1
|
Bedawi RM, Al-Farsi Y, Mirza H, Al-Huseini S, Al-Mahrouqi T, Al-Kiyumi O, Al-Azri M, Al-Adawi S. Prevalence and Clinical Profile of Adults with ADHD Attending a Tertiary Care Hospital for Five Years. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH AND PUBLIC HEALTH 2024; 21:566. [PMID: 38791781 PMCID: PMC11121453 DOI: 10.3390/ijerph21050566] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/21/2024] [Revised: 04/17/2024] [Accepted: 04/23/2024] [Indexed: 05/26/2024]
Abstract
(1) Objectives: This study aimed to assess the 5-year prevalence and clinical profile of attention deficit hyperactive disorder (ADHD) among adult patients seeking care in a tertiary care hospital in Oman. (2) Methods: The data were analysed using descriptive and inferential statistics and standardised prevalence estimates were calculated. (3) Results: Of the 39,881 hospital visits, 1.77% were made by adults with ADHD. This is equivalent to 17.8 visits per 1000 outpatients. The year 2021 saw the highest prevalence among the five years considered, while 2020 had the lowest prevalence. Although the age distribution indicated that the age group 'under 20' had the highest prevalence, the gender distribution showed that ADHD was more common among adult men. Among the various subtypes of ADHD, inattention was the most common. (4) Conclusions: This study specifically compared the prevalence and associated factors between an adult cohort with ADHD and those other psychiatric clinic attendees during the same period. The study offers important information on the prevalence and clinical profile of adults with ADHD in the population under consideration.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Rabab Mohammed Bedawi
- Department of Family Medicine and Public Health, College of Medicine and Health Sciences, Sultan Qaboos University, Muscat 123, Oman; (R.M.B.); (Y.A.-F.); (M.A.-A.)
| | - Yahya Al-Farsi
- Department of Family Medicine and Public Health, College of Medicine and Health Sciences, Sultan Qaboos University, Muscat 123, Oman; (R.M.B.); (Y.A.-F.); (M.A.-A.)
| | - Hassan Mirza
- Department of Behavioural Medicine, College of Medicine and Health Sciences, Sultan Qaboos University, Muscat 123, Oman;
| | - Salim Al-Huseini
- Department of Psychiatry, Al Masarra Hospital, Ministry of Health, Muscat 113, Oman;
| | - Tamadhir Al-Mahrouqi
- Psychiatry Residency Program, Oman Medical Specialty Board, Muscat 130, Oman (O.A.-K.)
| | - Omaima Al-Kiyumi
- Psychiatry Residency Program, Oman Medical Specialty Board, Muscat 130, Oman (O.A.-K.)
| | - Mohammed Al-Azri
- Department of Family Medicine and Public Health, College of Medicine and Health Sciences, Sultan Qaboos University, Muscat 123, Oman; (R.M.B.); (Y.A.-F.); (M.A.-A.)
| | - Samir Al-Adawi
- Department of Behavioural Medicine, College of Medicine and Health Sciences, Sultan Qaboos University, Muscat 123, Oman;
| |
Collapse
|
2
|
Custodio RJP, Hengstler JG, Cheong JH, Kim HJ, Wascher E, Getzmann S. Adult ADHD: it is old and new at the same time - what is it? Rev Neurosci 2024; 35:225-241. [PMID: 37813870 DOI: 10.1515/revneuro-2023-0071] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/28/2023] [Accepted: 09/25/2023] [Indexed: 10/11/2023]
Abstract
Even though the number of studies aiming to improve comprehension of ADHD pathology has increased in recent years, there still is an urgent need for more effective studies, particularly in understanding adult ADHD, both at preclinical and clinical levels, due to the increasing evidence that adult ADHD is highly distinct and a different entity from childhood ADHD. This review paper outlines the symptoms, diagnostics, and neurobiological mechanisms of ADHD, with emphasis on how adult ADHD could be different from childhood-onset. Data show a difference in the environmental, genetic, epigenetic, and brain structural changes, when combined, could greatly impact the behavioral presentations and the severity of ADHD in adults. Furthermore, a crucial aspect in the quest to fully understand this disorder could be through longitudinal analysis. In this way, we will determine if and how the pathology and pharmacology of ADHD change with age. This goal could revolutionize our understanding of the disorder and address the weaknesses in the current clinical classification systems, improving the characterization and validity of ADHD diagnosis, specifically those in adults.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Raly James Perez Custodio
- Networking Group Aging, Department of Ergonomics, Leibniz Research Centre for Working Environment and Human Factors at TU Dortmund (IfADo), Ardeystrasse 67, Dortmund 44139, Germany
| | - Jan G Hengstler
- Systems Toxicology, Department of Toxicology, Leibniz Research Centre for Working Environment and Human Factors at TU Dortmund (IfADo), Ardeystrasse 67, Dortmund 44139, Germany
| | - Jae Hoon Cheong
- Institute for New Drug Development, School of Pharmacy, Jeonbuk National University, 567 Baekje-daero, Deokjin-gu, Jeonju-si, Jeollabuk-do 54896, South Korea
| | - Hee Jin Kim
- Uimyung Research Institute for Neuroscience, Department of Pharmacy, Sahmyook University, 815 Hwarangro, Nowon-gu, Seoul 01795, South Korea
| | - Edmund Wascher
- Experimental Ergonomics, Department of Ergonomics, Leibniz Research Centre for Working Environment and Human Factors at TU Dortmund (IfADo), Ardeystrasse 67, Dortmund 44139, Germany
| | - Stephan Getzmann
- Networking Group Aging, Department of Ergonomics, Leibniz Research Centre for Working Environment and Human Factors at TU Dortmund (IfADo), Ardeystrasse 67, Dortmund 44139, Germany
| |
Collapse
|
3
|
Vitiello B, Davico C, Döpfner M. Is prevention of ADHD and comorbid conditions in adolescents possible? J Atten Disord 2024; 28:225-235. [PMID: 37961885 DOI: 10.1177/10870547231211596] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES To examine how the concept of prevention is applicable to adolescent ADHD, which preventive interventions may be feasible, and which methods can be used to evaluate effectiveness. METHOD Following a literature search for prevention clinical trials relevant to adolescent ADHD, selected studies are critically reviewed to identify suitable targets and promising interventions. RESULTS There is some evidence from controlled studies that interventions delivered to prepubertal children at high risk for ADHD or diagnosed with ADHD may decrease the incidence or persistence of ADHD in adolescence. Uncontrolled follow-up of clinical samples and population studies suggest that treatment of adolescents with ADHD can decrease the risk for several negative functional outcomes in youth. A controlled trial found a specific cognitive training intervention to decrease risky driving. CONCLUSIONS Prevention of ADHD and associated negative outcomes is possible and of high clinical relevance. Assessing prevention effects is methodologically challenging, but feasible.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Benedetto Vitiello
- Section of Child and Adolescent Neuropsychiatry, Department of Public Health and Pediatric Sciences, University of Turin, Turin, Italy
- Department of Mental Health, School of Public Health, Johns Hopkins Bloomberg School of Public Health, Baltimore, Maryland, USA
| | - Chiara Davico
- Section of Child and Adolescent Neuropsychiatry, Department of Public Health and Pediatric Sciences, University of Turin, Turin, Italy
| | - Manfred Döpfner
- Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, Medical Faculty, University of Cologne, Germany
| |
Collapse
|
4
|
Eng AG, Bansal PS, Goh PK, Nirjar U, Petersen MK, Martel MM. Evidence-Based Assessment for Attention-Deficit/Hyperactivity Disorder. Assessment 2024; 31:42-52. [PMID: 36633097 DOI: 10.1177/10731911221149957] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/13/2023]
Abstract
Attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) is a neurodevelopmental disorder that affects individuals from all life stages, genders, and races/ethnicities. Accurate assessment of ADHD across different populations is essential as undiagnosed ADHD is associated with numerous costly negative public health outcomes and is complicated by high comorbidity and developmental change in symptoms over time. Predictive analysis suggests that best-practice evidence-based assessment of ADHD should include both ADHD-specific and broadband rating scales from multiple informants with consideration of IQ, academic achievement, and executive function when there are concerns about learning. For children under age 12, parent and teacher ratings should be averaged. For adolescents and adults, informant reports should be prioritized when self- and other-report are inconsistent. Future research should provide more stringent evaluation of the sensitivity of measures to treatment response and developmental change over time as well as further validate measures on historically understudied populations (i.e., adults, women, and racial/ethnic minorities).
Collapse
|
5
|
Beyazit U, Şirin H, Uzun ME, Kuru A, Yurdakul Y, Bütün Ayhan A, Yilmaz S. Attitudes of parents of children with ADHD towards genetic testing: Data from a Turkish sample. J Genet Couns 2023. [PMID: 38126130 DOI: 10.1002/jgc4.1841] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/01/2023] [Revised: 11/16/2023] [Accepted: 12/08/2023] [Indexed: 12/23/2023]
Abstract
This study aimed to examine the opinions of parents with children diagnosed with attention deficit/hyperactivity disorder about genetic tests. A total of 540 parents living in Turkey participated in the study face-to-face and online. A questionnaire form prepared by the researchers was used as the data collection instrument. Face-to-face data were collected in different institutions in the cities of İzmir, Bursa and Antalya, while online data were collected through Google Forms. The results revealed that parents' views on genetic testing differed according to the sex and age of the child, as well as the parents' level of education and income, and whether the parents had genetic testing during pregnancy (p < 0.05). In the analysis, it was determined that parents' knowledge and awareness levels about genetic tests were generally low, while parents who reported that they would consider having genetic tests had concerns about the storage of their DNA materials, family conflicts that could be caused by genetic tests, and the compatibility of genetic tests with their religious beliefs.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Utku Beyazit
- Child Development Department, Kumluca Health Sciences Faculty, Akdeniz University, Antalya, Turkey
| | - Hande Şirin
- Child Psychiatry Department, Bursa Higher Specialization Hospital of Education and Research, University of Health Sciences, Bursa, Turkey
| | - Mehmet Erdem Uzun
- Child Psychiatry Department, Bursa Higher Specialization Hospital of Education and Research, University of Health Sciences, Bursa, Turkey
| | - Alev Kuru
- Molecular Neuroscience, Institute of Health Sciences, University of Üsküdar, İstanbul, Turkey
| | - Yeşim Yurdakul
- Child Development Department, Kumluca Health Sciences Faculty, Akdeniz University, Antalya, Turkey
| | - Aynur Bütün Ayhan
- Child Development Department, Faculty of Health Sciences, Ankara University, Ankara, Turkey
| | - Serkan Yilmaz
- Faculty of Nursery, Ankara University, Ankara, Turkey
| |
Collapse
|
6
|
Lundervold AJ, Sørensen L, Posserud MB, Hysing M. Low Persistence of Inattention Symptoms From Childhood to Adolescence: A Population-Based Study. J Atten Disord 2023; 27:1532-1539. [PMID: 37496456 PMCID: PMC10552345 DOI: 10.1177/10870547231187147] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 07/28/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To investigate the persistence of dimensional measures of inattention in a population-based, gender-balanced sample of adolescents with parent reports of inattention from childhood and self-reports of inattention in adolescence. METHOD Adolescents, 16-19 years old, completed the Adult ADHD Self Report Scale. Their parents completed the Swanson, Nolan, and Pelham Rating Scale-4th Edition when they were 7-9 and 11-13 years old. RESULTS More severe inattention in boys than girls in childhood shifted to a female predominance in adolescence. The correlation between reports of inattention in childhood and adolescence was weak, with parent reports explaining only ~5% of the variance in the inattention score reported in adolescence. CONCLUSION The weak association between inattention in childhood and adolescence is consistent with the emerging challenges associated with being an adolescent, but the impact of shifts in informants, gender and age on symtpom presentations should be investigated in future studies.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Maj-Britt Posserud
- University of Bergen, Norway
- Haukeland University Hospital, Bergen, Norway
| | - Mari Hysing
- University of Bergen, Norway
- Regional Centre for Child and Youth Mental Health and Child Welfare, NORCE Norwegian Research Centre, Bergen, Norway
| |
Collapse
|
7
|
Wiebe A, Aslan B, Brockmann C, Lepartz A, Dudek D, Kannen K, Selaskowski B, Lux S, Ettinger U, Philipsen A, Braun N. Multimodal assessment of adult attention-deficit hyperactivity disorder: A controlled virtual seminar room study. Clin Psychol Psychother 2023; 30:1111-1129. [PMID: 37209018 DOI: 10.1002/cpp.2863] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/22/2023] [Accepted: 04/29/2023] [Indexed: 05/21/2023]
Abstract
In the assessment of adult attention-deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) symptoms, the diagnostic value of neuropsychological testing is limited. Partly, this is due to the rather low ecological validity of traditional neuropsychological tests, which usually present abstract stimuli on a computer screen. A potential remedy for this shortcoming might be the use of virtual reality (VR), which enables a more realistic and complex, yet still standardized test environment. The present study investigates a new VR-based multimodal assessment tool for adult ADHD, the virtual seminar room (VSR). Twenty-five unmedicated ADHD patients, 25 medicated ADHD patients, and 25 healthy controls underwent a virtual continuous performance task (CPT) in the VSR with concurrent visual, auditive, and audiovisual distractions. Simultaneously, head movements (actigraphy), gaze behaviour (eye tracking), subjective experience, electroencephalography (EEG), and functional near-infrared spectroscopy (fNIRS) were recorded. Significant differences between unmedicated patients with ADHD and healthy controls were found in CPT performance, head actigraphy, distractor gaze behaviour, and subjective experience. Moreover, CPT performance parameters demonstrated potential utility for assessing medication effects within the ADHD population. No group differences were found in the Theta-Beta-Ratio (EEG) or dorsolateral-prefrontal oxy-haemoglobin (fNIRS). Overall, the results are very promising regarding the potential of the VSR as an assessment tool for adult ADHD. In particular, the combined assessment of CPT, actigraphy, and eye tracking parameters appears to be a valid approach to more accurately capture the heterogeneous symptom presentation of the disorder.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Annika Wiebe
- Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, University Hospital Bonn, Bonn, Germany
| | - Behrem Aslan
- Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, University Hospital Bonn, Bonn, Germany
| | - Charlotte Brockmann
- Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, University Hospital Bonn, Bonn, Germany
| | - Alexandra Lepartz
- Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, University Hospital Bonn, Bonn, Germany
| | - Dominika Dudek
- Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, University Hospital Bonn, Bonn, Germany
| | - Kyra Kannen
- Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, University Hospital Bonn, Bonn, Germany
| | - Benjamin Selaskowski
- Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, University Hospital Bonn, Bonn, Germany
| | - Silke Lux
- Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, University Hospital Bonn, Bonn, Germany
| | | | - Alexandra Philipsen
- Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, University Hospital Bonn, Bonn, Germany
| | - Niclas Braun
- Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, University Hospital Bonn, Bonn, Germany
| |
Collapse
|
8
|
Weigard A, McCurry KL, Shapiro Z, Martz ME, Angstadt M, Heitzeg MM, Dinov ID, Sripada C. Generalizable prediction of childhood ADHD symptoms from neurocognitive testing and youth characteristics. Transl Psychiatry 2023; 13:225. [PMID: 37355620 PMCID: PMC10290685 DOI: 10.1038/s41398-023-02502-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/01/2022] [Revised: 05/23/2023] [Accepted: 06/01/2023] [Indexed: 06/26/2023] Open
Abstract
Childhood attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) symptoms are believed to result from disrupted neurocognitive development. However, evidence for the clinical and predictive value of neurocognitive assessments in this context has been mixed, and there have been no large-scale efforts to quantify their potential for use in generalizable models that predict individuals' ADHD symptoms in new data. Using data drawn from the Adolescent Brain Cognitive Development Study (ABCD), a consortium that recruited a diverse sample of over 10,000 youth (ages 9-10 at baseline) across 21 U.S. sites, we develop and test cross-validated machine learning models for predicting youths' ADHD symptoms using neurocognitive abilities, demographics, and child and family characteristics. Models used baseline demographic and biometric measures, geocoded neighborhood data, youth reports of child and family characteristics, and neurocognitive tests to predict parent- and teacher-reported ADHD symptoms at the 1-year and 2-year follow-up time points. Predictive models explained 15-20% of the variance in 1-year ADHD symptoms for ABCD Study sites that were left out of the model-fitting process and 12-13% of the variance in 2-year ADHD symptoms. Models displayed high generalizability across study sites and trivial loss of predictive power when transferred from training data to left-out data. Features from multiple domains contributed meaningfully to prediction, including neurocognition, sex, self-reported impulsivity, parental monitoring, and screen time. This work quantifies the information value of neurocognitive abilities and other child characteristics for predicting ADHD symptoms and provides a foundational method for predicting individual youths' symptoms in new data across contexts.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Zvi Shapiro
- Department of Psychology, Emory University, Atlanta, USA
| | - Meghan E Martz
- Department of Psychiatry, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, USA
| | - Mike Angstadt
- Department of Psychiatry, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, USA
| | - Mary M Heitzeg
- Department of Psychiatry, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, USA
| | - Ivo D Dinov
- Departments of Computational Medicine and Bioinformatics, and Health Behavior and Biological Sciences, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, USA
| | - Chandra Sripada
- Department of Psychiatry, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, USA
| |
Collapse
|
9
|
Sidol CA, Becker SP, Peugh JL, Lynch JD, Ciesielski HA, Zoromski AK, Epstein JN. Examining bidirectional associations between sleep and behavior among children with attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder. JCPP ADVANCES 2023; 3:e12157. [PMID: 37753159 PMCID: PMC10519735 DOI: 10.1002/jcv2.12157] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/22/2022] [Accepted: 02/13/2023] [Indexed: 09/28/2023] Open
Abstract
Background Children with attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) have more sleep problems than their peers which contribute to behavioral and functional impairments. This study examines the bidirectional relationship between nightly sleep (i.e., total sleep time and sleep efficiency) and daily behavior of children with ADHD. Method Forty-three children (ages 6-13 [mean = 9.05, 54% male, 77% medicated]) participated in a 2-week study during an ADHD Summer Treatment Program (STP). Sleep was measured with actigraphy. Behavior was assessed using STP clinical data and daily parent and counselor ratings of ADHD symptoms, oppositional defiant disorder behaviors, and emotion regulation (e.g., difficulty regulating emotional disposition and controlling emotions). We hypothesized that healthier night's sleep measured by actigraphy (i.e., sleep efficiency and total sleep time [TST]) would relate to less ADHD symptoms, less emotional dysregulation, and better academic performance the next day. Additionally, we hypothesized that less ADHD symptoms, less emotional dysregulation, and greater academic performance would relate to healthier sleep that night. Results Higher nightly sleep efficiency was related to improved parent-ratings of ADHD the next day (R 2 = 0.04, p = 0.04) and improved parent-ratings of ADHD during the day lead to higher sleep efficiency that night (R 2 = 0.002, p = 0.02). Higher rates of daily assignment completion were related to higher sleep efficiency at night (R 2 = 0.035, p = 0.03). TST was not related to any behavioral outcomes. Conclusion Sleep efficiency may be more relevant than TST to behavioral performance the next day. Additionally, a bidirectional relationship exists between sleep efficiency and parent ratings of ADHD. Findings highlight the importance of assessing for manifestations of poor sleep efficiency, waking minutes, and wakings after sleep onset when diagnosing and treating ADHD.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Craig A. Sidol
- Division of Behavioral Medicine and Clinical PsychologyCincinnati Children's Hospital Medical CenterCincinnatiOhioUSA
- Department of PsychologyUniversity of CincinnatiCincinnatiOhioUSA
| | - Stephen P. Becker
- Division of Behavioral Medicine and Clinical PsychologyCincinnati Children's Hospital Medical CenterCincinnatiOhioUSA
- Department of PediatricsUniversity of Cincinnati College of MedicineCincinnatiOhioUSA
| | - James L. Peugh
- Division of Behavioral Medicine and Clinical PsychologyCincinnati Children's Hospital Medical CenterCincinnatiOhioUSA
- Department of PediatricsUniversity of Cincinnati College of MedicineCincinnatiOhioUSA
| | - James D. Lynch
- Department of PsychologyUniversity of CincinnatiCincinnatiOhioUSA
| | - Heather A. Ciesielski
- Division of Behavioral Medicine and Clinical PsychologyCincinnati Children's Hospital Medical CenterCincinnatiOhioUSA
- Department of PediatricsUniversity of Cincinnati College of MedicineCincinnatiOhioUSA
| | - Allison K. Zoromski
- Division of Behavioral Medicine and Clinical PsychologyCincinnati Children's Hospital Medical CenterCincinnatiOhioUSA
- Department of PediatricsUniversity of Cincinnati College of MedicineCincinnatiOhioUSA
| | - Jeffery N. Epstein
- Division of Behavioral Medicine and Clinical PsychologyCincinnati Children's Hospital Medical CenterCincinnatiOhioUSA
- Department of PsychologyUniversity of CincinnatiCincinnatiOhioUSA
- Department of PediatricsUniversity of Cincinnati College of MedicineCincinnatiOhioUSA
| |
Collapse
|
10
|
de la Paz L, Mooney MA, Ryabinin P, Neighbor C, Antovich D, Nigg JT, Nikolas MA. Youth Polygenic Scores, Youth ADHD Symptoms, and Parenting Dimensions: An Evocative Gene-Environment Correlation Study. Res Child Adolesc Psychopathol 2023; 51:665-677. [PMID: 36645612 PMCID: PMC10560546 DOI: 10.1007/s10802-023-01024-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 01/05/2023] [Indexed: 01/17/2023]
Abstract
Parenting practices and parental symptoms of attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) have been linked to severity and course of youth ADHD. However, genetically influenced behaviors related to ADHD in youth may also influence parenting behaviors. Polygenic scores (PGS) have been widely used to quantify genetic vulnerability for ADHD but has rarely been used to examine gene-environment correlation effects. The current study examined the direct effects of youth ADHD PGS and its evocative effects on parenting behaviors via youth ADHD symptoms. 803 youth aged 6-18 years (58.5% male) completed a multistage, multi-informant assessment that included measures of parenting practices and youth and parental ADHD symptoms. A mediation model was used to evaluate direct and evocative effects. Furthermore, we examined if these evocative effects remain after controlling for parental ADHD symptoms. Sensitivity analyses across age, sex, and socioeconomic status (SES) as well as restricting ancestry groups to European only ancestry were also conducted. Results indicated that youth ADHD PGS reliably predicted youth ADHD symptoms across all models (βs ranging from 0.18 to 0.26), including across age, sex, and SES and held even with ancestry restricted to the largest group (northern European). Evocative effects emerged such that higher youth PGS significantly predicted more youth ADHD symptoms, which in turn, significantly predicted lower levels of parental involvement and higher levels of poor supervision/monitoring and inconsistent discipline. These effects remained after controlling for parent ADHD symptoms.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Leiana de la Paz
- Department of Psychological and Brain Sciences, G60 Psychological and Brain Sciences Bldg., 340 Iowa Ave, Iowa City, IA, 52242, USA.
| | - Michael A Mooney
- Division of Bioinformatics and Computational Biology, Department of Medical Informatics and Clinical Epidemiology, Oregon Health & Science University, Portland, OR, USA
- Knight Cancer Institute, Oregon Health & Science University, Portland, OR, USA
| | - Peter Ryabinin
- Knight Cancer Institute, Oregon Health & Science University, Portland, OR, USA
| | | | - Dylan Antovich
- Division of Psychology, Department of Psychiatry, Portland, OR, USA
| | - Joel T Nigg
- Division of Psychology, Department of Psychiatry, Portland, OR, USA
| | - Molly A Nikolas
- Department of Psychological and Brain Sciences, G60 Psychological and Brain Sciences Bldg., 340 Iowa Ave, Iowa City, IA, 52242, USA
| |
Collapse
|
11
|
Phillips MS, Bing-Canar H, Shields AN, Cerny B, Chang F, Wisinger AM, Leib SI, Ovsiew GP, Resch ZJ, Jennette KJ, Soble JR. Assessment of learning and memory impairments in adults with predominately inattentive versus combined presentation attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder. APPLIED NEUROPSYCHOLOGY. ADULT 2023:1-10. [PMID: 36697387 DOI: 10.1080/23279095.2023.2169887] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/27/2023]
Abstract
This cross-sectional study compared adults diagnosed with Attention-Deficit/Hyperactivity Disorder-Inattentive (ADHD-I) and ADHD-Combined (ADHD-C) presentations with a non-ADHD group on verbal and visual learning and delayed recall using the Rey Auditory Verbal Learning Test (RAVLT) and Brief Visuospatial Memory Test-Revised (BVMT-R), respectively. Data from 380 predominately college student adult outpatients were used, with 155 who met criteria for ADHD-I, 165 who met criteria for ADHD-C, and 60 who did not meet criteria for ADHD but were diagnosed with a primary depressive or anxiety disorder or received no diagnosis. Each patient was administered the RAVLT and BVMT-R as part of a comprehensive neuropsychological evaluation. Significant main effects of study group were found, such that patients with ADHD-C demonstrated worse learning and delayed recall of both verbal and visual information than patients with ADHD-I and the non-ADHD group. Patients with ADHD-I performed comparably to the non-ADHD group, apart from visual learning and delayed recall. Notably, more patients in the ADHD groups had possible or probable learning and memory impairment compared to the non-ADHD group. Findings were consistent with previous research indicating that those with ADHD exhibit poorer verbal and visual learning and delayed recall than those without ADHD.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Matthew S Phillips
- Department of Psychiatry, University of Illinois College of Medicine, Chicago, IL, USA
| | - Hanaan Bing-Canar
- Department of Psychiatry, University of Illinois College of Medicine, Chicago, IL, USA
| | - Allison N Shields
- Department of Psychiatry, University of Illinois College of Medicine, Chicago, IL, USA
| | - Brian Cerny
- Department of Psychiatry, University of Illinois College of Medicine, Chicago, IL, USA
| | - Fini Chang
- Department of Psychiatry, University of Illinois College of Medicine, Chicago, IL, USA
| | - Amanda M Wisinger
- Department of Psychiatry, University of Illinois College of Medicine, Chicago, IL, USA
| | - Sophie I Leib
- Psychology Department, Rosalind Franklin University of Medicine and Science, North Chicago, IL, USA
| | - Gabriel P Ovsiew
- Department of Psychiatry, University of Illinois College of Medicine, Chicago, IL, USA
| | - Zachary J Resch
- Department of Psychiatry, University of Illinois College of Medicine, Chicago, IL, USA
| | - Kyle J Jennette
- Department of Psychiatry, University of Illinois College of Medicine, Chicago, IL, USA
| | - Jason R Soble
- Department of Psychiatry, University of Illinois College of Medicine, Chicago, IL, USA
- Department of Neurology and Rehabiliation, University of Illinois College of Medicine, Chicago, IL, USA
| |
Collapse
|
12
|
Brinksma DM, Hoekstra PJ, de Bildt A, Buitelaar JK, van den Hoofdakker BJ, Hartman CA, Dietrich A. Parental rejection in early adolescence predicts a persistent ADHD symptom trajectory across adolescence. Eur Child Adolesc Psychiatry 2023; 32:139-153. [PMID: 34275051 PMCID: PMC9908736 DOI: 10.1007/s00787-021-01844-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/11/2020] [Accepted: 07/07/2021] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
Despite a general decrease of attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) symptoms during adolescence, these may persist in some individuals but not in others. Prior cross-sectional studies have shown that parenting style and their interaction with candidate genes are associated with ADHD symptoms. However, there is a lack of longitudinal research examining the independent and interactive effects of parenting and plasticity genes in predicting the course of attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) symptoms across adolescence. Here, we investigated how children perceived their parents' parenting style (i.e., rejection, overprotection, and emotional warmth) at the age of 11, and their interaction with DRD4, MAOA, and 5-HTTLPR genotypes on parent-reported ADHD symptoms at three time points (mean ages 11.1, 13.4, and 16.2 years) in 1730 adolescents from the TRacking Adolescents' Individual Lives Survey (TRAILS). Growth Mixture Modeling in Mplus identified four ADHD symptom trajectories: low, moderate stable, high decreasing, and high persistent. Perceived parental rejection predicted class membership in the high persistent trajectory compared to the other classes (p < 0.001, odds ratios between 2.14 and 3.74). Gene-environment interactions were not significantly related to class membership. Our results indicate a role of perceived parental rejection in the persistence of ADHD symptoms. Perceived parental rejection should, therefore, be taken into consideration during prevention and treatment of ADHD in young adolescents.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Djûke M Brinksma
- Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, University Medical Center Groningen, University of Groningen, Lübeckweg 2, NL-9723 HE, Groningen, The Netherlands
| | - Pieter J Hoekstra
- Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, University Medical Center Groningen, University of Groningen, Lübeckweg 2, NL-9723 HE, Groningen, The Netherlands
| | - Annelies de Bildt
- Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, University Medical Center Groningen, University of Groningen, Lübeckweg 2, NL-9723 HE, Groningen, The Netherlands
| | - Jan K Buitelaar
- Department of Cognitive Neuroscience, Donders Institute for Brain, Cognition and Behavior, Nijmegen, The Netherlands
- Karakter Child and Adolescent Psychiatry University Centre, Nijmegen, The Netherlands
| | - Barbara J van den Hoofdakker
- Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, University Medical Center Groningen, University of Groningen, Lübeckweg 2, NL-9723 HE, Groningen, The Netherlands
| | - Catharina A Hartman
- Department of Psychiatry, University Medical Center Groningen, University of Groningen, Interdisciplinary Center Psychopathology and Emotion Regulation (ICPE), Groningen, The Netherlands
| | - Andrea Dietrich
- Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, University Medical Center Groningen, University of Groningen, Lübeckweg 2, NL-9723 HE, Groningen, The Netherlands.
| |
Collapse
|
13
|
Demographic and Disease-Related Predictors of Socioemotional Development in Children with Neurofibromatosis Type 1 and Plexiform Neurofibromas: An Exploratory Study. Cancers (Basel) 2022; 14:cancers14235956. [PMID: 36497438 PMCID: PMC9737030 DOI: 10.3390/cancers14235956] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/22/2022] [Revised: 11/24/2022] [Accepted: 11/29/2022] [Indexed: 12/05/2022] Open
Abstract
Individuals with neurofibromatosis type 1 (NF1) and plexiform neurofibromas (PNs) have a higher risk for socioemotional problems. The current study aims to identify the socioemotional developmental pattern and its predictors across childhood and adolescence in individuals with NF1 and PNs. Participants included 88 children with NF1 and PNs (aged 6-18 years old, M = 12.05, SD = 3.62, 57% male) in a natural history study. Neuropsychological assessments were administered three times over six years. There are large variabilities in socioemotional development in the study participants. Developmental patterns varied across socioemotional domains, respondent type (parent-report [PR] vs. child-report [CR]), demographic factors, and NF1 disease-related factors. For instance, lower parental education was associated with a greater decline in internalizing problems (PR) but a greater increase in school disconnectedness (CR) over time. Non-White (vs. White) children were more likely to experience increased adaptive skills (PR) but decreased personal adjustment (CR). Children with more visible tumors experienced a greater decrease in school disconnectedness (CR). Children with more NF1 complications experienced a greater decrease in externalizing problems (PR). These findings indicate the necessity of using multi-informants and investigating subdomains of socioemotional functions. They also highlight the importance of developing individualized approaches to patient care and interventions.
Collapse
|
14
|
Duchesne S, Plamondon A, Ratelle CF. Students' Inattention Symptoms and Psychological Need Satisfaction During the Secondary School Transition: The Protective Role of Teachers' Involvement. J Atten Disord 2022; 26:1846-1856. [PMID: 35699304 PMCID: PMC9597131 DOI: 10.1177/10870547221105061] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE This study examined the prospective relationship from student inattention symptoms to changes in their psychological need satisfaction (PNS) during their transition to secondary school. In doing so, it has explored whether this temporal association was moderated by teachers' involvement (TI). METHOD A sample of 688 students (46% male; Mage = 11.82) followed in Grade 6 and Secondary 1 was selected from a stratified random list. RESULTS Inattention symptoms predicted a decrease in autonomy and competence need satisfaction, after adjusting for gender, anxiety, aggression, and PNS at baseline. In addition, TI in Secondary 1 attenuated the association between inattention and autonomy need satisfaction decline. TI also predicted a smaller decrease in competence need satisfaction, over and above the contribution of inattention. CONCLUSIONS Results support the importance of TI in PNS of students who are struggling with inattention throughout a critical transition. Implications for educational practices and research are discussed.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Stéphane Duchesne
- Laval University, Québec, QC,
Canada,Stéphane Duchesne, Pavillon des Sciences de
l’Éducation, Laval University, 2320, Rue des Bibliothèques, Québec, QC G1V 0A6,
Canada.
| | | | | |
Collapse
|
15
|
Lin HY. The Effects of White Noise on Attentional Performance and On-Task Behaviors in Preschoolers with ADHD. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH AND PUBLIC HEALTH 2022; 19:15391. [PMID: 36430109 PMCID: PMC9692615 DOI: 10.3390/ijerph192215391] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/08/2022] [Revised: 11/14/2022] [Accepted: 11/19/2022] [Indexed: 06/16/2023]
Abstract
Several models have tentatively associated improving attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) symptoms with arousal and external environmental stimulation. In order to further clarify the relationships between ADHD symptoms, arousal, and external stimulation, this study focused on exploring the "simultaneous" effects of white noise on intrinsic attentional performance and extrinsic on-task behaviors in preschoolers with and without ADHD. By using the computerized task (K-CPT 2), 104 preschoolers, including 52 ADHD children and 52 typically developing (TD) children, were tested and analyzed for their intrinsic attention (such as detectability, omission errors, commission errors, and reaction time). Simultaneously, these preschoolers' external on-task behaviors were recorded for analysis through systematic observation. This study showed that white noise could effectively improve attention performance, including enhancing the ability to differentiate non-targets from targets and decreasing omission errors. It could also reduce the extrinsic hyperactive behaviors of preschoolers with ADHD. The findings of this study highlighted that white noise stimulation is a beneficial non-pharmacological treatment for preschoolers with ADHD. In contrast, for TD preschoolers, the results of this study showed that the external white noise stimuli were not only unhelpful but also a burden.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Hung-Yu Lin
- Department of Occupational Therapy, College of Medical and Health Sciences, Asia University, Taichung 41354, Taiwan
| |
Collapse
|
16
|
Tan TX, Zhou Y. Screen Time and ADHD Behaviors in Chinese Children: Findings From Longitudinal and Cross-Sectional Data. J Atten Disord 2022; 26:1725-1737. [PMID: 35575422 DOI: 10.1177/10870547221098181] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Research suggests that screen exposure presents a risk for ADHD behaviors in young children. However, the operationalization of screen exposure remains murky and longitudinal data is scarce. In this paper, we examined the relations between better operationalized daily screen time and behaviors of inattention and behaviors of hyperactivity/impulsivity in three cohorts of community samples of young Chinese children. METHOD Study 1 was longitudinal and included 111 children who were 3.6 years old (Range = 2.4-4.9; SD = 0.4) at Baseline and 4.8 years old (Range = 3.9-6.0; SD = 0.4) at Follow-Up. Study 2 was cross-sectional and included 172 children aged 4.9 years (Range = 3.0-7.1; SD = 1.0). Study 3 was also cross-sectional and included 313 children who were 6.9 years old (Range = 5.7-8.3; SD = 0.4). In each study, the parents reported how much time that their children spent daily on iPad/tablet, smart phone, and online games and watching TV in the previous week, and their children's behaviors of inattention (I/A) and hyperactivity/impulsivity (H/I). RESULTS Regression analysis revealed that in Study 1, controlling for child demographics, mother's education, family SES, and corresponding I/A or H/I scores at Baseline, screen time at Baseline predicted I/A scores (β = .27, p < .01) and H/I scores (β = .32, p < .001) at Follow-Up. Similarly, controlling for covariates, screen time predicted I/A scores (β = .25, p < .01) and H/I scores (β = .25, p < .01) in Study 2; I/A scores (β = 0.16, p < .01) and H/I scores (β = .15, p < .05) in Study 3. CONCLUSION Screen exposure was a risk for inattention and hyperactivity/impulsivity behaviors in urban Chinese children.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
| | - Yi Zhou
- Independent Researcher, Beijing, China
| |
Collapse
|
17
|
Haan E, Westmoreland KE, Schellhas L, Sallis HM, Taylor G, Zuccolo L, Munafò MR. Prenatal smoking, alcohol and caffeine exposure and offspring externalizing disorders: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Addiction 2022; 117:2602-2613. [PMID: 35385887 DOI: 10.1111/add.15858] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/03/2021] [Accepted: 02/09/2022] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND AND AIMS Several studies have indicated an association between maternal prenatal substance use and offspring externalizing disorders; however, it is uncertain whether this relationship is causal. We conducted a systematic review to determine: (1) if the literature supports a causal role of maternal prenatal substance use on offspring externalizing disorders diagnosis and (2) whether these associations differ across externalizing disorders. METHODS We searched Web of Science, Embase, PsycINFO and Medline databases. Risk of bias assessment was conducted using the Newcastle-Ottawa Scale (NOS), and where possible meta-analysis was conducted for studies classed as low risk of bias. We included studies of any design that examined prenatal smoking, alcohol or caffeine use. Studies in non-English language, fetal alcohol syndrome and comorbid autism spectrum disorders were excluded. Participants in the included studies were mothers and their offspring. Measurements included prenatal smoking, alcohol or caffeine use as an exposure, and diagnosis of attention-deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD), conduct disorder (CD) and oppositional defiant disorder (ODD) in offspring as an outcome. RESULTS We included 63 studies, 46 of which investigated smoking and ADHD. All studies were narratively synthesized, and seven studies on smoking and ADHD were meta-analysed. The largest meta-analysis based on genetically sensitive design included 1 011 546 participants and did not find evidence for an association [odds ratio (OR)1-9 cigarettes = 0.90, 95% confidence interval (CI) = 0.83-1.11; OR > 10 cigarettes = 1.04, 95% CI = 0.79-1.36). Studies on alcohol exposure in all the outcomes reported inconsistent findings and no strong conclusions on causality can be made. Studies on caffeine exposure were mainly limited to ADHD and these studies do not support a causal effect. CONCLUSIONS There appears to be no clear evidence to support a causal relationship between maternal prenatal smoking and offspring attention-deficit hyperactivity disorder. Findings with alcohol and caffeine exposures and conduct disorder and oppositional-defiant disorder need more research, using more genetically sensitive designs.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Elis Haan
- School of Psychological Science, University of Bristol, Bristol, UK
- MRC Integrative Epidemiology Unit, University of Bristol, Bristol, UK
| | | | - Laura Schellhas
- School of Psychological Science, University of Bristol, Bristol, UK
- MRC Integrative Epidemiology Unit, University of Bristol, Bristol, UK
| | - Hannah M Sallis
- School of Psychological Science, University of Bristol, Bristol, UK
- MRC Integrative Epidemiology Unit, University of Bristol, Bristol, UK
| | - Gemma Taylor
- Addiction and Mental Health Group (AIM), Department of Psychology, University of Bath, Bath, UK
| | - Luisa Zuccolo
- MRC Integrative Epidemiology Unit, University of Bristol, Bristol, UK
- Department of Population Health Sciences, Bristol Medical School, University of Bristol, Bristol, UK
| | - Marcus R Munafò
- School of Psychological Science, University of Bristol, Bristol, UK
- MRC Integrative Epidemiology Unit, University of Bristol, Bristol, UK
| |
Collapse
|
18
|
Speyer LG, Eisner M, Ribeaud D, Luciano M, Auyeung B, Murray AL. A symptom level perspective on reactive and proactive aggressive behaviours and ADHD symptoms in childhood. J Child Psychol Psychiatry 2022; 63:1017-1026. [PMID: 34874058 DOI: 10.1111/jcpp.13556] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 11/10/2021] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Attention-Deficit/Hyperactivity Disorder (ADHD) is one of the most prevalent childhood disorders, affecting around 3.4% of children worldwide. A common and impairing correlate of ADHD is aggressive behaviour. ADHD symptoms and aggression are both heterogeneous and it has been speculated that certain symptoms of ADHD might be more important in aggressive behaviours of different types than others. This study uses a symptom-level analysis to investigate the concurrent and temporal links between ADHD symptoms and aggressive behaviours. METHODS Using Gaussian Graphical Models and Graphical Vector Autoregression Models, longitudinal and cross-sectional networks of ADHD symptoms and aggressive behaviours, measured using parent-reported Social Behaviour Questionnaires, were estimated. Participants included 1,246 children taking part in the longitudinal Swiss z-proso cohort study at ages 7, 9 and 11. RESULTS The longitudinal network highlighted that ADHD symptoms and aggressive behaviours share a multitude of reciprocal temporal relations, with inattentive ADHD symptoms preceding both reactive and proactive aggression. Cross-sectional networks suggested that hyperactive/impulsive symptoms were predominantly connected to reactive aggressive behaviours but also to a form of proactive aggression, namely dominating other children. CONCLUSION Findings provide preliminary evidence which specific symptoms are the most promising targets for reducing aggressive behaviours in children with ADHD. They also highlight the potential importance of targeting feedback loops resulting from aggressive behaviours. Future research is needed to better understand the mechanisms through which ADHD and aggressive behaviours become linked.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Lydia Gabriela Speyer
- Department of Psychology, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, UK.,Department of Psychology, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK
| | - Manuel Eisner
- Violence Research Centre, Institute of Criminology, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK.,Jacobs Center for Productive Youth Development, University of Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Denis Ribeaud
- Jacobs Center for Productive Youth Development, University of Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Michelle Luciano
- Department of Psychology, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, UK
| | - Bonnie Auyeung
- Department of Psychology, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, UK.,Autism Research Centre, Department of Psychiatry, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK
| | | |
Collapse
|
19
|
Lyon RE, Rizeq J, Flora DB, Martinussen R, Andrade BF, Toplak ME. Age-Related Variance in Performance versus Ratings of Attention and Impulse Regulation in Children: Implications for the Assessment of ADHD. Brain Sci 2022; 12:brainsci12081033. [PMID: 36009096 PMCID: PMC9406227 DOI: 10.3390/brainsci12081033] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/08/2022] [Revised: 07/31/2022] [Accepted: 08/01/2022] [Indexed: 02/04/2023] Open
Abstract
Executive function task (EF) deficits are hypothesized to underlie difficulties with self-regulation. However, tasks assessing EF impairments have only been weakly correlated with rating scales that index self-regulation difficulties. A community sample of children and youth aged between 8 and 20 years old were assessed longitudinally. Growth curve analyses and correlations were conducted to better understand how these two types of measures relate to one another across development, as well as the impact of age-related variance. EF was assessed using the Stroop Task and Trail Making test and behavioral ratings of self-regulation were captured using the SWAN scale. EF task performance improved steeply until age 14–15, whereas the SWAN Scale showed small age-related decreases. EF task performance was moderately correlated with age among 8–13-year-olds and to a lesser extent among 14–20-year-olds. SWAN scores were not significantly related to age in either group. Correlations were similar in an ADHD “at-risk” subgroup. EF task performance and parent ratings of attention regulation have different developmental trajectories, which may partly explain why correlations are low to modest in these samples. In particular, age-related variance is an important methodological consideration with significant implications for the assessment of self-regulation in children and youth with ADHD.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Rachael E. Lyon
- Department of Psychology, York University, Toronto, ON M3J 1P3, Canada
- LaMarsh Centre for Child and Youth Research, York University, Toronto, ON M3J 1P3, Canada
- Correspondence:
| | - Jala Rizeq
- School of Health & Wellbeing, University of Glasgow, Glasgow G12 8QQ, UK
| | - David B. Flora
- Department of Psychology, York University, Toronto, ON M3J 1P3, Canada
| | - Rhonda Martinussen
- Department of Applied Psychology and Human Development, Ontario Institute for Studies in Education (OISE), Toronto, ON M5S 1V6, Canada
| | - Brendan F. Andrade
- Child Youth & Emerging Adult Program, Centre for Addiction and Mental Health, Toronto, ON M6J 1H4, Canada
- Department of Psychiatry, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON M5S 1A1, Canada
| | - Maggie E. Toplak
- Department of Psychology, York University, Toronto, ON M3J 1P3, Canada
- LaMarsh Centre for Child and Youth Research, York University, Toronto, ON M3J 1P3, Canada
| |
Collapse
|
20
|
Speyer LG, Hall HA, Ushakova A, Luciano M, Auyeung B, Murray AL. Within-person Relations between Domains of Socio-emotional Development during Childhood and Adolescence. Res Child Adolesc Psychopathol 2022; 50:1261-1274. [PMID: 35670883 DOI: 10.1007/s10802-022-00933-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 05/08/2022] [Indexed: 02/04/2023]
Abstract
Adolescence is a critical period in the development of mental health with nearly 1 in 5 adolescents suffering from mental health problems and more than 40 percent of these experiencing at least one co-occurring mental health disorder. This study investigates whether there are differences in the relations between key dimensions of child and adolescent mental health in adolescence compared to childhood. Mental health and related socio-emotional traits were measured longitudinally at ages 4, 7, 8, 9, 11, 13, and 16 in the Avon Longitudinal Study of Parents and Children (N = 11279) using the Strengths and Difficulties Questionnaires. Graphical Vector Autoregression models were used to analyse the temporal within-person relations between conduct problems, emotional problems, hyperactivity/inattention, peer problems and prosociality across childhood (ages 4 to 9) and adolescence (11 to 16). Results suggest that adolescence is characterised by an increase in the number and strength of temporal relations between socio-emotional difficulties. In particular, in adolescence there were bidirectional connections between peer problems and emotional problems, between conduct problems and hyperactivity/inattention and between prosociality and conduct problems as well as hyperactivity/inattention. In childhood, conduct problems and prosociality were reciprocally related. Results also suggested peer problems as a potential mediating factor between conduct and emotional problems in childhood. Overall, this study suggests that different domains of socio-emotional development influence each other over development. Adolescence is characterised by an increase in temporal connections, which may be one factor underlying the increased vulnerability to the onset of mental health problems during that period.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Lydia Gabriela Speyer
- Department of Psychology, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, UK. .,Department of Psychology, University of Cambridge, Downing Site, Cambridge, CB2 3EA, UK.
| | | | - Anastasia Ushakova
- Department of Psychology, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, UK.,Medical School, University of Lancaster, Lancashire, UK
| | - Michelle Luciano
- Department of Psychology, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, UK
| | - Bonnie Auyeung
- Department of Psychology, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, UK.,Autism Research Centre, Department of Psychiatry, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK
| | | |
Collapse
|
21
|
Hinshaw SP, Nguyen PT, O'Grady SM, Rosenthal EA. Annual Research Review: Attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder in girls and women: underrepresentation, longitudinal processes, and key directions. J Child Psychol Psychiatry 2022; 63:484-496. [PMID: 34231220 DOI: 10.1111/jcpp.13480] [Citation(s) in RCA: 57] [Impact Index Per Article: 28.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 05/05/2021] [Indexed: 01/13/2023]
Abstract
Attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) - and its underlying behavioral dimensions of inattention and hyperactivity-impulsivity - have been understudied in females. We first cover the conceptual issues of prevalence, diagnostic practices, diversity, comorbidity, and causal factors, plus forces limiting awareness of ADHD in females. After a narrative review of cross-sectional and longitudinal findings, we conclude the following. (a) Girls meet diagnostic criteria for ADHD at just under half the rates of boys, a ratio that becomes much closer to equal by adulthood. (b) Girls and women with ADHD show a predominance of inattention and associated internalizing problems; boys and men display greater levels of hyperactive-impulsive symptoms and associated externalizing problems. (c) Sex differences in ADHD symptoms and related outcomes depend heavily on the clinical versus nonreferred nature of the samples under investigation. (d) Females with ADHD experience, on average, serious impairments, with a particularly heightened risk for problems in close relationships and engagement in self-harm. (e) Clinicians may overlook symptoms and impairments in females because of less overt (but still impairing) symptom manifestations in girls and women and their frequent adoption of compensatory strategies. Our review of predictors and mediators of adult outcomes highlights (a) the potential for heterotypically continuous pathways in females with childhood ADHD and (b) developmental progressions to self-harm, intimate partner violence, unplanned pregnancy, and comorbid psychopathology. Focusing on ADHD in females is necessary to characterize causal and maintaining mechanisms with accuracy and to foster responsive interventions, as highlighted in our closing list of clinical implications and research priorities.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Stephen P Hinshaw
- Department of Psychology, University of California, Berkeley, Berkeley, CA, USA.,Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, USA
| | - Phuc T Nguyen
- Department of Psychology, University of California, Berkeley, Berkeley, CA, USA
| | - Sinclaire M O'Grady
- Department of Psychology, University of California, Berkeley, Berkeley, CA, USA
| | - Emily A Rosenthal
- Department of Psychology, University of California, Berkeley, Berkeley, CA, USA
| |
Collapse
|
22
|
The Association of Self-Reported ADHD Symptoms and Sleep in Daily Life of a General Population Sample of School Children: An Inter- and Intraindividual Perspective. Brain Sci 2022; 12:brainsci12040440. [PMID: 35447972 PMCID: PMC9026750 DOI: 10.3390/brainsci12040440] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/25/2022] [Revised: 03/17/2022] [Accepted: 03/23/2022] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Sleep and Attention-Deficit/Hyperactivity Disorder (ADHD) have repeatedly been found to be associated with each other. However, the ecological validity of daily life studies to examine the effect of sleep on ADHD symptoms is rarely made use of. In an ambulatory assessment study with measurement burst design, consisting of three bursts (each 6 months apart) of 18 days each, 70 German schoolchildren aged 10–12 years reported on their sleep quality each morning and on their subjective ADHD symptom levels as well as their sleepiness three times a day. It was hypothesized that nightly sleep quality is negatively associated with ADHD symptoms on the inter- as well as the intraindividual level. Thus, we expected children who sleep better to report higher attention and self-regulation. Additionally, sleepiness during the day was hypothesized to be positively associated with ADHD symptoms on both levels, meaning that when children are sleepier, they experience more ADHD symptoms. No association of sleep quality and ADHD symptoms between or within participants was found in multilevel analyses; also, no connection was found between ADHD symptoms and daytime sleepiness on the interindividual level. Unexpectedly, a negative association was found on the intraindividual level for ADHD symptoms and daytime sleepiness, indicating that in moments when children are sleepier during the day, they experience less ADHD symptoms. Explorative analyses showed differential links of nightly sleep quality and daytime sleepiness, with the core symptoms of inattention and hyperactivity/impulsivity, respectively. Therefore, future analyses should take the factor structure of ADHD symptoms into account.
Collapse
|
23
|
Krauss A, Schellenberg C. ADHD Symptoms and Health-Related Quality of Life of Adolescents and Young Adults. EUROPEAN JOURNAL OF HEALTH PSYCHOLOGY 2022. [DOI: 10.1027/2512-8442/a000104] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
Abstract
Abstract. Background: Adolescence and young adulthood present particularly challenging periods for individuals affected by attention-deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) symptoms. However, unlike childhood ADHD, ADHD among adolescents and young adults has been studied less frequently. A concept that can be used to characterize the experiences of individuals with ADHD symptoms is health-related quality of life (HRQoL), which encompasses well-being in various dimensions. Aims: The present study used a school-based sample in the German-speaking part of Switzerland to investigate the association between ADHD symptoms and HRQoL of adolescents and young adults. Method: A total of 907 individuals aged 14–24 years ( M = 17.69; SD = 1.66; 58.9% female) were surveyed regarding ADHD symptoms and HRQoL. Results: Multiple hierarchical regression analyses disclosed that ADHD symptoms were negatively related to all subdimensions of HRQoL. Moreover, adolescents with clinically significant or subclinical ADHD symptoms showed lower values in all examined dimensions – physical, emotional, self-esteem, family, friends/peers, and school/education – than adolescents with unremarkable ADHD symptoms. An exception was the well-being concerning friends/peers. Limitations: The present study used a cross-sectional design and a selective sample of school classes. ADHD symptoms were assessed using self-reports without any diagnostic judgment. Conclusion: The results illustrate the comprehensive effects of ADHD symptoms on well-being during adolescence and young adulthood. They highlight the importance of focusing more on ADHD during these stages of age, also considering individuals with symptoms in the subclinical range.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Annette Krauss
- Institute for Educational Support for Behaviour, Social-Emotional, and Psychomotor Development, University of Teacher Education in Special Needs (HfH), Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Claudia Schellenberg
- Institute for Educational Support for Behaviour, Social-Emotional, and Psychomotor Development, University of Teacher Education in Special Needs (HfH), Zurich, Switzerland
| |
Collapse
|
24
|
Park S, Chang H. Developmental Trajectory of Inattention and Its Association With Depressive Symptoms in Adolescence: Peer Relationships as a Mediator. Front Psychol 2022; 12:736840. [PMID: 35178006 PMCID: PMC8845459 DOI: 10.3389/fpsyg.2021.736840] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/06/2021] [Accepted: 12/16/2021] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
This study investigated the developmental trajectory of inattention symptoms as a predictor of later depressive symptoms in adolescence, and examined potential mediating role of peer relationships in this process. Participants were adolescents who were part of the large longitudinal panel study on Korean Youths, Korean Children & Youth Panel Survey 2010 (KCYPS 2010) of the National Youth Policy Institute (NYPI). Specifically, data were drawn from two cohorts of KCYPS that differed in participant age (Panel 1: 2003 birth cohort, n = 2,342, 48.2% girls; Panel 2: 2000 birth cohorts, n = 2,378, 40.0% girls). We analyzed data collected from 2010 to 2016 when children in panel 1 were 6-7 to 12-13 years old, and children in panel 2 were 9-10 to 15-16 years old. Results of latent growth modeling (LGM) were as follows. In Panel 1, the inattention symptoms increased from 9-10 to 12-13 years. Otherwise, the inattention symptoms decreased from 11-12 to 15-16 years in panel 2. Additionally, in both panels, initial status and slope of inattention significantly predicted later levels of depressive symptoms, and peer relationships partly mediated the association between inattention trajectory and depressive symptoms. The findings are discussed with respect to considering the growth of inattention and the quality of peer relationships as promising targets for early identification and intervention of depression in adolescents.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
| | - Hyein Chang
- Department of Psychology, Sungkyunkwan University, Seoul, South Korea
| |
Collapse
|
25
|
Döpfner M, Banaschewski T. [Classification of Attention Deficit-/Hyperactivity Disorder in ICD-11]. ZEITSCHRIFT FUR KINDER-UND JUGENDPSYCHIATRIE UND PSYCHOTHERAPIE 2022; 50:51-53. [PMID: 34974734 DOI: 10.1024/1422-4917/a000854] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
Classification of Attention Deficit-/Hyperactivity Disorder in ICD-11 Abstract. The article gives a brief overview of the modifications to the classification of hyperkinetic disorders/attention deficit/hyperactivity disorders according to ICD-11. Fortunately, these modifications are based on DSM-5, both in terms of their designation and the internal differentiation of the diagnosis. That the ICD-10 relinquishes the combination diagnosis of hyperkinetic conduct disorder in favor of multiple diagnoses is also to be welcomed. On the one hand, the renunciation of an exact operationalization of the symptom criteria may help with the classification of borderline cases in clinical practice; on the other hand, it also makes it necessary to resort to the DSM-5 for the clarification of the individual symptoms of the disorder.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Manfred Döpfner
- Universität zu Köln, Medizinische Fakultät und Uniklinik Köln, Klinik für Psychiatrie, Psychosomatik und Psychotherapie des Kindes- und Jugendalters, Köln.,Universität zu Köln, Medizinische Fakultät und Uniklinik Köln, Ausbildungsinstitut für Kinder- und Jugendlichenpsychotherapie (AKiP), Köln
| | - Tobias Banaschewski
- Klinik für Psychiatrie und Psychotherapie des Kindes- und Jugendalters, Zentralinstitut für Seelische Gesundheit, Medizinische Fakultät Mannheim, Universität Heidelberg, Heidelberg
| |
Collapse
|
26
|
Missed diagnoses and misdiagnoses of adults with autism spectrum disorder. Eur Arch Psychiatry Clin Neurosci 2022; 272:187-198. [PMID: 32892291 PMCID: PMC8866369 DOI: 10.1007/s00406-020-01189-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 60] [Impact Index Per Article: 30.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/09/2020] [Accepted: 08/20/2020] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
Autism spectrum disorder (ASD) is a group of life-long neurodevelopmental disorders affecting 1.5% of the general population. The present study aimed to evaluate the psychiatric history of a group of adults who received the first diagnosis of ASD in two Italian university centers. Diagnoses of ASD were confirmed by a team of psychiatrists with wide expertise in the field, after the administration of standardized tools (i.e., ADOS-2, ADI-R). The sample comprised 161 participants, of which 114 (79.5%) were males. The median age of diagnosis was 23 years (range 18-55), with a median IQ of 100 (range 30-145). The first evaluation by a mental health professional was performed at a median age of 13 years, with a gap of 11 years between the first evaluation and the diagnosis of ASD. 33.5% of participants had never received a psychiatric diagnosis, while the rest of the sample had received one or more diagnoses different from ASD. The most common past diagnoses were intellectual disability, psychoses, personality disorders, and depression. Sex differences were detected in the age of diagnosis and ADOS-2 scores. Our results provide important information for both child and adult psychiatrists. Given the prevalence of autism and the high rates of co-occurrent psychiatric conditions, it is important for clinicians to consider ASD in the differential diagnostic process.
Collapse
|
27
|
Weintraub MJ, Keenan-Miller D, Schneck CD, Forgey Borlik M, Suddath RL, Marvin SE, Singh MK, Chang KD, Miklowitz DJ. Social impairment in relation to clinical symptoms in youth at high risk for bipolar disorder. Early Interv Psychiatry 2022; 16:17-25. [PMID: 33559355 PMCID: PMC8492196 DOI: 10.1111/eip.13124] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/17/2020] [Revised: 01/11/2021] [Accepted: 01/21/2021] [Indexed: 01/11/2023]
Abstract
AIM Social impairment is common in individuals with bipolar disorder (BD), although its role in youths at high-risk for BD (i.e., mood symptoms in the context of a family history of BD) is not well understood. Social impairment takes many forms including social withdrawal, relational aggression, physical aggression, and victimization. The aim of this study was to explore the links between social impairment and clinical symptoms in youth at high-risk for BD. METHODS The sample included 127 youths with elevations in mood symptoms (depression or hypomania) and at least one first and/or second degree relative with BD. Measures of youths' current psychopathology (i.e., depressive and manic severity, suicidality, anxiety, and attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder [ADHD]) were regressed onto youths' self-reports of social impairment (i.e., social withdrawal, relational aggression, physical aggression, and victimization). RESULTS Depressive symptoms, suicidal ideation, and anxiety symptoms were related to social withdrawal. Suicidal ideation was also related to reactive aggression. ADHD symptoms related to reactive and proactive aggression as well as relational victimization. Manic symptoms were not associated with social impairment in this sample. CONCLUSIONS Although cross-sectional, study findings point to potential treatment targets related to social functioning. Specifically, social withdrawal should be a target for treatment of childhood depressive and anxiety symptoms. Treatments that focus on social skills and cognitive functioning deficits associated with BD may also have clinical utility.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Marc J Weintraub
- Semel Institute for Neuroscience and Human Behavior, University of California, Los Angeles, California, USA
| | | | - Christopher D Schneck
- Department of Psychiatry, University of Colorado Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora, Colorado, USA
| | - Marcy Forgey Borlik
- Semel Institute for Neuroscience and Human Behavior, University of California, Los Angeles, California, USA
| | - Robert L Suddath
- Semel Institute for Neuroscience and Human Behavior, University of California, Los Angeles, California, USA
| | - Sarah E Marvin
- Semel Institute for Neuroscience and Human Behavior, University of California, Los Angeles, California, USA
| | - Manpreet K Singh
- Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, California, USA
| | | | - David J Miklowitz
- Semel Institute for Neuroscience and Human Behavior, University of California, Los Angeles, California, USA.,Department of Psychology, University of California, Los Angeles, California, USA
| |
Collapse
|
28
|
Cavicchioli M, Ogliari A, Movalli M, Maffei C. Persistent Deficits in Self-Regulation as a Mediator between Childhood Attention-Deficit/Hyperactivity Disorder Symptoms and Substance Use Disorders. Subst Use Misuse 2022; 57:1837-1853. [PMID: 36096483 DOI: 10.1080/10826084.2022.2120358] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/14/2022]
Abstract
The link between attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) and substance use disorders (SUDs) has been largely demonstrated. Some scholars have hypothesized that self-regulation mechanisms might play a key role in explaining this association. Objective(s): The current study tested the hypothesis that retrospective childhood ADHD symptoms might lead to more severe SUDs and this association should be mediated by current self-ratings of behavioral disinhibition, inattention, and emotional dysregulation among 204 treatment-seeking adults (male: 67.3%; female: 32.7%) with a primary diagnosis of alcohol use disorder and other SUDs. Methods: The mediational model was estimated through self-report measures of childhood ADHD symptoms (independent variable; WURS), current self-regulation mechanisms (mediators)-behavioral disinhibition (BIS-11 motor subscale), difficulties with attention regulation (MAAS) and emotion regulation (DERS)-and severity of SUDs (dependent variable; SPQ alcohol, illicit and prescribed drugs). Results: The analysis showed that alterations in the self-regulation system fully mediated the association between the severity of childhood ADHD symptoms and SUDs in adulthood. Behavioral disinhibition and difficulties in attention regulation were the most representative alterations in self-regulation processes that explained this association. Conclusions: These findings suggest it is useful to implement several therapeutic approaches (e.g. behavioral, mindfulness-based, and pharmacological) to increase the self-regulation abilities of children and adolescents with ADHD in order to reduce the probability of SUD onset in adulthood. However, future longitudinal neuroimaging and neuropsychological studies are needed to further support the role of self-regulation mechanisms in explaining the prospective association between childhood ADHD symptoms and SUDs in adulthood.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Marco Cavicchioli
- Department of Psychology, University "Vita-Salute San Raffaele", Milan, Italy.,Unit of Clinical Psychology and Psychotherapy, San Raffaele-Turro Hospital, Milan, Italy
| | - Anna Ogliari
- Unit of Clinical Psychology and Psychotherapy, San Raffaele-Turro Hospital, Milan, Italy.,Child in Mind Lab, University "Vita-Salute San Raffaele", Milan, Italy
| | - Mariagrazia Movalli
- Department of Psychology, University "Vita-Salute San Raffaele", Milan, Italy.,Unit of Clinical Psychology and Psychotherapy, San Raffaele-Turro Hospital, Milan, Italy
| | - Cesare Maffei
- Department of Psychology, University "Vita-Salute San Raffaele", Milan, Italy.,Unit of Clinical Psychology and Psychotherapy, San Raffaele-Turro Hospital, Milan, Italy
| |
Collapse
|
29
|
Murray AL, Ushakova A, Speyer L, Brown R, Auyeung B, Zhu X. Sex/gender differences in individual and joint trajectories of common mental health symptoms in early to middle adolescence. JCPP ADVANCES 2021. [DOI: 10.1002/jcv2.12057] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
| | - Anastasia Ushakova
- Center for Health Informatics, Computing and Statistics Medical School Lancaster University Lancaster UK
| | - Lydia Speyer
- Department of Psychology University of Edinburgh Edinburgh UK
- Department of Psychology University of Cambridge Cambridge UK
| | - Ruth Brown
- Department of Psychology University of Edinburgh Edinburgh UK
| | - Bonnie Auyeung
- Department of Psychology University of Edinburgh Edinburgh UK
| | - Xinxin Zhu
- Department of Psychology University of Edinburgh Edinburgh UK
| |
Collapse
|
30
|
Kanevski M, Booth JN, Oldridge J, McDougal E, Stewart TM, McGeown S, Rhodes SM. The relationship between cognition and mathematics in children with attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder: a systematic review. Child Neuropsychol 2021; 28:394-426. [PMID: 34724883 DOI: 10.1080/09297049.2021.1985444] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
Abstract
Cognitive processes play an imperative role in children's mathematics learning. Difficulties in cognitive functioning are a core feature of Attention Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder (ADHD) in children, who also tend to show lower levels of mathematics attainment than their typically developing peers. This review (registration number: CRD42020169708) sought to aggregate findings from studies assessing the relationship between cognition and mathematics in children with a clinical ADHD diagnosis aged 4-12 years. A total of 11,799 studies published between 1992 and August 2020 were screened for eligibility using various database (PsycINFO, PubMed, SCOPUS, EMBASE, ERIC, Web of Science, and additional sources), from which four studies met inclusion criteria. A narrative synthesis was conducted on the correlations between mathematics and cognitive domains, including an evaluation of the risk of bias within the studies. Across four studies meeting inclusion criteria, memory, inhibitory control, and processing speed were assessed. The results showed a positive association between cognition and mathematics performance in this population. The strength of associations across these studies varied as a function of the cognitive domain in question, means by which mathematics performance was assessed, as well as whether confounding factors such as age and IQ were controlled for. Collectively, this review demonstrates a lack of research in this area and points to various methodological considerations for identifying the association between cognition and mathematics performance in ADHD.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Margarita Kanevski
- Child Life and Health, Clinical Brain Sciences, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, UK
| | - Josephine N Booth
- Institute of Education, Community and Society, Moray House School of Education and Sport, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, UK
| | - Jessica Oldridge
- Child Life and Health, Clinical Brain Sciences, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, UK
| | - Emily McDougal
- Child Life and Health, Clinical Brain Sciences, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, UK
| | - Tracy M Stewart
- Institute of Education, Community and Society, Moray House School of Education and Sport, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, UK
| | - Sarah McGeown
- Institute of Education, Community and Society, Moray House School of Education and Sport, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, UK
| | - Sinead M Rhodes
- Child Life and Health, Clinical Brain Sciences, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, UK
| |
Collapse
|
31
|
Hand ED, Lonigan CJ. Examining the Relations between Preschooler's Externalizing Behaviors and Academic Performance Using an S-1 Bifactor Model. Res Child Adolesc Psychopathol 2021; 50:577-589. [PMID: 34460050 DOI: 10.1007/s10802-021-00861-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 08/10/2021] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
Externalizing behaviors are associated with poor academic outcomes in community-based samples of children as young as preschool-age. However, there remains debate as to which specific externalizing dimensions link externalizing behaviors to early academic skills. Recently, research has supported the use of S-1 bifactor models to examine the hierarchical structure of externalizing behaviors and the unique relations between externalizing factors and academic impairment in samples of school-age children. The primary goals of this study were to extend the age range at which S-1 bifactor models are applied to externalizing behaviors and to determine if factors derived from an S-1 bifactor model had differing relations to early academic skills. In this study, the early academic skills of 1,356 preschool-age children (mean age = 49.98 months; SD = 8.08) were assessed, and preschool and childcare teachers rated children's externalizing behaviors. Results indicated that an S-1 bifactor model with a Hyperactive-Impulsive reference factor yielded the best-fitting model for preschool-age children's externalizing behaviors. Structural models revealed that both the Hyperactive-Impulsive reference factor and the Inattention factor uniquely predicted preschool children's early academic skills. The degree to which the results applied across the primary groups in the sample (i.e., White versus Black/African American children, girls versus boys) was examined for measurement and structural models.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Eric D Hand
- Department of Psychology, Florida State University, 1107 W. Call Street, Tallahassee, FL, 32306-4301, US.
| | - Christopher J Lonigan
- Department of Psychology and the Florida Center for Reading Research, Florida State University, 1107 W. Call Street, Tallahassee, FL, 32306-4301, US.
| |
Collapse
|
32
|
Hemamy M, Pahlavani N, Amanollahi A, Islam SMS, McVicar J, Askari G, Malekahmadi M. The effect of vitamin D and magnesium supplementation on the mental health status of attention-deficit hyperactive children: a randomized controlled trial. BMC Pediatr 2021; 21:178. [PMID: 33865361 PMCID: PMC8052751 DOI: 10.1186/s12887-021-02631-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/08/2020] [Accepted: 03/28/2021] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Attention-Deficit / Hyperactivity Disorder (ADHD) is a neurodevelopmental disorder, characterized by varying severity in attention deficit and hyperactivity. Studies have shown deficiencies in the serum level of magnesium and vitamin D in people with ADHD. The aim of this study is to determine the effect of vitamin D and magnesium supplementation on mental health in children with ADHD. METHODS We conducted a randomized, double blind, placebo-controlled clinical trial of 66 children with ADHD. Participants were randomly allocated to receive both vitamin D (50,000 IU/week) plus magnesium (6 mg/kg/day) supplements (n = 33) or placebos (n = 33) for 8-weeks. Strengths and difficulties questionnaire was used to evaluate children's mental health at baseline and the end of the study. RESULTS After eight weeks of intervention, the serum levels of 25-hydroxy-vitamin D3 and magnesium increased significantly in the intervention group compared with the control group. Also, children receiving vitamin D plus magnesium showed a significant reduction in emotional problems (p = 0.001), conduct problems (p = 0.002), peer problems (p = 0.001), prosocial score (p = 0.007), total difficulties (p = 0.001), externalizing score (p = 0.001), and internalizing score (p = 0.001) compared with children treated with the placebo. CONCLUSION Vitamin D (50,000 IU/week) and magnesium (6 mg/kg/day) co-supplementation for a duration of 8-weeks could improve the behavioral function and mental health of children with ADHD. However, further well-designed studies with a larger sample size are needed. TRIAL REGISTRATION IRCT2016030326886N1 .
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Mostafa Hemamy
- Department of Community Nutrition, School of Nutrition and Food Sciences, Isfahan University of Medical Sciences, Isfahan, Iran
| | - Naseh Pahlavani
- Social Development and Health Promotion Research Center, Gonabad University of Medical Sciences, Gonabad, Iran.,Cellular and Molecular Research Center, Research Institute for Health Development, Kurdistan University of Medical Sciences, Sanandaj, Iran
| | - Alireza Amanollahi
- Department of Epidemiology, School of Public Health and Safety, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Sheikh Mohammed Shriful Islam
- Institute for Physical Activity and Nutrition (IPAN), School of Exercise and Nutrition Sciences, Deakin University, Melbourne, Australia
| | - Jenna McVicar
- Institute for Physical Activity and Nutrition (IPAN), School of Exercise and Nutrition Sciences, Deakin University, Melbourne, Australia
| | - Gholamreza Askari
- Department of Community Nutrition, School of Nutrition and Food Sciences, Isfahan University of Medical Sciences, Isfahan, Iran.
| | - Mahsa Malekahmadi
- Department of Community Nutrition, School of Nutrition and Food Sciences, Isfahan University of Medical Sciences, Isfahan, Iran. .,Research Center for Gastroenterology and Liver Disease, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran.
| |
Collapse
|
33
|
Portengen CM, Sprooten E, Zwiers MP, Hoekstra PJ, Dietrich A, Holz NE, Aggensteiner PM, Banaschewski T, Schulze UME, Saam MC, Craig MC, Sethi A, Santosh P, Ouriaghli IS, Castro-Fornieles J, Rosa M, Arango C, Penzol MJ, Werhahn JE, Brandeis D, Walitza S, Oldehinkel M, Franke B, Buitelaar JK, Naaijen J. Reward and Punishment Sensitivity are Associated with Cross-disorder Traits. Psychiatry Res 2021; 298:113795. [PMID: 33582524 DOI: 10.1016/j.psychres.2021.113795] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/07/2020] [Accepted: 02/03/2021] [Indexed: 10/22/2022]
Abstract
Reversal learning deficits following reward and punishment processing are observed across disruptive behaviors (DB) and attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder (ADHD), and have been associated with callous-unemotional (CU) traits. However, it remains unknown to what extent these altered reinforcement sensitivities are linked to the co-occurrence of oppositional traits, ADHD symptoms, and CU traits. Reward and punishment sensitivity and perseverative behavior were therefore derived from a probabilistic reversal learning task to investigate reinforcement sensitivity in participants with DB (n=183, ODD=62, CD=10, combined=57, age-range 8-18), ADHD (n=144, age-range 11-28), and controls (n=191, age-range 8-26). The SNAP-IV and Conners rating scales were used to assess oppositional and ADHD traits. The Inventory of CU traits was used to assess CU traits. Decreased reward sensitivity was associated with ADHD symptom severity (p=0.018) if corrected for oppositional symptoms. ADHD symptomatology interacted with oppositional behavior on perseveration (p=0.019), with the former aggravating the effect of oppositional behavior on perseveration and vice versa. Within a pooled sample, reversal learning alterations were associated with the severity of ADHD symptoms, underpinned by hyposensitivity to reward and increased perseveration. These results show ADHD traits, as opposed to oppositional behavior and CU traits, is associated with decreased reward-based learning in adolescents and adults.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Christel M Portengen
- Department of Cognitive Neuroscience, Radboud University Medical Center, Nijmegen, The Netherlands; Radboud University, Donders Institute for Brain, Cognition and Behaviour, Centre for Cognitive Neuroimaging, Nijmegen, The Netherlands; Department of Child and Adolescent Studies, Clinical Child and Family Studies, Utrecht University, Utrecht, The Netherlands.
| | - Emma Sprooten
- Department of Cognitive Neuroscience, Radboud University Medical Center, Nijmegen, The Netherlands; Radboud University, Donders Institute for Brain, Cognition and Behaviour, Centre for Cognitive Neuroimaging, Nijmegen, The Netherlands
| | - Marcel P Zwiers
- Radboud University, Donders Institute for Brain, Cognition and Behaviour, Centre for Cognitive Neuroimaging, Nijmegen, The Netherlands
| | - Pieter J Hoekstra
- University of Groningen, University Medical Center Groningen, Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, Hanzeplein 1 XA10, 9713 GZ Groningen, The Netherlands
| | - Andrea Dietrich
- University of Groningen, University Medical Center Groningen, Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, Hanzeplein 1 XA10, 9713 GZ Groningen, The Netherlands
| | - Nathalie E Holz
- Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, Central Institute of Mental Health, Medical Faculty Mannheim/ Heidelberg University, Mannheim, Germany
| | - Pascal M Aggensteiner
- Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, Central Institute of Mental Health, Medical Faculty Mannheim/ Heidelberg University, Mannheim, Germany
| | - Tobias Banaschewski
- Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, Central Institute of Mental Health, Medical Faculty Mannheim/ Heidelberg University, Mannheim, Germany
| | - Ulrike M E Schulze
- Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry / Psychotherapy, University of Ulm, Germany; Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, Centre for Psychiatry Calw, Böblingen, Germany
| | - Melanie C Saam
- Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry / Psychotherapy, University of Ulm, Germany
| | - Michael C Craig
- Department of Forensic & Neurodevelopmental Sciences, Institute of Psychiatry, Psychology & Neuroscience, King's College London, London, United Kingdom
| | - Arjun Sethi
- Department of Forensic & Neurodevelopmental Sciences, Institute of Psychiatry, Psychology & Neuroscience, King's College London, London, United Kingdom
| | - Paramala Santosh
- Department of Child & Adolescent Psychiatry, Institute of Psychiatry, Psychology & Neuroscience, King's College London, London, United Kingdom; Centre for Interventional Paediatric Psychopharmacology and Rare Diseases (CIPPRD), National and Specialist Child and Adolescent Mental Health Services, Maudsley Hospital, London, United Kingdom
| | - Ilyas Sagar Ouriaghli
- Department of Child & Adolescent Psychiatry, Institute of Psychiatry, Psychology & Neuroscience, King's College London, London, United Kingdom
| | - Josefina Castro-Fornieles
- Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry and Psychology, Clínic Institute of Neurosciences, Hospital Clínic de Barcelona, 2017SGR881, IDIBAPS, CIBERSAM, University of Barcelona, Spain
| | - Mireia Rosa
- Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry and Psychology, Clínic Institute of Neurosciences, Hospital Clínic de Barcelona, 2017SGR881, IDIBAPS, CIBERSAM, University of Barcelona, Spain
| | - Celso Arango
- Child and Adolescent Psychiatry Department, Hospital General Universitario Gregorio Marañón School of Medicine, Universidad Complutense, IiSGM, CIBERSAM, Madrid, Spain
| | - María José Penzol
- Child and Adolescent Psychiatry Department, Hospital General Universitario Gregorio Marañón School of Medicine, Universidad Complutense, IiSGM, CIBERSAM, Madrid, Spain; Child and Adolescent Psychiatry Department, Hospital General Universitario Gregorio Marañón, School of Medicine, Universidad Complutense, IiSGM, CIBERSAM, Madrid, Spain
| | - Julia E Werhahn
- Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, Psychiatric Hospital, University of Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Daniel Brandeis
- Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, Central Institute of Mental Health, Medical Faculty Mannheim/ Heidelberg University, Mannheim, Germany; Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, Psychiatric Hospital, University of Zurich, Switzerland; Neuroscience Center Zurich, University of Zurich and ETH Zurich (ZNZ), Switzerland; Zurich Center for Integrative Human Physiology (ZHIP), University of Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Susanne Walitza
- Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, Psychiatric Hospital, University of Zurich, Switzerland; Zurich Center for Integrative Human Physiology (ZHIP), University of Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Marianne Oldehinkel
- Department of Cognitive Neuroscience, Radboud University Medical Center, Nijmegen, The Netherlands; Radboud University, Donders Institute for Brain, Cognition and Behaviour, Centre for Cognitive Neuroimaging, Nijmegen, The Netherlands; Brain & Mental Health Laboratory, Monash Institute of Cognitive and Clinical Neurosciences and School of Psychological Sciences, Monash University, Victoria, Australia
| | - Barbara Franke
- Radboud University Medical Center, Donders Institute for Brain, Cognition and Behavior, Department of Human Genetics, Nijmegen, The Netherlands; Radboud University Medical Center, Donders Institute for Brain, Cognition and Behavior, Department of Psychiatry, Nijmegen, The Netherlands
| | - Jan K Buitelaar
- Department of Cognitive Neuroscience, Radboud University Medical Center, Nijmegen, The Netherlands; Radboud University, Donders Institute for Brain, Cognition and Behaviour, Centre for Cognitive Neuroimaging, Nijmegen, The Netherlands; Karakter Child and Adolescent Psychiatry University Center, Nijmegen, The Netherlands
| | - Jilly Naaijen
- Department of Cognitive Neuroscience, Radboud University Medical Center, Nijmegen, The Netherlands; Radboud University, Donders Institute for Brain, Cognition and Behaviour, Centre for Cognitive Neuroimaging, Nijmegen, The Netherlands
| |
Collapse
|
34
|
Crisci G, Caviola S, Cardillo R, Mammarella IC. Executive Functions in Neurodevelopmental Disorders: Comorbidity Overlaps Between Attention Deficit and Hyperactivity Disorder and Specific Learning Disorders. Front Hum Neurosci 2021; 15:594234. [PMID: 33732121 PMCID: PMC7958764 DOI: 10.3389/fnhum.2021.594234] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/13/2020] [Accepted: 01/13/2021] [Indexed: 11/29/2022] Open
Abstract
The present study examines the comorbidity between specific learning disorders (SLD) and attention deficit and hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) by comparing the neuropsychological profiles of children with and without this comorbidity. Ninety-seven schoolchildren from 8 to 14 years old were tested: a clinical sample of 49 children with ADHD (n = 18), SLD (n = 18) or SLD in comorbidity with ADHD (n = 13), and 48 typically-developing (TD) children matched for age and intelligence. Participants were administered tasks and questionnaires to confirm their initial diagnosis, and a battery of executive function (EF) tasks testing inhibition, shifting, and verbal and visuospatial updating. Using one-way ANOVAs, our results showed that all children in the clinical samples exhibited impairments on EF measures (inhibition and shifting tasks) when compared with TD children. A more specific pattern only emerged for the updating tasks. Only children with SLD had significant impairment in verbal updating, whereas children with ADHD, and those with SLD in comorbidity with ADHD, had the worst performance in visuospatial updating. The clinical and educational implications of these findings are discussed.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Giulia Crisci
- Department of Developmental and Social Psychology, University of Padua, Padua, Italy
| | - Sara Caviola
- Department of Developmental and Social Psychology, University of Padua, Padua, Italy
- School of Psychology, University of Leeds, Leeds, United Kingdom
| | - Ramona Cardillo
- Department of Developmental and Social Psychology, University of Padua, Padua, Italy
| | - Irene C. Mammarella
- Department of Developmental and Social Psychology, University of Padua, Padua, Italy
| |
Collapse
|
35
|
Shaw P, Sudre G. Adolescent Attention-Deficit/Hyperactivity Disorder: Understanding Teenage Symptom Trajectories. Biol Psychiatry 2021; 89:152-161. [PMID: 32753233 PMCID: PMC7736482 DOI: 10.1016/j.biopsych.2020.06.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/03/2020] [Revised: 06/03/2020] [Accepted: 06/03/2020] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Symptoms of attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) run a variable course through adolescence. While most affected individuals show some improvement, particularly of hyperactivity-impulsivity, symptoms of inattention are more persistent, and some individuals may meet diagnostic criteria for the first time during adolescence. Genetic factors affect adolescent symptom trajectories; those showing persistence likely carry a greater burden of common risk alleles. Rare structural genomic variants, such as copy number variants and point mutations, might also play a role. Although psychostimulant medication is associated with better functional outcomes, an impact on underlying adolescent symptom trajectories has been hard to demonstrate. At a neural level, several studies report that adolescents whose childhood ADHD symptoms have remitted are indistinguishable from neurotypical individuals. This finding could reflect the "carrying forward" of relatively typical childhood neural features among those destined for adolescent remission or the correction of early childhood anomalies with a convergence toward typical dimensions. Other studies have noted unique, possibly compensatory patterns of neural activity among adolescents whose ADHD has improved. Finally, different neural processes might occur in different brain regions. Thus, some functional imaging studies find that subcortical anomalies reflect the onset of ADHD and remain throughout life regardless of symptom change, whereas the variable clinical course of adolescent ADHD is determined by plasticity of the cerebral cortex. Integrating an understanding of the neural processes with genomic risk could elucidate the mechanisms underlying the complex course of adolescent ADHD.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Philip Shaw
- Neurobehavioral Clinical Research Section, Social and Behavioral Research Branch, National Human Genome Research Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland.
| | - Gustavo Sudre
- Neurobehavioral Clinical Research Section, Social and Behavioral Research Branch, National Human Genome Research Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland
| |
Collapse
|
36
|
Breda V, Rohde LA, Menezes AMB, Anselmi L, Caye A, Rovaris DL, Vitola ES, Bau CHD, Grevet EH. The neurodevelopmental nature of attention-deficit hyperactivity disorder in adults. Br J Psychiatry 2021; 218:43-50. [PMID: 33263274 DOI: 10.1192/bjp.2020.200] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Population studies have suggested that most adults with attention-deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) did not have the disorder in childhood, challenging the neurodevelopmental conceptualisation of ADHD. Arbitrary definitions of age at onset and lack of defined trajectories were accounted for the findings. AIMS The objective of this study was to assess the proportion of individuals presenting with either a neurodevelopmental trajectory or late-onset disorder, and to assess risk factors associated with them. METHOD Data of 4676 individuals from the 1993 Pelotas birth cohort at 11, 15, 18 and 22 years of age were used. Polythetic and latent class mixed model analyses were performed to define ADHD trajectories from childhood to adulthood, and characterise the neurodevelopmental or late-onset courses. Regression models were applied to assess factors associated with different trajectories. RESULTS Classical polythetic analyses showed that 67% of those with ADHD at 22 years of age had a neurodevelopmental course of the disorder. Latent class mixed model analysis indicated that 78% of adults with ADHD had a trajectory of persistent symptoms, more common in males. The remaining adults with ADHD had an ascending symptom trajectory that occurred after puberty, with late-onset ADHD associated with female gender and higher IQ. CONCLUSIONS Both polythetic and latent trajectories analyses provided empirical evidence supporting that the large majority of adults with ADHD had a neurodevelopmental disorder.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Vitor Breda
- ADHD Outpatient Program, Hospital de Clínicas de Porto Alegre; and Department of Psychiatry, Faculdade de Medicina, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul, Brazil
| | - Luis Augusto Rohde
- Department of Psychiatry, Faculdade de Medicina, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul; and National Institute of Developmental Psychiatry for Children and Adolescents, Brazil
| | | | - Luciana Anselmi
- Postgraduate Program in Epidemiology, Universidade Federal de Pelotas, Brazil
| | - Arthur Caye
- Department of Psychiatry, Faculdade de Medicina, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul, Brazil
| | - Diego Luiz Rovaris
- Department of Physiology and Biophysics, Instituto de Ciências Biomédicas, Universidade de São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Eduardo Schneider Vitola
- ADHD Outpatient Program, Hospital de Clínicas de Porto Alegre; and Department of Psychiatry, Faculdade de Medicina, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul, Brazil
| | - Claiton Henrique Dotto Bau
- ADHD Outpatient Program, Hospital de Clínicas de Porto Alegre; and Department of Genetics, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul, Brazil
| | - Eugenio Horacio Grevet
- ADHD Outpatient Program, Hospital de Clínicas de Porto Alegre; and Department of Psychiatry, Faculdade de Medicina, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul, Brazil
| |
Collapse
|
37
|
Multiple developmental pathways underlying conduct problems: A multitrajectory framework. Dev Psychopathol 2020; 34:1115-1124. [PMID: 33336631 DOI: 10.1017/s0954579420001650] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
Abstract
In the past decades, there has been an overemphasis of a descriptive/behavioral approach to study conduct disorder. In an equifinal perspective, we aimed to examine the developmental multitrajectory groups of psychological features (irritability, interpersonal callousness, hyperactivity/impulsivity, and depressive-anxiety symptoms) and their associations with conduct problems. In a population-based cohort (n = 1,309 participants followed from 5 months to 17 years old), latent-class growth analysis was performed for each psychological feature to identify a two-trajectory model (from ages 6 to 12 years). Based on parameter estimates of the two-trajectory models for each of the four psychological features, a parallel process growth mixture model identified eight significant developmental patterns that were subsequently compared with typically developing children. Furthermore, we observed that while interpersonal callousness conferred an increased risk for childhood and adolescence conduct problems, its co-occurrence with hyperactivity/impulsivity, irritability, and/or depressive-anxiety symptoms heightened the general risk, but also predicted distinct subtypes of conduct problems (i.e., aggressive and rule-breaking behaviors). Thus, by studying complex developmental combinations of psychological features, we observed qualitatively distinct pathways towards conduct problems. A multitrajectory framework of psychological features should be considered as a significant step towards unveiling the multiple etiological pathways leading to conduct disorder and its substantial clinical heterogeneity.
Collapse
|
38
|
von Wirth E, Mandler J, Breuer D, Döpfner M. The Accuracy of Retrospective Recall of Childhood ADHD: Results from a Longitudinal Study. JOURNAL OF PSYCHOPATHOLOGY AND BEHAVIORAL ASSESSMENT 2020. [DOI: 10.1007/s10862-020-09852-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
Abstract
AbstractAttention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) is a childhood-onset condition that may continue into adulthood. When assessing adult patients, clinicians usually rely on retrospective reports of childhood symptoms to evaluate the age-of-onset criterion. Since inaccurate symptom recall may impede the diagnosis and treatment of ADHD, knowledge about the factors influencing retrospective reports is needed. This longitudinal study investigated (a) the accuracy of retrospective symptom ratings by adult participants with a childhood diagnosis of ADHD (self-ratings) and parents or significant others (proxy ratings), and (b) the influence of current ADHD symptom severity and ADHD-associated impairments on retrospective symptom ratings. Participants (N = 55) were members of the Cologne Adaptive Multimodal Treatment (CAMT) study who had been referred and treated for ADHD in childhood and were reassessed in adulthood (average age 27 years). Participants’ retrospective self-ratings were substantially lower than, and did not correlate with, parents’ ADHD symptom ratings provided at study entry, while retrospective symptom ratings provided by proxy respondents correlated moderately with parents’ childhood ratings. In addition, participants were more likely to underreport childhood symptoms (79%) and more frequently denied the presence of three or more childhood symptoms (17%) compared to proxy respondents (65% underreporting, 10% false-negative recall). Proxy respondents’ symptom recall was best predicted by childhood ADHD, while participants’ symptom recall was best predicted by current ADHD symptom severity. ADHD-associated impairments were not correlated with symptom recall after controlling for childhood ADHD. Together, these findings suggest a recall bias in adult patients and question the validity of retrospective reports, even in clinical samples.
Collapse
|
39
|
Baggio S, Hasler R, Deiber MP, Heller P, Buadze A, Giacomini V, Perroud N. Associations of executive and functional outcomes with full-score intellectual quotient among ADHD adults. Psychiatry Res 2020; 294:113521. [PMID: 33161177 DOI: 10.1016/j.psychres.2020.113521] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/16/2019] [Accepted: 10/17/2020] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
Associations between executive and functional impairment, intelligence, and attention deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) have been scarcely investigated among adult populations and lead to inconsistent results. This study tested the impact of intellectual level on executive and functional impairment in a clinical sample of adults diagnosed with ADHD. Participants were recruited in a specialized center for the diagnosis and treatment of ADHD (n=66, mean age=27.9 ± 10.8). Measures included intellectual quotient (IQ, Wechsler Adult Intelligence Scale) categorized as ≤110 or >110, the continuous performance test (CPT3TM), grade retention, educational attainment, and having an activity (job or studies). Participants with a higher IQ had significantly better functional outcomes than participants with a standard IQ: higher educational attainment, lower grade retention, and often having an activity. Participants with higher IQ performed significantly better on all CPT variables assessing executive functioning. Intelligence seemed to work as a protective factor for executive and functional outcomes in a clinical population of ADHD adults and might reduce long-lasting detrimental consequences in life.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Stéphanie Baggio
- Division of Prison Health, Geneva University Hospitals and University of Geneva, Geneva, Switzerland; Office of Corrections, Canton Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland.
| | - Roland Hasler
- Department of Mental Health and Psychiatry, Service of Psychiatric Specialties, University Hospitals of Geneva, Geneva, Switzerland; Department of Psychiatry, University of Geneva, Geneva, Switzerland
| | - Marie-Pierre Deiber
- Department of Mental Health and Psychiatry, Service of Psychiatric Specialties, University Hospitals of Geneva, Geneva, Switzerland; Department of Psychiatry, University of Geneva, Geneva, Switzerland
| | - Patrick Heller
- Division of Prison Health, Geneva University Hospitals and University of Geneva, Geneva, Switzerland; Department of Psychiatry, University of Geneva, Geneva, Switzerland
| | - Anna Buadze
- Department of Psychiatry, Psychotherapy and Psychosomatics, Psychiatric Hospital, University of Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Véronique Giacomini
- Department of Mental Health and Psychiatry, Service of Psychiatric Specialties, University Hospitals of Geneva, Geneva, Switzerland
| | - Nader Perroud
- Department of Mental Health and Psychiatry, Service of Psychiatric Specialties, University Hospitals of Geneva, Geneva, Switzerland; Department of Psychiatry, University of Geneva, Geneva, Switzerland; Department of Psychiatry, Dalhousie University, Halifax, Nova Scotia, Canada
| |
Collapse
|
40
|
Murray AL, Eisner M, Obsuth I, Ribeaud D. Identifying Early Markers of "Late Onset" Attention Deficit and Hyperactivity/Impulsivity Symptoms. J Atten Disord 2020; 24:1796-1806. [PMID: 28440106 DOI: 10.1177/1087054717705202] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
Abstract
Objective: In recent years, there has been an increased focus on "late onset" ADHD, referring to the onset of symptoms beyond childhood, into adolescence and adulthood. We aimed to identify childhood predictors of ADHD symptom increases over development. Method: We used growth mixture modeling to evaluate predictors of a "late onset" symptom trajectories in a longitudinal cohort study of youth measured at eight points from ages 7 to 15. Results: Individuals with high levels of sensation seeking at age 7 were more likely to show a trajectory of ADHD symptoms characterized by increasing levels from age 7 than persistently low symptom levels. Conclusion: The late versus early onset distinction may align with the distinction between deficits in "bottom-up" versus "top-down" processes previously discussed in relation to ADHD. Results also raise the possibility that later onset symptoms could be predicted based on characteristics in childhood.
Collapse
|
41
|
McCauley JB, Elias R, Lord C. Trajectories of co-occurring psychopathology symptoms in autism from late childhood to adulthood. Dev Psychopathol 2020; 32:1287-1302. [PMID: 32677592 PMCID: PMC7655668 DOI: 10.1017/s0954579420000826] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
Abstract
Given high rates of co-occurring conditions in youth and adults with autism spectrum disorder (ASD), it is critical to examine the developmental trajectories of these symptoms of psychopathology. Using data from a cohort of participants (n = 194), most of whom were first assessed for ASD in very early childhood, we investigated the trajectories of co-occurring depressive, anxiety, and attention-deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) symptoms from late childhood to adulthood. Additionally, childhood predictors and adult outcomes associated with these symptom trajectories were examined. Using group-based trajectory modeling, we found two distinct classes of individuals exhibiting each of these co-occurring symptom patterns: one class exhibited fairly low symptoms across time, and one class with elevated symptoms with varied fluctuation across time (ADHD symptoms starting high but decreasing, anxiety symptoms high and stable, and depressive symptoms fluctuating but peaking at clinically significant levels in young adulthood). All high trajectory classes were associated with age 9 adaptive skills; verbal IQ predicted higher anxiety and depressive symptom classes. After accounting for verbal IQ, all high symptom trajectory classes were negative predictors of objective adult outcomes. These findings call for wide-ranging considerations of the needs of individuals across ability levels, autism symptoms, and behavioral and emotional challenges.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- James B McCauley
- Department of Psychiatry, University of California, Los Angeles, CA, USA
| | - Rebecca Elias
- Department of Psychiatry, University of California, Los Angeles, CA, USA
| | - Catherine Lord
- Department of Psychiatry, University of California, Los Angeles, CA, USA
| |
Collapse
|
42
|
Murray AL, Obsuth I, Zirk-Sadowski J, Ribeaud D, Eisner M. Developmental Relations Between ADHD Symptoms and Reactive Versus Proactive Aggression Across Childhood and Adolescence. J Atten Disord 2020; 24:1701-1710. [PMID: 27585832 DOI: 10.1177/1087054716666323] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Objective: Past research has provided some preliminary evidence that ADHD and reactive aggression have overlapping neurocognitive bases. Based on this, we tested the hypothesis that ADHD symptoms are closely coupled in developmental terms with reactive aggression, more so than with proactive aggression with which it has been postulated to be only indirectly linked. Method: We used latent growth curve analysis to estimate the developmental relations between ADHD symptoms and subtypes of aggressive behavior in a normative sample of 1,571 youth (761 female, 810 male) measured from ages 7 to 15. Results: Individual ADHD trajectories were significantly and substantially correlated with individual trajectories in both aggressive subtypes; however, consistent with our hypothesis, the relation with reactive aggression was significantly stronger. Conclusion: Our study provides some of the first evidence for a differential relation between ADHD symptoms and aggression subtypes not only cross-sectionally but also in terms of their longitudinal developmental trajectories.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | - Denis Ribeaud
- Swiss Federal Institute of Technology in Zurich (ETH), Switzerland
| | | |
Collapse
|
43
|
Longitudinal Trajectories of Sustained Attention Development in Children and Adolescents with ADHD. JOURNAL OF ABNORMAL CHILD PSYCHOLOGY 2020; 48:1529-1542. [PMID: 32889562 DOI: 10.1007/s10802-020-00698-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
The present study characterizes changes in sustained attention ability over ages 9-14, and whether longitudinal trajectories of attention development differ between persistent ADHD, remitted ADHD and control groups. The Sustained Attention to Response Task (SART) was administered to 120 children with ADHD and 123 controls on three occasions between ages 9 and 14. Trajectories of sustained attention development, indicated by changes in SART performance (standard deviation of response time [SDRT], omission errors, and ex-Gaussian parameters sigma and tau), were examined using generalized additive mixed models. For all measures there was a significant main effect of age; response time variability and number of omission errors improved linearly as children aged. However, children with ADHD had significantly greater SDRT, tau and omission errors than controls across waves. There were no significant group differences in sigma, indicating that the greater overall response time variability (SDRT) observed in ADHD was likely driven by more intermittent long responses (larger tau). Trajectories of sustained attention performance did not differ between children with persistent ADHD or ADHD in remission. Longitudinal trajectories of sustained attention development are comparable between ADHD and controls, however children with ADHD (regardless of remission status) display a performance deficit equivalent to typical controls 1-3 years younger. Findings highlight the need for continued clinical support for children in remission from ADHD and provide support for tau as an endophenotype of ADHD.
Collapse
|
44
|
Martella D, Aldunate N, Fuentes LJ, Sánchez-Pérez N. Arousal and Executive Alterations in Attention Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder (ADHD). Front Psychol 2020; 11:1991. [PMID: 32903419 PMCID: PMC7434859 DOI: 10.3389/fpsyg.2020.01991] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/05/2020] [Accepted: 07/17/2020] [Indexed: 12/27/2022] Open
Abstract
Attention deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) is the most common neurobehavioral disorder in childhood and can significantly affect a child's personal and social development and academic achievement. Taking into account the model of attentional networks proposed by Posner et al., the aim of the present study was to review the literature regarding two main explicative models of ADHD, i.e., the inhibition model and the cognitive-energetic model, by discussing behavioral and neurological evidence of both models and the limitations of each model. The review highlights evidence that favors the energetic model and points to an unstable arousal as a potential pathogenetic factor in ADHD.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Diana Martella
- Facultad de Ciencias Sociales y Humanidades, Instituto de Estudios Sociales y Humanísticos, Universidad Autónoma de Chile, Santiago, Chile
| | - Nerea Aldunate
- Escuela de Psicología, Pontificia Universidad Católica de Chile, Santiago, Chile
| | - Luis J. Fuentes
- Departamento de Psicología Básica y Metodología, Facultad de Psicología, Universidad de Murcia, Murcia, Spain
| | - Noelia Sánchez-Pérez
- Departamento de Psicología y Sociología, Facultad de Ciencias Sociales y Humanas, Universidad de Zaragoza, Teruel, Spain
| |
Collapse
|
45
|
Brinksma DM, Dietrich A, de Bildt A, Buitelaar JK, van den Hoofdakker BJ, Hoekstra PJ, Hartman CA. ADHD symptoms across adolescence: the role of the family and school climate and the DRD4 and 5-HTTLPR genotype. Eur Child Adolesc Psychiatry 2020; 29:1049-1061. [PMID: 31628528 PMCID: PMC7369263 DOI: 10.1007/s00787-019-01424-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/17/2019] [Accepted: 10/12/2019] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
Abstract
We examined bidirectional relations between attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) symptoms and family and school climate, and the possible role of DRD4 and/or 5-HTTLPR genotypes herein. Three-wave longitudinal data of 1860 adolescents (mean ages 11, 13.5, and 16 years) from the general population and clinic-referred cohort of TRacking Adolescents' Individual Lives Survey were used. Using a multigroup Random Intercept Cross-Lagged Panel Model, we tested between-person (i.e., stable trait levels) and within-person (i.e., causal processes) associations across ADHD symptoms, family and school climate, and the extent to which these depended on genotype. Findings indicated no influence of genotype. Results did show significant between-person differences (ADHD symptoms with family climate r = .38; and school climate r = .23, p values < .001), indicating that higher stable levels of ADHD symptoms were associated with a less favorable family and school climate. Regarding within-person causal processes, ADHD symptoms predicted a less favorable family climate in early adolescence (β = .16, p < .01), while ADHD symptoms predicted a more favorable family climate in the later phase of adolescence (β = - .11, p < .01), a finding which we explain by normative developmental changes during adolescence. Overall, this study showed that negative associations between ADHD symptoms and both family and school climate are largely explained by stable between-person differences. We recommend applying the Random Intercept Cross-Lagged Path Model to developmental data to tease stable associations and change processes apart.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Djûke M Brinksma
- Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, University Medical Center Groningen, University of Groningen, Hanzeplein 1, XA10, 9713 GZ, Groningen, The Netherlands
| | - Andrea Dietrich
- Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, University Medical Center Groningen, University of Groningen, Hanzeplein 1, XA10, 9713 GZ, Groningen, The Netherlands
| | - Annelies de Bildt
- Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, University Medical Center Groningen, University of Groningen, Hanzeplein 1, XA10, 9713 GZ, Groningen, The Netherlands
- Accare Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, Groningen, The Netherlands
| | - Jan K Buitelaar
- Department of Cognitive Neuroscience, Donders Institute for Brain, Cognition and Behavior, Radboud University Nijmegen Medical Center, Nijmegen, The Netherlands
- Karakter Child and Adolescent Psychiatry University Centre, Nijmegen, The Netherlands
| | - Barbara J van den Hoofdakker
- Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, University Medical Center Groningen, University of Groningen, Hanzeplein 1, XA10, 9713 GZ, Groningen, The Netherlands
- Department of Clinical Psychology and Experimental Psychopathology, University of Groningen, Groningen, The Netherlands
| | - Pieter J Hoekstra
- Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, University Medical Center Groningen, University of Groningen, Hanzeplein 1, XA10, 9713 GZ, Groningen, The Netherlands.
| | - Catharina A Hartman
- Department of Psychiatry, Interdisciplinary Center Psychopathology and Emotion regulation (ICPE), University Medical Center Groningen, University of Groningen, Groningen, The Netherlands
| |
Collapse
|
46
|
[ADHD in the transition to adulthood: prevalence, symptoms, risks, and care]. Bundesgesundheitsblatt Gesundheitsforschung Gesundheitsschutz 2020; 63:910-915. [PMID: 32588062 DOI: 10.1007/s00103-020-03175-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/24/2022]
Abstract
Attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) is a common neurodevelopmental disorder. In contrast to earlier assumptions, ADHD at least partially persists into adulthood in 50-80% of the patients.This narrative review article highlights the risks, treatment options, and care requirements associated with the transition to adulthood. Available epidemiological and routine care data and guidelines are reviewed and screened for indications and recommendations to improve the health-care of adolescents with ADHD.Epidemiological and routine care data point to a care gap for adolescents with ADHD in the sensitive phase of transition from adolescence to adulthood. Specific transition concepts should be expanded and their effectiveness scientifically investigated.
Collapse
|
47
|
Roselló B, Berenguer C, Baixauli I, Mira Á, Martinez-Raga J, Miranda A. Empirical examination of executive functioning, ADHD associated behaviors, and functional impairments in adults with persistent ADHD, remittent ADHD, and without ADHD. BMC Psychiatry 2020; 20:134. [PMID: 32204708 PMCID: PMC7092442 DOI: 10.1186/s12888-020-02542-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/12/2019] [Accepted: 03/11/2020] [Indexed: 01/17/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Previous studies suggest that childhood attention deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) may continue in adulthood, producing adverse effects. Therefore, identifying factors that help to differentiate characteristics of ADHD persistence and remission has practical implications for evaluation and treatment. The first aim of this study was to analyze differences in executive functions (shift, working memory, inhibition, and plan/organize), symptoms associated with ADHD (inattention, hyperactivity, emotional lability, and self-concept), and functional impairments in adults with persistent ADHD (ADHD-P), with remittent ADHD (ADHD-R), and without ADHD (N-ADHD). The second aim was to study the contribution of functional impairments in these three groups based on executive functions and associated ADHD behaviors. METHODS Participants were 115 adults, 61 with a childhood ADHD diagnosis (40 persisters and 21 remitters) and 54 individuals with typical development. Self-reports were collected on executive functions, symptoms associated with ADHD, and functional impairments. Multivariate Analyses of Variance were conducted to test differences between the ADHD-P, ADHD-R, and N-ADHD groups on the evaluated variables. In addition, analyses were performed using two structural equation models with observed variables (path analyses). RESULTS The results indicated that significant executive and behavioral impairments and adverse functional outcomes in different life domains are related to the diagnostic persistence of ADHD. Recovery from the disorder is associated with better results, although hyperactivity/restlessness behaviors and plan/organize deficits continue to be present in remitter individuals. CONCLUSIONS The ADHD-P and ADHD-R groups showed some differences in their executive, behavioral, and functional impairments. Furthermore, the impairments in each group can be predicted by different executive functions and other symptoms associated with the disorder. These results should be taken into account in order to improve clinical practice.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Belén Roselló
- grid.5338.d0000 0001 2173 938XDevelopmental and Educational Psychology, University of Valencia, Valencia, Spain
| | - Carmen Berenguer
- grid.5338.d0000 0001 2173 938XDevelopmental and Educational Psychology, University of Valencia, Valencia, Spain
| | - Inmaculada Baixauli
- grid.440831.a0000 0004 1804 6963Catholic University of Valencia S. Vicente Martir, Valencia, Spain
| | - Álvaro Mira
- grid.5338.d0000 0001 2173 938XDevelopmental and Educational Psychology, University of Valencia, Valencia, Spain
| | - Jose Martinez-Raga
- grid.5338.d0000 0001 2173 938XUnidad de Psiquiatría y Psicología Clínica, Hospital Universitario Dr. Peset, University of Valencia, Valencia, Spain
| | - Ana Miranda
- Developmental and Educational Psychology, University of Valencia, Valencia, Spain.
| |
Collapse
|
48
|
Murray AL, Booth T, Auyeung B, Eisner M, Ribeaud D, Obsuth I. Outcomes of ADHD Symptoms in Late Adolescence: Are Developmental Subtypes Important? J Atten Disord 2020; 24:113-125. [PMID: 30132385 PMCID: PMC7611469 DOI: 10.1177/1087054718790588] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
Abstract
Objective: Substantial individual variation exists in the age of onset and course of ADHD symptoms over development. We evaluated whether, within this variation, meaningful developmental subtypes can be defined. Method: Using growth mixture modeling in a community-based sample (N = 1,571), we analyzed ADHD symptom trajectories based on measures taken at ages 7, 8, 9, 10, 11, 13, and 15 years. We evaluated whether those showing developmental trajectories characterized by later onsets versus early onsets differed in terms of mental health and behavioral outcomes in late adolescence (age 17 years). Result: The late onset category was best conceptualized as a milder subtype than early onset. The former was, however, more similar in outcomes to the latter than to the unaffected category, suggesting that later onsets are still associated with impairment. Conclusion: Considering diagnoses for those affected by ADHD symptoms but who do not meet current age of onset criteria may be important for ensuring that they receive appropriate support.
Collapse
|
49
|
Döpfner M, Ise E, Breuer D, Rademacher C, Metternich-Kaizman TW, Schürmann S. Long-Term Course After Adaptive Multimodal Treatment for Children With ADHD: An 8-Year Follow-Up. J Atten Disord 2020; 24:145-162. [PMID: 27449186 DOI: 10.1177/1087054716659138] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
Abstract
Objective: This study reassessed adolescents and young adults (15-22 years old) who received individually tailored multimodal treatment for ADHD (behavior therapy and/or stimulant medication) during childhood 6 to 12 years after treatment (M = 8.8 years, SD = 1.6). Method: All participants (N = 75) provided information about their social functioning. Most parents (83%) completed behavior rating scales. Results: Participants demonstrated significant improvement in behavior during the follow-up period with effect sizes on ADHD symptoms of d = 1.2 and 68% of the former patients in the normal range at follow-up. Participants reported elevated rates of grade retention (51%), school dropout (13%), special education service use (17%), school change (47%), and conviction (16%), but few were unemployed (4%). Conclusion: This study provides evidence that the effects of individually tailored multimodal treatment for ADHD in childhood are maintained into adolescence and young adulthood. No hints could be found that continued medication results in a more favorable long-term outcome.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Manfred Döpfner
- Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, Medical Faculty, University of Cologne, Germany
| | - Elena Ise
- Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, Medical Faculty, University of Cologne, Germany
| | - Dieter Breuer
- Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, Medical Faculty, University of Cologne, Germany
| | - Christiane Rademacher
- Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, Medical Faculty, University of Cologne, Germany
| | | | - Stephanie Schürmann
- Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, Medical Faculty, University of Cologne, Germany
| |
Collapse
|
50
|
Laikowski MM, Reisdorfer F, Moura S. NAChR α4β2 Subtype and their Relation with Nicotine Addiction, Cognition, Depression and Hyperactivity Disorder. Curr Med Chem 2019; 26:3792-3811. [PMID: 29637850 DOI: 10.2174/0929867325666180410105135] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/29/2017] [Revised: 12/27/2017] [Accepted: 04/05/2018] [Indexed: 01/07/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Neuronal α4β2 nAChRs are receptors involved in the role of neurotransmitters regulation and release, and this ionic channel participates in biological process of memory, learning and attention. This work aims to review the structure and functioning of the α4β2 nAChR emphasizing its role in the treatment of associated diseases like nicotine addiction and underlying pathologies such as cognition, depression and attention-deficit hyperactivity disorder. METHODS The authors realized extensive bibliographic research using the descriptors "Nicotine Receptor α4β2" and "cognition", "depression", "attention-deficit hyperactivity disorder", besides cross-references of the selected articles and after analysis of references in the specific literature. RESULTS As results, it was that found 179 relevant articles presenting the main molecules with affinity to nAChR α4β2 related to the cited diseases. The α4β2 nAChR subtype is a remarkable therapeutic target since this is the most abundant receptor in the central nervous system. CONCLUSION In summary, this review presents perspectives on the pharmacology and therapeutic targeting of α4β2 nAChRs for the treatment of cognition and diseases like nicotine dependence, depression and attention-deficit hyperactivity disorder.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Manuela M Laikowski
- Laboratory of Natural and Synthetics Products, University of Caxias do Sul, Caxias do Sul, Brazil
| | - Fávero Reisdorfer
- Laboratory of Drug Development and Quality Control, University Federal of Pampa, Brazil
| | - Sidnei Moura
- Laboratory of Natural and Synthetics Products, University of Caxias do Sul, Caxias do Sul, Brazil
| |
Collapse
|