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Perera C, Zheng S, Kokkinos MI, Georgiou HM, Schoppet M, James PF, Brennecke SP, Kalionis B. Decidual mesenchymal stem/stromal cells from preeclamptic patients secrete endoglin, which at high levels inhibits endothelial cell attachment invitro. Placenta 2022; 126:175-183. [PMID: 35853410 DOI: 10.1016/j.placenta.2022.07.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/27/2022] [Revised: 06/06/2022] [Accepted: 07/04/2022] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION In preeclampsia (PE), inadequate remodelling of spiral arterioles in the decidua basalis causes oxidative stress and subsequent increased release of antiangiogenic soluble endoglin (sENG) into the maternal circulation. Decidual mesenchymal stem/stromal cells (DMSCs) reside adjacent to endothelial cells in this vascular niche. Surprisingly, DMSCs express membrane-bound ENG (CD105). PE-affected DMSCs (PE-DMSCs) are abnormal and due to reduced extravillous invasion, more of them are present, but the significance of this is not known. METHODS DMSCs were isolated and characterised from normotensive control and severe-PE placentae. Extracellular vesicle (EV) types, shed microvesicles (sMV) and exosomes, were isolated from DMSC conditioned media (DMSCCM), respectively. Secretion of ENG by DMSCs was assessed by ELISA of DMSCCM, with and without EV depletion. The effects of reducing ENG concentration, by blocking antibody, on human umbilical vein endothelial cell (HUVEC) attachment were assessed by xCELLigence real-time functional assays. RESULTS ENG was detected in DMSCCM and these levels significantly decreased when depleted of exosomes and sMV. There was no significant difference in the amount of ENG secreted by control DMSCs and PE-DMSCs. Blocking ENG in concentrated DMSCCM, used to treat HUVECs, improved endothelial cell attachment. DISCUSSION In normotensive pregnancies, DMSC secretion of ENG likely has a beneficial effect on endothelial cells. However, in PE pregnancies, shallow invasion of the spiral arterioles exposes more PE-DMSC derived sources of ENG (soluble and EV). The presence of these PE-DMSCs in the vascular niche contributes to endothelial cell dysfunction.
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Affiliation(s)
- C Perera
- University of Melbourne Department of Obstetrics and Gynaecology, Royal Women's Hospital, Parkville, Victoria, 3052, Australia; Pregnancy Research Centre, Department of Maternal-Fetal Medicine, Royal Women's Hospital, Parkville, Victoria, 3052, Australia
| | - S Zheng
- University of Melbourne Department of Obstetrics and Gynaecology, Royal Women's Hospital, Parkville, Victoria, 3052, Australia; Pregnancy Research Centre, Department of Maternal-Fetal Medicine, Royal Women's Hospital, Parkville, Victoria, 3052, Australia
| | - M I Kokkinos
- Pregnancy Research Centre, Department of Maternal-Fetal Medicine, Royal Women's Hospital, Parkville, Victoria, 3052, Australia
| | - H M Georgiou
- University of Melbourne Department of Obstetrics and Gynaecology, Royal Women's Hospital, Parkville, Victoria, 3052, Australia; Pregnancy Research Centre, Department of Maternal-Fetal Medicine, Royal Women's Hospital, Parkville, Victoria, 3052, Australia
| | - M Schoppet
- Exopharm Ltd, Level 17, 31 Queen Street, Melbourne, VIC, 3000, Australia
| | - P F James
- Exopharm Ltd, Level 17, 31 Queen Street, Melbourne, VIC, 3000, Australia
| | - S P Brennecke
- University of Melbourne Department of Obstetrics and Gynaecology, Royal Women's Hospital, Parkville, Victoria, 3052, Australia; Pregnancy Research Centre, Department of Maternal-Fetal Medicine, Royal Women's Hospital, Parkville, Victoria, 3052, Australia
| | - B Kalionis
- University of Melbourne Department of Obstetrics and Gynaecology, Royal Women's Hospital, Parkville, Victoria, 3052, Australia; Pregnancy Research Centre, Department of Maternal-Fetal Medicine, Royal Women's Hospital, Parkville, Victoria, 3052, Australia.
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Tertel T, Schoppet M, Stambouli O, Al-Jipouri A, James P, Giebel B. Exosomes/EVs: IMAGING FLOW CYTOMETRY CHALLENGES THE USEFULNESS OF CLASSICALLY USED EV LABELLING DYES AND QUALIFIES THAT OF A NOVEL DYE, NAMED EXORIA™ FOR THE LABELLING OF MSC-EV. Cytotherapy 2022. [DOI: 10.1016/s1465-3249(22)00266-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/03/2022]
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Khanabdali R, Shojaee M, Johnson J, Law S, Whitmore M, Lim M, Schoppet M, Silva A, James P, Kalionis B, Dixon I, Lichtfuss GG, Tester A. Characterization of extracellular vesicles derived from two populations of human placenta derived mesenchymal stem/stromal cells. Cytotherapy 2020. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jcyt.2020.03.062] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
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Schrader J, Niebergall U, Viereck V, Burchert A, Hörsch D, Preissner K, Schoppet M, Hofbauer L. Interleukin-4 differentially regulates osteoprotegerin expression and induces calcification in vascular smooth muscle cells. Thromb Haemost 2017. [DOI: 10.1160/th05-12-0800] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/05/2022]
Abstract
SummaryVascular calcification is characterized by cellular transdifferentiation and expression of bone-related matrix proteins that result in the presence of bone-like structures in the vascular wall. Interleukin (IL)-4, a pleiotropic cytokine, and osteoprotegerin (OPG), an essential regulator of osteoclast biology, have both been linked to vascular disease. Here, we assessed the role of IL-4 and OPG in vascular calcification in vitro. IL-4 induced OPG mRNA levels and protein secretion by 5-fold in a dose-and time-dependent fashion in human coronary artery smooth muscle cells (CASMC). Activation of the transcription factor STAT6 preceded IL-4-induced OPG expression, and blockade of IL-4-induced STAT6 activation by the phospholipase C inhibitor D609 decreased OPG expression. Long-term exposure of IL-4 for 4 weeks resulted in transformation of CASMC towards an osteoblastic phenotype, based on the expression of the transcription factor Cbfa1 and increased mineral deposition. Notably, calcification of CASMC was inhibited by gene silencing of Cbfa1. During osteogenic transformation, IL-4 down-regulated OPG production in CASMC. IL-4 has differential effects in CASMC: While short-term exposure enhances OPG production through a STAT6-dependent mechanism, long-term exposure causes Cbfa1-dependent osteogenic transformation anda decreased production of OPG, an inhibitor of bone resorption.
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Kapustin AN, Schoppet M, Schurgers LJ, Reynolds JL, McNair R, Heiss A, Jahnen-Dechent W, Hackeng TM, Schlieper G, Harrison P, Shanahan CM. Prothrombin Loading of Vascular Smooth Muscle Cell-Derived Exosomes Regulates Coagulation and Calcification. Arterioscler Thromb Vasc Biol 2017; 37:e22-e32. [PMID: 28104608 DOI: 10.1161/atvbaha.116.308886] [Citation(s) in RCA: 73] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/23/2016] [Accepted: 12/28/2016] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE The drug warfarin blocks carboxylation of vitamin K-dependent proteins and acts as an anticoagulant and an accelerant of vascular calcification. The calcification inhibitor MGP (matrix Gla [carboxyglutamic acid] protein), produced by vascular smooth muscle cells (VSMCs), is a key target of warfarin action in promoting calcification; however, it remains unclear whether proteins in the coagulation cascade also play a role in calcification. APPROACH AND RESULTS Vascular calcification is initiated by exosomes, and proteomic analysis revealed that VSMC exosomes are loaded with Gla-containing coagulation factors: IX and X, PT (prothrombin), and proteins C and S. Tracing of Alexa488-labeled PT showed that exosome loading occurs by direct binding to externalized phosphatidylserine (PS) on the exosomal surface and by endocytosis and recycling via late endosomes/multivesicular bodies. Notably, the PT Gla domain and a synthetic Gla domain peptide inhibited exosome-mediated VSMC calcification by preventing nucleation site formation on the exosomal surface. PT was deposited in the calcified vasculature, and there was a negative correlation between vascular calcification and the levels of circulating PT. In addition, we found that VSMC exosomes induced thrombogenesis in a tissue factor-dependent and PS-dependent manner. CONCLUSIONS Gamma-carboxylated coagulation proteins are potent inhibitors of vascular calcification suggesting warfarin action on these factors also contributes to accelerated calcification in patients receiving this drug. VSMC exosomes link calcification and coagulation acting as novel activators of the extrinsic coagulation pathway and inducers of calcification in the absence of Gla-containing inhibitors.
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MESH Headings
- Aged
- Anticoagulants/adverse effects
- Blood Coagulation/drug effects
- Calcium-Binding Proteins/metabolism
- Cells, Cultured
- Endocytosis
- Endosomes/metabolism
- Exosomes/drug effects
- Exosomes/metabolism
- Extracellular Matrix Proteins/metabolism
- Female
- Humans
- Male
- Middle Aged
- Muscle, Smooth, Vascular/drug effects
- Muscle, Smooth, Vascular/metabolism
- Muscle, Smooth, Vascular/pathology
- Myocytes, Smooth Muscle/drug effects
- Myocytes, Smooth Muscle/metabolism
- Myocytes, Smooth Muscle/pathology
- Peptides/pharmacology
- Phosphatidylserines/metabolism
- Protein Binding
- Protein Interaction Domains and Motifs
- Protein Transport
- Prothrombin/metabolism
- Signal Transduction
- Vascular Calcification/chemically induced
- Vascular Calcification/metabolism
- Vascular Calcification/pathology
- Vascular Calcification/prevention & control
- Warfarin/adverse effects
- Matrix Gla Protein
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Affiliation(s)
- Alexander N Kapustin
- From the BHF Centre of Research Excellence, Department of Cardiology, Cardiovascular Division, King's College London, United Kingdom (A.N.K., J.L.R., R.M.N., C.M.S.); Department of Internal Medicine and Cardiology, Philipps-University, Marburg, Germany (M.S.); Department of Biochemistry, Cardiovascular Research Institute CARIM, University of Maastricht, The Netherlands (L.J.S., T.M.H.); Department of Biomedical Engineering (A.H., W.J.-D.) and Department of Nephrology and Clinical Immunology (G.S.), RWTH Aachen University, Germany; and Institute of Inflammation and Ageing, College of Medical and Dental Sciences, University of Birmingham, United Kingdom (P.H.)
| | - Michael Schoppet
- From the BHF Centre of Research Excellence, Department of Cardiology, Cardiovascular Division, King's College London, United Kingdom (A.N.K., J.L.R., R.M.N., C.M.S.); Department of Internal Medicine and Cardiology, Philipps-University, Marburg, Germany (M.S.); Department of Biochemistry, Cardiovascular Research Institute CARIM, University of Maastricht, The Netherlands (L.J.S., T.M.H.); Department of Biomedical Engineering (A.H., W.J.-D.) and Department of Nephrology and Clinical Immunology (G.S.), RWTH Aachen University, Germany; and Institute of Inflammation and Ageing, College of Medical and Dental Sciences, University of Birmingham, United Kingdom (P.H.)
| | - Leon J Schurgers
- From the BHF Centre of Research Excellence, Department of Cardiology, Cardiovascular Division, King's College London, United Kingdom (A.N.K., J.L.R., R.M.N., C.M.S.); Department of Internal Medicine and Cardiology, Philipps-University, Marburg, Germany (M.S.); Department of Biochemistry, Cardiovascular Research Institute CARIM, University of Maastricht, The Netherlands (L.J.S., T.M.H.); Department of Biomedical Engineering (A.H., W.J.-D.) and Department of Nephrology and Clinical Immunology (G.S.), RWTH Aachen University, Germany; and Institute of Inflammation and Ageing, College of Medical and Dental Sciences, University of Birmingham, United Kingdom (P.H.)
| | - Joanne L Reynolds
- From the BHF Centre of Research Excellence, Department of Cardiology, Cardiovascular Division, King's College London, United Kingdom (A.N.K., J.L.R., R.M.N., C.M.S.); Department of Internal Medicine and Cardiology, Philipps-University, Marburg, Germany (M.S.); Department of Biochemistry, Cardiovascular Research Institute CARIM, University of Maastricht, The Netherlands (L.J.S., T.M.H.); Department of Biomedical Engineering (A.H., W.J.-D.) and Department of Nephrology and Clinical Immunology (G.S.), RWTH Aachen University, Germany; and Institute of Inflammation and Ageing, College of Medical and Dental Sciences, University of Birmingham, United Kingdom (P.H.)
| | - Rosamund McNair
- From the BHF Centre of Research Excellence, Department of Cardiology, Cardiovascular Division, King's College London, United Kingdom (A.N.K., J.L.R., R.M.N., C.M.S.); Department of Internal Medicine and Cardiology, Philipps-University, Marburg, Germany (M.S.); Department of Biochemistry, Cardiovascular Research Institute CARIM, University of Maastricht, The Netherlands (L.J.S., T.M.H.); Department of Biomedical Engineering (A.H., W.J.-D.) and Department of Nephrology and Clinical Immunology (G.S.), RWTH Aachen University, Germany; and Institute of Inflammation and Ageing, College of Medical and Dental Sciences, University of Birmingham, United Kingdom (P.H.)
| | - Alexander Heiss
- From the BHF Centre of Research Excellence, Department of Cardiology, Cardiovascular Division, King's College London, United Kingdom (A.N.K., J.L.R., R.M.N., C.M.S.); Department of Internal Medicine and Cardiology, Philipps-University, Marburg, Germany (M.S.); Department of Biochemistry, Cardiovascular Research Institute CARIM, University of Maastricht, The Netherlands (L.J.S., T.M.H.); Department of Biomedical Engineering (A.H., W.J.-D.) and Department of Nephrology and Clinical Immunology (G.S.), RWTH Aachen University, Germany; and Institute of Inflammation and Ageing, College of Medical and Dental Sciences, University of Birmingham, United Kingdom (P.H.)
| | - Willi Jahnen-Dechent
- From the BHF Centre of Research Excellence, Department of Cardiology, Cardiovascular Division, King's College London, United Kingdom (A.N.K., J.L.R., R.M.N., C.M.S.); Department of Internal Medicine and Cardiology, Philipps-University, Marburg, Germany (M.S.); Department of Biochemistry, Cardiovascular Research Institute CARIM, University of Maastricht, The Netherlands (L.J.S., T.M.H.); Department of Biomedical Engineering (A.H., W.J.-D.) and Department of Nephrology and Clinical Immunology (G.S.), RWTH Aachen University, Germany; and Institute of Inflammation and Ageing, College of Medical and Dental Sciences, University of Birmingham, United Kingdom (P.H.)
| | - Tilman M Hackeng
- From the BHF Centre of Research Excellence, Department of Cardiology, Cardiovascular Division, King's College London, United Kingdom (A.N.K., J.L.R., R.M.N., C.M.S.); Department of Internal Medicine and Cardiology, Philipps-University, Marburg, Germany (M.S.); Department of Biochemistry, Cardiovascular Research Institute CARIM, University of Maastricht, The Netherlands (L.J.S., T.M.H.); Department of Biomedical Engineering (A.H., W.J.-D.) and Department of Nephrology and Clinical Immunology (G.S.), RWTH Aachen University, Germany; and Institute of Inflammation and Ageing, College of Medical and Dental Sciences, University of Birmingham, United Kingdom (P.H.)
| | - Georg Schlieper
- From the BHF Centre of Research Excellence, Department of Cardiology, Cardiovascular Division, King's College London, United Kingdom (A.N.K., J.L.R., R.M.N., C.M.S.); Department of Internal Medicine and Cardiology, Philipps-University, Marburg, Germany (M.S.); Department of Biochemistry, Cardiovascular Research Institute CARIM, University of Maastricht, The Netherlands (L.J.S., T.M.H.); Department of Biomedical Engineering (A.H., W.J.-D.) and Department of Nephrology and Clinical Immunology (G.S.), RWTH Aachen University, Germany; and Institute of Inflammation and Ageing, College of Medical and Dental Sciences, University of Birmingham, United Kingdom (P.H.)
| | - Paul Harrison
- From the BHF Centre of Research Excellence, Department of Cardiology, Cardiovascular Division, King's College London, United Kingdom (A.N.K., J.L.R., R.M.N., C.M.S.); Department of Internal Medicine and Cardiology, Philipps-University, Marburg, Germany (M.S.); Department of Biochemistry, Cardiovascular Research Institute CARIM, University of Maastricht, The Netherlands (L.J.S., T.M.H.); Department of Biomedical Engineering (A.H., W.J.-D.) and Department of Nephrology and Clinical Immunology (G.S.), RWTH Aachen University, Germany; and Institute of Inflammation and Ageing, College of Medical and Dental Sciences, University of Birmingham, United Kingdom (P.H.)
| | - Catherine M Shanahan
- From the BHF Centre of Research Excellence, Department of Cardiology, Cardiovascular Division, King's College London, United Kingdom (A.N.K., J.L.R., R.M.N., C.M.S.); Department of Internal Medicine and Cardiology, Philipps-University, Marburg, Germany (M.S.); Department of Biochemistry, Cardiovascular Research Institute CARIM, University of Maastricht, The Netherlands (L.J.S., T.M.H.); Department of Biomedical Engineering (A.H., W.J.-D.) and Department of Nephrology and Clinical Immunology (G.S.), RWTH Aachen University, Germany; and Institute of Inflammation and Ageing, College of Medical and Dental Sciences, University of Birmingham, United Kingdom (P.H.).
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Schoppet M, Rauner M, Benner J, Chapurlat R, Hofbauer LC, Szulc P. Serum fetuin-A levels and abdominal aortic calcification in healthy men - The STRAMBO study. Bone 2015; 79:196-202. [PMID: 26079998 DOI: 10.1016/j.bone.2015.06.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/12/2014] [Revised: 05/08/2015] [Accepted: 06/08/2015] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
Vascular calcification results from an imbalance between increased extracellular levels of calcium and phosphate, reduced solubility, and low levels of calcification inhibitors in blood or the vascular wall. Fetuin-A is a major circulating calcification inhibitor. Rodent models of fetuin-A deficit indicate its calcification inhibiting potential. Clinical studies suggest its role as a biomarker in vascular disease. This cross-sectional study was performed in a cohort of 974 men aged ≥ 40 years (average 68 years) consisting of men holding health insurance cover with Mutuelle des Travailleurs de la Région Lyonnaise. Abdominal aortic calcification (AAC) was assessed semi-quantitatively on lateral dual energy X-ray absorptiometry (DXA) spine scans. Serum fetuin-A was measured by an immunoassay. After adjustment for confounders (age, lifestyle, body composition, health status, treatment, glomerular filtration rate [GFR], hormones, and cytokines), prevalence of severe AAC (AAC score>4) decreased with increasing fetuin-A levels (OR=0.68 per SD increase, 95% CI: 0.54-0.84, p<0.001). After adjustment for confounders, low fetuin-A and hypertension were each associated with higher odds of AAC>4. Coexistence of low serum fetuin-A levels and heavy smoking, elevated fibroblast growth factor 23 levels or low serum dickkopf-1 levels were associated with higher odds of AAC>4. Similar results were obtained for 789 men with GFR>60 mL/min/1.73 m(2). Similar results were obtained when severe AAC was defined as AAC score >3 or AAC>5. Thus, lower serum fetuin-A levels are associated with severe AAC, suggesting that poor calcification inhibitory potential contributes to vascular calcification, independently of renal impairment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michael Schoppet
- Department of Internal Medicine and Cardiology, Philipps-University, D-35043 Marburg, Germany
| | - Martina Rauner
- Division of Endocrinology, Diabetes, and Bone Diseases, Technische Universität Dresden Medical Center, D-01307 Dresden, Germany; Center for Regenerative Therapies, D-01307 Dresden, Germany
| | | | - Roland Chapurlat
- INSERM UMR 1033, University of Lyon, Hospices Civils de Lyon, F-69437 Lyon, France
| | - Lorenz C Hofbauer
- Division of Endocrinology, Diabetes, and Bone Diseases, Technische Universität Dresden Medical Center, D-01307 Dresden, Germany; Center for Regenerative Therapies, D-01307 Dresden, Germany
| | - Pawel Szulc
- INSERM UMR 1033, University of Lyon, Hospices Civils de Lyon, F-69437 Lyon, France.
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Neesse A, Nimphius W, Schoppet M, Gress TM. Abdominal pain following percutaneous mitral valve repair (MitraClip). Pneumatosis intestinalis (PI) of the ascending colon. Gut 2015; 64:458, 494. [PMID: 25360035 DOI: 10.1136/gutjnl-2014-308495] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Albrecht Neesse
- Department of Gastroenterology II, University Medicine Goettingen, Goettingen, Germany
| | - Wilhelm Nimphius
- Department of Pathology, University Hospital Giessen und Marburg GmbH, Standort Marburg, Marburg, Germany
| | - Michael Schoppet
- Department of Cardiology, University Hospital Giessen und Marburg GmbH, Standort Marburg, Marburg, Germany
| | - Thomas M Gress
- Department of Gastroenterology, Endocrinology, Infectiology and Metabolism, University Hospital Giessen und Marburg GmbH, Standort Marburg, Marburg, Germany
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Szulc P, Schoppet M, Rachner TD, Chapurlat R, Hofbauer LC. Severe abdominal aortic calcification in older men is negatively associated with DKK1 serum levels: the STRAMBO study. J Clin Endocrinol Metab 2014; 99:617-24. [PMID: 24276456 DOI: 10.1210/jc.2013-3201] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
CONTEXT Experimental data show that dickkopf-1 (DKK1) may be involved in the regulation of arterial calcification. However, clinical data on the association between serum DKK1 levels and severity of abdominal aortic calcification (AAC) are scarce. OBJECTIVE Our aim was to determine the association between serum DKK1 concentration and AAC severity in men. DESIGN This is a cross-sectional analysis in the STRAMBO cohort. SETTING The cohort was recruited from the general population. PARTICIPANTS We examined 1139 male volunteers aged 20 to 87 years. No specific exclusion criteria were used. INTERVENTIONS We collected blood samples and assessed AAC severity on the lateral spine scans obtained by a Discovery A Hologic device using the semiquantitative Kauppila score. MAIN OUTCOME MEASURES We tested the hypothesis that low DKK1 levels are associated with AAC severity in men. RESULTS In men aged 20 to 60 years, serum DKK1 levels were not associated with other variables. In men aged 60 years and older, lower DKK1 levels were associated with higher odds of severe AAC (AAC score >5). After adjustment for confounders, odds of severe AAC increased with decreasing DKK1 levels (odds ratio = 1.42, 95% confidence interval = 1.13-1.79, P < .005) and was higher below vs above the median DKK1 level (odds ratio = 2.19, 95% confidence interval = 1.37-3.49, P < .005). Heavy smoking, hypertension, ischemic heart disease, and elevated levels of fibroblast growth factor 23 were associated with severe AAC significantly, independently of DKK1 and additively with low DKK1 levels. CONCLUSION In older men, lower serum DKK1 levels are associated with severe AAC regardless of age and other potential confounders.
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Affiliation(s)
- P Szulc
- Inserm Unité Mixte de Recherche 1033 (P.S., R.C.), University of Lyon, Hospices Civils de Lyon, F-69437 Lyon, France; Department of Internal Medicine and Cardiology (M.S.), Philipps-University, D-35043 Marburg, Germany; Division of Endocrinology, Diabetes, and Bone Diseases (T.D.R., L.C.H.), Dresden University Medical Center, Dresden, Germany; and Center for Regenerative Therapies (L.C.H.), D-01307 Dresden, Germany
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Di Bartolo BA, Cartland SP, Harith HH, Bobryshev YV, Schoppet M, Kavurma MM. TRAIL-deficiency accelerates vascular calcification in atherosclerosis via modulation of RANKL. PLoS One 2013; 8:e74211. [PMID: 24040204 PMCID: PMC3764101 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0074211] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/30/2013] [Accepted: 07/26/2013] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
The osteoprotegerin (OPG) and receptor activator of nuclear factor-κB ligand (RANKL) cytokine system, not only controls bone homeostasis, but has been implicated in regulating vascular calcification. TNF–related apoptosis-inducing ligand (TRAIL) is a second ligand for OPG, and although its effect in vascular calcification in vitro is controversial, its role in vivo is not yet established. This study aimed to investigate the role of TRAIL in vascular calcification in vitro using vascular smooth muscle cells (VSMCs) isolated from TRAIL−/− and wild-type mice, as well as in vivo, in advanced atherosclerotic lesions of TRAIL−/−ApoE−/− mice. The involvement of OPG and RANKL in this process was also examined. TRAIL dose-dependently inhibited calcium-induced calcification of human VSMCs, while TRAIL−/− VSMCs demonstrated accelerated calcification induced by multiple concentrations of calcium compared to wild-type cells. Consistent with this, RANKL mRNA was significantly elevated with 24 h calcium treatment, while OPG and TRAIL expression in human VSMCs was inhibited. Brachiocephalic arteries from TRAIL−/−ApoE−/− and ApoE−/− mice fed a high fat diet for 12 w demonstrated increased chondrocyte-like cells in atherosclerotic plaque, as well as increased aortic collagen II mRNA expression in TRAIL−/−ApoE−/− mice, with significant increases in calcification observed at 20 w. TRAIL−/−ApoE−/− aortas also had significantly elevated RANKL, BMP-2, IL-1β, and PPAR-γ expression at 12 w. Our data provides the first evidence that TRAIL deficiency results in accelerated cartilaginous metaplasia and calcification in atherosclerosis, and that TRAIL plays an important role in the regulation of RANKL and inflammatory markers mediating bone turn over in the vasculature.
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MESH Headings
- Animals
- Aorta/metabolism
- Aorta/pathology
- Apolipoproteins E/deficiency
- Apolipoproteins E/genetics
- Atherosclerosis/genetics
- Atherosclerosis/metabolism
- Atherosclerosis/pathology
- Brachiocephalic Trunk/metabolism
- Brachiocephalic Trunk/pathology
- Calcium/metabolism
- Calcium/pharmacology
- Cells, Cultured
- Chondrocytes/drug effects
- Chondrocytes/metabolism
- Chondrocytes/pathology
- Collagen Type II/genetics
- Collagen Type II/metabolism
- Diet, High-Fat
- Gene Expression Regulation
- Humans
- Mice
- Mice, Knockout
- Muscle, Smooth, Vascular/drug effects
- Muscle, Smooth, Vascular/metabolism
- Muscle, Smooth, Vascular/pathology
- Myocytes, Smooth Muscle/drug effects
- Myocytes, Smooth Muscle/metabolism
- Myocytes, Smooth Muscle/pathology
- Osteoprotegerin/genetics
- Osteoprotegerin/metabolism
- Plaque, Atherosclerotic/genetics
- Plaque, Atherosclerotic/metabolism
- Plaque, Atherosclerotic/pathology
- RANK Ligand/genetics
- RANK Ligand/metabolism
- RNA, Messenger/genetics
- RNA, Messenger/metabolism
- Signal Transduction
- TNF-Related Apoptosis-Inducing Ligand/deficiency
- TNF-Related Apoptosis-Inducing Ligand/genetics
- TNF-Related Apoptosis-Inducing Ligand/pharmacology
- Vascular Calcification/genetics
- Vascular Calcification/metabolism
- Vascular Calcification/pathology
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Siân P. Cartland
- Centre for Vascular Research, University of New South Wales, Sydney, NSW, Australia
| | - Hanis H. Harith
- Centre for Vascular Research, University of New South Wales, Sydney, NSW, Australia
- School of Medical Sciences, University of New South Wales, Sydney, NSW, Australia
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, Universiti Putra Malaysia, Serdang, Malaysia
| | - Yuri V. Bobryshev
- School of Medical Sciences, University of New South Wales, Sydney, NSW, Australia
| | - Michael Schoppet
- Department of Internal Medicine and Cardiology, Philips University, Marburg, Germany
| | - Mary M. Kavurma
- Centre for Vascular Research, University of New South Wales, Sydney, NSW, Australia
- School of Medical Sciences, University of New South Wales, Sydney, NSW, Australia
- * E-mail:
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Szulc P, Boutroy S, Vilayphiou N, Schoppet M, Rauner M, Chapurlat R, Hamann C, Hofbauer LC. Correlates of bone microarchitectural parameters and serum sclerostin levels in men: the STRAMBO study. J Bone Miner Res 2013; 28:1760-70. [PMID: 23408601 DOI: 10.1002/jbmr.1888] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/09/2012] [Revised: 01/19/2013] [Accepted: 01/28/2013] [Indexed: 01/20/2023]
Abstract
Sclerostin is predominantly expressed by osteocytes. Serum sclerostin levels are positively correlated with areal bone mineral density (aBMD) measured by dual-energy X-ray absorptiometry (DXA) and bone microarchitecture assessed by high-resolution peripheral quantitative computed tomography (HR-pQCT) in small studies. We assessed the relation of serum sclerostin levels with aBMD and microarchitectural parameters based on HR-pQCT in 1134 men aged 20 to 87 years using multivariable models adjusted for confounders (age, body size, lifestyle, comorbidities, hormones regulating bone metabolism, muscle mass and strength). The apparent age-related increase in serum sclerostin levels was faster before the age of 63 years than afterward (0.43 SD versus 0.20 SD per decade). In 446 men aged ≤63 years, aBMD (spine, hip, whole body), trabecular volumetric BMD (Tb.vBMD), and trabecular number (Tb.N) at the distal radius and tibia were higher in the highest sclerostin quartile versus the three lower quartiles combined. After adjustment for aBMD, men in the highest sclerostin quartile had higher Tb.vBMD (mainly in the central compartment) and Tb.N at both skeletal sites (p < 0.05 to 0.001). In 688 men aged >63 years, aBMD was positively associated with serum sclerostin levels at all skeletal sites. Cortical vBMD (Ct.vBMD) and cortical thickness (Ct.Th) were lower in the first sclerostin quartile versus the three higher quartiles combined. Tb.vBMD increased across the sclerostin quartiles, and was associated with lower Tb.N and more heterogeneous trabecular distribution (higher Tb.Sp.SD) in men in the lowest sclerostin quartile. After adjustment for aBMD, men in the lowest sclerostin quartile had lower Tb.vBMD and Tb.N, but higher Tb.Sp.SD (p < 0.05 to 0.001) at both the skeletal sites. In conclusion, serum sclerostin levels in men are strongly positively associated with better bone microarchitectural parameters, mainly trabecular architecture, regardless of the potential confounders.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pawel Szulc
- Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale INSERM; National Institute of Health and Medical Research UMR 1033, University of Lyon, Lyon, France.
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Sinningen K, Rauner M, Goettsch C, Al-Fakhri N, Schoppet M, Hofbauer LC. Monocytic expression of osteoclast-associated receptor (OSCAR) is induced in atherosclerotic mice and regulated by oxidized low-density lipoprotein in vitro. Biochem Biophys Res Commun 2013; 437:314-8. [PMID: 23817038 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbrc.2013.06.074] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/17/2013] [Accepted: 06/20/2013] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
Abstract
The osteoclast-associated receptor (OSCAR), primarily described as a co-stimulatory regulator of osteoclast differentiation, represents a potential link between bone metabolism and vascular biology. Previously, we identified OSCAR as an endothelial cell-derived target of the proatherogenic factor oxidized low density lipoprotein (oxLDL). Since monocytes play an important role in the progression of atherosclerosis, we assessed whether atherogenic stimuli also regulate the expression of OSCAR on monocytes. Four-week-old male wild-type (WT), apolipoprotein e knockout (apoe KO), and LDL receptor knockout (ldlr KO) mice were fed a high-fat diet or normal chow for 6weeks. Peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMCs) isolated from the spleen were stained with antibodies against CD14 and OSCAR for subsequent flow cytometric analysis. OSCAR surface expression on CD14-positive monocytes increased 2-fold in PBMCs from apoe KO mice compared to WT mice. Feeding a high-fat diet further increased OSCAR surface expression 1.5-fold in apoe KO mice compared to normal diet. Moreover, OSCAR-positive macrophages were detected in atherosclerotic plaques of apoe KO mice. Interestingly, monocytic OSCAR expression was not altered in ldlr KO mice. In the murine macrophage cell line RAW 264.7, TNFα and oxLDL induced OSCAR mRNA expression by 2-fold and 5-fold (p<0.01), respectively. Blocking the oxLDL receptor LOX-1 and inhibiting the NF-κB pathway prevented OSCAR induction. In conclusion, OSCAR expression in monocytic cells is regulated by proatherogenic stimuli further pointing towards a role in vascular inflammation or plaque vulnerability during atherosclerosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kathrin Sinningen
- Division of Endocrinology, Diabetes, and Bone Diseases, Department of Medicine III, Technical University, Dresden, Germany
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Szulc P, Hofbauer LC, Rauner M, Goettsch C, Chapurlat R, Schoppet M. Serum myostatin levels are negatively associated with abdominal aortic calcification in older men: the STRAMBO study. Eur J Endocrinol 2012; 167:873-80. [PMID: 22968486 DOI: 10.1530/eje-12-0512] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To assess the association between abdominal aortic calcification (AAC) and serum levels of myostatin, a negative regulator of skeletal muscle mass, which has been implicated in the development of atherosclerotic lesions in mice. DESIGN AND PATIENTS We assessed AAC semiquantitatively from the lateral spine scans obtained using dual energy X-ray absorptiometry in 1071 men aged 20-87 years. Serum myostatin levels were measured by an immunoassay that detects all myostatin forms. RESULTS Total myostatin serum levels did not differ between men with or without self-reported ischemic heart disease, hypertension, or diabetes mellitus. Total serum myostatin levels were higher in men with higher serum calcium levels and lower in men with higher serum concentrations of highly sensitive C-reactive protein. Men with AAC had lower myostatin levels compared with men without AAC. Prevalence of AAC (AAC score > 0) was lower in the highest myostatin quartile compared with the three lower quartiles (P < 0.05). After adjustment for confounders, odds of AAC (AAC score > 0) were lower (OR=0.62; 95% confidence interval (95% CI), 0.45-0.85; P< 0.005) for the fourth myostatin quartile vs the three lower quartiles combined. In the sub-analysis of 745 men aged 60 years, the results were similar: AAC prevalence was lower in the highest myostatin quartile compared with the three lower quartiles combined (OR=0.54; 95% CI, 0.38-0.78; P<0.001). CONCLUSIONS In older men, total myostatin serum levels are inversely correlated with AAC. Further studies are needed to investigate mechanisms underlying this association and to assess utility of myostatin as a cardiovascular marker.
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Affiliation(s)
- P Szulc
- INSERM UMR 1033, University of Lyon, F-69437 Lyon, France
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Brandenburg V, Al-Fakhri N, Nemeth K, Goettsch C, Schurgers LJ, Vermeer C, Hofbauer LC, Schoppet M. Calcification inhibitors in vascular calciphylaxis associated with normal renal function. Thromb Haemost 2012; 108:1241-3. [PMID: 23092963 DOI: 10.1160/th12-07-0484] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/13/2012] [Accepted: 09/07/2012] [Indexed: 11/05/2022]
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Szulc P, Schoppet M, Goettsch C, Rauner M, Dschietzig T, Chapurlat R, Hofbauer LC. Endocrine and clinical correlates of myostatin serum concentration in men--the STRAMBO study. J Clin Endocrinol Metab 2012; 97:3700-8. [PMID: 22802085 DOI: 10.1210/jc.2012-1273] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
Abstract
CONTEXT Myostatin is expressed mainly in skeletal muscle cells and acts as an inhibitor of muscle growth and differentiation. However, data on the determinants of serum myostatin concentrations in humans are limited. OBJECTIVE The aim of the study was to assess the correlates of serum myostatin concentrations in men. DESIGN We conducted a cross-sectional analysis of the STRAMBO cohort. SETTING Men holding private health insurance coverage with Mutuelle de Travailleurs de la Région Lyonnaise were included in the study. PARTICIPANTS A total of 1121 male volunteers aged 20-87 yr participated in the study. INTERVENTIONS Nonfasting blood samples were collected. MAIN OUTCOME MEASURES We measured the association of the investigated variables with circulating myostatin levels. RESULTS Serum myostatin levels increased slightly with age until 57 yr and then decreased. Circulating myostatin levels showed circannual variation, with the highest concentration in spring. In men older than 57 yr, serum myostatin levels decreased across increasing quartiles of body mass index and of total central and peripheral fat mass (P<0.05 to <0.001). Serum myostatin levels were positively correlated with serum levels of 25-hydroxycholecalciferol (25OHD), even after adjustment for season. Average myostatin levels were 0.47 sd higher in men with 25OHD above 40 ng/ml, compared with those with 25OHD below 20 ng/ml (P<0.05). Current smokers had lower myostatin concentration. Neither current physical activity nor serum levels of PTH, testosterone, and 17β-estradiol were associated with myostatin concentrations. CONCLUSIONS In men, circulating myostatin levels show seasonal changes and are associated with age, body mass index, fat mass, smoking, and 25OHD levels.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pawel Szulc
- INSERM UMR 1033, University of Lyon, Hospices Civils de Lyon, Hôpital Edouard Herriot, Pavillon F, Place d'Arsonval, 69437 Lyon, France.
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Al-Fakhri N, Nemeth K, Göttsch C, Helas S, Hofbauer LC, Schoppet M. Expression and function of the immunomodulatory receptor OSCAR in the vascular system. Pneumologie 2012. [DOI: 10.1055/s-0032-1315538] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/28/2022]
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Reid DG, Shanahan CM, Duer MJ, Arroyo LG, Schoppet M, Brooks RA, Murray RC. Lipids in biocalcification: contrasts and similarities between intimal and medial vascular calcification and bone by NMR. J Lipid Res 2012; 53:1569-75. [PMID: 22651923 DOI: 10.1194/jlr.m026088] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Pathomechanisms underlying vascular calcification biogenesis are still incompletely understood. Biomineral from human atherosclerotic intimal plaques; human, equine, and bovine medial vascular calcifications; and human and equine bone was released from collagenous organic matrix by sodium hydroxide/sodium hypochlorite digestion. Solid-state (13)C NMR of intimal plaque mineral shows signals from cholesterol/cholesteryl esters and fatty acids. In contrast, in mineral from pure medial calcifications and bone mineral, fatty acid signals predominate. Refluxing (chloroform/methanol) intimal plaque calcifications removes the cholesterylic but not the fatty acyl signals. The lipid composition of this refluxed mineral now closely resembles that of the medial and bone mineral, which is unchanged by reflux. Thus, intimal and medial vascular calcifications and bone mineral have in common a pool of occluded mineral-entrained fatty acyl-rich lipids. This population of fatty acid may contain methyl-branched fatty acids, possibly representing lipoprotein particle remnants. Cell signaling and mechanistic parallels between physiological (orthotopic) and pathological (ectopic) calcification are also reflected thus in the NMR spectroscopic fingerprints of mineral-associated and mineral-entrained lipids. Additionally the atherosclerotic plaque mineral alone shows a significant independent pool of cholesterylic lipids. Colocalization of mineral and lipid may be coincidental, but it could also reflect an essential mechanistic component of biomineralization.
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Affiliation(s)
- David G Reid
- Department of Chemistry, University of Cambridge, Cambridge CB2 1EW, United Kingdom
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Schoppet M, Hofbauer LC, Brinskelle-Schmal N, Varennes A, Goudable J, Richard M, Hawa G, Chapurlat R, Szulc P. Serum level of the phosphaturic factor FGF23 is associated with abdominal aortic calcification in men: the STRAMBO study. J Clin Endocrinol Metab 2012; 97:E575-83. [PMID: 22319041 DOI: 10.1210/jc.2011-2836] [Citation(s) in RCA: 65] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
CONTEXT Calcification inhibitor deficiencies, mineral imbalance, and phenotypic transformation of vascular cells to osteogenic cells initiate and sustain vascular calcification. Fibroblast growth factor-23 (FGF23) is a key molecule regulating mineral homeostasis. OBJECTIVE Our objective was to assess the association of serum FGF23 levels with mineral metabolism parameters and abdominal aortic calcification (AAC) in men. DESIGN This was a cross-sectional analysis in the STRAMBO cohort. SETTING Men holding a private health insurance cover with Mutuelle de Travailleurs de la Région Lyonnaise were included in the study. PARTICIPANTS Participants included male volunteers aged 20-87 (n = 1130). INTERVENTIONS Nonfasting blood collection was done. AAC was semiquantitatively assessed from vertebral fracture assessment scans obtained using dual-energy x-ray absorptiometry. MAIN OUTCOME MEASURES We evaluated the association between FGF23 concentration and AAC severity in men. RESULTS In 350 men aged 60 yr or younger, FGF23 levels decreased with age (r = -0.21; P < 0.001) but were not associated with any other parameter. In 780 men aged over 60 yr, serum FGF23 correlated with age (r = 0.37; P < 0.001) and, after adjustment for confounders, with glomerular filtration rate (r = -0.31; P < 0.001) and PTH levels (r = 0.25; P < 0.001). After adjustment for confounders, self-reported ischemic heart disease, diabetes mellitus as well as higher concentrations of C-reactive protein and osteoprotegerin were all associated with higher FGF23 levels. After adjustment for confounders, subjects in the highest FGF23 quartile had higher prevalence of severe AAC compared with the three lower quartiles combined (odds ratio = 1.88; 95% confidence interval = 1.22-2.85; P < 0.005). CONCLUSIONS In healthy older men, circulating FGF23 is associated with parameters of mineral metabolism, including bone metabolism-regulating cytokines, and with severe AAC independent of traditional risk factors.
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Affiliation(s)
- M Schoppet
- Department of Internal Medicine and Cardiology, Philipps-University, Marburg D-35043, Germany
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Goettsch C, Rauner M, Sinningen K, Helas S, Al-Fakhri N, Nemeth K, Hamann C, Kopprasch S, Aikawa E, Bornstein SR, Schoppet M, Hofbauer LC. The osteoclast-associated receptor (OSCAR) is a novel receptor regulated by oxidized low-density lipoprotein in human endothelial cells. Endocrinology 2011; 152:4915-26. [PMID: 22009730 DOI: 10.1210/en.2011-1282] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
Cross talks between the vascular and immune system play a critical role in vascular diseases, in particular in atherosclerosis. The osteoclast-associated receptor (OSCAR) is a regulator of osteoclast differentiation and dendritic cell maturation. Whether OSCAR plays a role in vascular biology and has an impact on atherogenic processes provoked by proinflammatory stimuli is yet unknown. We identified OSCAR on the surface of human primary endothelial cells. Stimulation of endothelial cells with oxidized low-density lipoprotein (oxLDL) caused a time- and dose-dependent induction of OSCAR, which was lectin-like oxidized LDL receptor 1 and Ca(2+) dependent. OSCAR was transcriptionally regulated by oxLDL as shown by OSCAR promoter analysis. Specific inhibition of the nuclear factor of activated T cells (NFAT) pathway prevented the oxLDL-mediated increase of endothelial OSCAR expression. As assessed by EMSA, oxLDL induced binding of NFATc1 to the OSCAR promoter. Notably, in vivo-modified LDL from patients with diabetes mellitus stimulated OSCAR mRNA expression in human endothelial cells. Furthermore, apolipoprotein E knockout mice fed a high-fat diet showed an enhanced aortic OSCAR expression associated with increased expression of NFATc1. In summary, OSCAR is expressed in vascular endothelial cells and is regulated by oxLDL involving NFATc1. Our data suggest that OSCAR, originally described in bone as immunological mediator and regulator of osteoclast differentiation, may be involved in cell activation and inflammation during atherosclerosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Claudia Goettsch
- Division of Endocrinology, Diabetes, and Bone Diseases, Department of Medicine III, Technical University Medical Center, Fetscherstrasse 74, D-01307 Dresden, Germany
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Szulc P, Hawa G, Boutroy S, Vilayphiou N, Schoppet M, Chapurlat R, Hofbauer LC. Cortical bone status is associated with serum osteoprotegerin concentration in men: the STRAMBO study. J Clin Endocrinol Metab 2011; 96:2216-26. [PMID: 21565793 DOI: 10.1210/jc.2010-2617] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
CONTEXT Osteoprotegerin (OPG) is an inhibitor of bone resorption, but its relationship to bone microarchitecture remains unclear. OBJECTIVE Our objective was to study the relationship between OPG concentration and bone microarchitecture in men. DESIGN, SETTING, AND PARTICIPANTS We conducted a cross-sectional study of a population-based cohort of 1149 men aged 20-87 yr. INTERVENTIONS We assessed bone microarchitecture at the distal radius and tibia by high-resolution peripheral quantitative computed tomography (XtremeCT Scanco) and measured serum OPG concentration and bone turnover markers: osteocalcin, bone-specific alkaline phosphatase, N-terminal extension type I collagen propeptide, C-terminal type 1 collagen telopeptide, and urinary deoxypyridinoline. MAIN OUTCOME MEASURES Differences were assessed in bone microarchitectural parameters across the OPG quartiles in the models adjusted for age, weight, height, physical activity, ischemic heart disease, diabetes mellitus, calcium intake, serum levels of free testosterone, bioavailable 17β-estradiol, PTH, 25-hydroxycholecalciferol, and creatinine. RESULTS After adjustment for the confounders, men in the highest (fourth) quartile of OPG levels (>4.55 pmol/liter) had higher total cross-sectional area and trabecular area at the distal radius and distal tibia (3.3-6.0%, P < 0.05). At both skeletal sites, the highest OPG quartile was associated with lower cortical thickness (8.2%, P < 0.001, and 3.7%, P < 0.05) and volumetric bone mineral density (vBMD, 2.7%, P < 0.001, and 1.6%, P < 0.005) compared with the three lower quartiles combined. Associations of OPG level with trabecular vBMD, number, thickness, and distribution were not significant. Men in the fourth OPG quartile had higher levels of bone resorption markers (11.8-13.1%, P < 0.01-0.001). CONCLUSIONS Men with higher serum OPG concentration had lower cortical thickness and vBMD, probably due to accelerated endo- and intracortical bone turnover, but higher cross-sectional area possibly due to periosteal apposition.
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Affiliation(s)
- P Szulc
- Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale Unité Mixte de Recherche 1033, University of Lyon, Hospices Civils de Lyon, 69437 Lyon, France.
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Di Bartolo BA, Schoppet M, Mattar MZ, Rachner TD, Shanahan CM, Kavurma MM. Calcium and osteoprotegerin regulate IGF1R expression to inhibit vascular calcification. Cardiovasc Res 2011; 91:537-45. [DOI: 10.1093/cvr/cvr084] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/04/2023] Open
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Schoppet M, Kavurma MM, Hofbauer LC, Shanahan CM. Crystallizing nanoparticles derived from vascular smooth muscle cells contain the calcification inhibitor osteoprotegerin. Biochem Biophys Res Commun 2011; 407:103-7. [PMID: 21371424 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbrc.2011.02.117] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/18/2011] [Accepted: 02/24/2011] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Osteoprotegerin (OPG), a member of the TNF receptor superfamily, was initially found to modulate bone mass by blocking osteoclast maturation and function. Rodent models have also revealed a role for OPG as an inhibitor of vascular calcification. However, the precise mode of how OPG blocks mineralization is unclear. In this study, OPG was found in an in vitro assay to significantly inhibit calcification of vascular smooth muscle cells (VSMC) induced by high calcium/phosphate (Ca/P) treatment (p=0.0063), although this effect was blunted at high OPG concentrations. By confocal microscopy, OPG was detected in VSMC in the Golgi, the same localization seen in osteoblasts, which express OPG in bone. Treatment of VSMC by minerals (Ca, P, or both) induced OPG mRNA expression as assessed by real-time quantitative PCR, and VSMC derived from atherosclerotic plaque material also exhibited higher OPG expression as compared to control cells (p<0.05). Furthermore, OPG was detected by Western blotting in matrix vesicles (MV), nanoparticles that are released by VSMC with the capacity to nucleate mineral. In atherosclerotic arteries, OPG colocalized immunohistochemically with annexin VI, a calcium-dependent membrane and phospholipid binding protein found in MV. Thus, the calcification inhibitor OPG is contained in crystallizing MV and has a biphasic effect on VSMC: physiologic concentrations inhibit calcification, whereas high concentrations commonly seen in patients with vascular disease have no effect. Like other calcification inhibitors, OPG may be specifically loaded into these nanoparticles to be deposited at remote sites, where it acts to inhibit calcification.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michael Schoppet
- Division of Cardiovascular Medicine, Addenbrooke's Hospital, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK.
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Nemeth K, Schoppet M, Al-Fakhri N, Helas S, Jessberger R, Hofbauer LC, Goettsch C. The role of osteoclast-associated receptor in osteoimmunology. J Immunol 2011; 186:13-8. [PMID: 21172874 DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.1002483] [Citation(s) in RCA: 58] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
The term osteoimmunology is coined for molecular and cellular cross talk between the skeletal and immune system. Immunomodulatory signals have long been implicated as key regulators of bone metabolism. Recently, osteoclast-associated receptor (OSCAR), an IgG-like receptor, has been identified as an important osteoimmunological mediator. OSCAR expression in bone is highly conserved across different species, and the molecule is an important costimulatory receptor for osteoclast differentiation through activation of NFATc1. In humans, OSCAR is expressed by macrophages, monocytes, and monocyte-derived dendritic cells and modulates the response of the innate and adaptive immune systems by promoting cell activation and maturation, Ag presentation, and proinflammatory circuits. Human studies indicate that OSCAR may contribute to the pathogenesis and severity of osteoporosis and rheumatoid arthritis. In this paper, we review the structure-function relationship, expression pattern, and physiological role of OSCAR in osteoimmunology and summarize its potential implications for human diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Katharina Nemeth
- Department of Clinical Chemistry and Molecular Diagnostics, Philipps-University, Marburg, Germany
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Rachner TD, Benad P, Rauner M, Goettsch C, Singh SK, Schoppet M, Hofbauer LC. Osteoprotegerin production by breast cancer cells is suppressed by dexamethasone and confers resistance against TRAIL-induced apoptosis. J Cell Biochem 2009; 108:106-16. [DOI: 10.1002/jcb.22232] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
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Helas S, Goettsch C, Schoppet M, Zeitz U, Hempel U, Morawietz H, Kostenuik PJ, Erben RG, Hofbauer LC. Inhibition of receptor activator of NF-kappaB ligand by denosumab attenuates vascular calcium deposition in mice. Am J Pathol 2009; 175:473-8. [PMID: 19590040 DOI: 10.2353/ajpath.2009.080957] [Citation(s) in RCA: 113] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
Osteoporosis and vascular calcification frequently coincide. A potential mediator of bone metabolism and vascular homeostasis is the triad cytokine system, which consists of receptor activator of nuclear factor-kappaB (RANK) ligand (RANKL), its receptor RANK, and the decoy receptor osteoprotegerin. Unopposed RANKL activity in osteoprotegerin-deficient mice resulted in osteoporosis and vascular calcification. We therefore analyzed the effects of RANKL inhibition by denosumab, a human monoclonal antibody against RANKL, on vascular calcium deposition following glucocorticoid exposure. Prednisolone pellets were implanted into human RANKL knock-in (huRANKL-KI) mice, which unlike wild-type mice are responsive to denosumab. No histomorphological abnormalities or differences in aortic wall thickness were detected between wild-type and huRANKL-KI mice, regardless of treatment with prednisolone, denosumab, or both. However, concurrent treatment with denosumab reduced aortic calcium deposition of prednisolone-treated huRANKL-KI mice by up to 50%, based on calcium measurement. Of note, aortic calcium deposition in huRANKL-KI mice was correlated negatively with bone mineral density at the lumbar spine (P = 0.04) and positively with urinary excretion of deoxypyridinoline, a marker of bone resorption (P = 0.01). In summary, RANKL inhibition by denosumab reduced vascular calcium deposition in glucocorticoid-induced osteoporosis in mice, which is further evidence for the link between the bone and vascular systems. Therefore, the prevention of bone loss by denosumab might also be associated with reduced vascular calcification in certain conditions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Susann Helas
- Division of Endocrinology, Diabetes, and Bone Diseases, Department of Medicine III, Technical University of Dresden, Fetscherstr. 74, D-01307 Dresden, Germany
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Rachner TD, Singh SK, Schoppet M, Benad P, Bornhäuser M, Ellenrieder V, Ebert R, Jakob F, Hofbauer LC. Zoledronic acid induces apoptosis and changes the TRAIL/OPG ratio in breast cancer cells. Cancer Lett 2009; 287:109-16. [PMID: 19577359 DOI: 10.1016/j.canlet.2009.06.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 48] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/18/2009] [Revised: 05/29/2009] [Accepted: 06/04/2009] [Indexed: 01/06/2023]
Abstract
Breast cancer has a propensity to metastasize to bone, thus causing pathological fractures. Bisphosphonates are established drugs in the treatment of bone metastasis that inhibit osteoclast activity and interrupt the vicious cycle of osteoclast-tumor cell interactions. We evaluated the direct effects of zoledronic acid on estrogen receptor (ER)-negative MDA-MB-231 and ER-positive MCF-7 breast cancer cells. While zoledronic acid (100 microM) inhibited MDA-MB-231 cell proliferation after 72 h, and induced apoptosis via activation of caspase-3 and -7, it had only minor effects on MCF-7 cells. In addition, zoledronic acid induced apoptosis by up-regulating TNF-related apoptosis-inducing ligand (TRAIL) in MDA-MB-231 cells (p<0.01), but had no effect on the expression of its decoy receptor osteoprotegerin (OPG). In MCF-7 cells, both cytokines were suppressed by zoledronic acid. In conclusion, zoledronic acid enhanced the TRAIL-to-OPG ratio in TRAIL-sensitive MDA-MB-231 cells, indicating that the TRAIL/OPG cytokine system is a bisphosphonate-responsive target in breast cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tilman D Rachner
- Division of Gastroenterology and Endocrinology, Department of Medicine, Philipps-University, Marburg, Germany
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Hofbauer LC, Zeitz U, Schoppet M, Skalicky M, Schüler C, Stolina M, Kostenuik PJ, Erben RG. Prevention of glucocorticoid-induced bone loss in mice by inhibition of RANKL. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2009; 60:1427-37. [PMID: 19404943 DOI: 10.1002/art.24445] [Citation(s) in RCA: 103] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE RANKL has been implicated in the pathogenesis of glucocorticoid-induced osteoporosis. This study was undertaken to evaluate the efficacy of denosumab, a neutralizing monoclonal antibody against human RANKL (hRANKL), in a murine model of glucocorticoid-induced osteoporosis. METHODS Eight-month-old male homozygous hRANKL-knockin mice expressing a chimeric RANKL protein with a humanized exon 5 received 2.1 mg/kg of prednisolone or placebo daily over 4 weeks via subcutaneous slow-release pellets and were additionally treated with phosphate buffered saline or denosumab (10 mg/kg subcutaneously twice weekly). Two groups of wild-type mice were also treated with either prednisolone or vehicle. RESULTS The 4-week prednisolone treatment induced loss of vertebral and femoral volumetric bone mineral density in the hRANKL-knockin mice. Glucocorticoid-induced bone loss was associated with suppressed vertebral bone formation and increased bone resorption, as evidenced by increases in the number of tartrate-resistant acid phosphatase (TRAP)-positive osteoclasts, TRAP-5b protein in bone extracts, serum levels of TRAP-5b, and urinary excretion of deoxypyridinoline. Denosumab prevented prednisolone-induced bone loss by a pronounced antiresorptive effect. Biomechanical compression tests of lumbar vertebrae revealed a detrimental effect of prednisolone on bone strength that was prevented by denosumab. CONCLUSION Our findings indicate that RANKL inhibition by denosumab prevents glucocorticoid-induced loss of bone mass and strength in hRANKL-knockin mice.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lorenz C Hofbauer
- Department of Medicine III, University Hospital Carl Gustav Carus, Technical University of Dresden, Dresden, Germany.
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Shroff RC, Shah V, Hiorns MP, Schoppet M, Hofbauer LC, Hawa G, Schurgers LJ, Singhal A, Merryweather I, Brogan P, Shanahan C, Deanfield J, Rees L. The circulating calcification inhibitors, fetuin-A and osteoprotegerin, but not matrix Gla protein, are associated with vascular stiffness and calcification in children on dialysis. Nephrol Dial Transplant 2008; 23:3263-71. [PMID: 18463323 DOI: 10.1093/ndt/gfn226] [Citation(s) in RCA: 134] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Vascular calcification occurs in the majority of patients with chronic kidney disease, but a subset of patients does not develop calcification despite exposure to a similar uraemic environment. Physiological inhibitors of calcification, fetuin-A, osteoprotegerin (OPG) and undercarboxylated-matrix Gla protein (uc-MGP) may play a role in preventing the development and progression of ectopic calcification, but there are scarce and conflicting data from clinical studies. METHODS We measured fetuin-A, OPG and uc-MGP in 61 children on dialysis and studied their associations with clinical, biochemical and vascular measures. RESULTS Fetuin-A and OPG were higher and uc-MGP lower in dialysis patients than controls. In controls, fetuin-A and OPG increased with age. Fetuin-A showed an inverse correlation with dialysis vintage (P = 0.0013), time-averaged serum phosphate (P = 0.03) and hs-CRP (P = 0.001). Aortic pulse wave velocity (PWV) and augmentation index showed a negative correlation with fetuin-A while a positive correlation was seen with PWV and OPG. Patients with calcification had lower fetuin-A and higher OPG than those without calcification. On multiple linear regression analysis Fetuin-A independently predicted aortic PWV (P = 0.004, beta = -0.45, model R(2) = 48%) and fetuin-A and OPG predicted cardiac calcification (P = 0.02, beta = -0.29 and P = 0.014, ss = 0.33, respectively, model R(2) = 32%). CONCLUSIONS This is the first study to define normal levels of the calcification inhibitors in children and show that fetuin-A and OPG are associated with increased vascular stiffness and calcification in children on dialysis. Higher levels of fetuin-A in children suggest a possible protective upregulation of fetuin-A in the early stages of exposure to the pro-calcific and pro-inflammatory uraemic environment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rukshana C Shroff
- Nephrourology Unit, Great Ormond Street Hospital & UCL Institute of Child Health, London WC1N 1EH, UK.
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Abstract
Vascular calcification is associated with increased cardiovascular morbidity and mortality. A number of calcification inhibitors have been defined recently, including inorganic pyrophosphate (PP(i)), an important physicochemical inhibitor of hydroxyapatite crystal growth. Increased hydrolysis of PP(i) by tissue-nonspecific alkaline phosphatase (TNAP) may occur in renal failure and act to enhance mineralization of vessels.
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Affiliation(s)
- M Schoppet
- Department of Internal Medicine and Cardiology, Philipps University, Marburg, Germany.
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Duer MJ, Friscić T, Proudfoot D, Reid DG, Schoppet M, Shanahan CM, Skepper JN, Wise ER. Mineral surface in calcified plaque is like that of bone: further evidence for regulated mineralization. Arterioscler Thromb Vasc Biol 2008; 28:2030-4. [PMID: 18703777 DOI: 10.1161/atvbaha.108.172387] [Citation(s) in RCA: 87] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Cell biological studies demonstrate remarkable similarities between mineralization processes in bone and vasculature, but knowledge of the components acting to initiate mineralization in atherosclerosis is limited. The molecular level microenvironment at the organic-inorganic interface holds a record of the mechanisms controlling mineral nucleation. This study was undertaken to compare the poorly understood interface in mineralized plaque with that of bone, which is considerably better characterized. METHODS AND RESULTS Solid state nuclear magnetic resonance (SSNMR) spectroscopy provides powerful tools for studying the organic-inorganic interface in calcium phosphate biominerals. The rotational echo double resonance (REDOR) technique, applied to calcified human plaque, shows that this interface predominantly comprises sugars, most likely glycosaminoglycans (GAGs). In this respect, and in the pattern of secondary effects seen to protein (mainly collagen), calcified plaque strongly resembles bone. CONCLUSIONS The similarity between biomineral formed under highly controlled (bone) and pathological (plaque) conditions suggests that the control mechanisms are more similar than previously thought, and may be adaptive. It is strong further evidence for regulation of plaque mineralization by osteo/chondrocytic vascular smooth muscle cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Melinda J Duer
- Department of Chemistry, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK.
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Rachner TD, Schoppet M, Niebergall U, Hofbauer LC. 17β-Estradiol inhibits osteoprotegerin production by the estrogen receptor-α-positive human breast cancer cell line MCF-7. Biochem Biophys Res Commun 2008; 368:736-41. [DOI: 10.1016/j.bbrc.2008.01.118] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/21/2008] [Accepted: 01/26/2008] [Indexed: 01/18/2023]
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Kavurma MM, Schoppet M, Bobryshev YV, Khachigian LM, Bennett MR. TRAIL stimulates proliferation of vascular smooth muscle cells via activation of NF-kappaB and induction of insulin-like growth factor-1 receptor. J Biol Chem 2008; 283:7754-62. [PMID: 18178561 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.m706927200] [Citation(s) in RCA: 74] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
Abstract
TRAIL/Apo2L (tumor necrosis factor-related apoptosis-inducing ligand) is a multifunctional protein regulating homeostasis of the immune system, infection, autoimmune diseases, and apoptosis. However, its function in normal, nontransformed tissues is not clear. Here we show that TRAIL increases vascular smooth muscle cell (VSMC) proliferation in vitro, effects that can be blocked with neutralizing antibodies to TRAIL receptors DR4 and DcR1. In aortocoronary saphenous vein bypass grafts in vivo, TRAIL co-localizes with VSMC, proliferating cell nuclear antigen, and insulin-like growth factor type 1 receptor (IGF1R) expression but not active caspase-3. TRAIL is required for serum-inducible IGF1R expression, and antisense IGF1R inhibits TRAIL-induced VSMC proliferation. At 1 ng/ml, TRAIL stimulates IGF1R mRNA expression greater than insulin-like growth factor-1 and also activates the IGF1R promoter 7-fold. TRAIL-inducible IGF1R expression requires NF-kappaB activation. Consistent with this, ammonium pyrrolidine dithiocarbamate, a pharmacological inhibitor of NF-kappaB, blocks TRAIL-induced IGF1R expression, and p65 overexpression increases IGF1R protein levels. In addition, NF-kappaB binds a novel TRAIL-responsive element on the IGF1R promoter. Our findings suggest that the biological functions of TRAIL in VSMC extend beyond its role in promoting apoptosis. Thus, TRAIL may play an important role in atherosclerosis by regulating IGF1R expression in VSMC in an NF-kappaB-dependent manner.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mary M Kavurma
- Division of Cardiovascular Medicine, University of Cambridge, Box 110, Addenbrooke's Hospital, Cambridge CB2 2QQ, United Kingdom
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Schoppet M, Shroff RC, Hofbauer LC, Shanahan CM. Exploring the biology of vascular calcification in chronic kidney disease: what's circulating? Kidney Int 2007; 73:384-90. [PMID: 18046319 DOI: 10.1038/sj.ki.5002696] [Citation(s) in RCA: 102] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
Chronic kidney disease (CKD) is associated with fatal cardiovascular consequences in part due to ectopic calcification of soft tissues particularly arteries, capillaries, and cardiac valves. An increasing body of evidence from experimental studies and in vivo data suggest that (I) a mineral imbalance with hyperphosphatemia and high-circulating calcium x phosphate product, (II) a deficiency of systemic or local calcification inhibitors, (III) death or 'damage' of vascular smooth muscle cells (VSMCs), and/or (IV) phenotypic transformation of VSMCs to osteo/chondrocytic cells may all act in concert to initiate and sustain vascular calcification. In CKD patients inhibitory systems are overwhelmed by a multitude of agents that induce VSMC damage and cell death resulting in the release of vesicles capable of nucleating basic calcium phosphate. Studies with genetically altered mice have identified both local and systemic calcification inhibitors that act to maintain VSMC differentiation or regulate vesicle properties. However, for many of these proteins the mechanisms and sites of action are still under investigation. In particular, it is unclear whether factors present in the circulation have an inhibitory role there and whether circulating levels of these proteins influence or are indicative of underlying disease processes in individual patients. A greater understanding of the origins and roles of potential circulating inhibitors may result in novel strategies aimed at the prevention or reversal of the life-limiting calcifying vasculopathies seen in CKD patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- M Schoppet
- Division of Cardiovascular Medicine, Addenbrooke's Hospital, Cambridge, UK
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Hofbauer LC, Khosla S, Schoppet M. Estrogen therapy and coronary-artery calcification. N Engl J Med 2007; 357:1253-4; author reply 1254. [PMID: 17891834] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 03/16/2023]
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Schrader J, Rennekamp W, Niebergall U, Schoppet M, Jahr H, Brendel MD, Hörsch D, Hofbauer LC. Cytokine-induced osteoprotegerin expression protects pancreatic beta cells through p38 mitogen-activated protein kinase signalling against cell death. Diabetologia 2007; 50:1243-7. [PMID: 17443309 DOI: 10.1007/s00125-007-0672-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/30/2006] [Accepted: 02/28/2007] [Indexed: 01/21/2023]
Abstract
AIMS/HYPOTHESIS Pro-inflammatory cytokines play a crucial role in immune-mediated beta cell destruction, an essential mechanism in the pathogenesis of type 1 diabetes mellitus. Microarray analysis recently identified osteoprotegerin (OPG; now known as tumour necrosis factor receptor superfamily, member 11b [TNFRSF11B]) as a cytokine-induced gene in beta cells. The aim of the present study was to characterise the functional role and signalling pathways of OPG that are involved in cytokine-induced beta cell death. MATERIALS AND METHODS As cellular models, the rat beta cell line INS-1E and human primary pancreatic islets were employed. The effects of IL-1beta and TNF-alpha on OPG expression were characterised by northern blot and immunoassay. The effect of OPG on beta cell survival was assessed by the 3-(4,5-dimethylthiazol-2-yl)-2,5-diphenyltetrazolium bromide assay. Signalling pathways were evaluated by western blot analysis using antibodies against p38 mitogen-activated protein kinases (MAPK), c-Jun N-terminal kinase and extracellular signal-regulated kinase 1/2. RESULTS The INS-1E cell line and primary pancreatic islets expressed OPG mRNA and secreted OPG protein, both of which were enhanced by IL-1beta and TNF-alpha. Exposure to IL-1beta resulted in sustained phosphorylation of p38 MAPK in INS-1E cells and subsequent cell death. Administration of exogenous OPG prevented both IL-1beta-induced beta cell death and sustained p38 MAPK phosphorylation. CONCLUSIONS/INTERPRETATION Our data indicate that cytokine-induced production of OPG may protect beta cells from further damage. This protective effect is, at least in part, mediated through inhibition of p38 MAPK phosphorylation. Thus OPG is an autocrine or paracrine survival factor for beta cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- J Schrader
- Division of Gastroenterology & Endocrinology, Department of Medicine, Philipps-University, Baldingerstrasse, 35033 Marburg, Germany
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Hofbauer LC, Brueck CC, Shanahan CM, Schoppet M, Dobnig H. Vascular calcification and osteoporosis--from clinical observation towards molecular understanding. Osteoporos Int 2007; 18:251-9. [PMID: 17151836 DOI: 10.1007/s00198-006-0282-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 168] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/07/2006] [Accepted: 10/26/2006] [Indexed: 01/19/2023]
Abstract
Patients with osteoporosis frequently suffer from vascular calcification, which was shown to predict both cardiovascular morbidity/mortality and osteoporotic fractures. Various common risk factors and mechanisms have been suggested to cause both bone loss and vascular calcification, including aging, estrogen deficiency, vitamin D and K abnormalities, chronic inflammation and oxidative stress. Major breakthroughs in molecular and cellular biology of bone metabolism and the characterization of knockout animals with deletion of bone-related genes have led to the concept that common signaling pathways, transcription factors and extracellular matrix interactions may account for both skeletal and vascular abnormalities. For example, mice that lack the cytokine decoy receptor osteoprotegerin or the hormone Klotho display a combined osteoporosis-arterial calcification phenotype. In this review, we summarize the current data and evaluate potential mechanisms of the osteoporosis-arterial calcification syndrome. We propose a unifying hypothesis of vascular calcification that combines both active and passive mechanisms of vascular mineralization with aspects of bone resorption and age-related changes.
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Affiliation(s)
- L C Hofbauer
- Department of Internal Medicine LCH, CCB, MS, Philipps-University, Marburg, Germany.
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Schoppet M, Henser S, Ruppert V, Stübig T, Al-Fakhri N, Maisch B, Hofbauer LC. Osteoprotegerin expression in dendritic cells increases with maturation and is NF-κB-dependent. J Cell Biochem 2007; 100:1430-9. [PMID: 17171649 DOI: 10.1002/jcb.21129] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
Abstract
Dendritic cells (DC) comprise a unique leukocyte population which controls primary immune responses. Recent studies indicate that DC express osteoprotegerin (OPG), a secreted tumor necrosis factor receptor homolog, which regulates DC survival, monocyte chemotaxis, and B cell development and function by ligating TNF family member receptor activator of NF-kappaB ligand (RANKL). The precise regulators of OPG expression in DC have not been investigated. In this study, we assessed OPG mRNA steady state levels by Northern blot analysis and OPG protein secretion by an immunoassay in monocyte-derived DC of different maturation, and the effect of different cytokines and hormones on OPG expression. OPG was upregulated with maturation of DC, whereas pretreatment of DC with 1alpha,25(OH)(2) vitamin D(3), tamoxifen, or dexamethasone, agents that inhibit differentiation of DC, decreased OPG expression. In vivo, OPG was found to be colocalized with mature CD83(+) DC in human tonsils by immunofluorescence confocal microscopy analysis. Furthermore, OPG was upregulated by TNF superfamily members TNF-alpha, anti-CD40, and RANKL, and by ligands of the Toll-like/IL-1 receptor family including IL-1beta, double-stranded RNA (poly I:C), or lipopolysaccharide (LPS), all of which induce maturation of DC. Gene silencing by small interfering RNA (siRNA) directed against transcription factor NF-kappaB abrogated the expression of OPG as demonstrated by real-time PCR. In summary, we describe that the expression of OPG by DC increases with maturation and is NF-kappaB-dependent, possibly regulating immune responses in lymphoid tissues.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michael Schoppet
- Department of Internal Medicine and Cardiology, Philipps-University, Marburg, Germany.
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Hofbauer LC, Schrader J, Niebergall U, Viereck V, Burchert A, Hörsch D, Preissner KT, Schoppet M. Interleukin-4 differentially regulates osteoprotegerin expression and induces calcification in vascular smooth muscle cells. Thromb Haemost 2006; 95:708-14. [PMID: 16601843] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/08/2023]
Abstract
Vascular calcification is characterized by cellular transdifferentiation and expression of bone-related matrix proteins that result in the presence of bone-like structures in the vascular wall. Interleukin (IL)-4, a pleiotropic cytokine, and osteoprotegerin (OPG), an essential regulator of osteoclast biology, have both been linked to vascular disease. Here, we assessed the role of IL-4 and OPG in vascular calcification in vitro. IL-4 induced OPG mRNA levels and protein secretion by 5-fold in a dose- and time-dependent fashion in human coronary artery smooth muscle cells (CASMC). Activation of the transcription factor STAT6 preceded IL-4-induced OPG expression, and blockade of IL-4-induced STAT6 activation by the phospholipase C inhibitor D609 decreased OPG expression. Long-term exposure of IL-4 for 4 weeks resulted in transformation of CASMC towards an osteoblastic phenotype, based on the expression of the transcription factor Cbfa1 and increased mineral deposition. Notably, calcification of CASMC was inhibited by gene silencing of Cbfa1. During osteogenic transformation, IL-4 down-regulated OPG production in CASMC. IL-4 has differential effects in CASMC: While short-term exposure enhances OPG production through a STAT6-dependent mechanism, long-term exposure causes Cbfa1-dependent osteogenic transformation and a decreased production of OPG, an inhibitor of bone resorption.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lorenz C Hofbauer
- Division of Gastroenterology and Endocrinology, Department of Internal Medicine, Philipps-University, Baldingerstrasse, D-35033 Marburg, Germany.
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Hofbauer LC, Schoppet M, Christ M, Teichmann J, Lange U. Tumour necrosis factor-related apoptosis-inducing ligand and osteoprotegerin serum levels in psoriatic arthritis. Rheumatology (Oxford) 2006; 45:1218-22. [PMID: 16574701 DOI: 10.1093/rheumatology/kel108] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVES The degree of bone loss in patients with psoriatic arthritis (PsA) has not been well-defined. We tested the hypothesis, whether serum levels of tumour necrosis factor-related apoptosis-inducing ligand (TRAIL), a pro-apoptotic cytokine and osteoprotegerin (OPG), an anti-osteoclastic cytokine, are associated with changes in biochemical markers of bone turnover or bone mineral density (BMD) in patients with PsA. METHODS In a cross-sectional study, we evaluated biochemical markers of bone turnover, BMD and serum levels of TRAIL and OPG in 116 patients with PsA (mean age: 52+/-13 yrs). RESULTS In patients with PsA, osteopenia was present in one-third of women and men, while osteoporosis was more frequent in men (10.2%) than in women (1.75%). Serum levels of TRAIL were significantly higher in patients with PsA (66.1+/-45.3 pmol/l) compared with controls (50.0+/-20.1 pmol/l, P<0.01), whereas OPG serum levels were not different. There were no associations between TRAIL or OPG serum levels with BMD and biochemical markers of bone turnover. However, TRAIL serum levels were associated with C-reactive protein (CRP) levels (R = 0.201, P<0.05), whereas OPG serum levels were associated with the erythrocyte sedimentation rate (R=0.215, P<0.05). CONCLUSION In summary, BMD is decreased in one-third of patients with PsA, and predominantly men with PsA suffer from osteoporosis. While TRAIL serum levels are increased in PsA and correlated with CRP levels, neither TRAIL nor OPG serum levels are correlated with BMD or markers of bone metabolism.
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Affiliation(s)
- L C Hofbauer
- Department of Internal Medicine, Philipps-University, Baldingerstrasse, D-35033 Marburg, Germany.
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Schrader J, Niebergall U, Schoppet M, Hörsch D, Hofbauer LC. Osteoprotegerin (OPG) protects pancreatic beta cells from Interleukin-1 induced cell death. Exp Clin Endocrinol Diabetes 2006. [DOI: 10.1055/s-2006-933037] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
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Schoppet M, Sattler AM, Schaefer JR, Hofbauer LC. Osteoprotegerin (OPG) and tumor necrosis factor-related apoptosis-inducing ligand (TRAIL) levels in atherosclerosis. Atherosclerosis 2005; 184:446-7. [PMID: 16325821 DOI: 10.1016/j.atherosclerosis.2005.10.028] [Citation(s) in RCA: 53] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/10/2005] [Accepted: 10/14/2005] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
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Schoppet M, Ruppert V, Hofbauer LC, Henser S, Al-Fakhri N, Christ M, Pankuweit S, Maisch B. TNF-related apoptosis-inducing ligand and its decoy receptor osteoprotegerin in nonischemic dilated cardiomyopathy. Biochem Biophys Res Commun 2005; 338:1745-50. [PMID: 16288714 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbrc.2005.10.136] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/19/2005] [Accepted: 10/22/2005] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
Apoptosis has been attributed an essential role in dilated cardiomyopathy (DCM) recently. We assessed expression of TNF-related apoptosis-inducing ligand (TRAIL) and its decoy receptor osteoprotegerin (OPG) in men with nonischemic DCM, who underwent coronary angiography and endomyocardial biopsy (EMB) after exclusion of coronary artery disease compared to control patients. TRAIL plasma concentrations were elevated in DCM (p=0.02 vs. controls), and were positively correlated with left ventricular enddiastolic diameter (r=0.15, p=0.04), whereas OPG plasma levels did not differ between both groups (p=0.96). In EMB of DCM patients, TRAIL and OPG protein were detected by immunohistochemistry but not in controls. Furthermore, gene expression in EMB or peripheral blood leukocytes (PBL) of DCM patients assessed by real-time PCR showed an increase of TRAIL mRNA in PBL (p=0.01 vs. controls), whereas OPG mRNA was upregulated in endomyocardial specimens (p<0.001 vs. controls). In conclusion, myocardial overexpression of antiapoptotic OPG in DCM patients may represent a compensatory mechanism to limit systemic activation of TRAIL in patients with congestive heart disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michael Schoppet
- Department of Internal Medicine and Cardiology, Philipps-University, D-35033 Marburg, Germany.
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Viereck V, Gründker C, Friess SC, Frosch KH, Raddatz D, Schoppet M, Nisslein T, Emons G, Hofbauer LC. Isopropanolic extract of black cohosh stimulates osteoprotegerin production by human osteoblasts. J Bone Miner Res 2005; 20:2036-43. [PMID: 16234977 DOI: 10.1359/jbmr.050716] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/26/2005] [Revised: 06/24/2005] [Accepted: 07/13/2005] [Indexed: 01/06/2023]
Abstract
UNLABELLED An isopropanolic extract (iCR) from the rhizomes of Cimicifuga racemosa (black cohosh) is used an alternative in the treatment of menopausal symptoms, and animal studies suggest positive skeletal effects. iCR stimulated osteoblastic OPG protein secretion by 3- to 5-fold as early as 12 h without affecting RANKL expression. The iCR effect, abrogated by the pure estrogen receptor antagonist ICI 182,780, also enhanced ALP activity (4-fold) and osteocalcin expression (3-fold), possibly contributing to the skeletal effects of black cohosh. INTRODUCTION Despite its positive effects on the skeleton, estrogen replacement therapy is no longer recommended as first-line therapy for the prevention and treatment of postmenopausal osteoporosis because it increases cardiovascular, thromboembolic, and breast cancer risk. Recently, herbal therapeutics such as an isopropanolic extract (iCR) from the rhizomes of Cimicifuga (=Actaea) racemosa (black cohosh) are gaining interest as an alternative in the treatment of menopausal symptoms. Whereas animal studies in rats suggest positive skeletal effects, the mechanism of its actions on bone cells remain unclear. RANKL is essential for osteoclast formation and activation, while osteoprotegerin (OPG) neutralizes RANKL. MATERIALS AND METHODS In this study, we assessed the effects of iCR on OPG and RANKL mRNA steady-state levels by semiquantitative RT-PCR and on protein production by an ELISA system in human osteoblasts (hOBs). RESULTS Under serum-free conditions, treatment with iCR increased OPG mRNA levels and protein secretion of hOBs by 2- to 3-fold in a dose-dependent manner, with a maximum effect at a 10(6)-fold dilution of iCR (p < 0.001) after 24-48 h. Time-course experiments indicated a stimulatory effect of iCR on osteoblastic OPG protein secretion by 3- to 5-fold (p < 0.001) as early as 12 h, whereas RANKL expression was very low and was not found to be modulated by iCR. Of note, the stimulatory effect of iCR on OPG production was abrogated by the pure estrogen receptor antagonist ICI 182,780. Moreover, iCR enhanced two osteoblastic differentiation markers, bone-specific alkaline phosphatase activity and osteocalcin expression, by up to 4- and 3-fold, respectively (p < 0.001). CONCLUSIONS Our data suggest that iCR enhances differentiation and increases the OPG-to-RANKL ratio of normal human osteoblasts. These effects may contribute to the positive skeletal effects of black cohosh.
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MESH Headings
- 2-Propanol/chemistry
- Adult
- Alkaline Phosphatase/metabolism
- Carrier Proteins/genetics
- Cell Differentiation/drug effects
- Cells, Cultured
- Cimicifuga/chemistry
- Dexamethasone/pharmacology
- Dose-Response Relationship, Drug
- Enzyme Activation/drug effects
- Estradiol/analogs & derivatives
- Estradiol/pharmacology
- Estrogen Antagonists/pharmacology
- Estrogen Receptor alpha/genetics
- Estrogen Receptor beta/genetics
- Female
- Fulvestrant
- Gene Expression/drug effects
- Gene Expression/genetics
- Glycoproteins/genetics
- Glycoproteins/metabolism
- Humans
- Male
- Membrane Glycoproteins/genetics
- Menopause
- Osteoblasts/cytology
- Osteoblasts/drug effects
- Osteoblasts/metabolism
- Osteocalcin/genetics
- Osteocalcin/metabolism
- Osteoporosis, Postmenopausal/drug therapy
- Osteoprotegerin
- Plant Extracts/pharmacology
- Plant Extracts/therapeutic use
- RANK Ligand
- RNA, Messenger/genetics
- RNA, Messenger/metabolism
- Receptor Activator of Nuclear Factor-kappa B
- Receptors, Cytoplasmic and Nuclear/genetics
- Receptors, Cytoplasmic and Nuclear/metabolism
- Receptors, Progesterone/genetics
- Receptors, Tumor Necrosis Factor/genetics
- Receptors, Tumor Necrosis Factor/metabolism
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Affiliation(s)
- Volker Viereck
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Georg-August-University of Göttingen, Göttingen, Germany.
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Lamparter S, Schoppet M, Christ M, Pankuweit S, Maisch B. Matrix metalloproteinases and their inhibitors in malignant and autoreactive pericardial effusion. Am J Cardiol 2005; 95:1065-9. [PMID: 15842972 DOI: 10.1016/j.amjcard.2004.12.059] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/13/2004] [Revised: 12/21/2004] [Accepted: 12/21/2004] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
Matrix metalloproteinases (MMPs) are proteolytic enzymes essentially involved in tissue remodeling and tumor invasion, and their activity is counterbalanced by endogenous antagonists, the tissue inhibitors of matrix proteinases (TIMPs). Recent reports have suggested a potential role of MMPs in the evolution of pericardial effusion (PE). In this study, we determined the levels of MMP-2 and MMP-9 and their inhibitors TIMP-1 and TIMP-2 in 19 patients who had malignant PE that was confirmed by histology or cytology and 30 patients who had nonmalignant, autoreactive PE compared with pericardial fluid of 19 patients who had preserved left ventricular function and who underwent aortocoronary bypass surgery for control. Samples were assayed by zymography, immunoblotting, and quantitative enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay. We found significantly higher MMP-2 levels in malignant PE than in pericardial fluid (2,906 +/- 348 vs 1,493 +/- 114 ng/ml, p = 0.0005) or autoreactive PE (2,079 +/- 269 ng/ml, p = 0.01). No significant differences in MMP-9 levels were found between malignant PE and autoreactive PE (83 +/- 28.6 vs 106 +/- 30.4 ng/ml, p = 0.22), whereas MMP-9 was below the detection limit in pericardial fluid. No differences in TIMP-1 levels were found across the different study groups, whereas compared with pericardial fluid, TIMP-2 levels were significantly lower in autoreactive PE (113 +/- 18.9 vs 187 +/- 12.2 ng/ml, p = 0.002). In addition, there was a trend to lower TIMP-2 levels in malignant PE (137 +/- 27.1 ng/ml, p = 0.07). The present findings indicate that proteolytic enzymes and their inhibitors are involved in the pathogenesis of PE, with an expression pattern that depends on etiology. The involvement of MMP-2 in the pathogenesis of malignant PE may indicate a potential role of MMP inhibitors in the control of malignant PE.
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Affiliation(s)
- Steffen Lamparter
- Diakonie Krankenhaus Wehrda, Department of Internal Medicine, Marburg, Germany.
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Al-Fakhri N, Hofbauer LC, Preissner KT, Franke FE, Schoppet M. Expression of bone-regulating factors osteoprotegerin (OPG) and receptor activator of NF-κB ligand (RANKL) in heterotopic vascular ossification. Thromb Haemost 2005; 94:1335-7. [PMID: 16411417 DOI: 10.1160/th05-06-1335] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/05/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Nadia Al-Fakhri
- Department of Clinical Chemistry, Philipps University, Marburg, Germany
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Viereck V, Gründker C, Blaschke S, Frosch KH, Schoppet M, Emons G, Hofbauer LC. Atorvastatin stimulates the production of osteoprotegerin by human osteoblasts. J Cell Biochem 2005; 96:1244-53. [PMID: 16152630 DOI: 10.1002/jcb.20598] [Citation(s) in RCA: 52] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/06/2023]
Abstract
Recently, HMG-CoA reductase inhibitors (statins), potent inhibitors of cholesterol biosynthesis, have been linked to protective effects on bone metabolism. Because of their widespread use, prevention of bone loss and fractures would be a desirable side effect. However, the mechanisms how statins may affect bone metabolism are poorly defined. Here, we evaluated the effect of atorvastatin on osteoblastic production of receptor activator of nuclear factor-kappaB ligand (RANKL) and osteoprotegerin (OPG), cytokines that are essential for osteoclast cell biology. While RANKL enhances osteoclast formation and activation, thereby, promoting bone loss, OPG acts as a soluble decoy receptor and antagonizes the effects of RANKL. In primary human osteoblasts (hOB), atorvastatin increased OPG mRNA levels and protein secretion by hOB by up to three fold in a dose-dependent manner with a maximum effect at 10(-6) M (P < 0.001). Time course experiments indicated a time-dependent stimulatory effect of atorvastatin on OPG mRNA levels after 24 h and on OPG protein secretion after 48-72 h (P < 0.001). Treatment of hOB with substrates of cholesterol biosynthesis that are downstream of the HMG-CoA reductase reaction (mevalonate, geranylgeranyl pyrophosphate) reversed atorvastatin-induced enhancement of OPG production. Of note, atorvastatin abrogated the inhibitory effect of glucocorticoids on OPG production. Treatment of hOB with atorvastatin enhanced the expression of osteoblastic differentiation markers, alkaline phosphatase and osteocalcin. In summary, our data suggest that atorvastatin enhances osteoblastic differentiation and production of OPG. This may contribute to the bone-sparing effects of statins.
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MESH Headings
- Adult
- Atorvastatin
- Cell Differentiation/drug effects
- Cells, Cultured
- Dose-Response Relationship, Drug
- Female
- Glucocorticoids/metabolism
- Glucocorticoids/pharmacology
- Glycoproteins/biosynthesis
- Glycoproteins/drug effects
- Glycoproteins/metabolism
- Heptanoic Acids/metabolism
- Heptanoic Acids/pharmacology
- Humans
- Male
- Mevalonic Acid/metabolism
- Models, Biological
- Osteoblasts/drug effects
- Osteoblasts/metabolism
- Osteoprotegerin
- Pyrroles/metabolism
- Pyrroles/pharmacology
- RNA, Messenger/drug effects
- RNA, Messenger/metabolism
- Receptors, Cytoplasmic and Nuclear/biosynthesis
- Receptors, Cytoplasmic and Nuclear/drug effects
- Receptors, Cytoplasmic and Nuclear/metabolism
- Receptors, Tumor Necrosis Factor/biosynthesis
- Receptors, Tumor Necrosis Factor/drug effects
- Receptors, Tumor Necrosis Factor/metabolism
- Reverse Transcriptase Polymerase Chain Reaction
- Time Factors
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Affiliation(s)
- Volker Viereck
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Georg-August-University, Goettingen, Germany.
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Abstract
Osteoprotegerin (OPG) antagonizes receptor activator of nuclear factor-kappaB ligand (RANKL), the principal regulator of osteoclasts. Of note, OPG-deficient mice display osteoporosis and arterial calcification. Recently, OPG gene polymorphisms have been associated with osteoporosis and early predictors of cardiovascular disease. In this study, we examined OPG gene polymorphisms in 468 men who had absence of coronary artery disease (CAD) or single-, double-, or triple-vessel disease on coronary angiography. Denaturing gradient gel electrophoresis followed by DNA sequencing revealed nucleotide substitutions 149 T-->C, 163 A-->G, 209 G-->A, 245 T-->G, 950 T-->C (all promoter), 1181 G-->C (exon 1), and 6890 A-->C (intron 4), respectively. Although single polymorphisms were not associated with CAD, linkage of polymorphisms 950 and 1181 revealed that haplotypes were overrepresented in men with CAD (chi(2) = 17.05; P = 0.03) with an increased risk of CAD in carriers of genotypes 950 TC/1181 GC and 950 CC/1181 CC (odds ratio, 1.67; 95% confidence interval, 1.02-2.72; P = 0.04). Furthermore, serum OPG levels were correlated with the presence of a C allele at position 950 (P = 0.02). In summary, linkage of genetic variations of the OPG gene at positions 950 and 1181 may confer an increased risk of CAD in Caucasian men.
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Affiliation(s)
- Muhidien Soufi
- Department of Internal Medicine and Cardiology, Philipps University, Marburg, Germany
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Schoppet M, Al-Fakhri N, Franke FE, Katz N, Barth PJ, Maisch B, Preissner KT, Hofbauer LC. Localization of osteoprotegerin, tumor necrosis factor-related apoptosis-inducing ligand, and receptor activator of nuclear factor-kappaB ligand in Mönckeberg's sclerosis and atherosclerosis. J Clin Endocrinol Metab 2004; 89:4104-12. [PMID: 15292354 DOI: 10.1210/jc.2003-031432] [Citation(s) in RCA: 144] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Vascular calcification may occur at different areas of the vessel wall, including the intima in atherosclerosis and the media in Mönckeberg's sclerosis. Medial calcification of arteries is common in patients with diabetes mellitus or chronic renal failure. Osteoprotegerin (OPG) and receptor activator of nuclear factor-kappaB ligand are essential modulators of bone homeostasis and may be involved in the process of vascular calcification. In this study we investigated arteries from patients with Mönckeberg's sclerosis and atherosclerosis. Apoptosis, which precedes vascular calcification in vitro, was assessed by an in situ ligation assay and was localized to the medial layer of arteries (Mönckeberg's sclerosis) and the neointima (atherosclerosis). Immunohistochemistry and in situ hybridization revealed OPG immunoreactivity and mRNA expression surrounding calcified areas in the medial layer (Mönckeberg's sclerosis), whereas OPG was mainly expressed adjacent to calcified neointimal lesions (atherosclerosis). Receptor activator of nuclear factor-kappaB ligand protein and mRNA were barely or not detectable. Of note, TNF-related apoptosis-inducing ligand, an inducer of apoptosis that is also blocked by OPG, displayed a similar spatial distribution as OPG. In summary, we demonstrate enhanced apoptosis adjacent to vascular calcification, and the concurrent expression of regulators of apoptosis and osteoclastic differentiation, TNF-related apoptosis-inducing ligand and OPG, suggesting their involvement in the pathogenesis of vascular calcification.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michael Schoppet
- Department of Internal Medicine, Philipps University, Baldingerstrasse, D-35033 Marburg, Germany.
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Abstract
Bone resorption by osteoclasts is coupled with bone formation by osteoblasts, and this balanced process continuously remodels and adapts the skeleton. The receptor activator of nuclear factor kappaB ligand (RANKL) has been identified as an essential cytokine for the formation and activation of osteoclasts. The effects of RANKL are physiologically counterbalanced by the decoy receptor osteoprotegerin (OPG). Estrogen deficiency, glucocorticoid exposure, T-cell activation (eg, rheumatoid arthritis), and skeletal malignancies (eg, myeloma, metastases) enhance the ratio of RANKL to OPG and, thus, promote osteoclastogenesis, accelerate bone resorption, and induce bone loss. Moreover, alterations of the OPG/RANKL/RANK system have been implicated in vascular diseases. RANKL blockade (using OPG or RANK fusion proteins or RANKL antibodies) has prevented bone loss caused by osteoporosis, chronic inflammatory disorders, and malignant tumors in animal models and may emerge as a therapy in humans based on studies in postmenopausal osteoporosis, myeloma bone disease, and osteolytic metastases. This review summarizes the clinical implications of the OPG/RANKL/RANK system for bone and vascular diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lorenz C Hofbauer
- Department of Gastroenterology, Philipps-University, Marburg, Germany.
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Hofbauer LC, Neubauer A, Schoppet M. DKK1 in multiple myeloma. N Engl J Med 2004; 350:1464-6; author reply 1464-6. [PMID: 15074002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 03/16/2023]
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