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Bilici A, Ulgen MS, Nazaroğlu H, Oztürk O, Ekici F, Akgül C, Alan B. The Effect of ACE Gene Polymorphisms on Doppler Blood Flow Parameters of Carotid and Brachial Arteries in Patients With Myocardial Infarction. Angiology 2016; 57:681-5. [PMID: 17235107 DOI: 10.1177/0003319706295216] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
Abstract
The authors investigated the relationship between the angiotensin-converting enzyme (ACE) insertion/deletion (I/D) polymorphism and the blood flow characteristics of common carotid (CCA) and brachial arteries (BA) by color Doppler ultrasound (CDUS) in patients with acute anterior myocardial infarction (AAMI). Sixty four patients (11 women and 53 men), aged 25 to 77 years, with AAMI were studied. The ACE genotypes were established. Peak-systolic (PSV) and end-diastolic velocity (EDV) of right and left CCA, PSV of right BA, and intimal-medial thickness (IMT) of both CCAs were measured by CDUS. All results were evaluated statistically. The ACE genotypes were distributed as follows: 43.8% DD, 43.8% ID, and 12.5% II. PSVs of BA and both CCAs were lower in patients with DD and ID than with II (p<0.05). EDVs of both CCAs were also lower in the same groups, but statistically not significant (p>0.05). IMTs of both CCAs did not differ among patients with various ACE genotypes (p>0.05). These results suggest that ACE I/D polymorphism influences Doppler blood flow parameters of both BA and CCA, but does not affect IMT of CCA.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aslan Bilici
- Department of Radiology, Dicle University School of Medicine, Diyarbakir, Turkey.
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Shin MH, Choi JS, Rhee JA, Lee YH, Nam HS, Jeong SK, Park KS, Kim HY, Ryu SY, Choi SW, Kim HN, Song HR, Cauley JA, Kweon SS. APOE polymorphism and carotid atherosclerosis in Korean population: the Dong-gu Study and the Namwon Study. Atherosclerosis 2013; 232:180-5. [PMID: 24401234 DOI: 10.1016/j.atherosclerosis.2013.11.027] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/20/2013] [Revised: 10/14/2013] [Accepted: 11/01/2013] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE We evaluated the association between APOE polymorphism and carotid atherosclerosis in two large independent cohorts from South Korea. METHODS The datasets were from the Dong-gu Study (N = 9056) and the Namwon Study (N = 10,158). Carotid ultrasonography was performed to measure carotid intima-media thickness (IMT) and the presence of carotid plaques. The APOE polymorphism was determined by PCR-RFLP. We performed combined and separate analyses for the two datasets. RESULTS In the combined analysis, individuals with E2E2 or E2E3 genotype had a lower common carotid IMT compared with individuals with E3E3 genotype (0.684 mm vs. 0.736 mm, p = 0.007; 0.718 mm vs. 0.736 mm, p < 0.001, respectively). This association was very slightly attenuated but remained statistically significant after adjustment for blood lipids (0.690 mm vs. 0.736 mm, p = 0.033; 0.725 mm vs. 0.736 mm, p = 0.005, respectively). Compared with individuals with E3E3 genotype, individuals with E2E3 genotype had lower risk for carotid plaque (odds ratio (OR) = 0.83, 95% confidence interval (CI) = 0.75-0.93), while individuals with E3E4 genotype had a higher risk for carotid plaque (OR = 1.09, 95% CI = 1.00-1.20). After adjustment for blood lipids, ORs of E2E3 genotype for carotid plaque was slightly attenuated but remained significant (OR = 0.87 95% CI = 0.78-0.97), while OR of E3E4 genotype were slightly attenuated and not significant (OR = 1.08, 95% CI, 0.99-1.18). CONCLUSIONS We found that APOE polymorphism is associated with carotid atherosclerosis and this association was partly mediated through blood lipid. Our results suggest that APOE polymorphism may influence atherosclerosis through non-lipid pathways.
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Affiliation(s)
- Min-Ho Shin
- Department of Preventive Medicine, Chonnam National University Medical School, Gwangju, Republic of Korea; Department of Epidemiology, Graduate School of Public Health, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, USA
| | - Jin-Su Choi
- Department of Preventive Medicine, Chonnam National University Medical School, Gwangju, Republic of Korea
| | - Jung-Ae Rhee
- Department of Preventive Medicine, Chonnam National University Medical School, Gwangju, Republic of Korea
| | - Young-Hoon Lee
- Department of Preventive Medicine & Institute of Wonkwang Medical Science, Wonkwang University College of Medicine, Iksan, Republic of Korea
| | - Hae-Sung Nam
- Department of Preventive Medicine, Chungnam National University Medical School, Daejeon, Republic of Korea
| | - Seul-Ki Jeong
- Department of Neurology & Research Institute of Clinical Medicine, Chonbuk National University, Biomedical Institute of Chonbuk National University Hospital, Jeonju, Republic of Korea
| | - Kyeong-Soo Park
- Department of Preventive Medicine, Seonam University College of Medicine, Namwon, Republic of Korea
| | - Hye-Yeon Kim
- Department of Preventive Medicine, Seonam University College of Medicine, Namwon, Republic of Korea
| | - So-Yeon Ryu
- Department of Preventive Medicine, Chosun University Medical School, Gwangju, Republic of Korea
| | - Seong-Woo Choi
- Department of Preventive Medicine, Chosun University Medical School, Gwangju, Republic of Korea
| | - Hee Nam Kim
- Genome Research Center for Hematopoietic Diseases, Chonnam National University Hwasun Hospital, Hwasun, Jeollanam-do, Republic of Korea
| | - Hye-Rim Song
- Department of Preventive Medicine, Chonnam National University Medical School, Gwangju, Republic of Korea
| | - Jane A Cauley
- Department of Epidemiology, Graduate School of Public Health, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, USA
| | - Sun-Seog Kweon
- Department of Preventive Medicine, Chonnam National University Medical School, Gwangju, Republic of Korea; Jeonnam Regional Cancer Center, Chonnam National University Hwasun, Hwasun Hospital, Republic of Korea.
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Barr RG, Ahmed FS, Carr JJ, Hoffman EA, Jiang R, Kawut SM, Watson K. Subclinical atherosclerosis, airflow obstruction and emphysema: the MESA Lung Study. Eur Respir J 2012; 39:846-54. [PMID: 22034646 PMCID: PMC3616898 DOI: 10.1183/09031936.00165410] [Citation(s) in RCA: 103] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/05/2022]
Abstract
Airflow obstruction is an independent risk factor for cardiovascular events in the general population. The affected vascular bed and contribution of emphysema to cardiovascular risk are unclear. We examined whether an obstructive pattern of spirometry and quantitatively defined emphysema were associated with subclinical atherosclerosis in the carotid, peripheral and coronary circulations. The Multi-Ethnic Study of Atherosclerosis recruited participants aged 45-84 yrs without clinical cardiovascular disease. Spirometry, carotid intima-media thickness (IMT), ankle-brachial index (ABI) and coronary artery calcium (CAC) were measured using standard protocols. Percentage of emphysema-like lung was measured in the lung windows of cardiac computed tomography scans among 3,642 participants. Multiple linear regression was used to adjust for cardiac risk factors, including C-reactive protein. Decrements in forced expiratory volume in 1 s (FEV(1)) and FEV(1)/forced vital capacity ratio were associated with greater internal carotid IMT, particularly among smokers (p=0.03 and p<0.001, respectively) whereas percentage emphysema was associated with reduced ABI regardless of smoking history (p=0.004). CAC was associated with neither lung function (prevalence ratio for the presence of CAC in severe airflow obstruction 0.99, 95% CI 0.91-1.07) nor percentage emphysema. An obstructive pattern of spirometry and emphysema were associated distinctly and independently with subclinical atherosclerosis in the carotid arteries and peripheral circulation, respectively, and were not independently related to CAC.
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Affiliation(s)
- R G Barr
- Dept of Medicine, Columbia University Medical Center, New York, NY 10032, USA.
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The epidemiology of vascular dysfunction relating to chronic obstructive pulmonary disease and emphysema. Ann Am Thorac Soc 2012; 8:522-7. [PMID: 22052931 DOI: 10.1513/pats.201101-008mw] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/02/2023] Open
Abstract
Cor pulmonale has long been described in very severe chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) and emphysema. Cross-sectional results from population-based studies show that left ventricular filling and a variety of vascular measures in the systemic circulation are abnormal in preclinical COPD and emphysema and that a predominant vascular change in COPD and emphysema is endothelial and microvascular dysfunction. These findings suggest that pulmonary vascular changes may occur early in COPD and emphysema and might contribute to pathogenesis. However, longitudinal epidemiologic studies with direct measures of the pulmonary vasculature are lacking; therefore, inferences are limited at present. New imaging-based approaches to the assessment of the pulmonary vasculature are applicable to epidemiologic studies and may help in defining the relationship of pulmonary vascular damage to progression of COPD and emphysema. These measures may also provide imaging-based surrogate markers, and novel therapeutics targeted to the pulmonary vasculature might reduce symptoms and improve function in these common diseases.
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Andersgaard AB, Acharya G, Mathiesen EB, Johnsen SH, Straume B, Øian P. Recurrence and long-term maternal health risks of hypertensive disorders of pregnancy: a population-based study. Am J Obstet Gynecol 2012; 206:143.e1-8. [PMID: 22036665 DOI: 10.1016/j.ajog.2011.09.032] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/28/2011] [Revised: 07/27/2011] [Accepted: 09/29/2011] [Indexed: 10/16/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE The purpose of this study was to investigate the recurrence risk of hypertensive disorders in subsequent pregnancies and to explore the associations among hypertensive disorders of pregnancy and maternal cardiovascular risk factor profile and the development of cardiovascular diseases later in life. STUDY DESIGN We used population-based, cross-sectional data from the fourth survey of the Tromsø Study. RESULTS Preeclampsia in the first pregnancy increased the risk of recurrence in later pregnancies (relative risk, 6.6; 95% confidence interval, 5.5-7.9) compared with a normotensive first pregnancy. Women with a history of preeclampsia or nonproteinuric hypertension had an unfavorable cardiovascular risk profile. Hypertension was prevalent in 25% and 28% of the women, respectively. The carotid artery intima-media thickness and total carotid plaque area were significantly larger in women with previous preeclampsia. CONCLUSION A strong association between hypertensive disorders of pregnancy and an increased risk of atherosclerosis and cardiovascular diseases was demonstrated by the assessment of risk factors that can be potentially modified.
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AT1 Receptor Gene Polymorphisms in relation to Postprandial Lipemia. Int J Vasc Med 2012; 2012:271030. [PMID: 21941658 PMCID: PMC3176427 DOI: 10.1155/2012/271030] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/26/2011] [Accepted: 07/11/2011] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Background. Recent data suggest that the renin-angiotensin system may be involved in triglyceride (TG) metabolism. We explored the effect of the common A1166C and C573T polymorphisms of the angiotensin II type 1 receptor (AT1R) gene on postprandial lipemia.Methods. Eighty-two subjects measured daytime capillary TG, and postprandial lipemia was estimated as incremental area under the TG curve. The C573T and A1166C polymorphisms of the AT1R gene were determined.Results. Postprandial lipemia was significantly higher in homozygous carriers of the 1166-C allele (9.39±8.36 mM*h/L) compared to homozygous carriers of the 1166-A allele (2.02±6.20 mM*h/L) (P<0.05). Postprandial lipemia was similar for the different C573T polymorphisms.Conclusion. The 1166-C allele of the AT1R gene seems to be associated with increased postprandial lipemia. These data confirm the earlier described relationships between the renin-angiotensin axis and triglyceride metabolism.
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Kim JY, Hong JW, Rhee SY, Kim CS, Kim DJ, Lee EJ. Carotid atheromatic plaque is commonly associated with hypopituitary men. Pituitary 2011; 14:105-11. [PMID: 20981493 DOI: 10.1007/s11102-010-0265-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
Hypopituitarism increases the risks of many cardiovascular conditions and therefore, patients with this disease are more prone to cardiovascular disease. To our knowledge, there have been few studies on carotid artery plaque in male patients with hypopituitarism in assessing cardiovascular risks. The aim of this study was to specifically compare carotid artery plaque while examining other major cardiovascular risk factors between male patients with hypopituitarism and control subjects. Forty male patients aged 30-70 years with hypopituitarism and forty age, sex- matched control subjects were recruited at the Yonsei University Severance Hospital, Seoul, Korea. Carotid intima media thickness (IMT) and atheromatous plaque, anthropometry, lipid profile, and pituitary hormones were assessed. Atheromatous plaque in the carotid arteries was observed more frequently in patients with hypopituitarism than age- and sex-matched control subjects (59.5% vs. 2.5%, P<0.01) without differences of carotid IMTs. Patients with hypopituitarism also exhibited higher waist circumference, waist to hip ratio, total cholesterol and LDL cholesterol than control subjects. In subgroup analysis in male patients with hypopituitarism including GH deficiency, lower testosterone levels were associated with higher waist circumference (r=0.446, P=0.033). In conclusion, hypopituitary males exhibit an increased incidence of carotid artery plaque without differences of carotid IMTs, central obesity and higher total cholesterol level. Lower testosterone levels were associated with central obesity- a strong component of a metabolic syndrome, and unsubstituted testosterone deficiency might be an important cardiovascular risk factor in patients with hypopituitarism.
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Affiliation(s)
- Joo Young Kim
- Endocrinology, Internal Medicine, Institute of Endocrine Research, Yonsei University College of Medicine, 250 Seongsanno Seodaemun-Gu, 120-752 Seoul, Korea
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Pharmacogenetic interactions between Angiotensin-converting enzyme insertion/deletion polymorphism and response to cibenzoline in patients with hypertrophic obstructive cardiomyopathy. J Cardiovasc Pharmacol 2010; 55:506-10. [PMID: 20179607 DOI: 10.1097/fjc.0b013e3181d8bc4b] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/25/2023]
Abstract
Cibenzoline, a Class I antiarrhythmic agent, can attenuate the left ventricular pressure gradient (LVPG) in patients with hypertrophic obstructive cardiomyopathy (HOCM). An association between the insertion/deletion polymorphism of the angiotensin-converting enzyme (ACE) gene and the progression of left ventricular hypertrophy in patients with hypertrophic cardiomyopathy has been reported. The aim of this study was to investigate the pharmacogenetic interactions between the ACE insertion/deletion polymorphism and the response to cibenzoline in patients with HOCM. Twenty-four patients with HOCM participated in this study. The LVPG and left ventricular function were measured by echocardiography before and 2 hours after administration of a single oral dose of 200 mg cibenzoline. The ACE insertion/deletion polymorphism was genotyped. The frequencies of the genotypes D/D, D/I, and I/I were 16%, 42%, and 42%, respectively. Before administration of cibenzoline, the LVPG was higher in patients with the D allele than in those without it (105 +/- 47 mm Hg versus 64 +/- 24 mm Hg, P = 0.0195). After administration of cibenzoline, the LVPG significantly decreased to 41 +/- 27 mm Hg in those with the D allele (P = 0.0001) and to 33 +/- 24 mm Hg in those without it (P = 0.0003). The LVPG in patients with the D allele was significantly decreased by cibenzoline when compared with patients without the allele (64 +/- 45 mm Hg versus 31 +/- 17 mm Hg, P = 0.038). Patients with HOCM with the ACE D allele had a high LVPG. Cibenzoline was more effective in patients with HOCM with the ACE D allele.
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Nieminen T, Kähönen M, Lehtimäki T. The effects of apoA-I/C-III/A-IV, apoE and apoB polymorphisms on carotid artery intima-media thickness. Future Cardiol 2010; 2:179-86. [PMID: 19804074 DOI: 10.2217/14796678.2.2.179] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Different apolipoprotein combinations explain most of the functional differences between plasma lipoproteins. This emphasizes the pivotal role of apolipoproteins in the homeostasis and physiological control of lipid metabolism. Genetic polymorphisms of apolipoprotein (apo)A-I/C-III/A-IV, apoE and apoB have been suggested to modulate plasma lipid levels as well as the risk of coronary artery disease and stroke. Carotid artery intima-media thickness has been shown to represent preclinical atherosclerosis and has, therefore, been used as a surrogate in quantifying the early stages of atherosclerosis. The effects of the polymorphisms in apoA-I/C-III/A-IV and apoB on carotid intima-media thickness are poorly known. The corresponding influence of apoE polymorphisms has been studied more extensively, but the results are not yet conclusive. In this review, these results are presented in detail and the potential reasons and mechanisms for the discrepancies are discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tuomo Nieminen
- Department of Pharmacological Sciences, University of Tampere Medical School, FI-33014, Finland.
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Han SJ, Kang ES, Kim HJ, Kim SH, Chun SW, Ahn CW, Cha BS, Nam M, Lee HC. The C609T variant of NQO1 is associated with carotid artery plaques in patients with type 2 diabetes. Mol Genet Metab 2009; 97:85-90. [PMID: 19251446 DOI: 10.1016/j.ymgme.2009.01.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/23/2009] [Accepted: 01/23/2009] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Atherosclerosis in patients with type 2 diabetes has been linked to oxidative stress. NADP[1]:quinone oxidoreductase 1 (NQO1) plays a key role in cellular antioxidant defense. Recent reports suggest that highly expressed and inducible endogenous NQO1 from cardiovascular cells may act as a potential superoxide scavenger. We examined the relationship between the risk of NQO1 C609T polymorphism and carotid artery atherosclerosis in patients with type 2 diabetes. METHODS We recruited 601 (Seoul set) and 233 (Koyang set) unrelated patients with type 2 diabetes from independent groups. The C609T variant of NQO1 was genotyped by Taqman RT-PCR. Mean and maximum carotid intima-media thickness (IMT) and carotid artery plaques were measured by high-resolution ultrasonography. RESULTS Patients with the T allele exhibited a higher prevalence of atherosclerotic plaques than non-T allele carriers in both sets (Seoul set vs. Koyang set, p=0.021, p=0.023, respectively). After adjusting for age, sex, duration of diabetes, systolic blood pressure, body mass index, current smoking, HDL-cholesterol, LDL-cholesterol and HbA1c, subjects with the T allele had a significantly higher risk of carotid artery plaques (Seoul set vs. Koyang set, OR=1.65, p=0.015; OR=2.00, p=0.037, respectively) than subjects with the CC genotype. CONCLUSION These results suggest that the C609T polymorphism of NQO1 is associated with carotid artery plaques in type 2 diabetic patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Seung Jin Han
- Department of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Ajou University School of Medicine, Suwon, Republic of Korea
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Carotid plaque compared with intima-media thickness as a predictor of coronary and cerebrovascular disease. Curr Cardiol Rep 2009; 11:21-7. [PMID: 19091171 DOI: 10.1007/s11886-009-0004-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 140] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
Abstract
Atherosclerosis is the underlying cause of most myocardial infarction (MI) and ischemic strokes. B-mode ultrasound of carotid arteries provides measures of intima-media thickness (IMT) and plaques, both widely used as surrogate measures of cardiovascular disease. Although IMT and plaques are highly intercorrelated, IMT's role as a marker of atherosclerosis has been questioned, especially when measurements include the common carotid artery (CCA) only. Plaque and intima-media thickening may reflect different biological aspects of atherogenesis with distinctive relations to clinical vascular disease. Plaque measured in the carotid bulb or internal carotid artery is stronger related to hyperlipidemia and smoking and is a stronger predictor for MI, whereas CCA-IMT is stronger related to hypertension and ischemic stroke. Echolucent plaque morphology (ie, lipid-rich plaques) seems to increase the risk for MI and stroke. New evidence suggests that total plaque area is the most strongly predictive of cardiovascular risk of the ultrasound phenotypes.
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Paternoster L, Martínez González NA, Lewis S, Sudlow C. Association between apolipoprotein E genotype and carotid intima-media thickness may suggest a specific effect on large artery atherothrombotic stroke. Stroke 2007; 39:48-54. [PMID: 18063831 DOI: 10.1161/strokeaha.107.488866] [Citation(s) in RCA: 47] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/01/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND AND PURPOSE Apolipoprotein E genotype (APOE) influences cholesterol levels and ischemic heart disease. Although there is no convincing overall association with ischemic stroke, APOE may influence large artery (atherothrombotic) stroke, for which carotid intima-media thickness (CIMT) is an informative intermediate phenotype. We therefore performed a systematic review and meta-analysis of the association between APOE and CIMT. METHODS We sought all published studies assessing the association between APOE and CIMT. From each study, we extracted available data on study methods, subjects' characteristics, and mean (and standard deviation) CIMT for each genotype or genotype group. We calculated study-specific and random effects pooled differences in mean CIMT between genotype groups, and assessed heterogeneity between studies and predefined subgroups using I(2) and chi(2) statistics. RESULTS Meta-analysis of 22 published studies (30,879 subjects) showed a significant association between APOE and CIMT (pooled mean difference epsilon 4- versus epsilon 2-allele containing genotypes 46 microm, 95% CI 29 to 62, P<0.00001). We found evidence of small study (mainly publication) bias, with a diminished (but still highly statistically significant) association in studies of >1000 subjects (pooled mean difference 17 microm, 95% CI 12 to 23, P<0.00001). The association was larger among high vascular risk and eastern Asian populations, but this may simply reflect the smaller size of these studies. CONCLUSIONS Our results show a clear association of APOE with CIMT, even though publication bias means that this is overestimated by the published literature. These findings suggest the possibility of a specific association with large artery ischemic stroke.
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Crawford DC, Nord AS, Badzioch MD, Ranchalis J, McKinstry LA, Ahearn M, Bertucci C, Shephard C, Wong M, Rieder MJ, Schellenberg GD, Nickerson DA, Heagerty PJ, Wijsman EM, Jarvik GP. A common VLDLR polymorphism interacts with APOE genotype in the prediction of carotid artery disease risk. J Lipid Res 2007; 49:588-96. [PMID: 18056683 DOI: 10.1194/jlr.m700409-jlr200] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
The genetic factors associated with carotid artery disease (CAAD) are not fully known. Because of its role in lipid metabolism, we hypothesized that common genetic variation in the very low density lipoprotein receptor (VLDLR) gene is associated with severe CAAD (>80% stenosis), body mass index (BMI), and lipid traits in humans. VLDLR was resequenced for variation discovery in 92 subjects, and single nucleotide polymorphisms (tagSNPs) were chosen for genotyping in a larger cohort (n = 1,027). Of the 17 tagSNPs genotyped, one tagSNP (SNP 1226; rs1454626) located in the 5' flanking region of VLDLR was associated with CAAD, BMI, and LDL-associated apolipoprotein B (apoB). We also identified receptor-ligand genetic interactions between VLDLR 1226 and APOE genotype for predicting CAAD case status. These findings may further our understanding of VLDLR function, its ligand APOE, and ultimately the pathogenesis of CAAD in the general population.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dana C Crawford
- Department of Molecular Physiology and Biophysics, Center for Human Genetics Research, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, TN, USA
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van Rijn MJE, Bos MJ, Isaacs A, Yazdanpanah M, Arias-Vásquez A, Stricker BHC, Klungel OH, Oostra BA, Koudstaal PJ, Witteman JC, Hofman A, Breteler MMB, van Duijn CM. Polymorphisms of the renin-angiotensin system are associated with blood pressure, atherosclerosis and cerebral white matter pathology. J Neurol Neurosurg Psychiatry 2007; 78:1083-7. [PMID: 17220293 PMCID: PMC2117548 DOI: 10.1136/jnnp.2006.109819] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/04/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND The renin-angiotensin system is involved in the development of hypertension, atherosclerosis and cardiovascular disease. We studied the association between the M235T polymorphism of the angiotensinogen gene (AGT) and the C573T polymorphism of the angiotensin II type 1 receptor (AT1R) and blood pressure, carotid atherosclerosis and cerebrovascular disease. METHODS We genotyped over 6000 subjects from the Rotterdam Study and more than 1000 subjects from the Rotterdam Scan Study. We used logistic regression and univariate analyses, adjusting for age and sex with, for AGT, the MM and, for AT1R, the TT genotype as reference. RESULTS We found that AGT-235T increased systolic (p for trend = 0.03) and diastolic blood pressure (p for trend = 0.04). The prevalence of carotid plaques was increased 1.25-fold (95% CI 1.02-1.52) in AGT-TT carriers. There was a significant increase in mean volume deep subcortical white matter lesions (WML) for AGT-TT carriers (1.78 ml vs 1.09 ml in the reference group; p = 0.008). A significant interaction was found between AGT and AT1R, further increasing the effect on periventricular and subtotal WML (p for interaction = 0.02). We found a non-significant increased risk of silent brain infarction for AGT-TT carriers and AT1R-CC carriers, but no effect on stroke. CONCLUSION We found an association between AGT and blood pressure, atherosclerosis and WML. Also, we found synergistic effects between AGT and AT1R on the development of WML. These findings raise the question of whether the renin-angiotensin system may be a therapeutic target for the prevention of cerebral white matter pathology.
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Affiliation(s)
- M J E van Rijn
- Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, Erasmus Medical Centre, PO Box 1738, 3000 DR Rotterdam, The Netherlands
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Beach TG, Wilson JR, Sue LI, Newell A, Poston M, Cisneros R, Pandya Y, Esh C, Connor DJ, Sabbagh M, Walker DG, Roher AE. Circle of Willis atherosclerosis: association with Alzheimer's disease, neuritic plaques and neurofibrillary tangles. Acta Neuropathol 2007; 113:13-21. [PMID: 17021755 DOI: 10.1007/s00401-006-0136-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 161] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/05/2005] [Revised: 08/21/2006] [Accepted: 08/22/2006] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
Abstract
The role of intracranial atherosclerosis in Alzheimer's disease (AD) has been a subject of debate since the first decade of the last century. The initial "vascular hypothesis" of AD was rejected after a series of mid-twentieth century gross anatomical postmortem studies that showed an inconstant relationship between intracranial atherosclerosis and senile dementia. These early studies did not utilize statistical methods, however, and the investigators did not appear to consider the possibility that intracranial atherosclerosis might have a probabilistic, rather than an absolute, effect on AD risk. Recent studies by three independent groups have found a significant statistical association between postmortem measures of circle of Willis atherosclerosis and AD. The present study was undertaken to further address the validity of this association in a large autopsy series, including cases diagnosed neuropathologically with vascular dementia (VaD) and non-AD dementias. Postmortem gross anatomical grading of circle of Willis atherosclerosis was performed in 397 subjects classified by neuropathological diagnosis, including 92 non-demented elderly controls, 215 with AD, 30 with VaD and 60 with non-AD dementias. Circle of Willis atherosclerosis was more severe in subjects with AD and VaD than in control subjects, while it was equivalent between control subjects and subjects with non-AD dementias. Increasing atherosclerotic grade increased the odds ratios (OR) for the diagnoses of both AD and VaD and also increased the ORs for both increased neuritic plaque density and higher Braak neurofibrillary tangle stage. The significance of these associations was retained after consideration of the effects of age, gender and the apolipoprotein E-epsilon4 allele. The results suggest that the statistical association between intracranial atherosclerosis and AD is not an artifact of diagnostic misclassification or of unequal distribution of the apolipoprotein E-epsilon4 allele.
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Affiliation(s)
- Thomas G Beach
- W.H. Civin Laboratory for Neuropathology, Sun Health Research Institute, 10515 West Santa Fe Drive, Sun City, AZ 85351, USA.
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Spence JD. Technology Insight: ultrasound measurement of carotid plaque--patient management, genetic research, and therapy evaluation. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2006; 2:611-9. [PMID: 17057748 DOI: 10.1038/ncpneuro0324] [Citation(s) in RCA: 139] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/06/2006] [Accepted: 08/21/2006] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Various methods have been used to quantify atherosclerosis, beginning in the mid-1980s with ultrasound measurement of carotid intima-media thickness (IMT), and going on to coronary calcification assessed by electron-beam CT, measurement of carotid plaque by ultrasound, and measurement of carotid wall thickness by MRI. In recent years, it has become clear that carotid IMT, coronary calcification and carotid plaque reflect biologically and genetically different aspects of the atherosclerotic process, and will respond differentially to therapy. IMT represents mainly hypertensive medial hypertrophy; this measure is more predictive of stroke than of myocardial infarction, and is only weakly associated with traditional coronary risk factors. Carotid plaque area, on the other hand, is more strongly associated with traditional risk factors, and is more predictive of myocardial infarction than of stroke. A quantitative trait, called 'unexplained atherosclerosis', expresses the extent to which an individual has excess carotid plaque not explained by traditional risk factors, or the extent to which an individual is protected from traditional risk factors. Unexplained progression of plaque is an even more powerful tool for genetic research, because age, which accounts for the greatest proportion of baseline plaque, has much less influence on the rate of progression. Compared with IMT, measurement of carotid plaque volume by three-dimensional ultrasound reduces by two orders of magnitude the sample size and duration of treatment needed to evaluate new therapies. Measurement of carotid plaque is, therefore, an important tool for patient management, genetic research and evaluation of new therapies for stroke prevention.
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Debette S, Lambert JC, Gariépy J, Fievet N, Tzourio C, Dartigues JF, Ritchie K, Dupuy AM, Alpérovitch A, Ducimetière P, Amouyel P, Zureik M. New Insight Into the Association of Apolipoprotein E Genetic Variants With Carotid Plaques and Intima-Media Thickness. Stroke 2006; 37:2917-23. [PMID: 17095737 DOI: 10.1161/01.str.0000249011.94055.00] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND AND PURPOSE Carotid plaques and elevated carotid artery intima-media thickness (IMT) are major predictors of vascular morbidity and mortality. Our aim was to test their association with 2 polymorphisms of the apolipoprotein E (apoE) gene, epsilon and -219G/T. METHODS The study was performed on 5856 subjects aged > or =65 years recruited from the French population for the Three-City Study. Carotid ultrasound examination included an assessment of atherosclerotic plaques in the extracranial carotid arteries and a measurement of IMT in the common carotid arteries (CCA) at a site free of plaques. The genetic association was tested using genotype and haplotype analyses. RESULTS In a multivariate analysis including both polymorphisms and vascular risk factors, carotid plaques were more frequent in epsilon4 homozygotes (adjusted odds ratio=2.12, 95% CI=1.27 to 3.53) and less frequent in epsilon2 carriers (adjusted odds ratio=0.79, 95% CI=0.66 to 0.95) compared with epsilon3 homozygotes. Adjusting for and stratifying on lipid levels did not modify these results. CCA-IMT was higher in carriers of the epsilon34 genotype (mean CCA-IMT=0.744 mm versus 0.732 mm for the epsilon33 genotype, P=0.002), but the association disappeared after excluding subjects with carotid plaques. No association was found between the -219 polymorphism and either carotid plaques or CCA-IMT, and there was no interaction or cis-effect between -219 and epsilon. CONCLUSIONS This study, conducted on a large population cohort of French elderly, demonstrated that carotid plaques were significantly associated with the apoE epsilon polymorphism independently of the -219 polymorphism and vascular risk factors, in particular lipid levels.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stéphanie Debette
- Department of Neurology, University Hospital of Lille, Lille, France
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Bae Y, Park C, Han J, Hong YJ, Song HH, Shin ES, Lee JE, Han BG, Jang Y, Shin DJ, Yoon SK. Interaction between GNB3 C825T and ACE I/D polymorphisms in essential hypertension in Koreans. J Hum Hypertens 2006; 21:159-66. [PMID: 17066084 DOI: 10.1038/sj.jhh.1002110] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Abstract
Essential hypertension (EH) is considered a typical polygenic disease, so the evaluation of gene-gene interactions rather than the determination of single gene effects is crucial to understanding any genetic influences. The G-protein beta3-subunit (GNB3) 825T allele, associated with enhanced G-protein signalling, is a strong candidate for interactions with polymorphisms, such as insertion/deletion (I/D) polymorphism of angiotensin I-converting enzyme (ACE) gene. We investigated whether there is an association between GNB3 C825T and ACE I/D polymorphisms for the development of EH. We carried out a case-control study of 688 hypertensive and 924 normotensive subjects recruited from South Korea. The GNB3 C825T and ACE I/D genotypes were determined by polymerase chain reaction (PCR) and PCR-restriction fragment length polymorphism methods, respectively. The distributions of alleles and genotypes for the GNB3 C825T and ACE I/D polymorphisms were not found to be significantly associated with hypertensive status in either males or females. Logistic regression analysis indicated that the GNB3 825T allele carriers were positively associated with EH in males (odds ratio (OR) for TT/CT, 1.459; 95% confidence interval (CI), 1.048-2.033, P=0.0255). In analysis of gene-gene interaction, we found that there was a significant interaction between the GNB3 825T and ACE D alleles (P<0.05). OR for EH was significantly higher in 825T allele carriers with ACE D allele (OR, 1.490; 95% CI, 1.117-1.987, P=0.0067). A significant interaction between the GNB3 825T and the ACE D alleles may contribute to the predisposing effect for the development of EH in Koreans.
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Affiliation(s)
- Y Bae
- Cardiovascular Genome Center, Yonsei University College of Medicine, Seoul, Republic of Korea
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Völzke H, Kleine V, Robinson DM, Grimm R, Hertwig S, Schwahn C, Eckel L, Rettig R. Renin-angiotensin system and haemostasis gene polymorphisms and outcome after coronary artery bypass graft surgery. Int J Cardiol 2006; 98:133-9. [PMID: 15676177 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijcard.2004.03.058] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/15/2003] [Accepted: 03/05/2004] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Coronary artery bypass graft surgery is associated with a considerable 2-year mortality rate. Gene polymorphisms of the renin-angiotensin system may be associated with the risk of hypertension and cardiovascular disease. The angiotensin I-converting enzyme DD genotype has recently been identified as independent predictor of the outcome after coronary artery bypass graft surgery. Genetic factors of the clotting system may be related to the risk of myocardial infarction and restenosis after coronary interventions. The aims of the present study were to investigate whether gene polymorphisms of the renin-angiotensin system (angiotensinogen 235 M/T, angiotensin II type 1 receptor 1166 A/C) or the clotting system (glycoprotein IIIa PlA1/PlA2 and factor V Leiden 1691 G/A) are associated with the outcome after coronary artery bypass grafting. METHODS A study population of 247 patients was followed-up 2 years after coronary artery bypass graft surgery. The primary end-point was total mortality. The secondary end-point was mortality from cardiac cause or the need for myocardial revascularization (percutaneous coronary interventions or recurrent surgery) during follow-up. Geno typing was performed by polymerase chain reaction- and restriction fragment length polymorphism-based techniques. RESULTS An older age and the non-use of the internal mammary artery graft were identified as independent predictors of the primary end-point after coronary artery bypass grafting. A decreased left ventricular ejection fraction was an independent predictor for the secondary end-point. No association was found between any of the genetic factors and the outcomes after coronary artery bypass graft surgery in the main factor regression models. However, the angiotensin II type 1 receptor 1166 A/C gene polymorphism modulated the effects of age on the primary end-point, and the angiotensinogen 235 M/T gene polymorphism modulated the effects of age on the secondary end-point. CONCLUSION We conclude that there are interactions between the angiotensin II type 1 receptor 1166 A/C as well as the angiotensinogen 235 M/T gene polymorphism and age with respect to the outcome after coronary artery bypass graft surgery. The glycoprotein IIIa PlA1/PlA2 and the factor V Leiden 1691 G/A gene polymorphisms were not associated with mid-term mortality or cardiac morbidity after coronary artery bypass grafting.
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Affiliation(s)
- Henry Völzke
- Department of Epidemiology and Social Medicine, Ernst Moritz Arndt University, Walther Rathenau Str. 48, D-17487 Greifswald, Germany.
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Schäfer E, Weger M, Birgül T, Renner W, Stanger O, Steinbrugger I, Schmut O, Temmel W, Haas A. Angiotensin-converting enzyme insertion/deletion polymorphism and retinal artery occlusion. ACTA OPHTHALMOLOGICA SCANDINAVICA 2006; 84:305-8. [PMID: 16704688 DOI: 10.1111/j.1600-0420.2006.00656.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE An insertion/deletion (I/D) polymorphism of the gene for angiotensin-converting enzyme (ACE) is associated with higher ACE plasma levels and activity. This enzyme is known to play an important role in blood pressure regulation and the ACE I/D gene polymorphism has been suggested as a risk factor for atherosclerotic vascular diseases. The purpose of the present study was to investigate a hypothesized association between the ACE I/D polymorphism and retinal artery occlusion (RAO). METHODS A total of 159 patients with RAO and 304 control subjects were enrolled in the present retrospective case-control study. ACE I/D genotypes were determined by polymerase chain reaction. RESULTS Allelic frequencies and genotype distribution of the ACE I/D polymorphism did not significantly differ between patients and control subjects (ACE DD 25.8% versus 28.0%; p = 0.36). A logistic regression analysis predicted the presence of RAO by arterial hypertension and current smoking status, but not by ACE I/D genotypes. CONCLUSION Our data suggest that the ACE I/D polymorphism is not a major risk factor for RAO.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elke Schäfer
- Department of Ophthalmology, Medical University Graz, Graz, Austria
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Oei HHS, Sayed-Tabatabaei FA, Hofman A, Oudkerk M, van Duijn CM, Witteman JCM. The association between angiotensin-converting enzyme gene polymorphism and coronary calcification. The Rotterdam Coronary Calcification Study. Atherosclerosis 2006; 182:169-73. [PMID: 16115488 DOI: 10.1016/j.atherosclerosis.2005.01.040] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/08/2004] [Revised: 01/06/2005] [Accepted: 01/17/2005] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND An insertion/deletion (I/D) polymorphism in the gene encoding angiotensin-converting enzyme (ACE) has been associated with serum ACE levels. The association between the ACE I/D polymorphism and coronary heart disease is unclear. Electron-beam-computed tomography (EBT) is a technique to non-invasively quantify the amount of coronary calcification. We investigated the association between the ACE I/D polymorphism and coronary calcification. METHODS AND RESULTS The Rotterdam Coronary Calcification Study is a population-based study in subjects aged 55 years and over. EBT scanning was performed in 2013 participants. Coronary calcification was quantified according to the Agatston score. The ACE I/D polymorphism was available for 1976 subjects. Geometric mean calcium scores in men with the II, ID and DD genotype were 167, 207 and 219, respectively. However, the difference in calcium score (p=0.19 for ID versus II; p=0.15 for DD versus II) and the trend (ptrend=0.17) were not significant. Calcium scores in women with the II, ID and DD genotype were 44, 42 and 36, respectively. There were no significant differences in calcium score (p=0.78 for ID versus II; p=0.29 for DD versus II), neither was the trend (ptrend=0.27). After we stratified on cardiovascular risk factors, no associations were present. CONCLUSION The present study failed to show an association between the ACE I/D polymorphism and coronary calcification in the general population. Also, no significant associations were present between the ACE I/D polymorphism and coronary calcification in strata of cardiovascular risk factors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hok-Hay S Oei
- Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, Erasmus MC, P.O. Box 1738, 3000 DR Rotterdam, The Netherlands
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Zhu S, Meng QH. Association of angiotensin II type 1 receptor gene polymorphism with carotid atherosclerosis. Clin Chem Lab Med 2006; 44:282-4. [PMID: 16519598 DOI: 10.1515/cclm.2006.048] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
Abstract
Abstract
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Affiliation(s)
- Shiming Zhu
- Department of Medicine, Jinan Central Hospital, Clinical Medical College of Shandong University, Jinan, China
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Bednarska-Makaruk M, Rodo M, Markuszewski C, Rozenfeld A, Swiderska M, Habrat B, Wehr H. POLYMORPHISMS OF APOLIPOPROTEIN E AND ANGIOTENSIN-CONVERTING ENZYME GENES AND CAROTID ATHEROSCLEROSIS IN HEAVY DRINKERS. Alcohol Alcohol 2005; 40:274-82. [PMID: 15809232 DOI: 10.1093/alcalc/agh157] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/14/2022] Open
Abstract
AIMS To investigate the influence of apolipoprotein E (APOE) and angiotensin-converting enzyme (ACE) gene polymorphisms on carotid artery atherosclerosis in alcoholism. METHODS Polymorphism of both genes was identified by DNA analysis in 130 male alcohol-dependent patients. Intima-media thickness (IMT) was measured ultrasonographically. RESULTS Multivariate regression analysis showed that of all the known risk factors the greatest impact on carotid atherosclerosis in alcoholics was exerted by age, hypertension, LDL cholesterol and fasting plasma glucose levels. Subjects carrying the APO E epsilon4 allele were more liable to develop atherosclerotic changes in carotid arteries compared with subjects with the epsilon3/3 genotype, which showed statistical significance in patients under 50 years of age. No association was shown between ACE I/D polymorphism and carotid atherosclerosis. CONCLUSIONS APO E polymorphism can increase the risk of carotid atherosclerosis development in an alcoholic subject. The association of the APO E epsilon4 allele with carotid atherosclerosis was significant in younger patients. Since the elevated carotid IMT is considered to be a good marker of increased risk of generalized atherosclerosis the consequences could involve both cardiac and cerebrovascular events.
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Ormezzano O, Cracowski JL, Mallion JM, Poirier O, Bessard J, Briançon S, François P, Baguet JP. F2-Isoprostane level is associated with the angiotensin II type 1 receptor -153A/G gene polymorphism. Free Radic Biol Med 2005; 38:583-8. [PMID: 15683714 DOI: 10.1016/j.freeradbiomed.2004.11.028] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/02/2004] [Revised: 11/16/2004] [Accepted: 11/23/2004] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
Abstract
Recent studies have shown that F2-isoprostane levels-a marker for lipid peroxidation-are increased in human renovascular hypertension but not in essential hypertension. Angiotensin II specifically stimulates F2-isoprostane production through activation of the AT1 receptor. The objective was to determine whether there is a relationship between the level of oxidative stress evaluated by measuring urinary F2-isoprostanes levels and polymorphisms of genes involved in the renine angiotensin aldosterone system (RAAS) regulation. The population studied included 100 subjects, 65 of whom were healthy normotensives; the other 35 were suffering from untreated, essential hypertension. The polymorphisms studied concern the genes encoding angiotensin I-converting enzyme (ACE/in16del/ins), angiotensin II receptor type I (AGTR1/A+39C[A+1166C] and AGTR1/A-153G), angiotensinogen (AGT/M235T), and aldosterone synthase (CYP11B2/T344C). Oxidative stress was evaluated by measuring urinary F2-isoprostanes levels. The characteristics of the population were as follows: men/women = 46/56; age = 50 +/- 10 years; BMI = 24 +/- 3 kg/m2; SBP = 131.7 +/- 17.2 mm Hg; DBP = 84.6 +/- 10.4 mm Hg. In univariate analysis, urinary F2-isoprostane levels were significantly lower in the presence of the G allele of AGTR1/A-153G (56 +/- 17 vs 76 +/- 39 pmol/mmol creatinine; P < 0.001, and P < 0.01 after Bonferroni correction for 10 tests). In multivariate analysis, taking into account BP, age, gender, BMI, plasma glucose, and total cholesterol, the G allele of AGTR1/A-153G is linked independently to urinary F2-isoprostanes level (P < 0.01). Our data suggest that F2-isoprostane level depends at least in part on the A-153G polymorphism of the angiotensin II AT1 receptor gene. The clinical and prognostic relevance of this polymorphism requires further investigation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Olivier Ormezzano
- Service de Cardiologie et Hypertension artérielle, CHU Michallon, BP 217, 38043 Grenoble Cedex 09, France.
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Manolio TA, Boerwinkle E, O'Donnell CJ, Wilson AF. Genetics of Ultrasonographic Carotid Atherosclerosis. Arterioscler Thromb Vasc Biol 2004; 24:1567-77. [PMID: 15256397 DOI: 10.1161/01.atv.0000138789.11433.c1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 57] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
The search for genes related to the cause of common complex disorders such as cardiovascular disease has been frustrating, partly because of the many factors known to contribute to cardiovascular disease and the potential "distance" of cardiovascular disease as a phenotype from genes and gene products. Linkage and association studies for phenotypes more proximal in the pathway from DNA sequence variation to overt clinical disease, such as ultrasound-defined carotid atherosclerosis, may potentially be more enlightening. Only one genetic variant previously reported to be associated with atherosclerosis or clinically evident cardiovascular disease, matrix metalloproteinase (MMP) 3, has shown consistently positive associations with carotid disease, although it has not been studied widely. Another, PON1 L55M, is weakly associated in subgroups only, and 2, ApoE and MTHFR, are equivocal. Genetic variants reported to be associated with clinical cardiovascular disease show weak or no relationship to carotid atherosclerosis. This may reflect the known inconsistency in associations of genetic variants with clinical cardiovascular disease itself. Alternatively, genetic determinants of ultrasound-defined carotid atherosclerosis may differ from those of clinically manifest cardiovascular disease and may require pursuit through large-scale genomic studies of carotid atherosclerosis as a distinct phenotype. Only 1 genetic variant, MMP 3, has shown consistently positive associations with ultrasonographic carotid disease, although it has not been studied widely. Another, PON1 L55 mol/L, is weakly associated in subgroups only. Genetic variants reported to be associated with clinical cardiovascular disease show weak or no relationship to carotid atherosclerosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Teri A Manolio
- Division of Epidemiology and Clinical Applications, National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute, 6701 Rockledge Drive, MSC 7934, Bethesda, MD 20892-7934, USA.
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Corella D, Ordovas JM. The metabolic syndrome: A crossroad for genotype-phenotype associations in atherosclerosis. Curr Atheroscler Rep 2004; 6:186-96. [PMID: 15068743 DOI: 10.1007/s11883-004-0031-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
Abstract
The metabolic syndrome comprises a set of metabolic and physiologic risk factors associated with elevated cardiovascular disease risk. The expression of each one of its major factors (hypertriglyceridemia, low high-density lipoprotein cholesterol levels, hypertension, abdominal obesity, and insulin resistance) has been found to be the result of complex interactions between genetic and environmental factors. Moreover, obesity may play a major role in triggering the metabolic syndrome by interacting with genetic variants at candidate genes for dyslipidemia, hypertension, and insulin resistance. In support of this hypothesis, several studies at multiple candidate genes have already demonstrated the significance of these interactions; however, the data and their reliability are still very limited, and in many cases replication studies are still lacking in the literature. Therefore, more studies with better epidemiologic design and standardized adiposity measures are needed to estimate the contribution of body weight and fat distribution to the genetic predisposition to the metabolic syndrome, which is the most common cardiovascular disease risk factor in industrialized societies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dolores Corella
- Nutrition and Genomics Laboratory, Jean Mayer-US Department of Agriculture Human Nutrition Research Center on Aging at Tufts University, 711 Washington Street, Boston, MA 02111, USA
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Sayed-Tabatabaei FA, Schut AFC, Hofman A, Bertoli-Avella AM, Vergeer J, Witteman JCM, van Duijn CM. A study of gene--environment interaction on the gene for angiotensin converting enzyme: a combined functional and population based approach. J Med Genet 2004; 41:99-103. [PMID: 14757856 PMCID: PMC1735668 DOI: 10.1136/jmg.2003.013441] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/01/2023]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Studies on the role of the insertion/deletion (I/D) polymorphism of the gene coding for angiotensin converting enzyme (ACE) in atherosclerosis have been inconsistent. In a meta-analysis, we recently showed that this relationship is stronger in high risk populations. In this paper, we used a combined functional and population based approach to investigate the gene-environment interaction of the ACE I/D polymorphism in relation to carotid artery wall thickness. METHODS The study was part of the Rotterdam Study, a prospective population based cohort study. In 5321 subjects, IMT was measured in the carotid arteries by ultrasonography and ACE genotype was determined by size analysis of polymerase chain reaction products. RESULTS In multiple regression analysis, I/D polymorphism and smoking were the main determinants for plasma ACE activity (r(2) = 0.28). There was a positive association between the D allele of the I/D polymorphism and carotid artery thickness among current smokers (p = 0.03). Subjects carrying only one of the risk factors (smoking or the D allele) did not show significant differences in IMT compared with the non-/former smokers group carrying two II alleles, while carriers of both risk factors had significant higher IMT. The association was not present in non-/former smokers. DISCUSSION The results provide further evidence that genetic and environmental factors interact in the formation of the arterial lesions. This study shows that large population based studies can be extremely helpful in unravelling the genetic origin of complex diseases such as atherosclerosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- F A Sayed-Tabatabaei
- Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, Erasmus Medical Center, Rotterdam, The Netherlands.
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Sayed-Tabatabaei FA, Houwing-Duistermaat JJ, van Duijn CM, Witteman JCM. Angiotensin-converting enzyme gene polymorphism and carotid artery wall thickness: a meta-analysis. Stroke 2003; 34:1634-9. [PMID: 12805498 DOI: 10.1161/01.str.0000077926.49330.64] [Citation(s) in RCA: 74] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND AND PURPOSE Many studies have investigated the association between the angiotensin-converting enzyme (ACE) gene insertion/deletion (I/D) polymorphism and carotid artery intima-media thickness (IMT); however, most studies were small and conducted in selective samples. The aim of this study was to evaluate this association by performing a meta-analysis on published articles. METHODS We searched Medline for articles studying the association between the ACE I/D polymorphism and carotid IMT. Twenty-six studies were found; 23 articles containing 9833 subjects were qualified to enter the meta-analysis. We classified those articles on the basis of their samples into high-risk and low-risk populations and white and Asian ethnic groups. IMT was used as a continuous variable, and data were analyzed with the Cochrane Review Manager. RESULTS A significant positive association was present between the D allele and common carotid IMT (weighted mean difference between DD and II genotypes, 0.23 mm x 10(-1); P<0.01). The association was stronger among high-risk populations. The point estimates of DD versus II were higher than those of ID versus II. CONCLUSIONS Our meta-analysis showed evidence of a positive association between the D allele of the ACE gene and common carotid IMT. The overall results were concordant in both ethnic groups.
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Kohara K, Tabara Y, Igase M, Yamamoto Y, Jiang Y, Nakura J, Hiwada K, Miki T. Comprehensive studies of carotid atherosclerosis. Geriatr Gerontol Int 2003. [DOI: 10.1046/j.1444-1586.2003.00055.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
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Tabara Y, Kohara K, Yamamoto Y, Igase M, Nakura J, Kondo I, Miki T. Polymorphism of the Monocyte Chemoattractant Protein (MCP-1) Gene Is Associated with the Plasma Level of MCP-1 But Not with Carotid Intima-Media Thickness. Hypertens Res 2003; 26:677-83. [PMID: 14620921 DOI: 10.1291/hypres.26.677] [Citation(s) in RCA: 58] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
Abstract
Monocyte chemoattractant protein-1 (MCP-1) plays an important role in atherosclerosis. Recently, single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) in the MCP-1 regulatory region have been identified, and an in vitro study demonstrated that the SNP at position -2518 of the MCP-1 gene affected transcription of the gene. The purpose of this study was to clarify the association of the plasma level of MCP-1 and the SNP of the MCP-1 gene with carotid atherosclerosis in community-based subjects. The study subjects consisted of 325 community residents, aged 50 years or older (mean age, 70.5 +/- 9.4 years) and free from any cardiovascular complications. Carotid intima-media thickness (IMT) was measured in the right common carotid artery using ultrasonography. The plasma level of MCP-1 was measured by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA). The SNP of the MCP-1 gene was determined by the polymerase chain reaction (PCR)-restriction fragment length polymorphism (RFLP) technique. The plasma level of MCP-1 was significantly associated with IMT (r = 0.12, p < 0.05) and carotid arterial dimension (r = 0.13, p < 0.05). There was a significant difference in plasma MCP-1 level between the genotypes (AA, 166 +/- 36 ng/ml; GG + AG, 184 +/- 56 ng/ml; p = 0.036). Analysis restricted to the subjects not receiving antihypertensive drugs or other medication further increased the statistical significance. However, carotid IMT and carotid arterial diameter were not significantly different among the MCP-1 genotypes. Stepwise regression analysis for plasma MCP-1 revealed that the MCP-1 genotype was an independent determinant of plasma MCP-1 level. These findings indicate that plasma MCP-1 is associated with carotid atherosclerosis. Although -2518 SNP is associated with the plasma level of MCP-1, it was not directly associated with carotid atherosclerosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yasuharu Tabara
- Department of Medical Genetics, Ehime University School of Medicine, Ehime, Japan
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Kawamoto R, Kohara K, Tabara Y, Miki T. An interaction between systolic blood pressure and angiotensin-converting enzyme gene polymorphism on carotid atherosclerosis. Hypertens Res 2002; 25:875-80. [PMID: 12484511 DOI: 10.1291/hypres.25.875] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
Abstract
The insertion/deletion (I/D) polymorphism of the human angiotensin-converting enzyme (ACE) gene is a major determinant of circulating ACE activity, with the D allele being associated with higher ACE levels than the I allele. Thus, chronic exposure to high levels of circulating and tissue ACE may well predispose to vascular wall thickening and atherosclerosis. However, the effect of the ACE gene on carotid atherosclerosis remains controversial. We investigated the association between ACE gene I/D polymorphism and risk factor-dependent augmentation of carotid arterial remodeling in subjects with several risk factors for atherosclerosis. We evaluated sclerotic lesions of the common carotid artery with intima-media thickness (IMT) by ultrasonography in 184 patients (mean age +/- SD, 67 +/- 14 years old) and studied whether any risk factor-gene interactions were associated with carotid atherosclerosis. Out of the 184 subjects, 71 had the ACE II genotype, 87 the ID genotype and 26 the DD genotype. There was no significant difference in IMT among the three ACE genotypes. In total subjects, multiple regression analysis showed that age, total-cholesterol (T-C), and HDL-cholesterol (HDL-C) were significantly associated with IMT. However, the association between risk factors and IMT was genotype-specific. Systolic blood pressure (SBP) and HDL-C were significantly associated with IMT in ACE D carriers (DD+ID), but not in subjects with the ACE II genotype. Similarly, T-C was significantly associated with IMT only in subjects with the ACE II genotype. A general linear model of the interaction between the ACE genotype and the conventional risk factors showed that the SBP-ACE genotype interaction were significantly associated with IMT (F = 7.915; p = 0.005). This finding further supports the idea that analysis of risk factor-gene interaction could be a useful tool for deriving specific predictive information about the development of atherosclerosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ryuichi Kawamoto
- Department of Internal Medicine, Nomura Municipal Hospital, Ehime, Japan.
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Province MA. Searching for the mountains of the moon: genome scans for atherosclerosis. Curr Atheroscler Rep 2002; 4:169-75. [PMID: 11931713 DOI: 10.1007/s11883-002-0016-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
Abstract
Several research groups have begun mounting large, ambitious family studies to map genes for atherosclerosis, heart disease, and their major risk factors using whole genome linkage and/or disequilibrium scans. Some of the problems, pitfalls, and challenges of this exciting effort are examined and illustrated with lessons from an earlier mapping problem.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michael A Province
- Division of Biostatistics, Washington University School of Medicine, 660 South Euclid, Box 8067, St. Louis, MO 63110, USA.
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Tabara Y, Kohara K, Miki T. Polymorphisms of genes encoding components of the sympathetic nervous system but not the renin-angiotensin system as risk factors for orthostatic hypotension. J Hypertens 2002; 20:651-6. [PMID: 11910300 DOI: 10.1097/00004872-200204000-00022] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE The genetic background of orthostatic hypotension, an important risk factor for future cardiovascular morbidity and mortality, was investigated. DESIGN AND METHODS The study subjects comprised 415 community-dwelling individuals, who were free from any cardiovascular complications, aged 50 years or older (mean age 70.5 +/- 9 years). Basal systolic blood pressure (SBP) was measured twice in supine posture after resting for more than 10 min. The orthostatic change in SBP was determined at 1 min and 3 min after standing up. The maximum change in SBP after standing was determined. Orthostatic hypotension was defined as a decline in SBP greater than 20 mmHg. The polymorphisms of genes encoding components of the renin-angiotensin system and sympathetic nervous system, which play pivotal roles in postural change in blood pressure regulation, were determined. RESULTS There were no significant associations between the maximum change in SBP, the prevalence of orthostatic hypotension and gene polymorphisms of angiotensin-converting enzyme I/D, angiotensinogen M235T and angiotensin II type 1 receptor A1166C. On the contrary, polymorphism of the Gs protein alpha-subunit (GNAS1) T131C was significantly associated with the maximum change in SBP after standing [1.9 +/- 16 versus -3.6 +/- 16 mmHg (TT + TC versus CC), P = 0.008]. The prevalence of orthostatic hypotension was significantly different among GNAS1 genotypes (chi squared = 10.12, P = 0.011) and G-protein beta 3 subunit (GNB3) genotypes (chi squared = 6.12, P = 0.020). Multiple logistic regression analysis showed that both GNAS1 CC genotype [odds ratio (OR) = 2.79, 95% confidence interval (CI) 1.35-5.79, P = 0.006] and GNB3 C allele (OR = 1.78, 95% CI 1.06-3.00, P = 0.030) were independent risks for orthostatic hypotension. CONCLUSIONS These findings indicate that genes encoding sympathetic nervous components could be involved in the predisposition for orthostatic hypotension.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yasuharu Tabara
- Department of Geriatric Medicine, Ehime University School of Medicine, Shigenobu-cho, Onsen-gun, Ehime, Japan
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Tabara Y, Kohara K, Ohnishi M, Nakura J, Miki T. Gene for medical cost? J Am Geriatr Soc 2002; 50:775-6. [PMID: 11982687 DOI: 10.1046/j.1532-5415.2002.50181.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
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Kohara K, Tabara Y, Yamamoto Y, Igase M, Nakura J, Miki T. Genotype-specific association between circulating soluble cellular adhesion molecules and carotid intima-media thickness in community residents: J-SHIPP study. Shimanami Health Promoting Program. Hypertens Res 2002; 25:31-9. [PMID: 11924723 DOI: 10.1291/hypres.25.31] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
Abstract
Plasma levels of soluble forms of cellular adhesion molecules (CAMs) and their relationships with carotid intima-media thickness (IMT) were investigated in community residents. Plasma levels of soluble intercellular adhesion molecule-1 (sICAM-1) and soluble vascular cell adhesion molecule-1 (sVCAM-1) were measured by ELISA in 200 community residents in Japan. Carotid IMT showed a weak but significant positive correlation with the plasma levels of both sICAM-1 (r=0.175, p=0.013) and sVCAM-1 (r=0.19, p=0.0075). Gene polymorphisms of angiotensin converting enzyme (ACE) insertion/deletion (I/D), angiotensinogen (AGT) M235T, angiotensin II type 1 receptor (AT1R) A1166C and apolipoprotein E (apoE) were determined for each subject. The plasma level of sVCAM-1 tended to be lower in subjects with the ACE DD genotype than in those with the ACE ID and II genotypes (373+/-94, 421+/-133, 443+/-135 ng/ml, respectively, p=0.056). However, there were no genotype-specific differences in the plasma levels of soluble forms of CAMs for the other genes examined. In a separate analysis, the plasma level of sICAM-1 was significantly associated with carotid IMT in ACE D carriers (ID + DD) (r=0.28, p=0.002), AGT M carriers (MT + MM) (r=0.32, p=0.0045), and subjects with apoE4 (r=0.35, p=0.036). In contrast, the plasma level of sVCAM-1 showed significant positive correlations with carotid IMT in subjects with the ACE II genotype (r=0.33, p=0.0027) or AGT TT genotype (r= 0.22, p=0.015), and subjects with apoE E2/E3 or E3/E3 (r=0.16, p=0.043). Stepwise regression analysis showed that plasma sVCAM-1 was independently associated with carotid IMT in subjects with the ACE II genotype or apoE4 genotype. Similarly, the plasma level of sICAM-1 was independently associated with carotid IMT in AGT M carriers. These findings suggest that genetic background could be involved in the association between plasma CAMs and atherosclerosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Katsuhiko Kohara
- Department of Geriatric Medicine, Ehime University School of Medicine, Japan.
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