The expression of GAS5, THRIL, and RMRP lncRNAs is increased in T cells of patients with rheumatoid arthritis

Feasibility study of core training in knee injury recovery

Objectives

This study aims to investigate the effects of core and routine training on joint function, anterior tibia translation and balance in patients with knee joint injury.

Patients and methods

Between March 2021 and March 2022, a total of 70 patients (49 males, 21 females; mean age: 31.2±5.3 years; range, 17 to 44 years) with knee ligament injury or meniscus injury were included. The patients were divided into core training group (n=35) and conventional training group (n=35) by matching method. During the recovery process, the regular training group performed routine training, whereas the core training group engaged in core training. Both groups were trained for a total of eight weeks. After training, the Visual Analog Scale (VAS), knee Lysholm score, KT-2000 tibial anterior translation, and the star excursion balance test (SEBT) results were collected.

Results

The mean VAS scores in both groups were decreased from baseline values. The mean Lysholm score increased from baseline data; the degree of tibial anterior translation decreased compared with baseline data (p<0.05). The mean SEBT scores showed significant improvement over baseline data. In contrast with the routine training group, the mean VAS score of core training was lower and the total score of Lysholm was higher (p<0.05). When bending the knee at 90°, the mean tibial anterior translation was 3.87±1.23 mm in the core training group, significantly lower than in the regular training group (p<0.05). The SEBT results showed that, after eight weeks of training, healthy and injured legs in core training group exceeded those of the regular training group in the farthest distance (p<0.05).

Conclusion

Our study results indicate that core training is more successful than regular training in reducing pain, and it can ameliorate the dynamic balance stability of patients with knee injury.

The Role of Long Non-Coding RNA in Rheumatoid Arthritis

Rheumatoid arthritis (RA) is a chronic autoimmune disease that leads to joint damage and physical dysfunction. The pathogenesis of RA is highly complex, involving genetic, epigenetic, immune, and metabolic factors, among others. Over the years, research has highlighted the importance of non-coding RNAs (ncRNAs) in regulating gene expression. Given their dysregulation in numerous conditions, ncRNAs are thought to play a role in pathological processes. In RA, aberrant levels of circulating long ncRNAs (lncRNAs) are commonly observed in peripheral blood, along with their dysregulated expression in peripheral blood mononuclear cells and synovial tissue. This review discusses the involvement of lncRNAs in inflammation and the aggressive characteristics of fibroblast-like synoviocytes, a key cellular population driving RA progression.

Identification of serum exosomal lncRNAs and their potential regulation of characteristic genes of fibroblast-like synoviocytes in rheumatoid arthritis

Rheumatoid arthritis (RA) is a common autoimmune disease whose pathogenesis is poorly understand. Gaps in laboratory biomarkers cause a lack of clinically available strategies for the early diagnosis and treatment of RA. This study aims to identify serum exosomal lncRNAs as promising biomarkers and to unravel potential mechanisms by which they affect characteristic genes of fibroblast-like synoviocytes (FLSs) to induce RA malignant properties. RNA sequencing datasets of serum exosomes (GSE271161 and PRJNA911001) and FLSs (GSE103578, GSE122616, GSE128813, GSE181614 and GSE83147) were purposively mined. Visualization and functional enrichment of differentially expressed (DE) lncRNAs/protein-coding genes, screening of significant lncRNAs, and construction of competing endogenous RNAs (ceRNAs) and protein-protein interaction (PPI) network were carried out. Quantitative real-time PCR, receiver operating characteristic curve (ROC) and correlation analysis were conducted on the validation cohort. As a result, we screened a total of 131 serum exosomal DElncRNAs and 125 FLSs DEmRNAs, which were predominantly enriched in the proliferative, inflammatory and metabolic pathways. In-depth learning of DElncRNAs expression profiles was performed to identify models with better performance and lncRNAs with higher importance scores using 4 machine learning algorithms (SVM, KNN, RF, Logit), which led to the establishment of ceRNAs network linking serum exosomal lncRNAs and characteristic genes of FLSs. In short, we proposed that 4 RA-representative serum exosomal lncRNAs (DLEU2, FAM13A-AS1, MEG3 and SNHG15) may be applied as valuable indicators for laboratory tests, and their-mediated intercellular communication and ceRNAs network may regulate the characteristic genes of FLSs, thereby generating malignant phenotypes and adaptive synovial microenvironment in RA.

Roles of noncoding RNA in allergic rhinitis

BACKGROUND

Allergic rhinitis (AR) is one of the most common respiratory noninfectious diseases and chronic inflammatory diseases, the incidence of which has been increasing in recent years. The main pathological characteristics of AR are repeated inflammation, airway hyperreactivity, mucus hypersecretion, and reversible airway obstruction due to inflammatory cell response. AR occurrence is associated with various factors, including those of genetic and environmental origins. Noncoding RNAs (ncRNAs) are a group of RNA molecules that cannot be converted into polypeptides. The three main categories of ncRNAs include microRNAs (miRNAs), long ncRNAs (lncRNAs), and circular RNAs (circRNAs). NcRNAs play a crucial role in controlling gene expression and contribute to the development of numerous human diseases.

METHODS

Articles are selected based on Pubmed's literature review and the author's personal knowledge. The largest and highest quality studies were included. The search selection is not standardized. Several recent studies have indicated the relationship of ncRNAs with the development of respiratory allergic diseases. NcRNAs, including miRNAs, lncRNAs, and circRNAs, are important gene expression regulatory factors. We review the expression and function of ncRNAs in AR, their role as disease biomarkers, and their prospective applicability in future research and clinically. We also discuss interactions between ncRNAs and their influence on AR comprehensively, these interactions are essential for determining the underlying pathological mechanisms further and discovering new drug therapeutic targets.

RESULTS

NcRNAs can be used as biomarkers for early AR diagnosis, disease surveillance and prognosis assessment. Various categories of ncRNAs play distinct yet interconnected roles and actively contribute to intricate gene regulatory networks. They are also therapeutic targets and biomarkers in other allergic diseases.

CONCLUSION

This article demonstrates ncRNAs have a wide range of applications in AR treatment. The database covers three key areas: miRNAs, lncRNAs, and circRNAs. Additionally, potential avenues for future research to facilitate the practical application of ncRNAs as therapeutic targets and biomarkers will be explore. With further research and technological development, ncRNAs may provide additional innovative, effective solutions for AR treatment.

Analysis of long non-coding RNA RMRP in the diagnosis and prognosis of coronary artery disease

BACKGROUND

Long non-coding RNAs (lncRNAs) are abundant and closely related to the occurrence and development of human diseases. LncRNAs are known to play a key role in many cardiovascular diseases. The purpose of this study was to investigate the effect of the RNA component of mitochondrial RNA-processing endoribonuclease (RMRP) on the degree of coronary artery lesions and prognosis in patients with coronary artery disease (CAD).

METHODS

Patients who underwent coronary angiography (CAG) and dynamical-single photon emission computed tomography (D-SPECT) were selected as study subjects, and the results of CAG were reviewed, and the patients were grouped according to SYNTAX score. Evaluate the factors affecting SYNTAX scores. The follow-up analysis was conducted, and the endpoint events were major adverse cardiovascular events (MACEs). Kaplan-Meier method was used to estimate the survival rate, and multivariate Cox regression was used to analyze the relationship between RMRP and MACEs.

RESULTS

The expression level of serum RMRP in patients with CAD was significantly higher than that in healthy people. Multivariate Logistic regression analysis showed that age, low-density lipoprotein cholesterol (LDL-C), RMRP and rest left ventricular ejection fraction (LVEF) were independent factors that affected SYNTAX scores. There were 19 cases of MACEs in the high RMRP group and 9 cases in the low RMRP group, and there was a significant difference in the MACE free survival curve between the two groups. Multivariate Cox regression analysis showed that age, SYNTAX score, rest LVEF and RMRP were risk factors for MACEs.

CONCLUSIONS

Serum RMRP is a key factor affecting the degree of coronary artery disease and prognosis in CAD patients.

Molecular mechanism of lncRNAs in pathogenesis and diagnosis of auto-immune diseases, with a special focus on lncRNA-based therapeutic approaches

Autoimmune diseases are a diverse set of conditions defined by organ damage due to abnormal innate and acquired immune system responses. The pathophysiology of autoimmune disorders is exceedingly intricate and has yet to be fully understood. The study of long non-coding RNAs (lncRNAs), non-protein-coding RNAs with at least 200 nucleotides in length, has gained significant attention due to the completion of the human genome project and the advancement of high-throughput genomic approaches. Recent research has demonstrated how lncRNA alters disease development to different degrees. Although lncRNA research has made significant progress in cancer and generative disorders, autoimmune illnesses are a relatively new research area. Moreover, lncRNAs play crucial functions in differentiating various immune cells, and their potential relationships with autoimmune diseases have received growing attention. Because of the importance of Th17/Treg axis in auto-immune disease development, in this review, we discuss various molecular mechanisms by which lncRNAs regulate the differentiation of Th17/Treg cells. Also, we reviewed recent findings regarding the several approaches in the application of lncRNAs in the diagnosis and treatment of human autoimmune diseases, as well as current challenges in lncRNA-based therapeutic approaches to auto-immune diseases.

Expression analysis of Treg-related lncRNAs in neuromyelitis optica spectrum disorder

Neuromyelitis Optica Spectrum Disorder (NMOSD) is an autoimmune condition affecting the central nervous system, in which various kinds of immune cells, including T and B cells, and numerous cytokines and chemokines are implicated. LncRNAs modulating the function or differentiation of regulatory T cells (Tregs) may be involved in the pathoetiology of NMO. To assess the involvement of these lncRNAs in this disease, we studied the expression levels of TH2-LCR, MAFTRR, NEST, RMRP, and FLICR in NMO patients and healthy subjects. All of the lncRNAs listed were up-regulated in NMO patients compared with healthy controls. Although the interaction of group and gender factors significantly affected the expression of NEST, RMRP, and TH2-LCR genes, we detected no effect of gender factor on the expression of the examined genes. The highest expression correlation was found between RMRP and TH2-LCR among cases with correlation coefficient 0.73. ROC curve analysis indicated that TH2-LCR, MAFTRR, RMRP, and FLICR had significant prospective diagnostic power (AUC ± SD = 0.99 ± 0.002, 0.97 ± 0.01, 0.91 ± 0.01 and 0.84 ± 0.04, respectively). Best of these genes was TH2-LCR with AUC ± SD = 0.99 ± 0.002, sensitivity= 0.97, specificity= 1, P-value= <0.0001. RMRP and TH2-LCR had a positive correlation with age and age at onset and a negative correlation with EDSS. Cumulatively, TH2-LCR, MAFTRR, RMRP, and FLICR lncRNAs, particularly TH2-LCR, could be considered as potential contributors to the pathogenesis of NMO disease.

Efficient delivery of the lncRNA LEF1-AS1 through the antibody LAIR-1 (CD305)-modified Zn-Adenine targets articular inflammation to enhance the treatment of rheumatoid arthritis

BACKGROUNDS

Rheumatoid arthritis (RA) is a chronic inflammatory autoimmune disease characterized by synovial hyperplasia. Maintaining a balance between the proliferation and apoptosis of rheumatoid arthritis synovial fibroblasts (RASFs) is crucial for preventing the erosion of bone and cartilage and, ultimately, mitigating the progression of RA. We found that the lncRNA LEF1-AS1 was expressed at low levels in the RASFs and inhibited their abnormal proliferation by targeting PIK3R2 protein and regulating the PI3K/AKT signal pathway through its interaction with miR-30-5p. In this study, we fabricated a nano-drug delivery system for LEF1-AS1 using Zn-Adenine nanoparticles (NPs) as a novel therapeutic strategy against RA.

METHODS

The expression levels of LEF1-AS1, miR-30-5p, PIK3R2, p-PI3K, and p-AKT were detected in the primary RASFs and a human fibroblast-like synovial cell line (HFLS). Zn-Adenine nanoparticles (NPs) were functionalized with anti-CD305 antibody to construct (Zn-Adenine)@Ab. These NPs were then loaded with LEF1-AS1 to form (Zn-Adenine)@Ab@lncRNA LEF1-AS1. Finally, the (Zn-Adenine)@Ab@lncRNA LEF1-AS1 NPs were locally injected into a rat model with collagen-induced arthritis (CIA). The arthritic injuries in each group were evaluated by HE staining and other methods.

RESULTS

LEF1-AS1 was expressed at low levels in the primary RASFs. High expression levels of LEF1-AS1 were detected in the HFLS cells, which corresponded to a significant downregulation of miR-30-5p. In addition, the expression level of PIK3R2 was significantly increased, and that of p-PI3K and p-AKT were significantly downregulated in these cells. The (Zn-Adenine)@Ab@lncRNA LEF1-AS1 NPs significantly inhibited the proliferation of RASFs and decreased the production of inflammatory cytokines (IL-1β, IL-6, TNF-α). Intra-articular injection (IAI) of (Zn-Adenine)@Ab@lncRNA LEF1-AS1 NPs significantly alleviated cartilage destruction and joint injury in the CIA-modeled rats.

CONCLUSIONS

LEF1-AS1 interacts with miR-30-5p to inhibit the abnormal proliferation of RASFs by regulating the PI3K/AKT signal pathway. The (Zn-Adenine)@Ab NPs achieved targeted delivery of the loaded LEF1-AS1 into the RASFs, which improved the cellular internalization rate and therapeutic effects. Thus, LEF1-AS1 is a potential target for the treatment of RA.

The roles of lncRNAs in Th17-associated diseases, with special focus on JAK/STAT signaling pathway

One of the most crucial T cell subsets in a variety of autoimmune and chronic inflammatory illnesses is T helper (Th) 17 cells. Th17 cells appear to have an essential role in the clearance of extracellular pathogens during infections. However, Th17 cells are also involved in inflammation and have been implicated in the pathogenesis of several autoimmune diseases and human inflammatory conditions. Due to the involvement of Th17 cells in the onset of Th17-associated diseases, understanding molecular mechanisms of Th17 cell functions may open the door to developing tailored therapies to address these difficult disorders. However, the molecular mechanisms governing Th17 differentiation in various diseases are still not well understood. The JAK/STAT signaling pathway plays a critical role in immune responses and has been linked to various aspects of Th17 cell differentiation and function. In this article, we conducted a comprehensive review of various molecular mechanisms (JAK/STAT, microRNAs, etc.), that can affect the differentiation of Th17 cells in various Th17-associated diseases.

A review on the role of GHET1 in different cancers

Gastric cancer High Expressed Transcript 1 (GHET1) is an RNA gene located on chromosome 7q36.1. This non-coding RNA is involved in the pathology of different cancers. It can regulate cell proliferation, apoptosis and cell cycle transition. Moreover, it induces epithelial-mesenchymal transition. Up-regulation of GHET1 has been correlated with poor prognosis of patients with different malignancies. Besides, its up-regulation has been mostly detected in later stages and advanced grades of cancers. This review summarizes recent studies on the expression of GHET1, its in vitro functions, and its impact on the beginning and progression of cancer based on xenograft models of cancer.

M6A RNA methylation-mediated RMRP stability renders proliferation and progression of non-small cell lung cancer through regulating TGFBR1/SMAD2/SMAD3 pathway

Non-small cell lung cancer (NSCLC) has the highest mortality rate among all malignancies worldwide. The role of long noncoding RNAs (lncRNAs) in the progression of cancers is a contemporary research hotspot. Based on an integrative analysis of The Cancer Genome Atlas database, we identified lncRNA-RNA Component of Mitochondrial RNA Processing Endoribonuclease (RMRP) as one of the most highly upregulated lncRNAs that are associated with poor survival in NSCLC. Furthermore, N(6)-methyladenosine (m6A) was highly enriched within RMRP and enhanced its RNA stability. In vitro and in vivo experiments showed that RMRP promoted NSCLC cell proliferation, invasion, and migration. In terms of mechanism, RMRP recruited YBX1 to the TGFBR1 promotor region, leading to upregulation of the transcription of TGFBR1. The TGFBR1/SMAD2/SMAD3 pathway was also regulated by RMRP. In addition, RMRP promoted the cancer stem cells properties and epithelial mesenchymal transition, which promote the resistance to radiation therapy and cisplatin. Clinical data further confirmed a positive correlation between RMRP and TGFBR1. In short, our work reveals that m6A RNA methylation-mediated RMRP stability renders proliferation and progression of NSCLC through regulating TGFBR1/SMAD2/SMAD3 pathway.

Studies on the role of non-coding RNAs in controlling the activity of T cells in asthma

Bronchial asthma, commonly known as asthma, is a chronic inflammatory disease characterized by airway inflammation, increased responsiveness and changes in airway structure. T cells, particularly T helper cells, play a crucial role in the disease. Non-coding RNAs, which are RNAs that do not code for proteins, mainly include microRNAs, long non-coding RNAs, and circular RNAs, play a role in regulating various biological processes. Studies have shown that non-coding RNAs have an important role in the activation and transformation of T cells and other biological processes in asthma. The specific mechanisms and clinical applications are worth further examination. This article reviews the recent research on the role of microRNAs, long non-coding RNAs and circular RNAs in T cells in asthma.

Assessment of Treg-related lncRNAs in epilepsy

Recent studies have shown dysregulation of several groups of long non-coding RNAs in the context of epilepsy. According to evidence regarding the role of regulatory T cells in this disorder, we examined expression levels of regulatory T cell-related lncRNAs, namely TH2-LCR, RMRP, IFNG-AS1 (NEST), MAFTRR and FLICR in the blood of epileptic cases compared with controls. Expression of RMRP was lower in patients with refractory epilepsy compared with controls [expression ratio (95% CI) = 0.32 (0.13-0.8), adjusted p-value = 0.0008]. Besides, its expression was lower in refractory patients vs. non-refractory patients [expression ratio (95% CI) = 0.2 (0.1-0.41), adjusted p-value < 0.0001]. Expression of TH2-LCR was lower in refractory patients vs. controls [expression ratio (95% CI) = 0.4 (0.17-0.93), adjusted p-value = 0.0044] and in refractory patients vs. non-refractory ones [Expression ratio = 0.28 (0.19-0.58), p-value < 0.0001]. Expression of NEST was higher in total patients [expression ratio (95% CI) = 2.48 (1.15-5.27), adjusted p-value = 0.0012] and in both groups of patients compared with controls. However, its expression was not different between refractory and non-refractory cases. Similarly, FLICR and MAFTRR were over-expressed in total cases and both groups of patients compared with controls, but their expressions were similar between refractory and non-refractory cases. MAFTRR could differentiate between total epileptic cases and controls with AUC value of 0.8. This lncRNA could separate refractory and non-refractory cases from healthy controls with AUC values of 0.73 and 0.88, respectively. This study provides evidence for deregulation of regulatory T cell-related lncRNAs in epilepsy and their potential role as diagnostic markers in this condition.

Small molecule targeting long noncoding RNA GAS5 administered intranasally improves neuronal insulin signaling and decreases neuroinflammation in an aged mouse model

Shifts in normal aging set stage for neurodegeneration and dementia affecting 1 in 10 adults. The study demonstrates that lncRNA GAS5 is decreased in aged and Alzheimer's disease brain. The role and targets of lncRNA GAS5 in the aging brain were elucidated using a GAS5-targeting small molecule NPC86, a frontier in lncRNA-targeting therapeutic. Robust techniques such as molecular dynamics simulation of NPC86 binding to GAS5, in vitro functional assays demonstrating that GAS5 regulates insulin signaling, neuronal survival, phosphorylation of tau, and neuroinflammation via toll-like receptors support the role of GAS5 in maintaining healthy neurons. The study demonstrates the safety and efficacy of intranasal NPC86 treatment in aged mice to improve cellular functions with transcriptomic analysis in response to NPC86. In summary, the study demonstrates that GAS5 contributes to pathways associated with neurodegeneration and NPC86 has tremendous therapeutic potential to prevent the advent of neurodegenerative diseases and dementias.

Role of Liquid Biopsies in Rheumatoid Arthritis

Rheumatoid arthritis (RA) is a chronic autoimmune disease caused by genetic and environmental factors. Early diagnosis is crucial for effective therapy and prognosis of RA, while biomarkers play important roles in early diagnosis. Traditional laboratory tests include rheumatoid factor, anti-cyclic citrullinated peptide antibody, which are inadequate in the ability of early diagnosis. Liquid biopsy technology is a technique using biomarkers found in the blood, urine, and other biological samples from patients, including DNA, RNA, exosome, etc. Evidence indicates that these biomarkers are involved in pathological and physiological conditions of RA. We reviewed the effects of liquid biopsy technology in the early diagnosis of RA and may provide new ideas for effective and precise treatment.

Non-coding RNAs in immunoregulation and autoimmunity: Technological advances and critical limitations

Immune cell function is critically dependent on precise control over transcriptional output from the genome. In this respect, integration of environmental signals that regulate gene expression, specifically by transcription factors, enhancer DNA elements, genome topography and non-coding RNAs (ncRNAs), are key components. The first three have been extensively investigated. Even though non-coding RNAs represent the vast majority of cellular RNA species, this class of RNA remains historically understudied. This is partly because of a lag in technological and bioinformatic innovations specifically capable of identifying and accurately measuring their expression. Nevertheless, recent progress in this domain has enabled a profusion of publications identifying novel sub-types of ncRNAs and studies directly addressing the function of ncRNAs in human health and disease. Many ncRNAs, including circular and enhancer RNAs, have now been demonstrated to play key functions in the regulation of immune cells and to show associations with immune-mediated diseases. Some ncRNAs may function as biomarkers of disease, aiding in diagnostics and in estimating response to treatment, while others may play a direct role in the pathogenesis of disease. Importantly, some are relatively stable and are amenable to therapeutic targeting, for example through gene therapy. Here, we provide an overview of ncRNAs and review technological advances that enable their study and hold substantial promise for the future. We provide context-specific examples by examining the associations of ncRNAs with four prototypical human autoimmune diseases, specifically rheumatoid arthritis, psoriasis, inflammatory bowel disease and multiple sclerosis. We anticipate that the utility and mechanistic roles of these ncRNAs in autoimmunity will be further elucidated in the near future.

Biomarkers (mRNAs and non-coding RNAs) for the diagnosis and prognosis of rheumatoid arthritis

In recent years, diagnostic and therapeutic approaches for rheumatoid arthritis (RA) have continued to improve. However, in the advanced stages of the disease, patients are unable to achieve long-term clinical remission and often suffer from systemic multi-organ damage and severe complications. Patients with RA usually have no overt clinical manifestations in the early stages, and by the time a definitive diagnosis is made, the disease is already at an advanced stage. RA is diagnosed clinically and with laboratory tests, including the blood markers C-reactive protein (CRP) and erythrocyte sedimentation rate (ESR) and the autoantibodies rheumatoid factor (RF) and anticitrullinated protein antibodies (ACPA). However, the presence of RF and ACPA autoantibodies is associated with aggravated disease, joint damage, and increased mortality, and these autoantibodies have low specificity and sensitivity. The etiology of RA is unknown, with the pathogenesis involving multiple factors and clinical heterogeneity. The early diagnosis, subtype classification, and prognosis of RA remain challenging, and studies to develop minimally invasive or non-invasive biomarkers in the form of biofluid biopsies are becoming more common. Non-coding RNA (ncRNA) molecules are composed of long non-coding RNAs, small nucleolar RNAs, microRNAs, and circular RNAs, which play an essential role in disease onset and progression and can be used in the early diagnosis and prognosis of RA. In this review of the diagnostic and prognostic approaches to RA disease, we provide an overview of the current knowledge on the subject, focusing on recent advances in mRNA-ncRNA as diagnostic and prognostic biomarkers from the biofluid to the tissue level.

lncRNA-mediated synovitis in rheumatoid arthritis: A perspective for biomarker development

Long noncoding RNAs (lncRNAs) are a regulatory class of noncoding RNAs with a wide range of activities such as transcriptional and post-transcriptional regulations. Emerging evidence has demonstrated that various lncRNAs contribute to the initiation and progression of Rheumatoid Arthritis (RA) through distinctive mechanisms. The present study reviews the recent findings on lncRNA role in RA development. It focuses on the involvement of different lncRNAs in the main steps of RA pathogenesis including T cell activation, cytokine dysregulation, fibroblast-like synoviocyte (FLS) activation and joint destruction. Besides, it discusses the current findings on RA diagnosis and the potential of lncRNAs as diagnostic, prognostic and predictive biomarkers in Rheumatology clinic.

The Ifng antisense RNA 1 (IFNG-AS1) and growth arrest-specific transcript 5 (GAS5) are novel diagnostic and prognostic markers involved in childhood ITP

Background/aim:IFNG-AS1 is a long noncoding RNA that works as an enhancer for the Interferon-gamma (IFN-γ) transcript. GAS5 (growth arrest-specific 5) is a lncRNA that is associated with glucocorticoid resistance. Aberrant expressions of IFNG-AS1 and GAS5 are directly linked to numerous autoimmune disorders but their levels in childhood ITP are still obscure. This study aims to elucidate expressions of target lncRNAs in childhood ITP and their association with pathophysiology and clinical features of the disease as well as their association with types and treatment responses.

Method: The fold changes of target lncRNAs in blood samples from children with ITP and healthy controls were analyzed using quantitative real-time PCR (qRT-PCR).

Results: There were overexpressed lncRNAs IFNG-AS1 and GAS5 in serum of childhood ITP patients [(median (IQR) = 3.08 (0.2–22.39) and 4.19 (0.9–16.91) respectively, Also, significant higher IFNG-AS1 and GAS5 (p < 0.05) were present in persistent ITP (3–12 months) [ median (IQR) = 4.58 (0.31–22.39) and 3.77 (0.87–12.36) respectively] or chronic ITP (>12 months) [ median (IQR) = 5.6 (0.25–12.59) and 5.61 (1.15–16.91) respectively] when compared to newly diagnosed <3 months patients [IFNG-AS1 median (IQR) = 1.21 (0.2–8.95), and GAS5 median (IQR) = 1.07 (0.09–3.55)]. Also, significant higher lncRNAs IFNG-AS1 and GAS5 were present in patients with partial response to treatment [IFNG-AS1 median (IQR) = 4.15 (0.94–19.25), and GAS5 (median (IQR) = 4.25 (0.81–16.91)] or non-response [IFNG-AS1 median (IQR) = 4.19 (1.25–22.39) and GAS5 median (IQR) = 5.11 (2.34–15.27)] when compared to patients who completely responded to treatment (IFNG-AS1 median (IQR) = 2.09 (0.2–14.58) and GAS5 (median (IQR) = 2.51 (0.09–10.33). In addition, following therapy, the expressions of IFNG-AS1 and GAS5 are significantly negatively correlated with platelet count.

Conclusion: Findings suggest that lncRNAs IFNG-AS1 and GAS5 are novel diagnostic and prognostic genetic markers for childhood ITP that can aid in a precise prediction of the disease’s progress at the time of diagnosis and could be a useful tool for treatment planning.

The effect of long non-coding RNAs in joint destruction of rheumatoid arthritis

Rheumatoid arthritis (RA) is a systemic autoimmune disease accompanied with joint destruction. Serious joint destruction will eventually lead to disability and the decline of life quality in RA patients. At present, the therapeutic effect of drugs to alleviate joint destruction in RA is limited. Recently, accumulating evidences have shown that long non-coding RNAs (lncRNAs) play an important role in the pathogenesis of joint diseases. Therefore, this paper reviews the expression change and the action mechanism of lncRNAs in joint destruction of RA in recent years. A more comprehensive understanding of the role of lncRNAs in joint destruction will help the treatment of RA.

LncRNA ANRIL Promotes Autophagy Activation Through miR-16-5p/TLR4 Axis in Allergic Rhinitis

BACKGROUND

Allergic rhinitis (AR) is an allergic disease of nasal mucosa. LncRNAs are key modulators affecting AR development. Neverthelss, the impact of lncRNA ANRIL in AR is not clear.

OBJECTIVE

This work decided to study the mechanism underlying the impact of ANRIL on TLR4 expression through targeting miR-16-5p during autophagy and epithelial barrier dysfunction in the progression of AR.

METHODS

Human nasal epithelial cells were exposed to TNF-α to establish AR cell model, AR mice model was constructed by ovalbumin (OVA) treatment. QRT-PCR or western blot assays were applied to measure the levels of mRNA and proteins. Dual-luciferase reporter gene detection and RIP assay were conducted to verify the association between ANRIL and miR-16-5p. Autophagy flux assessment by mRFP-GFP-LC3 method was performed to detect autophagy level.

RESULTS

AR progression could induce the autophagy, and the expressions of tight junction proteins were downregulated in AR cell model. Moreover, knockdown of ANRIL reversed the effect of AR on autophagy-related protein and tight junction proteins MiR-16-5p was found to be bound with ANRIL and miR-16-5p inhibitor could reverse ANRIL knockdown-induced downregulation of autophagy-related proteins and epithelial barrier dysfunction. In addition, miR-16-5p directly targeted TLR4. Furthermore, knockdown of ANRIL reversed miR-16-5p and TLR4 expression, autophagy level, and tight junction protein levels in nasal mucosa of AR mice.

CONCLUSION

This study illustrated that ANRIL acted as a promotion factor in AR induced autophagy and epithelial barrier dysfunction by enhancing the expression of TLR4 via interacting with miR-16-5p.

Circulating long noncoding RNAs as novel bio-tools: Focus on autoimmune diseases

Long non-coding RNAs (lncRNAs) are an emerging class of non-coding RNAs that do not encode proteins. These RNAs have various essential regulatory functions. Irregular expression of lncRNAs has been related to the pathological process of varied diseases, and are considered promising diagnostic biomarkers. LncRNAs can release into the circulation and be stable in body fluids as circulating lncRNAs. A subset of circulating lncRNAs that exist in exosomes are referred to as exosomal lncRNA molecules. These lncRNAs are highly stable and resist RNases. Exosomes have captured a great deal of attention due to their involvement in regulating communications between cells. In conditions of autoimmune disease, exosomes play critical roles in the pathological processes. In this context, circulating lncRNAs have been shown to modulate the immune response and indicated as prognosis and diagnostic biomarkers for autoimmune diseases. This review highlights the role of circulating lncRNAs (particularly exosomal) as diagnostic biomarkers for autoimmune diseases such as rheumatoid arthritis, systemic lupus erythematosus, multiple sclerosis, psoriasis, and Sjögren's syndrome.

Levels of lncRNA GAS5 in Plasma of Patients with Severe Traumatic Brain Injury: Correlation with Systemic Inflammation and Early Outcome

Scientific efforts continue to concentrate on elucidating the complex molecular mechanisms underlying traumatic brain injury (TBI), and recent reports suggest that epigenetic regulation including long non-coding RNA (lncRNA) is involved. The present study aimed to investigate the plasma concentration of a long non-coding RNA, named growth arrest-specific 5 (GAS5), in a group of 45 patients with severe TBI (sTBI), and to analyze the correlations of GAS5 with TBI onset, injury severity, systemic inflammation, and early outcome of the patients. It was found that plasma GAS5 levels were substantially increased in sTBI patients compared with the relative controls (p < 0.001). Further, significantly higher expression of plasma GAS5 was observed in patients with a Glasgow Coma Scale (GCS) score of less than five (p = 0.002) or unfavorable outcome at discharge (p < 0.001). Circulating GAS5 expression had a negative correlation with GCS score (r = −0.406, p = 0.006), and positive correlations with white blood cell count (r = 0.473, p = 0.001), neutrophil count (r = 0.502, p < 0.001), and neutrophil/lymphocyte ratio (NLR) (r = 0.398, p = 0.007). Univariate and multivariate logistic regression analyses revealed that GCS score (OR = 0.318, 95% CI 0.132−0.767, p = 0.011) and GAS5 (OR = 2.771, 95% CI 1.025−7.494, p = 0.045) were the two independent predictors for early outcome of patients. The receiver operating characteristic (ROC) curves showed good prognostic values of GCS score (AUC = 0.856, 95% CI: 0.719−0.943) and GAS5 expression (AUC = 0.798, 95% CI: 0.651−0.903). Importantly, the combined use of them can improve the prognostic ability of TBI with an AUC of 0.895 (95% CI: 0.767−0.966). Collectively, our study indicated that the levels of lncRNA GAS5 in circulation were elevated following severe TBI and correlated well with injury severity and inflammatory parameters. In addition, GAS5 as well as GCS scores may have the potential to predict the early outcome of TBI patients.

Exploring the role of non-coding RNAs in autophagy

As a self-degradative mechanism, macroautophagy/autophagy has a role in the maintenance of energy homeostasis during critical periods in the development of cells. It also controls cellular damage through the eradication of damaged proteins and organelles. This process is accomplished by tens of ATG (autophagy-related) proteins. Recent studies have shown the involvement of non-coding RNAs in the regulation of autophagy. These transcripts mostly modulate the expression of ATG genes. Both long non-coding RNAs (lncRNAs) and microRNAs (miRNAs) have been shown to modulate the autophagy mechanism. Levels of several lncRNAs and miRNAs are altered in this process. In the present review, we discuss the role of lncRNAs and miRNAs in the regulation of autophagy in diverse contexts such as cancer, deep vein thrombosis, spinal cord injury, diabetes and its complications, acute myocardial infarction, osteoarthritis, pre-eclampsia and epilepsy.Abbreviations: AMI: acute myocardial infarction; ATG: autophagy-related; lncRNA: long non-coding RNA; miRNA: microRNA.

Functional Interactions Between lncRNAs/circRNAs and miRNAs: Insights Into Rheumatoid Arthritis

Rheumatoid arthritis (RA) is one of the most common autoimmune diseases that affect synovitis, bone, cartilage, and joint. RA leads to bone and cartilage damage and extra-articular disorders. However, the pathogenesis of RA is still unclear, and the lack of effective early diagnosis and treatment causes severe disability, and ultimately, early death. Accumulating evidence revealed that the regulatory network that includes long non-coding RNAs (lncRNAs)/circular RNAs (circRNAs), micro RNAs (miRNAs), and messenger RNAs (mRNA) plays important roles in regulating the pathological and physiological processes in RA. lncRNAs/circRNAs act as the miRNA sponge and competitively bind to miRNA to regulate the expression mRNA in synovial tissue, FLS, and PBMC, participate in the regulation of proliferation, apoptosis, invasion, and inflammatory response. Thereby providing new strategies for its diagnosis and treatment. In this review, we comprehensively summarized the regulatory mechanisms of lncRNA/circRNA-miRNA-mRNA network and the potential roles of non-coding RNAs as biomarkers and therapeutic targets for the diagnosis and treatment of RA.

LncRNA Expression Profiles in Systemic Lupus Erythematosus and Rheumatoid Arthritis: Emerging Biomarkers and Therapeutic Targets

Systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE) and rheumatoid arthritis (RA) are two common multisystem autoimmune diseases that share, among others, many clinical manifestations and serological features. The role of long non-coding RNAs (lncRNAs) has been of particular interest in the pathogenesis of autoimmune diseases. Here, we aimed to summarize the roles of lncRNAs as emerging novel biomarkers and therapeutic targets in SLE and RA. We conducted a narrative review summarizing original articles on lncRNAs associated with SLE and RA, published until November 1, 2021. Based on the studies on lncRNA expression profiles in samples (including PBMCs, serum, and exosomes), it was noted that most of the current research is focused on investigating the regulatory mechanisms of these lncRNAs in SLE and/or RA. Several lncRNAs have been hypothesized to play key roles in these diseases. In SLE, lncRNAs such as GAS5, NEAT1, TUG1, linc0949, and linc0597 are dysregulated and may serve as emerging novel biomarkers and therapeutic targets. In RA, many validated lncRNAs, such as HOTAIR, GAS5, and HIX003209, have been identified as promising novel biomarkers for both diagnosis and treatment. The shared lncRNAs, for example, GAS5, may participate in SLE pathogenesis through the mitogen-activated protein kinase pathway and trigger the AMP-activated protein kinase pathway in RA. Here, we summarize the data on key lncRNAs that may drive the pathogenesis of SLE and RA and could potentially serve as emerging novel biomarkers and therapeutic targets in the coming future.

HOTAIR and THRIL Long Non Coding RNAs and Their Target Genes in Rheumatoid Arthritis patients

BACKGROUND

Rheumatoid arthtritis (RA) is a chronic systemic inflammatory autoimmune disease characterized by irreversible joint damage and deformity. The aim of this study is to investigate THRIL and HOTAIR serum expression and their target genes in Egyptian RA patients and to evaluate their relationship to the clinico-pathological data.

METHODS

The present study included fifty-two RA patients and fifty-six healthy controls. RA patients were classified according to DAS28 score. All subjects were subjected to full history taking and clinical examination. Quantitative real time PCR was done to estimate the expression levels of serum THRIL and HOTAIR as well as their target genes tumor necrosis factor alpha (TNF-α) and metalloproteinase 2 (MMP-2) were estimated by ELISA techniques.

RESULTS

Results revealed that both THRIL and HOTAIR were statistically over expressed in RA patients compared to healthy group with p-value< 0.05. Results showed as well that the target genes for those long-non coding RNAs, TNF-α and MMP-2, were also significantly higher in RA patients compared to healthy controls.

CONCLUSION

Both THRIL and HOTAIR associated with their target genes, can be considered as diagnostic markers for RA.

Long Non-coding RNAs in Rheumatology

The last decade has seen an enormous increase in long non-coding RNA (lncRNA) research within rheumatology. LncRNAs are arbitrarily classed as non-protein encoding RNA transcripts that exceed 200 nucleotides in length. These transcripts have tissue and cell specific patterns of expression and are implicated in a variety of biological processes. Unsurprisingly, numerous lncRNAs are dysregulated in rheumatoid conditions, correlating with disease activity and cited as potential biomarkers and targets for therapeutic intervention. In this chapter, following an introduction into each condition, we discuss the lncRNAs involved in rheumatoid arthritis, osteoarthritis and systemic lupus erythematosus. These inflammatory joint conditions share several inflammatory signalling pathways and therefore not surprisingly many commonly dysregulated lncRNAs are shared across these conditions. In the interest of translational research only those lncRNAs which are strongly conserved have been addressed. The lncRNAs discussed here have diverse roles in regulating inflammation, proliferation, migration, invasion and apoptosis. Understanding the molecular basis of lncRNA function in rheumatology will be crucial in fully determining the inflammatory mechanisms that drive these conditions.

Emerging Advances of Non-coding RNAs and Competitive Endogenous RNA Regulatory Networks in Asthma

Asthma is a chronic inflammatory disease characterized by airway remodeling and bronchial hyperresponsiveness. A variety of effector cells and cytokines jointly stimulate the occurrence of inflammatory response in asthma. Although the pathogenesis of asthma is not entirely clear, the possible roles of non-coding RNAs (ncRNAs) have been recently demonstrated. NcRNAs are non-protein-coding RNA molecules, such as circular RNAs (circRNAs), long non-coding RNAs (lncRNAs) and microRNAs (miRNAs), which are involved in the regulation of a variety of biological processes. Mounting studies have shown that ncRNAs play pivotal roles in the occurrence and progression of asthma via competing endogenous RNA (ceRNA) regulatory networks. However, the specific mechanism and clinical application of ncRNAs and ceRNA regulatory networks in asthma have not been fully elucidated, which are worthy of further investigation. This paper comprehensively summarized the current progress on the roles of miRNAs, lncRNAs, circRNAs, and ceRNA regulatory networks in asthma, which can provide a better understanding for the disease pathogenesis and is helpful for identifying novel biomarkers for asthma.

LncRNA THRIL is involved in the proliferation, migration, and invasion of rheumatoid fibroblast-like synoviocytes

Background

Fibroblast-like synoviocytes (FLSs), which can migrate and directly invade the cartilage and the bone, are crucial players in joint damage in rheumatoid arthritis (RA). Nevertheless, the detailed mechanisms underlying the aberrant activation of RA FLSs remain unclear. Several studies have attempted to explore the relationship between long non-coding RNAs (lncRNAs) and RA pathology; however, the role of lncRNAs in RA is unknown. The present study aimed to determine the functions of tumor necrosis factor-α and heterogeneous nuclear ribonucleoprotein L-related immunoregulatory lincRNA (THRIL) in RA FLSs migration and invasion.

Methods

Small interfering RNA targeting THRIL or lentivirus overexpressing THRIL was used to knockdown or overexpress THRIL. Quantitative reverse transcription polymerase chain reaction (PCR) was employed for the detection of RNA expression. The proliferation rate of RA FLSs was measured using a 5-ethynyl-2'-deoxyuridine (EdU) incorporation assay. Migration and invasion were detected using a transwell chamber. Downstream targets were identified using a human cell cycle real-time PCR array and a human cell motility real-time PCR array.

Results

A significant decrease in THRIL expression was found in RA FLSs compared with cells from healthy control (HC)patients. THRIL is mainly localized in the nucleus. Knockdown of THRIL increased the proliferation, migration, and invasion of RA FLSs. In contrast, THRIL overexpression had the opposite effect. THRIL knockdown increased interleukin-1β (IL-1β)-triggered expression of matrix metalloproteinase (MMP)-1, MMP-3, and MMP-13. THRIL overexpression led to a significant decrease in MMP-13 expression in response to stimulation with IL-1β. Furthermore, we observed that the expression levels of cyclin-dependent kinase 1 (CDK1) and G2 and S phase-expressed-1 (GTSE1), both of which are associated with cellular mobility and proliferation, were downregulated with THRIL overexpression.

Conclusions

Reduced expression of lncRNA THRIL represses the proliferation, migration, and invasion of RA FLSs, suggesting that lncRNA THRIL might be a potential target for RA therapy.

Long noncoding RNA GAS5 in age-related diseases

Aging refers to a natural process and a universal phenomenon in all cells, tissues, organs and the whole organism. Long non-coding RNAs (lncRNAs) are non-coding RNAs with the length of 200 nucleotides. LncRNA growth arrest-specific 5 (lncRNA GAS5) is often down-regulated in cancer. The accumulation of lncRNA GAS5 has been found to be able to inhibit cancer growth, invasion and metastasis, while enhancing the sensitivity of cells to chemotherapy drugs. LncRNA GAS5 can be a signaling protein, which is specifically transcribed under different triggering conditions. Subsequently, it is involved in signal transmission in numerous pathways as a signal node. LncRNA GAS5, with a close relationship to multiple miRNAs, was suggested to be involved in the signaling pathway under three action modes (i.e., signal, bait and guidance). LncRNA GAS5 was found to be involved in different age-related diseases (e.g., rheumatoid arthritis, type 2 diabetes, atherosclerosis, osteoarthritis, osteoporosis, multiple sclerosis, cancer etc.). This study mainly summarized the regulatory effect exerted by lncRNA GAS5 on age-related diseases.

A novel lncRNA-protein interaction prediction method based on deep forest with cascade forest structure

Long noncoding RNAs (lncRNAs) regulate many biological processes by interacting with corresponding RNA-binding proteins. The identification of lncRNA-protein Interactions (LPIs) is significantly important to well characterize the biological functions and mechanisms of lncRNAs. Existing computational methods have been effectively applied to LPI prediction. However, the majority of them were evaluated only on one LPI dataset, thereby resulting in prediction bias. More importantly, part of models did not discover possible LPIs for new lncRNAs (or proteins). In addition, the prediction performance remains limited. To solve with the above problems, in this study, we develop a Deep Forest-based LPI prediction method (LPIDF). First, five LPI datasets are obtained and the corresponding sequence information of lncRNAs and proteins are collected. Second, features of lncRNAs and proteins are constructed based on four-nucleotide composition and BioSeq2vec with encoder-decoder structure, respectively. Finally, a deep forest model with cascade forest structure is developed to find new LPIs. We compare LPIDF with four classical association prediction models based on three fivefold cross validations on lncRNAs, proteins, and LPIs. LPIDF obtains better average AUCs of 0.9012, 0.6937 and 0.9457, and the best average AUPRs of 0.9022, 0.6860, and 0.9382, respectively, for the three CVs, significantly outperforming other methods. The results show that the lncRNA FTX may interact with the protein P35637 and needs further validation.

Long non-coding RNA growth arrest-specific 5 and its targets, microRNA-21 and microRNA-140, are potential biomarkers of allergic rhinitis

Objective

Long non‐coding RNA growth arrest‐specific 5 (lnc‐GAS5) and its targets (microRNA [miR]‐21 and miR‐140) are involved in the development and progression of allergic rhinitis (AR). However, the correlation of lnc‐GAS5 with miR‐21 and miR‐140 and their associations with disease risk, symptom severity, and Th1/Th2 cytokines in AR remain unclear. Thus, this study aimed to investigate this topic.

Methods

In total, 120 patients with AR and 60 controls were recruited. Nasal‐mucosa tissues were collected from all participants. Lnc‐GAS5, its targets (miR‐21 and miR‐140), interferon (IFN)‐γ, interleukin (IL)‐2, IL‐4, and IL‐10 were detected by reverse‐transcription quantitative polymerase chain reaction.

Results

Lnc‐GAS5 was elevated, while miR‐21 and miR‐140 was downregulated in AR patients than in controls (p < 0.001). In AR patients, lnc‐GAS5 was negatively correlated with miR‐21 (p < 0.001), miR‐140 (p < 0.001), IFN‐γ (p = 0.019), and IL‐2 (p = 0.039) and positively correlated with IL‐4 (p = 0.004) and IL‐10 (p < 0.001), individual nasal symptom scores (INSSs) for itching, sneezing, and congestion (p < 0.05), and total nasal symptom score (TNSS) (p < 0.001). Moreover, miR‐21 and miR‐140 were negatively correlated with some INSSs, total TNSS score, and IL‐10 and positively correlated with IFN‐γ and IL‐2 (p < 0.05).

Conclusion

Lnc‐GAS5 is negatively correlated with that of its targets (miR‐21 and miR‐140) in AR; meanwhile, lnc‐GAS5, miR‐21, and miR‐140 are correlated with disease risk, symptom severity, and Th1/Th2 imbalance in AR, suggesting the potential of these biomarkers in the development and progression of AR.

The Expression of Non-Coding RNAs and Their Target Molecules in Rheumatoid Arthritis: A Molecular Basis for Rheumatoid Pathogenesis and Its Potential Clinical Applications

Rheumatoid arthritis (RA) is a typical autoimmune-mediated rheumatic disease presenting as a chronic synovitis in the joint. The chronic synovial inflammation is characterized by hyper-vascularity and extravasation of various immune-related cells to form lymphoid aggregates where an intimate cross-talk among innate and adaptive immune cells takes place. These interactions facilitate production of abundant proinflammatory cytokines, chemokines and growth factors for the proliferation/maturation/differentiation of B lymphocytes to become plasma cells. Finally, the autoantibodies against denatured immunoglobulin G (rheumatoid factors), EB virus nuclear antigens (EBNAs) and citrullinated protein (ACPAs) are produced to trigger the development of RA. Furthermore, it is documented that gene mutations, abnormal epigenetic regulation of peptidylarginine deiminase genes 2 and 4 (PADI2 and PADI4), and thereby the induced autoantibodies against PAD2 and PAD4 are implicated in ACPA production in RA patients. The aberrant expressions of non-coding RNAs (ncRNAs) including microRNAs (miRs) and long non-coding RNAs (lncRNAs) in the immune system undoubtedly derange the mRNA expressions of cytokines/chemokines/growth factors. In the present review, we will discuss in detail the expression of these ncRNAs and their target molecules participating in developing RA, and the potential biomarkers for the disease, its diagnosis, cardiovascular complications and therapeutic response. Finally, we propose some prospective investigations for unraveling the conundrums of rheumatoid pathogenesis.

Long Non-coding RNA RMRP in the Pathogenesis of Human Disorders

RNA component of mitochondrial RNA processing endoribonuclease (RMRP) is a non-coding transcript firstly acknowledged for its association with the cartilage-hair hypoplasia (CHH) syndrome, a rare autosomal recessive condition. This transcript has been spotted in both nucleus and mitochondria. In addition to its role in the pathogenesis of CHH, RMRP participates in the pathogenesis of cancers. Independent studies in bladder cancer, colon cancer, hepatocellular carcinoma, lung cancer, breast carcinoma and multiple myeloma have confirmed the oncogenic effects of RMRP. Mechanistically, RMRP serves as a sponge for some miRNAs such as miR-206, miR-613, and miR-217. In addition to these miRNAs, expressions of tens of miRNAs have been altered following RMRP silencing, implying the vast extent of RMRP/miRNA network. In the present narrative review, we explain the role of RMRP in the development of cancers and some other non-malignant disorders.

GAS5 regulates viability and apoptosis in TGF-β1-stimulated bronchial epithelial cells by regulating miR-217/HDAC4 axis

BACKGROUND

Asthma is a serious respiratory disease that affects the physical and mental health of children. Airway epithelial apoptosis concomitantly mediated by transforming growth factor-β1 (TGF-β1) is a crucial component of asthma pathogenesis. LncRNA growth Arrest Specific 5 (GAS5), microRNA-217 (miR-217) and Histone deacetylase 4 (HDAC4) shown a close relationship with TGF-β1-induced injury of airway epithelial. However, the mechanism underlying TGF-β1-induced injury of airway epithelial in asthma still needs to be investigated.

OBJECTIVE

We aimed to investigate the effect and underlying mechanism of GAS5/miR-217/HDAC4 axis in TGF-β1-stimulated bronchial epithelial cells.

METHODS

The levels of were detected by quantitative real-time polymerase chain reaction (RT-qPCR). All protein levels were determined by western blot. Cell viability and apoptosis rate were assessed by Methyl thiazolyl tetrazolium (MTT) and Flow cytometry, respectively. The targeting relationship between miR-217 and GAS5 or HDAC4 was examined with dual-luciferase reporter assay.

RESULTS

TGF-β1, GAS5, HDAC4 were up-regulated, while miR-217 was down-regulated in bronchial mucosal tissues of asthmatic children and TGF-β1-treated BEAS-2B cells. TGF-β1 could reduce cell viability and induce apoptosis, while these effects could be reversed by downregulation of GAS5 or HDAC4. Mechanically, GAS5 acted as a sponge for miR-217 to regulate the expression of HDAC4. Furthermore, overexpression of HDAC4 rescued the effects of GAS5 knockdown on viability and apoptosis of TGF-β1-induced BEAS-2B cells. GAS5 knockdown induced cell viability and hampered cell apoptosis in TGF-β1-stimulated BEAS-2B cells by regulating the miR-217/HDAC4 axis.

CONCLUSIONS

The lncRNA GAS5/miR-217/HDAC4 axis played an important role in regulating TGF-β1-induced bronchial epithelial cells injury, thus contributing to asthma.

Long non-coding RNA GAS5 regulates Th17/Treg imbalance in childhood pneumonia by targeting miR-217/STAT5

The imbalance of helper T (Th) 17 and regulatory T (Treg) cells plays an important role in the pathogenesis of pneumonia. This study aims to investigate the role and mechanism of long non-coding RNA growth arrest-specific 5 (GAS5) in the differentiation of Th17 cells and Tregs in childhood pneumonia. Expression of GAS5, miR-217, signal transducer and activator of transcription-5 (STAT5), receptor-related orphan receptor γt (RORγt), and transcription factor Forkhead box P3 (Foxp3) were examined by qRT-PCR and western blot. The percentage of Th17 cells and Tregs in CD4⁺ T cells were measured by flow cytometry. The interaction between miR-217 and GAS5 or STAT5 was analyzed by luciferase reporter assay. Downregulated GAS5 expression and Treg cell percentage, and upregulated Th17 cell percentage were observed in pneumonia patients when compared with the healthy controls. Furthermore, GAS5 overexpression corrected the imbalanced Th17/Treg in peripheral blood CD4⁺ T cells derived from pneumonia patients, and this effect was reversed by miR-217 mimic and STAT5 silencing. Mechanistically, GAS5 acted as a sponge of miR-217 to reduce binding of miR-217 to its target STAT5, leading to upregulation of STAT5 expression. Taken together, GAS5 corrects the Treg/Th17 imbalance by targeting the miR-217/STAT5 axis in childhood pneumonia.

Dysregulation of lncRNAs in Rheumatoid Arthritis: Biomarkers, Pathogenesis and Potential Therapeutic Targets

Rheumatoid arthritis (RA) is a chronic autoimmune disease of unknown etiology, mainly manifested by persistent abnormal proliferation of fibroblast-like synoviocytes (FLSs), inflammation, synovial hyperplasia and cartilage erosion, accompanied by joint swelling and joint destruction. Abnormal expression or function of long noncoding RNAs (lncRNAs) are closely related to human diseases, including cancers, mental diseases, autoimmune diseases and others. The abnormal sequence and spatial structure of lncRNAs, the disorder expression and the abnormal interaction with the binding protein will lead to the change of gene expression in the way of epigenetic modification. Increasing evidence demonstrated that lncRNAs were involved in the activation of FLSs, which played a key role in the pathogenesis of RA. In this review, the research progress of lncRNAs in the pathogenesis of RA was systematically summarized, including the role of lncRNAs in the diagnosis of RA, the regulatory mechanism of lncRNAs in the pathogenesis of RA, and the intervention role of lncRNAs in the treatment of RA. Furthermore, the activated signal pathways, the role of DNA methylation and other mechanism have also been overview in this review.

The Interplay Between Non-coding RNAs and Insulin-Like Growth Factor Signaling in the Pathogenesis of Neoplasia

The insulin-like growth factors (IGFs) are polypeptides with similar sequences with insulin. These factors regulate cell growth, development, maturation, and aging via different processes including the interplay with MAPK, Akt, and PI3K. IGF signaling participates in the pathogenesis of neoplasia, insulin resistance, diabetes mellitus, polycystic ovarian syndrome, cerebral ischemic injury, fatty liver disease, and several other conditions. Recent investigations have demonstrated the interplay between non-coding RNAs and IGF signaling. This interplay has fundamental roles in the development of the mentioned disorders. We designed the current study to search the available data about the role of IGF-associated non-coding RNAs in the evolution of neoplasia and other conditions. As novel therapeutic strategies have been designed for modification of IGF signaling, identification of the impact of non-coding RNAs in this pathway is necessary for the prediction of response to these modalities.

Long non-coding RNA THRIL inhibits miRNA-24-3p to upregulate neuropilin-1 to aggravate cerebral ischemia-reperfusion injury through regulating the nuclear factor κB p65 signaling

Purpose: The aim of this study was to investigate the role of the tumor necrosis factor and HNRNPL related immunoregulatory long non-coding RNA (THRIL) in cerebral ischemia-reperfusion injury.

Methods: A rat middle cerebral artery occlusion/ischemia-reperfusion (MCAO/IR) model and an oxygen glucose deprivation/reoxygenation (OGD/R) cell model were constructed. THRIL was knocked down using siTHRIL. Neurological deficit score was detected based on the criteria of Zea-Longa. Brain region 2,3,5-Triphenyltetrazolium (TTC) staining and quantitative analysis of cerebral infarction volume, RT-qPCR, and fluorescence immunostaining were performed for assessing THRIL expression. MTT assay was used to detect the cell proliferation ability after transfection, TUNEL assay was applied to detect apoptosis, and western blot and ELISA detected related protein expression. A dual luciferase reporter system and RIP assay were used to confirm the target relationship.

Results: THRIL was upregulated in both in vitro and in vivo models of brain ischemia-reperfusion injury. Knockdown of THRIL attenuated OGD/R neuronal apoptosis and OGD/R-induced inflammation. THRIL targeted and regulated the expression of miR-24-3p/neuropilin-1 (NRP1) axis. THRIL silencing significantly improved the neurological functioning of rats in the MCAO/R model by miR-24-3p/NRP1/NF-κB p65 signaling pathway.

Conclusion: THRIL could aggravate cerebral ischemia-reperfusion injury by competitively binding to miR-24-3p to promote the upregulation of NRP1 and further promoted the activation of the NF-κB p65 signaling pathway.

Long Non-Coding RNA RMRP Contributes to Sepsis-Induced Acute Kidney Injury

PURPOSE

This study aimed to explore the role of the long non-coding RNA (lncRNA) RNA component of mitochondrial RNAase P (RMRP) in sepsis-induced acute kidney injury (AKI).

MATERIALS AND METHODS

Venous blood was collected from septic patients and healthy people. C57BL/6 mice who underwent cecal ligation and puncture (CLP) were used as in vivo models of septic AKI. Lipopolysaccharide (LPS)-induced HK-2 cells were employed as in vitro models of AKI. Flow cytometry analysis was conducted to detect cell apoptosis. Enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay and Western blot assays were used to detect levels of pro-inflammatory cytokines.

RESULTS

RMRP was upregulated in sera from patients with AKI and in LPS-induced cells. Knockdown of RMRP inhibited cell apoptosis and reduced production of inflammatory factors in LPS-induced cells, as well as alleviated AKI in CLP mice. RMRP facilitated inflammation by activating NACHT, LRR, and PYD domains-containing protein 3 (NLRP3) inflammasome. We found that microRNA 206 (miR-206) binds with and is negatively regulated by RMRP: miR-206 directly targets the 3' untranslated region of DEAD-box helicase 5 (DDX5) and negatively regulates DDX5 expression. By binding with miR-206, RMRP upregulated DDX5 expression. Rescue assays revealed that overexpression of DDX5 counteracted the effect of RMRP inhibition on cell apoptosis and inflammatory response in LPS-induced cells.

CONCLUSION

The lncRNA RMRP contributes to sepsis-induced AKI through upregulation of DDX5 in a miR-206 dependent manner and through activation of NLRP3 inflammasome. This novel discovery may provide a potential strategy for treating AKI.

microRNA-140: A miRNA with diverse roles in human diseases

MicroRNA-140 (miR-140) has been shown to be associated with the pathogenesis of a wide range of pathologies including osteoarthritis, osteoporosis, renal fibrosis, ischemic conditions, and most importantly neoplasia. This miRNA has been shown to be down-regulated in a diversity of cancers namely breast cancer, gastrointestinal cancers, lung cancer, and prostate cancer. miR-140 has a lot of immune-related targets. Moreover, several miR-140 targets regulate cell proliferation, cell cycle transition, and apoptosis. This miRNA has been shown to be sponged by a number of lncRNAs and circ-RNAs. miR-140 has essential roles in the determination of the sensitivity of neoplastic cells to chemotherapeutic agents such as temozolomide, doxorubicin, and cisplatin. Besides, expression quantities of miR-140 in cancer tissues can be used for the prediction of clinical outcomes of patients with neoplasia. In the present paper, we describe the impact of miR-140 in neoplastic and non-neoplastic disorders.

Involvement of long non-coding RNAs in the pathogenesis of rheumatoid arthritis

Long non-coding RNA (lncRNA) plays a contributory role in rheumatoid arthritis (RA). In this review, we summarized the current findings of lncRNAs in RA, including cellular function and the potential mechanisms. Serum lncRNA levels are associated with serum proinflammatory cytokines and disease activity. LncRNAs regulate proliferation, migration, invasion and apoptosis of RA fibroblast-like synoviocytes (FLSs), modulate the differentiation of T lymphocytes and macrophages, and affect bone formation-destruction balance of chondrocytes. Besides, lncRNAs are involved in inflammation and cell motivation signaling pathways. In-depth research on lncRNAs may help elucidate the pathogenesis of RA and provides clues for novel treatment targets.

Over-Expression of Immune-Related lncRNAs in Inflammatory Demyelinating Polyradiculoneuropathies

Long non-coding RNAs (lncRNAs) have crucial roles in the pathogenesis of immune-related disorders. However, their role in the pathobiology of inflammatory demyelinating polyradiculoneuropathies remains unclear. In the current study, we measured peripheral expression of four lncRNAs, namely TUG1, FAS-AS1, NEAT1, and GAS5, in patients with acute/chronic inflammatory demyelinating polyradiculoneuropathies (AIDP/CIDP) compared with healthy subjects. Notably, all lncRNAs were over-expressed in patients compared with controls (P < 0.0001 for all lncRNAs). When assessing their expressions in AIDP and CIDP groups separately, TUG1 and NEAT1 were up-regulated in both patient groups compared with controls, yet FAS-AS1 and GAS5 were only up-regulated in CIDP cases. There were remarkable pairwise correlations between expression levels of these lncRNAs in all study groups. Based on the above-mentioned data, we suggest participation of these for lncRNAs in the pathogenesis of inflammatory demyelinating polyradiculoneuropathies. Moreover, FAS-AS1 and GAS5 lncRNAs have type-specific roles in this regard. Future functional studies are needed to elaborate the molecular mechanisms of the contribution of these transcripts in AIDP/CIDP.

Long non‑coding RNA expression profiles identify lncRNA‑XLOC_I2_006631 as a potential novel blood biomarker for Hashimoto's thyroiditis

Long non‑coding RNAs (lncRNAs) have been increasingly recognized as important immune checkpoints involved in the pathogenesis of autoimmune diseases. However, the exact role of lncRNAs in Hashimoto's thyroiditis (HT) has been rarely studied. The aim of the present study was to investigate the role of lncRNAs and the potential biomarkers in HT, a total of 33 patients with HT and 32 healthy volunteers were enrolled in the present study, and five patients and five healthy controls were investigated using next generation sequencing. A total of 218 dysregulated lncRNAs, including 94 upregulated and 124 downregulated lncRNAs, were identified and examined in the peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMCs) from patients with HT. The majority of the lncRNAs were intergenic and exonic (66.06%). Gene Ontology and Kyoto Encyclopedia of Genes and Genomes pathway analysis demonstrated that abnormally expressed lncRNAs were enriched in the 'NF‑kB expression', in the 'TGF‑β signaling pathway' and in the 'JAK‑STAT signaling pathway', which are associated with the immunopathogenic mechanisms of HT. In total, three lncRNAs (LOC729737, XLOC_I2_006631 and BC041964) were validated and had a trend identical to that detected by the sequencing results. The expression of lncRNA‑XLOC_I2_006631 was upregulated and was positively correlated with the serum concentrations of anti‑thyroperoxidase antibody in patients with HT. Methyl‑CpG‑binding protein 2 (MECP2) was identified as the potential regulatory gene of lncRNA‑XLOC_I2_006631 using a prediction program. The expression of MECP2 was increased and was positively correlated with the elevated expression levels of lncRNA‑XLOC_I2_006631 and anti‑thyroperoxidase antibody in patients with HT. Furthermore, lncRNA‑XLOC_I2_006631 was able to regulate MECP2 expression in vitro. Receiver operating characteristic curve analysis suggested that lncRNA‑XLOC_I2_006631 has a potential diagnostic value. Collectively, the present results indicated the important role of dysregulated lncRNAs in HT and demonstrated that lncRNA‑XLOC_I2_006631 functioned as a positive regulator of MECP2 expression, suggesting a potential mechanism. Thus, lncRNA‑XLOC_I2_006631 may be used as a biomarker of HT.

Analysis of the expression profile of long non-coding RNAs MALAT1 and THRIL in children with immune thrombocytopenia

BACKGROUND/AIMS

Pediatric immune thrombocytopenia (ITP) is an autoimmune disease; whose etiology is not exactly understood and seems to be highly multifactorial. Long non-coding RNAs (lncRNAs) are key regulators of different actions, which contribute to the development of many autoimmune diseases. To gain a further understanding, we estimated the relative expression of lncRNAs Metastasis-associated lung adenocarcinoma transcript 1 (MALAT1) and tumor necrosis factor-α (TNF-α) and heterogeneous nuclear ribonucleoprotein L (hnRNPL) immune-regulatory lncRNA (THRIL) in pediatric ITP.

METHODS

In this case-control study, analysis of the expression profiles of these lncRNAs in blood samples from children with ITP and healthy controls (HCs) using quantitative real-time PCR was done. The association of MALAT1 and THRIL with ITP clinical features and their potential usage as non-invasive circulating biomarkers for ITP diagnosis was also evaluated. The receiver operating characteristic curve was constructed, and an area under the curve was analyzed.

RESULTS

Both lncRNAs MALAT1 and THRIL were significantly upregulated in ITP patients in comparison to HCs ( p < .0001 and = .001 respectively). In addition, there was a positive significant correlation between the expression level of both biomarkers among patients (r = 0.745, p < .0001). At cutoff points of 1.17 and 1.27 for lncRNAs MALAT1and THRIL, respectively, both biomarkers had an excellent specificity (100% for both) and fair sensitivity (63.6 and 73.3% for lncRNAs MALAT1and THRIL, respectively). Improvement of biomarkers specificity was obtained by evaluation of the combined expression of both biomarkers. Serum lncRNAs MALAT1 and THRIL could be used as potential biomarkers in differentiating childhood ITP patients and HCs.

The mechanisms of lncRNA GAS5 in cardiovascular cells and its potential as novel therapeutic target

Long noncoding RNAs (lncRNAs) are a large class of non (protein)-coding RNAs, which are longer beyond 200 nucleotides. LncRNA GAS5 is widely considered as a tumour suppressor in cell proliferation, apoptosis, cell migration and invasion of tumour cells. Recently, a growing body of evidences indicated that GAS5 was also widely involved in the pathologic process of cardiovascular cells, including regulation of apoptosis and inflammatory injury of cardiomyocytes; proliferation, apoptosis, autophagy and angiogenesis of endothelial cells; and proliferation, migration, apoptosis and differentiation of VSMCs. In this regard, we summarised current studies of GAS5 in cardiovascular cells, which shed light on not only our understanding of the mechanisms of GAS5 in cardiovascular cells but also understanding of the potential of GAS5 as novel therapeutic target.

Involvement of long noncoding RNAs in the pathogenesis of autoimmune diseases

Autoimmune diseases are a group of heterogeneous disorders characterized by damage to various organs caused by abnormal innate and adaptive immune responses. The pathogenesis of autoimmune diseases is extremely complicated and has not yet been fully elucidated. Long noncoding RNAs (lncRNAs), which are defined as transcripts containing more than 200 nucleotides with no protein-coding capacity, are emerging as important regulators of gene expression via epigenetic modification, transcriptional regulation and posttranscriptional regulation. Accumulating evidence has demonstrated that lncRNAs play a key role in the regulation of immunological functions and autoimmunity. In this review, we discuss various molecular mechanisms by which lncRNAs regulate gene expression and recent findings regarding the involvement of lncRNAs in many human autoimmune diseases, including rheumatoid arthritis (RA), systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE), idiopathic inflammatory myopathy (IIM), systemic sclerosis (SSc) and Sjögren’s syndrome (pSS).

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lncRNAs are observed to be differentially expressed in various autoimmune diseases.

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lncRNAs are involved in abnormal immune regulation and inflammatory responses in autoimmune diseases, which provides new insight into disease pathogenesis.

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LncRNAs may have the potential of biomarkers for diagnosis and prognosis of autoimmune diseases.