way of three-point bending. Data was analysed with ANOVA, Scheffé's post-hoc test and Student's unpaired t-test. Results With daily simvastatin injections, no effects could be demonstrated for any of the parameters examined. Continuous systemic delivery resulted in a 160% larger force at failure. Continuous local delivery of simvastatin resulted in a 170% larger force at failure as well as a twofold larger energy uptake. Conclusion This study found a dramatic positive effect on biomechanical parameters of fracture healing by simvastatin treatment directly applied to the fracture area.
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Affiliation(s)
- Björn Skoglund
- Division of Orthopedics and Sports Medicine, Department of Neuroscience and Locomotion, Faculty of Health Sciences, Linköping University, SE 581 85 Linkoping, Sweden
| | - Per Aspenberg
- Division of Orthopedics and Sports Medicine, Department of Neuroscience and Locomotion, Faculty of Health Sciences, Linköping University, SE 581 85 Linkoping, Sweden
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Abstract
Although fracture healing is a well-optimized biological process that leads to healing, approximately 10-20% of fractures result in impaired or delayed healing and these fractures may benefit from the use of biotechnologies to enhance skeletal repair. Peptide signaling molecules such as the bone morphogenetic proteins have been shown to stimulate the healing of fresh fractures, nonunions, and spinal fusions and side effects from their use appear to be minimal. Other growth factors currently being studied for local application include growth and differentiation factor-5 (GDF-5), vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF), transforming growth factor beta (TGFbeta), and platelet-derived growth factor (PDGF). Molecules such as prostaglandin E receptor agonists and the thrombin-related peptide, TP508, have shown promise in animal models of fracture repair. Gene therapy using various growth factors or combinations of factors might also aid in fracture repair, particularly as new methods for delivery that do not require viral vectors are developed. Systemic therapy with agents such as parathyroid hormone (PTH), growth hormone (GH), and the HMG-CoA reductase inhibitors are also under investigation. As these and other technologies are shown to be safe and effective, their use will become a part of the standard of care in managing skeletal injuries.
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Affiliation(s)
- T William Axelrad
- Department of Orthopedic Surgery, Boston University Medical Center, Boston, USA
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Uysal AR, Delibasi T, Erdogan MF, Kamel N, Baskal N, Tonyukuk V, Corapcioglu D, Güllü S, Erdogan G. Effect of Simvastatin Use on Bone Mineral Density in Women with Type 2 Diabetes. Endocr Pract 2007; 13:114-6. [PMID: 17490923 DOI: 10.4158/ep.13.2.114] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To attempt to clarify the effect of simvastatin, a widely used statin, on the bone mineral density in women with type 2 diabetes. METHODS We performed a cross-sectional, controlled study of 37 women with type 2 diabetes who were taking simvastatin. Each woman was matched with 2 control subjects who were closest in age, years since menopause (if applicable), and duration of diabetes on the date on which the examination was performed. We measured bone mineral density at the spine and the hip with a dual-energy xray absorptiometry scanner and compared bone density in the 2 study groups. RESULTS The mean bone mineral density values of patients in the simvastatin group were found to be slightly increased in comparison with those of the control group, both in the lumbar vertebrae and in the femoral neck, but these differences were not statistically significant (P>0.05). CONCLUSION In this cross-sectional study, we could not demonstrate a positive effect of long-term simvastatin treatment on bone mineral density in women with type 2 diabetes and hypercholesterolemia.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ali Riza Uysal
- Department of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Ankara University School of Medicine, Ankara, Turkey
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Ghosh-Choudhury N, Mandal CC, Choudhury GG. Statin-induced Ras activation integrates the phosphatidylinositol 3-kinase signal to Akt and MAPK for bone morphogenetic protein-2 expression in osteoblast differentiation. J Biol Chem 2006; 282:4983-4993. [PMID: 17179158 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.m606706200] [Citation(s) in RCA: 113] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Lovastatin promotes osteoblast differentiation by increasing bone morphogenetic protein-2 (BMP-2) expression. We demonstrate that lovastatin stimulates tyrosine phosphorylation of the p85 regulatory subunit of phosphatidylinositol 3-kinase (PI3K), leading to an increase in its kinase activity in osteoblast cells. Inhibition of PI3K ameliorated expression of the osteogenic markers alkaline phosphatase, type I collagen, osteopontin, and BMP-2. Expression of dominant-negative PI3K and PTEN, an inhibitor of PI3K signaling, significantly attenuated lovastatin-induced transcription of BMP-2. Akt kinase was also activated in a PI3K-dependent manner. However, our data suggest involvement of an additional signaling pathway. Lovastatin-induced Erk1/2 activity contributed to BMP-2 transcription. Inhibition of PI3K abrogated Erk1/2 activity in response to lovastatin, indicating the presence of a signal relay between them. We provide, as a mechanism of this cross-talk, the first evidence that lovastatin stimulates rapid activation of Ras, which associates with and activates PI3K in the plasma membrane, which in turn regulates Akt and Erk1/2 to induce BMP-2 expression for osteoblast differentiation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nandini Ghosh-Choudhury
- Departments of South Texas Veterans Health Care System, San Antonio, Texas 78229; Geriatric Research, Education, and Clinical Center, and the South Texas Veterans Health Care System, San Antonio, Texas 78229.
| | - Chandi Charan Mandal
- Departments of South Texas Veterans Health Care System, San Antonio, Texas 78229; Pathology and South Texas Veterans Health Care System, San Antonio, Texas 78229
| | - Goutam Ghosh Choudhury
- Geriatric Research, Education, and Clinical Center, and the South Texas Veterans Health Care System, San Antonio, Texas 78229; Medicine, The University of Texas Health Science Center at San Antonio, the South Texas Veterans Health Care System, San Antonio, Texas 78229; South Texas Veterans Health Care System, San Antonio, Texas 78229
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Abstract
Besides the action on plasma lipid levels, statins show a series of ancillary effects defined as all of their vascular and nonvascular effects independent from the cholesterol reduction. It has been recently hypothesized that one of these ancillary effects could be the improvement of bone health, due to the interference with bone metabolism. This may potentially represent the rationale for statins' use in the treatment of osteoporosis, the most common disease of the bone. Both experimental observations and clinical studies on this topic generated a number of conflicting results; however, the largest randomized clinical trials, the Scandinavian Simvastatin Survival Study (4S), Long Term Intervention with Pravastatin in Ischemic Disease (LIPID), and Heart Protection Study (HPS), indicate that statins do not prevent or reduce fracture risk.
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Affiliation(s)
- Manfredi Rizzo
- Department of Clinical Medicine and Emerging Diseases, University of Palermo, Palermo, Italy..
| | - Giovam Battista Rini
- Department of Clinical Medicine and Emerging Diseases, University of Palermo, Palermo, Italy
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Simpson AHRW, Mills L, Noble B. The role of growth factors and related agents in accelerating fracture healing. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2006; 88:701-5. [PMID: 16720758 DOI: 10.1302/0301-620x.88b6.17524] [Citation(s) in RCA: 102] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/16/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- A H R W Simpson
- The Musculoskeletal Tissue Engineering Consortium, Room SU304, University of Edinburgh, Chancellors Building, 49 Little France Crescent, Edinburgh EH16 4SB, UK.
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Khan AW, Khan A. Anabolic Agents: A New Chapter in the Management of Osteoporosis. JOURNAL OF OBSTETRICS AND GYNAECOLOGY CANADA 2006; 28:136-41. [PMID: 16643716 DOI: 10.1016/s1701-2163(16)32063-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/22/2022]
Abstract
Osteoporosis in postmenopausal women has until now been treated with antiresorptive agents, reducing the incidence of fragility fracture by approximately 50%. Clinical research has led to the development of new anabolic therapies capable of increasing the production of bone matrix by osteoblasts and reversing microarchitectural deterioration, resulting in major improvements in both bone quality and bone quantity. Teriparatide, a recombinant human parathyroid hormone consisting of the first 34 of 84 amino acids in human parathyroid hormone, has been shown to reduce significantly the risk of both vertebral and non-vertebral fractures in postmenopausal women. This agent was recently approved for use in Canada. Strontium ranelate is a new oral agent capable of uncoupling bone resorption from bone formation, which results in increases in bone formation with reductions in bone resorption. This agent has also been shown to reduce the risk of both vertebral and non-vertebral fracture while improving bone structure. Anabolic therapies represent a major advance in the management of postmenopausal osteoporosis, and they may provide significant benefit to those patients with severe osteoporosis in whom antiresorptive therapy has proven insufficient. Anabolic therapies should complement the antiresorptive treatments currently available for use in women with postmenopausal osteoporosis.
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Martin AJ, Casey M, Healy M, Walsh JB. Effect of atorvastatin on markers of bone turnover. Osteoporos Int 2005; 16:446. [PMID: 15703864 DOI: 10.1007/s00198-004-1824-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
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Viereck V, Gründker C, Blaschke S, Frosch KH, Schoppet M, Emons G, Hofbauer LC. Atorvastatin stimulates the production of osteoprotegerin by human osteoblasts. J Cell Biochem 2005; 96:1244-53. [PMID: 16152630 DOI: 10.1002/jcb.20598] [Citation(s) in RCA: 52] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/06/2023]
Abstract
Recently, HMG-CoA reductase inhibitors (statins), potent inhibitors of cholesterol biosynthesis, have been linked to protective effects on bone metabolism. Because of their widespread use, prevention of bone loss and fractures would be a desirable side effect. However, the mechanisms how statins may affect bone metabolism are poorly defined. Here, we evaluated the effect of atorvastatin on osteoblastic production of receptor activator of nuclear factor-kappaB ligand (RANKL) and osteoprotegerin (OPG), cytokines that are essential for osteoclast cell biology. While RANKL enhances osteoclast formation and activation, thereby, promoting bone loss, OPG acts as a soluble decoy receptor and antagonizes the effects of RANKL. In primary human osteoblasts (hOB), atorvastatin increased OPG mRNA levels and protein secretion by hOB by up to three fold in a dose-dependent manner with a maximum effect at 10(-6) M (P < 0.001). Time course experiments indicated a time-dependent stimulatory effect of atorvastatin on OPG mRNA levels after 24 h and on OPG protein secretion after 48-72 h (P < 0.001). Treatment of hOB with substrates of cholesterol biosynthesis that are downstream of the HMG-CoA reductase reaction (mevalonate, geranylgeranyl pyrophosphate) reversed atorvastatin-induced enhancement of OPG production. Of note, atorvastatin abrogated the inhibitory effect of glucocorticoids on OPG production. Treatment of hOB with atorvastatin enhanced the expression of osteoblastic differentiation markers, alkaline phosphatase and osteocalcin. In summary, our data suggest that atorvastatin enhances osteoblastic differentiation and production of OPG. This may contribute to the bone-sparing effects of statins.
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MESH Headings
- Adult
- Atorvastatin
- Cell Differentiation/drug effects
- Cells, Cultured
- Dose-Response Relationship, Drug
- Female
- Glucocorticoids/metabolism
- Glucocorticoids/pharmacology
- Glycoproteins/biosynthesis
- Glycoproteins/drug effects
- Glycoproteins/metabolism
- Heptanoic Acids/metabolism
- Heptanoic Acids/pharmacology
- Humans
- Male
- Mevalonic Acid/metabolism
- Models, Biological
- Osteoblasts/drug effects
- Osteoblasts/metabolism
- Osteoprotegerin
- Pyrroles/metabolism
- Pyrroles/pharmacology
- RNA, Messenger/drug effects
- RNA, Messenger/metabolism
- Receptors, Cytoplasmic and Nuclear/biosynthesis
- Receptors, Cytoplasmic and Nuclear/drug effects
- Receptors, Cytoplasmic and Nuclear/metabolism
- Receptors, Tumor Necrosis Factor/biosynthesis
- Receptors, Tumor Necrosis Factor/drug effects
- Receptors, Tumor Necrosis Factor/metabolism
- Reverse Transcriptase Polymerase Chain Reaction
- Time Factors
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Affiliation(s)
- Volker Viereck
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Georg-August-University, Goettingen, Germany.
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