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Cieza MYR, Bonsaglia ECR, Rall VLM, dos Santos MV, Silva NCC. Staphylococcal Enterotoxins: Description and Importance in Food. Pathogens 2024; 13:676. [PMID: 39204276 PMCID: PMC11357529 DOI: 10.3390/pathogens13080676] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/17/2024] [Revised: 07/31/2024] [Accepted: 08/01/2024] [Indexed: 09/03/2024] Open
Abstract
Staphylococcus aureus stands out as one of the most virulent pathogens in the genus Staphylococcus. This characteristic is due to its ability to produce a wide variety of staphylococcal enterotoxins (SEs) and exotoxins, which in turn can cause staphylococcal food poisoning (SFP), clinical syndromes such as skin infections, inflammation, pneumonia, and sepsis, in addition to being associated with the development of inflammation in the mammary glands of dairy cattle, which results in chronic mastitis and cell necrosis. SEs are small globular proteins that combine superantigenic and emetic activities; they are resistant to heat, low temperatures, and proteolytic enzymes and are tolerant to a wide pH range. More than 24 SE genes have been well described (SEA-SEE, SEG, SEH, SEI, SEJ, SElK, SElL, SElM, SElN, SElO, SElP, SElQ, SElR, SElS, SElT, SElU, SElV, SElW, SElX, SElY, and SElZ), being a part of different SFP outbreaks, clinical cases, and isolated animal strains. In recent years, new genes (sel26, sel27, sel28, sel31, sel32, and sel33) from SEs have been described, as well as two variants (seh-2p and ses-3p) resulting in a total of thirty-three genes from Ses, including the nine variants that are still in the process of genetic and molecular structure evaluation. SEs are encoded by genes that are located in mobile genetic elements, such as plasmids, prophages, pathogenicity islands, and the enterotoxin gene cluster (egc), and housed in the genomic island of S. aureus. Both classical SEs and SE-like toxins (SEls) share phylogenetic relationships, structure, function, and sequence homology, which are characteristics for the production of new SEs through recombination processes. Due to the epidemiological importance of SEs, their rapid assessment and detection have been crucial for food security and public health; for this reason, different methods of identification of SEs have been developed, such as liquid chromatography coupled with high-resolution mass spectrometry (LC-HRMS), molecular methods, and whole-genome sequencing; providing the diagnosis of SEs and a better understanding of the occurrence, spread, and eradication of SEs. This review provides scientific information on the enterotoxins produced by S. aureus, such as structural characteristics, genetic organization, regulatory mechanisms, superantigen activity, mechanisms of action used by SEs at the time of interaction with the immune system, methods of detection of SEs, and recent biocontrol techniques used in food.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mirian Yuliza Rubio Cieza
- Department of Food Science and Nutrition, School of Food Engineering, University of Campinas (UNICAMP), Campinas 13083-862, Brazil;
| | - Erika Carolina Romão Bonsaglia
- Department of Animal Nutrition and Production, School of Veterinary Medicine and Animal Sciences, University of São Paulo (USP), Pirassununga 13635-900, Brazil; (E.C.R.B.); (M.V.d.S.)
| | - Vera Lucia Mores Rall
- Department of Chemical and Biological Sciences, Institute of Biosciences, Sao Paulo State University, Botucatu 18618-691, Brazil;
| | - Marcos Veiga dos Santos
- Department of Animal Nutrition and Production, School of Veterinary Medicine and Animal Sciences, University of São Paulo (USP), Pirassununga 13635-900, Brazil; (E.C.R.B.); (M.V.d.S.)
| | - Nathália Cristina Cirone Silva
- Department of Food Science and Nutrition, School of Food Engineering, University of Campinas (UNICAMP), Campinas 13083-862, Brazil;
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Sheykhsaran E, Abbasi A, Memar MY, Ghotaslou R, Baghi HB, Mazraeh FN, Laghousi D, Sadeghi J. The role of Staphylococcus aureus in cystic fibrosis pathogenesis and clinico-microbiological interactions. Diagn Microbiol Infect Dis 2024; 109:116294. [PMID: 38678689 DOI: 10.1016/j.diagmicrobio.2024.116294] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/28/2023] [Revised: 01/05/2024] [Accepted: 03/29/2024] [Indexed: 05/01/2024]
Abstract
Cystic fibrosis (CF) is a progressive and inherited disease that affects approximately 70000 individuals all over the world annually. A mutation in the cystic fibrosis transmembrane conductance regulator (CFTR) gene serves as its defining feature. Bacterial infections have a significant impact on the occurrence and development of CF. In this manuscript, we discuss the role and virulence factors of Staphylococcus aureus as an important human pathogen with the ability to induce respiratory tract infections. Recent studies have reported S. aureus as the first isolated bacteria in CF patients. Methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA) pathogens are approximately resistant to all β-lactams. CF patients are colonized by MRSA expressing various virulence factors including toxins, and Staphylococcal Cassette Chromosome mec (SCCmec) types, and have the potential for biofilm formation. Therefore, variations in clinical outcomes will be manifested. SCCmec type II has been reported in CF patients more than in other SCCmec types from different countries. The small-colony variants (SCVs) as specific morphologic subtypes of S. aureus with slow growth and unusual properties can also contribute to persistent and difficult-to-treat infections in CF patients. The pathophysiology of SCVs is complicated and not fully understood. Patients with cystic fibrosis should be aware of the intrinsic risk factors for complex S. aureus infections, including recurring infections, physiological issues, or coinfection with P. aeruginosa.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elham Sheykhsaran
- Immunology Research Centre, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran; Students' Research Committee, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran; Department of Microbiology, Faculty of Medicine, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran
| | - Amin Abbasi
- Department of Food Science and Technology, National Nutrition and Food Technology Research Institute, Faculty of Nutrition Science and Food Technology, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Mohammad Yousef Memar
- Infectious and Tropical Diseases Research Center, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran
| | - Reza Ghotaslou
- Department of Microbiology, Faculty of Medicine, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran
| | - Hossein Bannazadeh Baghi
- Immunology Research Centre, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran; Infectious and Tropical Diseases Research Center, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran
| | - Fariba Naeimi Mazraeh
- Department of Microbiology, Faculty of Medicine, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran
| | - Delara Laghousi
- Social Determinants of Health Research Center, Health Management and Safety Promotion Research Institute, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran
| | - Javid Sadeghi
- Immunology Research Centre, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran; Department of Microbiology, Faculty of Medicine, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran.
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3
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Bak YS, Park JY, Kim JB, Cho SH. Molecular characterization and antibiotic resistance of Staphylococcus aureus strains isolated from patients with diarrhea in Korea between the years 2007 and 2022. Food Sci Biotechnol 2024; 33:1965-1974. [PMID: 38752118 PMCID: PMC11091020 DOI: 10.1007/s10068-023-01478-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/20/2023] [Revised: 10/20/2023] [Accepted: 10/30/2023] [Indexed: 05/18/2024] Open
Abstract
To investigate the molecular characteristics and antibiotic resistance of Staphylococcus aureus isolates from patients with diarrhea in Korea, 327 S. aureus strains were collected between 2007 and 2022. The presence of staphylococcal enterotoxin (SE) and toxic shock syndrome toxin-1 (TSST-1) genes in S. aureus isolates was determined by PCR. The highest expression of the TSST-1 gene was found in the GIMNO type (43.1% of GIMNO type). GIMNO type (Type I) refers to each staphylococcal enterotoxin (SE) gene gene (initials of genes): G = seg; I = sei; M = selm; N = seln; O = selo. Moreover, Type I isolates showed a significantly higher resistance to most antibiotics. A total of 195 GIMNO-type S. aureus strains were analyzed using multilocus sequence typing (MLST), and 18 unique sequence types (STs) were identified. The most frequent sequence type was ST72 (36.9%), followed by ST5 (22.1%) and ST30 (16.9%). Interestingly, ST72 strains showed a higher prevalence of MRSA than the other STs. In conclusion, our results were the first reported for S. aureus strains in Korea, which significantly expanded S. aureus genotype information for the surveillance of pathogenic S. aureus and may provide important epidemiological information to resolve several infectious diseases caused by S. aureus. Supplementary Information The online version contains supplementary material available at 10.1007/s10068-023-01478-9.
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Affiliation(s)
- Young-Seok Bak
- Department of Emergency Medical Services, Sun Moon University, Asan-si, Chungcheongnam-do 31460 Korea
| | - Jun-Young Park
- Environmental Diseases Research Center, Korea Research Institute of Bioscience and Biotechnology, Daejeon, Republic of Korea
| | - Jung-Beom Kim
- Department of Food Science and Technology, Suncheon National University, Suncheon, 57922 Korea
| | - Seung-Hak Cho
- Department of Emergency Medical Services, Sun Moon University, Asan-si, Chungcheongnam-do 31460 Korea
- Division of Zoonotic and Vector Borne Disease Research, Center for Infectious Disease Research, Korea National Institute of Health, Cheongju, Republic of Korea
- Division of Bacterial Disease Research, Center for Infectious Disease Research, Korea National Institute of Health, Heungdeok-Gu, Cheongju, 363-951 Republic of Korea
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4
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Blicharz L, Żochowski M, Szymanek-Majchrzak K, Czuwara J, Goldust M, Skowroński K, Młynarczyk G, Olszewska M, Samochocki Z, Rudnicka L. Enterotoxin Gene Cluster and selX Are Associated with Atopic Dermatitis Severity-A Cross-Sectional Molecular Study of Staphylococcus aureus Superantigens. Cells 2022; 11:cells11233921. [PMID: 36497178 PMCID: PMC9737390 DOI: 10.3390/cells11233921] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/30/2022] [Revised: 11/17/2022] [Accepted: 11/29/2022] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Staphylococcus aureus superantigens (SAgs) have been reported to aggravate atopic dermatitis. However, comprehensive analyses of these molecules in multiple microniches are lacking. The present study involved 50 adult patients with active atopic dermatitis. S. aureus was isolated from the lesional skin, nonlesional skin, and anterior nares. Multiplex-PCR was performed to identify genes encoding (1) selX (core genome); (2) seg, selI, selM, selN, selO, selU (enterotoxin gene cluster, EGC); and (3) sea, seb, sec, sed, see, tstH (classic SAgs encoded on other mobile genetic elements). The results were correlated to clinical parameters of the study group. selx and EGC were the most prevalent in all microniches. The number of SAg-encoding genes correlated between the anterior nares and nonlesional skin, and between the nonlesional and lesional skin. On lesional skin, the total number of SAg genes correlated with disease severity (total and objective SCORAD, intensity, erythema, edema/papulation, lichenification and dryness). Linear regression revealed that AD severity was predicted only by selx and EGC. This study revealed that selX and EGC are associated with atopic dermatitis severity. Anterior nares and nonlesional skin could be reservoirs of SAg-positive S. aureus. Restoring the physiological microbiome could reduce the SAg burden and alleviate syndromes of atopic dermatitis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Leszek Blicharz
- Department of Dermatology, Medial University of Warsaw, 02-008 Warsaw, Poland
| | - Maciej Żochowski
- Department of Dermatology, Medial University of Warsaw, 02-008 Warsaw, Poland
| | | | - Joanna Czuwara
- Department of Dermatology, Medial University of Warsaw, 02-008 Warsaw, Poland
- Correspondence:
| | - Mohamad Goldust
- Department of Dermatology, Yale School of Medicine, Yale University, New Haven, CT 06519, USA
| | | | - Grażyna Młynarczyk
- Department of Medical Microbiology, Medial University of Warsaw, 02-004 Warsaw, Poland
| | | | - Zbigniew Samochocki
- Department of Dermatology, Medial University of Warsaw, 02-008 Warsaw, Poland
| | - Lidia Rudnicka
- Department of Dermatology, Medial University of Warsaw, 02-008 Warsaw, Poland
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5
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Noli Truant S, Redolfi DM, Sarratea MB, Malchiodi EL, Fernández MM. Superantigens, a Paradox of the Immune Response. Toxins (Basel) 2022; 14:toxins14110800. [PMID: 36422975 PMCID: PMC9692936 DOI: 10.3390/toxins14110800] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/14/2022] [Revised: 10/27/2022] [Accepted: 10/27/2022] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Staphylococcal enterotoxins are a wide family of bacterial exotoxins with the capacity to activate as much as 20% of the host T cells, which is why they were called superantigens. Superantigens (SAgs) can cause multiple diseases in humans and cattle, ranging from mild to life-threatening infections. Almost all S. aureus isolates encode at least one of these toxins, though there is no complete knowledge about how their production is triggered. One of the main problems with the available evidence for these toxins is that most studies have been conducted with a few superantigens; however, the resulting characteristics are attributed to the whole group. Although these toxins share homology and a two-domain structure organization, the similarity ratio varies from 20 to 89% among different SAgs, implying wide heterogeneity. Furthermore, every attempt to structurally classify these proteins has failed to answer differential biological functionalities. Taking these concerns into account, it might not be appropriate to extrapolate all the information that is currently available to every staphylococcal SAg. Here, we aimed to gather the available information about all staphylococcal SAgs, considering their functions and pathogenicity, their ability to interact with the immune system as well as their capacity to be used as immunotherapeutic agents, resembling the two faces of Dr. Jekyll and Mr. Hyde.
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6
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Amar Y, Schneider E, Köberle M, Seeholzer T, Musiol S, Hölge IM, Gschwendtner S, Krappmann D, Steiger K, Biedermann T, Schmidt-Weber CB, Alessandrini F. Microbial dysbiosis in a mouse model of atopic dermatitis mimics shifts in human microbiome and correlates with the key pro-inflammatory cytokines IL-4, IL-33 and TSLP. J Eur Acad Dermatol Venereol 2022; 36:705-716. [PMID: 35015907 DOI: 10.1111/jdv.17911] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/17/2021] [Accepted: 12/03/2021] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Cutaneous bacterial dysbiosis is a characteristic hallmark of atopic dermatitis (AD) and it decisively influences the severity of the disease. Despite this, frequently used murine models of AD have not been characterized regarding the changes in skin microbiome communities. OBJECTIVE To analyze the skin microbiome of two frequently used murine models for AD for assessing their applicability in translational research. METHODS AD was induced in mice by topical application of calcipotriol, or oxazolone. Following comparable elicitation of AD-like dermatitis, including IgE induction, the skin microbial communities were analyzed and compared with human AD. RESULTS We detected critical differences in the microbiota composition of diseased skin. In contrast to calcipotriol treatment, application of oxazolone induced significant changes of the cutaneous microbiota and a drastic drop of bacterial richness. Furthermore, an expansion of Staphylococci, particularly S. xylosus was observed in the oxazolone group, also displaying positive correlations with AD key markers including pH, TEWL, IL-4, TSLP and IL-33. CONCLUSIONS In this article we show that i) the model of choice to investigate AD needs to be characterized for the cutaneous microbiota if applicable and ii) the oxazolone-mediated mixed Th1-Th2 immune response triggers microbiota-induced alterations which share similarities to dysbiosis in human AD and represents therefore a suitable model for translational research on AD if alterations of the microbiome are in the focus of the investigation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Y Amar
- Department of Dermatology and Allergy, School of Medicine, Technical University of Munich, Munich, Germany
| | - E Schneider
- Center of Allergy & Environment (ZAUM), Technical University of Munich (TUM) and Helmholtz Zentrum München, German Research Center for Environmental Health, Member of the German Center of Lung Research (DZL), Munich, Germany
| | - M Köberle
- Department of Dermatology and Allergy, School of Medicine, Technical University of Munich, Munich, Germany
| | - T Seeholzer
- Research Unit Cellular Signal Integration, Institute of Molecular Toxicology and Pharmacology, Helmholtz Center München, German Research Center for Environmental Health, Neuherberg, Germany
| | - S Musiol
- Center of Allergy & Environment (ZAUM), Technical University of Munich (TUM) and Helmholtz Zentrum München, German Research Center for Environmental Health, Member of the German Center of Lung Research (DZL), Munich, Germany.,Eurofins BioPharma Product Testing Munich GmbH, Planegg, Germany
| | - I M Hölge
- Department of Dermatology and Allergy, School of Medicine, Technical University of Munich, Munich, Germany
| | - S Gschwendtner
- Research Unit for Comparative Microbiome Analysis, Helmholtz Center München, German Research Center for Environmental Health, Neuherberg, Germany
| | - D Krappmann
- Research Unit Cellular Signal Integration, Institute of Molecular Toxicology and Pharmacology, Helmholtz Center München, German Research Center for Environmental Health, Neuherberg, Germany
| | - K Steiger
- Institute of Pathology, School of Medicine, Technical University of Munich, Munich, Germany
| | - T Biedermann
- Department of Dermatology and Allergy, School of Medicine, Technical University of Munich, Munich, Germany
| | - C B Schmidt-Weber
- Center of Allergy & Environment (ZAUM), Technical University of Munich (TUM) and Helmholtz Zentrum München, German Research Center for Environmental Health, Member of the German Center of Lung Research (DZL), Munich, Germany
| | - F Alessandrini
- Center of Allergy & Environment (ZAUM), Technical University of Munich (TUM) and Helmholtz Zentrum München, German Research Center for Environmental Health, Member of the German Center of Lung Research (DZL), Munich, Germany
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7
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Ogonowska P, Gilaberte Y, Barańska-Rybak W, Nakonieczna J. Colonization With Staphylococcus aureus in Atopic Dermatitis Patients: Attempts to Reveal the Unknown. Front Microbiol 2021; 11:567090. [PMID: 33505363 PMCID: PMC7830525 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2020.567090] [Citation(s) in RCA: 47] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/29/2020] [Accepted: 12/14/2020] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Atopic dermatitis (AD) patients are massively colonized with Staphylococcus aureus (S. aureus) in lesional and non-lesional skin. A skin infection may become systemic if left untreated. Of interest, the incidence of multi-drug resistant S. aureus (MRSA) in AD patients is higher as compared to a healthy population, which makes treatment even more challenging. Information on the specific genetic background of S. aureus accompanying and/or causing AD flares would be of great importance in terms of possible treatment option development. In this review, we summarized the data on the prevalence of S. aureus in general in AD skin, and the prevalence of specific clones that might be associated with flares of eczema. We put our special interest in the presence and role of staphylococcal enterotoxins as important virulence factors in the epidemiology of AD-derived S. aureus. Also, we summarize the present and potentially useful future anti-staphylococcal treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Patrycja Ogonowska
- Laboratory of Molecular Diagnostics, Intercollegiate Faculty of Biotechnology University of Gdańsk and Medical University of Gdańsk, Gdańsk, Poland
| | - Yolanda Gilaberte
- Department of Dermatology, University Hospital Miguel Servet, Zaragoza, Spain
| | - Wioletta Barańska-Rybak
- Department of Dermatology, Venereology and Allergology, Medical University of Gdańsk, Gdańsk, Poland
| | - Joanna Nakonieczna
- Laboratory of Molecular Diagnostics, Intercollegiate Faculty of Biotechnology University of Gdańsk and Medical University of Gdańsk, Gdańsk, Poland
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Cavalcante FS, Saintive S, Carvalho Ferreira D, Rocha Silva AB, Guimarães LC, Braga BS, Dios Abad ED, Ribeiro M, Netto Dos Santos KR. Methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus from infected skin lesions present several virulence genes and are associated with the CC30 in Brazilian children with atopic dermatitis. Virulence 2021; 12:260-269. [PMID: 33356835 PMCID: PMC7808431 DOI: 10.1080/21505594.2020.1869484] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Atopic dermatitis (AD) is a chronic inflammatory skin disease and colonization by Staphylococcus aureus may affect up to 100% of these patients. Virulent and resistant isolates can worsen AD patient clinical condition and jeopardize the treatment. We aimed to detect virulence genes and to evaluate the biofilm production of S. aureus isolates from infected skin lesions of children with AD. Methicillin resistance was detected by phenotypic and molecular tests and the virulence genes were detected by PCR. Biofilm formation was assessed by bacterial growing on microtiter plates and later stained with safranin. Genotyping was performed by Pulsed-Field Gel Electrophoresis and Multilocus Sequence Typing. Among 106 AD patients, 55 (51.8%) had developed S. aureus cutaneous infections and 23 (41.6%) were methicillin-resistant (MRSA). All 55 isolates carried the fnbA, hla, icaA, sasG, and seu genes, and more than 70% presented cna, eap, ebpS, hlg, and pvl genes. Clonal complex (CC) 30 was the main lineage found (34.5%), especially among MRSA isolates (52.2%). The egc cluster and the bbp gene were significantly the most frequent in MRSA isolates and in USA1100/ST30/CC30 lineage. Most of the isolates (74.5%) were non-biofilm producers and many of them only started to produce it in the presence of fibrinogen. There was no significant association between S. aureus isolates features and the AD severity. This study demonstrated a high frequency of CC30 MRSA isolates presenting several virulence genes in infected skin lesions of AD children in Brazil, that may influence the severity of the disease and the treatments required.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Simone Saintive
- Instituto de Puericultura e Pediatria Martagão Gesteira, Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro , Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
| | - Dennis Carvalho Ferreira
- Faculdade de Odontologia, Universidade Veiga de Almeida , Rio de Janeiro, Brazil.,Faculdade de Odontologia, Universidade Estácio de Sá , Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
| | - Adriana Barbosa Rocha Silva
- Instituto de Microbiologia Prof. Paulo de Góes, Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro , Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
| | - Lorrayne Cardoso Guimarães
- Instituto de Microbiologia Prof. Paulo de Góes, Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro , Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
| | | | - Eliane de Dios Abad
- Instituto de Puericultura e Pediatria Martagão Gesteira, Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro , Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
| | - Marcia Ribeiro
- Instituto de Puericultura e Pediatria Martagão Gesteira, Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro , Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
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9
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Abstract
Atopic dermatitis (AD), characterized by intense pruritus, eczematous lesions, and a relapsing disease course, is a chronic inflammatory skin disease that affects both children and adults. AD often begins in infancy and is associated with atopic diseases in the personal or family history.1 Environmental factors may trigger AD by affecting the skin barrier and by triggering inflammation. The elicitation of T-helper type 2 cytokines further impairs the epidermal barrier and leads to the penetration of irritants and allergens into the epidermis and thereby perpetuating inflammation. The presence of AD and its severity has been shown to positively correlate with risk of developing food allergy (FA). Children with AD are estimated to be six times more likely to develop FA compared with their healthy peers. It has been reported that nearly 40% of children with moderate-to-severe AD have immunoglobulin E (IgE) mediated FA compared with only 6% in the general population. Although analysis of experimental data has linked skin inflammation in AD to FA, with food challenges reproducing symptoms and avoidance diets improving AD, elimination diets are not known to cure AD and may have unfavorable consequences, such as loss of tolerance, which leads to immediate-type allergy, including anaphylaxis, nutritional deficiencies, growth failure, and reduction of quality of life for the patient and family. Exacerbation of AD can be inaccurately attributed to foods. Individuals with AD are often sensitized to foods with positive testing results, however, able to tolerate the food. In light of widespread ordering and commercial availability of serum specific IgE for FA, testing for FA is recommended only if, from a detailed clinical history, immediate-type allergic symptoms occur with ingestion of food, or in infants with AD who do not improve with optimal skin care.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tina Banzon
- From the Division of Immunology, Boston Children's Hospital, Department of Pediatrics, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, and
| | | | - Lynda C. Schneider
- From the Division of Immunology, Boston Children's Hospital, Department of Pediatrics, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, and
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Guttman-Yassky E, Gallo RL, Pavel AB, Nakatsuji T, Li R, Zhang N, Messersmith E, Maeda-Chubachi T. A Nitric Oxide-Releasing Topical Medication as a Potential Treatment Option for Atopic Dermatitis through Antimicrobial and Anti-Inflammatory Activity. J Invest Dermatol 2020; 140:2531-2535.e2. [PMID: 32428543 DOI: 10.1016/j.jid.2020.04.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/12/2019] [Revised: 03/26/2020] [Accepted: 04/26/2020] [Indexed: 10/24/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Emma Guttman-Yassky
- Department of Dermatology, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai Medical Center, New York, New York, USA
| | - Richard L Gallo
- Department of Dermatology, UC San Diego School of Medicine, San Diego, California, USA
| | - Ana B Pavel
- Department of Dermatology, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai Medical Center, New York, New York, USA
| | - Teruaki Nakatsuji
- Department of Dermatology, UC San Diego School of Medicine, San Diego, California, USA
| | - Randall Li
- Department of Dermatology, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai Medical Center, New York, New York, USA
| | - Ning Zhang
- Department of Dermatology, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai Medical Center, New York, New York, USA
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11
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Fischer AJ, Kilgore SH, Singh SB, Allen PD, Hansen AR, Limoli DH, Schlievert PM. High Prevalence of Staphylococcus aureus Enterotoxin Gene Cluster Superantigens in Cystic Fibrosis Clinical Isolates. Genes (Basel) 2019; 10:E1036. [PMID: 31842331 PMCID: PMC6947208 DOI: 10.3390/genes10121036] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/07/2019] [Revised: 12/04/2019] [Accepted: 12/09/2019] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Staphylococcus aureus is a highly prevalent respiratory pathogen in cystic fibrosis (CF). It is unclear how this organism establishes chronic infections in CF airways. We hypothesized that S. aureus isolates from patients with CF would share common virulence properties that enable chronic infection. METHODS 77 S. aureus isolates were obtained from 45 de-identified patients with CF at the University of Iowa. We assessed isolates phenotypically and used genotyping assays to determine the presence or absence of 18 superantigens (SAgs). RESULTS We observed phenotypic diversity among S. aureus isolates from patients with CF. Genotypic analysis for SAgs revealed 79.8% of CF clinical isolates carried all six members of the enterotoxin gene cluster (EGC). MRSA and MSSA isolates had similar prevalence of SAgs. We additionally observed that EGC SAgs were prevalent in S. aureus isolated from two geographically distinct CF centers. CONCLUSIONS S. aureus SAgs belonging to the EGC are highly prevalent in CF clinical isolates. The greater prevalence in these SAgs in CF airway specimens compared to skin isolates suggests that these toxins confer selective advantage in the CF airway.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anthony J. Fischer
- Stead Family Department of Pediatrics, University of Iowa Carver College of Medicine, Iowa City, IA 52242, USA; (S.B.S.); (P.D.A.); (A.R.H.)
| | - Samuel H. Kilgore
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Iowa Carver College of Medicine, Iowa City, IA 52242, USA; (S.H.K.); (D.H.L.); (P.M.S.)
| | - Sachinkumar B. Singh
- Stead Family Department of Pediatrics, University of Iowa Carver College of Medicine, Iowa City, IA 52242, USA; (S.B.S.); (P.D.A.); (A.R.H.)
| | - Patrick D. Allen
- Stead Family Department of Pediatrics, University of Iowa Carver College of Medicine, Iowa City, IA 52242, USA; (S.B.S.); (P.D.A.); (A.R.H.)
| | - Alexis R. Hansen
- Stead Family Department of Pediatrics, University of Iowa Carver College of Medicine, Iowa City, IA 52242, USA; (S.B.S.); (P.D.A.); (A.R.H.)
| | - Dominique H. Limoli
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Iowa Carver College of Medicine, Iowa City, IA 52242, USA; (S.H.K.); (D.H.L.); (P.M.S.)
| | - Patrick M. Schlievert
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Iowa Carver College of Medicine, Iowa City, IA 52242, USA; (S.H.K.); (D.H.L.); (P.M.S.)
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Characterization of Human Type C Enterotoxin Produced by Clinical S. epidermidis Isolates. Toxins (Basel) 2018; 10:toxins10040139. [PMID: 29584685 PMCID: PMC5923305 DOI: 10.3390/toxins10040139] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/05/2018] [Revised: 03/19/2018] [Accepted: 03/20/2018] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Staphylococcal Enterotoxins (SEs) are superantigens (SAg) originally produced by S. aureus, but their presence in coagulase negative staphylococci (CNS) has long been suspected. This study aims to better characterize a novel C-like enterotoxin expressed by clinical S. epidermidis strains, called SECepi. We isolated and characterized SECepi for its molecular and functional properties. The toxin was structurally modeled according to its significant similarity with S. aureus SEC3. Most of SEC amino acid residues important for the formation of the trimolecular Major Histocompatibility Complex II MHCII-SEC-T Cell Receptor TCR complex are conserved in SECepi. The functional properties of SECepi were estimated after cloning, expression in E. coli, and purification. The recombinant SECepi toxin exhibits biological characteristics of a SAg including stimulation of human T-cell mitogenicity, inducing and releasing high cytokines levels: IL-2, -4, -6, -8, -10, IFN-γ, TNF-α and GM-CSF at a dose as low as 3.7 pM. Compared to SECaureus, the production of pro-sepsis cytokine IL-6 is significantly higher with SECepi-activated lymphocytes. Furthermore, SECepi is stable to heat, pepsin or trypsin hydrolysis. The SECepi superantigen produced by CNS is functionally very close to that of S. aureus, possibly inducing a systemic inflammatory response at least comparable to that of SECaureus, and may account for S. epidermidis pathogenicity.
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Nagaraj S, Ramlal S, Kingston J, Batra HV. Development of IgY based sandwich ELISA for the detection of staphylococcal enterotoxin G (SEG), an egc toxin. Int J Food Microbiol 2016; 237:136-141. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ijfoodmicro.2016.08.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/12/2016] [Revised: 08/05/2016] [Accepted: 08/08/2016] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
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Song M, Shi C, Xu X, Shi X. Molecular Typing and Virulence Gene Profiles of Enterotoxin Gene Cluster (egc)-Positive Staphylococcus aureus Isolates Obtained from Various Food and Clinical Specimens. Foodborne Pathog Dis 2016; 13:592-601. [PMID: 27792397 DOI: 10.1089/fpd.2016.2162] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022] Open
Abstract
The enterotoxin gene cluster (egc) has been proposed to contribute to the Staphylococcus aureus colonization, which highlights the need to evaluate genetic diversity and virulence gene profiles of the egc-positive population. Here, a total of 43 egc-positive isolates (16.2%) were identified from 266 S. aureus isolates that were obtained from various food and clinical specimens in Shanghai. Seven different egc profiles were found based on the polymerase chain reaction (PCR) result for egc genes. Then, these 43 egc-positive isolates were further typed by multilocus sequence typing, pulsed-field gel electrophoresis (PFGE), multiple-locus variable-number tandem-repeat analysis (MLVA), and accessory gene regulatory (agr) typing. It showed that the 43 egc-positive isolates displayed 17 sequence types, 28 PFGE patterns, 29 MLVA types, and 4 agr types, respectively. Among them, the dominant clonal lineage was CC5-agr II (48.84%). Thirty toxin and 20 adhesion-associated genes were detected by PCR in egc-positive isolates. Notably, invasive toxin genes showed a high prevalence, such as 76.7% for Panton-Valentine leukocidin encoding genes, 27.9% for sec, and 23.3% for tsst-1. Most of the examined adhesion-associated genes were found to be conserved (76.7-100%), whereas the fnbB gene was only found in 8 (18.6%) isolates. In addition, 33 toxin gene profiles and 13 adhesion gene profiles were identified, respectively. Our results imply that isolates belonging to the same clonal lineage harbored similar adhesion gene profiles but diverse toxin gene profiles. Overall, the high prevalence of invasive virulence genes increases the potential risk of egc-positive isolates in S. aureus infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Minghui Song
- 1 MOST-USDA Joint Research Center for Food Safety, School of Agriculture and Biology, and State Key Laboratory of Microbial Metabolism, Shanghai Jiao Tong University , Shanghai, P.R. China
| | - Chunlei Shi
- 1 MOST-USDA Joint Research Center for Food Safety, School of Agriculture and Biology, and State Key Laboratory of Microbial Metabolism, Shanghai Jiao Tong University , Shanghai, P.R. China
| | - Xuebing Xu
- 2 Shanghai Municipal Center for Disease Control and Prevention , Shanghai, P.R. China
| | - Xianming Shi
- 1 MOST-USDA Joint Research Center for Food Safety, School of Agriculture and Biology, and State Key Laboratory of Microbial Metabolism, Shanghai Jiao Tong University , Shanghai, P.R. China
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15
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Abstract
Atopic dermatitis in childhood is controlled by adaequate topical treatment in the majority of cases. Severe manifestations, recurrent superinfections, associated food allergy and psychosocial aspects of a chronic disease in childhood need special consideration. Furthermore, prevention is an important issue in this age group. The following article focuses on new aspects with repercussions on the management of childhood atopic dermatitis and possible implications for the future.
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Affiliation(s)
- C Schnopp
- Klinik und Poliklinik für Dermatologie und Allergologie am Biederstein, Technische Universität München, Biedersteinerstr. 29, 80802, München, Deutschland,
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Brüssow H. Turning the inside out: the microbiology of atopic dermatitis. Environ Microbiol 2015; 18:2089-102. [PMID: 26373255 DOI: 10.1111/1462-2920.13050] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/09/2015] [Revised: 09/01/2015] [Accepted: 09/08/2015] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
Allergy is on the rise worldwide. The hygiene hypothesis of atopic diseases linked microbes with atopic dermatitis (AD) both as drivers and modulators of skin pathology. The earlier literature favoured an inside-outside model of AD where an immunological abnormality compounded by a gut microbiota dysbiosis is the primary event. Probiotic intervention trials with lactobacilli and bifidobacteria as well as the application of bifidogenic oligosaccharide prebiotics showed indeed promising clinical results, but no consistent gut microbiota dysbiosis could be linked with AD. An alternative hypothesis known as outside-inside model of AD considers a genetic skin barrier effect compounded by a skin microbiota dysbiosis as primary pathogenic event. Cultivation microbiology has demonstrated strong skin colonization with superantigen-encoding Staphylococcus aureus in AD patients; microbiota and molecular microbiome analyses demonstrated that S. aureus abundance fluctuates and parallels clinical symptoms. In a mouse model, δ-toxin of S. aureus induced mast cell degranulation, leading to AD-like symptoms. Mutant mice developing AD symptoms showed increased skin colonization with S. aureus; antibiotic treatment alleviated the symptoms. Clinical trials showed that various treatments reducing S. aureus skin load also reduced AD symptoms, suggesting S. aureus as a potential critical driver of AD and a target for antimicrobial interventions other than antibiotics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Harald Brüssow
- Nutrition & Health, Host-Microbe Interaction, Nestlé Research Centre, Lausanne, Switzerland
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17
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Immunomodulation and Disease Tolerance to Staphylococcus aureus. Pathogens 2015; 4:793-815. [PMID: 26580658 PMCID: PMC4693165 DOI: 10.3390/pathogens4040793] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/10/2015] [Accepted: 11/10/2015] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
The Gram-positive bacterium Staphylococcus aureus is one of the most frequent pathogens that causes severe morbidity and mortality throughout the world. S. aureus can infect skin and soft tissues or become invasive leading to diseases such as pneumonia, endocarditis, sepsis or toxic shock syndrome. In contrast, S. aureus is also a common commensal microbe and is often part of the human nasal microbiome without causing any apparent disease. In this review, we explore the immunomodulation and disease tolerance mechanisms that promote commensalism to S. aureus.
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Eyerich S, Zielinski CE. Defining Th-cell subsets in a classical and tissue-specific manner: Examples from the skin. Eur J Immunol 2014; 44:3475-83. [DOI: 10.1002/eji.201444891] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/30/2014] [Revised: 09/08/2014] [Accepted: 09/26/2014] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Stefanie Eyerich
- ZAUM - Center of Allergy and Environment; Technische Universität and Helmholtz Center Munich; Member of the German Center for Lung Research (DZL); Munich Germany
| | - Christina E. Zielinski
- Department of Dermatology and Allergology; Charité-Universitätsmedizin Berlin; Berlin Germany
- Berlin-Brandenburg-Center for Regenerative Therapies; Charité-Universitätsmedizin Berlin; Berlin Germany
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Lee M, Van Bever H. The role of antiseptic agents in atopic dermatitis. Asia Pac Allergy 2014; 4:230-40. [PMID: 25379483 PMCID: PMC4215429 DOI: 10.5415/apallergy.2014.4.4.230] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/30/2014] [Accepted: 09/12/2014] [Indexed: 11/04/2022] Open
Abstract
The skin of individuals with atopic dermatitis has a susceptibility to be colonized with Staphylococcus aureus. This has been associated with increased frequency and severity of exacerbations of atopic dermatitis. Therefore, there is a growing interest in the use of antiseptic agents to target primary bacterial colonization and infection. Antiseptic agents have been found to be better tolerated and less likely to induce bacterial resistance as compared to antibiotics. There is also a wide variety of antiseptic agents available. The efficacy of antiseptic agents has yet to be established as the studies reviewed previously have been small and of suboptimal quality. This review discusses the rationale behind targeting S. aureus with antiseptic agents and presents findings from a review of studies assessing the efficacy of antiseptics in atopic dermatitis in the last five years. Four studies were found, including a bleach bath study which has already been reviewed elsewhere. The remaining 3 studies assessed the efficacy of sodium hypochlorite containing cleansing body wash, sodium hypochlorite baths and 1% triclosan in leave on emollient. These studies suggested some benefit for the inclusion of antiseptic use with the mainstay management of atopic dermatitis, including a potential steroid sparring effect. However, there are many limitations to these studies which therefore warrant further investigation on the impact of antiseptic use in atopic dermatitis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Melissa Lee
- Department of Paediatrics, University Children's Medical Institute, Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, Singapore 119077, Singapore
| | - Hugo Van Bever
- Department of Paediatrics, University Children's Medical Institute, Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, Singapore 119077, Singapore
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20
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Bachert C, Pawankar R, Zhang L, Bunnag C, Fokkens WJ, Hamilos DL, Jirapongsananuruk O, Kern R, Meltzer EO, Mullol J, Naclerio R, Pilan R, Rhee CS, Suzaki H, Voegels R, Blaiss M. ICON: chronic rhinosinusitis. World Allergy Organ J 2014; 7:25. [PMID: 25379119 PMCID: PMC4213581 DOI: 10.1186/1939-4551-7-25] [Citation(s) in RCA: 130] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/27/2014] [Accepted: 08/27/2014] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Chronic rhinosinusitis (CRS) is a public health problem that has a significant socio-economic impact. Moreover, the complexity of this disease due to its heterogeneous nature based on the underlying pathophysiology - leading to different disease variants - further complicates our understanding and directions for the most appropriate targeted treatment strategies. Several International/national guidelines/position papers and/or consensus documents are available that present the current knowledge and treatment strategies for CRS. Yet there are many challenges to the management of CRS especially in the case of the more severe and refractory forms of disease. Therefore, the International Collaboration in Asthma, Allergy and Immunology (iCAALL), a collaboration between EAACI, AAAAI, ACAAI, and WAO, has decided to propose an International Consensus (ICON) on Chronic Rhinosinusitis. The purpose of this ICON on CRS is to highlight the key common messages from the existing guidelines, the differences in recommendations as well as the gaps in our current knowledge of CRS, thus providing a concise reference. In this document we discuss the definition of the disease, its relevance, pharmacoeconomics, pathophysiology, phenotypes and endotypes, genetics and risk factors, natural history and co-morbidities as well as clinical manifestations and treatment options in both adults and children comprising pharmacotherapy, surgical interventions and more recent biological approaches. Finally, we have also highlighted the unmet needs that wait to be addressed through future research.
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Affiliation(s)
- Claus Bachert
- Upper Airways Research Laboratory (URL), University Hospital Ghent, Kragujevac, Belgium
| | - Ruby Pawankar
- Div. of Allergy, Dept. of Pediatrics, Nippon Medical School, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Luo Zhang
- Beijing Key Laboratory of Nasal diseases, Beijing Institute of Otolaryngology, Beijing, China
| | - Chaweewan Bunnag
- Faculty of Medicine, Siriraj Hospital Mahidol University, Bangkok, Thailand
| | - Wytske J Fokkens
- Department of Otorhinolaryngology, Academic Medical Centre, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Daniel L Hamilos
- Division of Rheumatology, Allergy & Immunology, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, MA USA
| | | | - Robert Kern
- Department of Otolaryngology Head and Neck Surgery, Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine, Chicago, Illinois USA
| | - Eli O Meltzer
- Allergy & Asthma Medical Group & Research Center, San Diego, California USA
| | - Joaquim Mullol
- Rhinology Unit & Smell Clinic, Hospital Clínic - IDIBAPS, Barcelona, Catalonia Spain
| | - Robert Naclerio
- Section of Otolaryngology Head and Neck Surgery, Department of Surgery, University of Chicago, Chicago, Illinois USA
| | - Renata Pilan
- Department of Otorhinolaryngology, Clinics Hospital/University of Sao Paulo Medical School, Kragujevac, Brazil
| | - Chae-Seo Rhee
- Department of Otorhinolaryngology-Head and Neck Surgery, Seoul National University Bundang Hospital, Seongnam, Seoul National University College of Medicine, Seoul, Korea
| | - Harumi Suzaki
- Dept. of Otorhinolaryngology, Showa University, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Richard Voegels
- Department of Rhinology, University of Sao Paulo Medical School, Sao Paulo, Brazil
| | - Michael Blaiss
- University of Tennessee Health Science Center, Memphis, Tennessee
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Gustafson JE, Muthaiyan A, Dupre JM, Ricke SC. WITHDRAWN: Staphylococcus aureus and understanding the factors that impact enterotoxin production in foods: A review. Food Control 2014. [DOI: 10.1016/j.foodcont.2014.10.016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/24/2022]
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22
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Rall V, Miranda E, Castilho I, Camargo C, Langoni H, Guimarães F, Araújo Júnior J, Fernandes Júnior A. Diversity of Staphylococcus species and prevalence of enterotoxin genes isolated from milk of healthy cows and cows with subclinical mastitis. J Dairy Sci 2014; 97:829-37. [DOI: 10.3168/jds.2013-7226] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/04/2013] [Accepted: 10/19/2013] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
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23
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Nagaraj S, Ramlal S, Sripathy MH, Batra HV. Development and evaluation of a novel combinatorial selective enrichment and multiplex PCR technique for molecular detection of major virulence-associated genes of enterotoxigenic Staphylococcus aureus in food samples. J Appl Microbiol 2013; 116:435-46. [PMID: 24119042 DOI: 10.1111/jam.12364] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/27/2013] [Revised: 09/29/2013] [Accepted: 10/01/2013] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
AIMS To develop a multiplex PCR assay coupled with selective enrichment step to detect major virulence-associated genes of enterotoxigenic Staphylococcus aureus and evaluate the same directly on contaminated food samples. METHODS AND RESULTS The most important virulence-associated genes of Staph. aureus, which are commonly related to food safety issues, are targeted in this study. They include five major enterotoxigenic genes-sea, seb, sec, seg and sei, tst-which encodes TSST-1, mecA-which confer methicillin resistance and coa-for the enzyme coagulase along with an internal amplification control (IAC) to rule out false-negative result. A modified mannitol salt broth (MSB) supplemented with sodium pyruvate was used for selective enrichment of Staph. aureus from food samples prior to PCR. Evaluation of efficiency of different media revealed that enrichment of samples in modified MSB followed by PCR resulted in specific, sensitive and effective amplification of the targeted genes in comparison with other enrichment media. Incorporation of bovine serum albumin (BSA) as PCR enhancer improved the intensity of amplicons. The standardized multiplex PCR (mPCR) format was able to detect all the target genes at a bacterial load of 10(6) CFU ml(-1) in any sample. The PCR results were unequivocally correlated with the conventional methods when the mPCR format was assessed on a total of 91 Staph. aureus isolates. The entire assay was found to be effectual when evaluated on naturally contaminated food samples. CONCLUSIONS The combinatorial approach involving selective enrichment followed by mPCR developed in this study was found to be effective for the detection of toxigenic Staph. aureus directly from various food sources. SIGNIFICANCE AND IMPACT OF THE STUDY The developed format would find a promising application in early detection of food contaminations as well as in the diagnosis of food poisoning due to Staph. aureus.
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Affiliation(s)
- S Nagaraj
- Microbiology Division, Defence Food Research Laboratory, Mysore, India
| | - S Ramlal
- Microbiology Division, Defence Food Research Laboratory, Mysore, India
| | - M H Sripathy
- Microbiology Division, Defence Food Research Laboratory, Mysore, India
| | - H V Batra
- Microbiology Division, Defence Food Research Laboratory, Mysore, India
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24
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Staphylococcus aureus genomic pattern and atopic dermatitis: may factors other than superantigens be involved? Eur J Clin Microbiol Infect Dis 2013; 33:651-8. [DOI: 10.1007/s10096-013-2000-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/20/2013] [Accepted: 10/09/2013] [Indexed: 01/06/2023]
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Soares J, Lopes C, Tavaria F, Delgado L, Pintado M. A diversity profile from the staphylococcal community on atopic dermatitis skin: a molecular approach. J Appl Microbiol 2013; 115:1411-9. [PMID: 23910049 DOI: 10.1111/jam.12296] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/24/2013] [Revised: 06/27/2013] [Accepted: 06/28/2013] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
AIMS The aim of this study was to determine the biodiversity of the skin staphylococcal community from patients with atopic dermatitis (AD) and superantigen (SAg) detection from Staphylococcus aureus isolates. METHODS AND RESULTS In this study, we developed a novel multiplex PCR that allows the identification and discrimination of bacteria belonging to the Staphylococcus genus both Staph. aureus and coagulase-negative Staphylococcus - Staph. capitis, Staph. epidermidis, Staph. haemolyticus and Staph. hominis isolated from the skin of patients with AD. In addition, a multiplex PCR assay that allows the rapid screening of the 19 genes that encode staphylococcal enterotoxins (SEs), SE-like toxins and toxic shock syndrome toxin-1 was also performed and applied in Staph. aureus isolates. The microflora of the skin of patients with AD was dominated by Staph. aureus (69 isolates, 35·6%) followed by Staph. epidermidis (59 isolates, 30·4%) species. The SElM and SElN genes were the most frequently detected in our study (15 isolates, 71·4%), followed by SEG and SElO (14 isolates, 66·7%). CONCLUSIONS Our molecular-based approach successfully identified the staphylococcal microflora that was relatively specific to patients with AD. Considering skin colonization and expression of virulence factors, the Staph. aureus may play a relevant role in AD pathophysiology. SIGNIFICANCE AND IMPACT OF THE STUDY This ability to classify disease-related microbial species provides new insights into the relevance of those microbes in human disorders.
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Affiliation(s)
- J Soares
- CBQF - School of Biotechnology, Portuguese Catholic University, Porto, Portugal
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26
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Staphylococcus aureus clinical isolates: antibiotic susceptibility, molecular characteristics, and ability to form biofilm. BIOMED RESEARCH INTERNATIONAL 2013; 2013:314654. [PMID: 24069597 PMCID: PMC3773402 DOI: 10.1155/2013/314654] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/30/2013] [Accepted: 07/24/2013] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
Periodic monitoring of Staphylococcus aureus characteristics in a locality is imperative as their drug-resistant variants cause treatment problem. In this study, antibiograms, prevalence of toxin genes (sea-see, seg-ser, seu, tsst-1, eta, etb, and etd), PFGE types, accessory gene regulator (agr) groups, and ability to form biofilm of 92 S. aureus Thailand clinical isolates were investigated. They were classified into 10 drug groups: groups 1–7 (56 isolates) were methicillin resistant (MRSA) and 8–10 (36 isolates) were methicillin sensitive (MSSA). One isolate did not have any toxin gene, 4 isolates carried one toxin gene (seq), and 87 isolates had two or more toxin genes. No isolate had see, etb, or tsst-1; six isolates had eta or etd. Combined seg-sei-sem-sen-seo of the highly prevalent egc locus was 26.1%. The seb, sec, sel, seu, and eta associated significantly with MSSA; sek was more in MRSA. The sek-seq association was 52.17% while combined sed-sej was not found. Twenty-three PFGE types were revealed, no association of toxin genes with PFGE types. All four agr groups were present; agr group 1 was predominant (58.70%) but agr group 2 strains carried more toxin genes and were more frequent toxin producers. Biofilm formation was found in 72.83% of the isolates but there was no association with antibiograms. This study provides insight information on molecular and phenotypic markers of Thailand S. aureus clinical isolates which should be useful for future active surveillance that aimed to control a spread of existing antimicrobial resistant bacteria and early recognition of a newly emerged variant.
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Varshney AK, Wang X, Scharff MD, MacIntyre J, Zollner RS, Kovalenko OV, Martinez LR, Byrne FR, Fries BC. Staphylococcal Enterotoxin B-specific monoclonal antibody 20B1 successfully treats diverse Staphylococcus aureus infections. J Infect Dis 2013; 208:2058-66. [PMID: 23922375 DOI: 10.1093/infdis/jit421] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/17/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA) has become a major health threat in the United States. Staphylococcal enterotoxin B (SEB) is a potent superantigen that contributes to its virulence. High mortality and frequent failure of therapy despite available antibiotics have stimulated research efforts to develop adjunctive therapies. METHODS Treatment benefits of SEB-specific monoclonal antibody (mAb) 20B1 were investigated in mice in sepsis, superficial skin, and deep-tissue infection models. RESULTS Mice challenged with a SEB-producing MRSA strain developed fatal sepsis, extensive tissue skin infection, and abscess-forming deep-seeded thigh muscle infection. Animals preimmunized against SEB or treated passively with mAb 20B1 exhibited enhanced survival in the sepsis model, whereas decrease of bacterial burden was observed in the superficial skin and deep-tissue models. mAb 20B1 bound to SEB in the infected tissue and decreased abscess formation and proinflammatory cytokine levels, lymphocyte proliferation, and neutrophil recruitment. CONCLUSIONS mAb 20B1, an SEB-neutralizing mAb, is effective against MRSA infection. mAb 20B1 protects against lethal sepsis and reduces skin tissue invasion and deep-abscess formation. The mAb penetrates well into the abscess and binds to SEB. It affects the outcome of S. aureus infection by modulating the host's proinflammatory immune response.
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28
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Viçosa GN, Le Loir A, Le Loir Y, de Carvalho AF, Nero LA. egc characterization of enterotoxigenic Staphylococcus aureus isolates obtained from raw milk and cheese. Int J Food Microbiol 2013; 165:227-30. [PMID: 23800734 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijfoodmicro.2013.05.023] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/26/2013] [Revised: 05/27/2013] [Accepted: 05/28/2013] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
Genes encoding staphylococcal enterotoxins (SEs) are carried by mobile genetic elements, and enterotoxin gene clusters (egc) are pathogenicity island-borne structures comprising several SE genes, which are frequently found among clinical Staphylococcus aureus isolates. In the present study, we investigated the distribution and the genetic variability of egc loci in S. aureus strains isolated from raw milk and soft cheese in Minas Gerais, Brazil. Ninety-two isolates were submitted to PCR detection of individual egc-borne SE genes (seg, sei, sem, sen, seo, seu), and egc loci were typed using PCR-RFLP. PCR products of egc positive isolates were sequenced. Ninety-one isolates harbored at least one SE gene, which generated 14 different genotypes. The sei gene was the most widely distributed (97.8%), and was found in combination with seg in 49 isolates (53.3%). Altogether, a complete set of individual egc genes was detected in 37 isolates (40%). However, egc loci were detected by PCR-RFLP in only 4 isolates, and classified as egc1 (n=2), egc3 (n=1), and egc4 (n=1). This investigation demonstrated the low occurrence of the egc in S. aureus isolated from dairy products. However, the frequency of complete sets of individual egc-borne genes reflects either the presence of these SE genes outside egc or the existence of new egc types in these strains.
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29
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Peres AG, Madrenas J. The broad landscape of immune interactions with Staphylococcus aureus: from commensalism to lethal infections. Burns 2013; 39:380-8. [PMID: 23313242 DOI: 10.1016/j.burns.2012.12.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/17/2012] [Accepted: 12/04/2012] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Staphylococcus aureus is a gram-positive bacterium that is present in the nostrils of a quarter of the general population without causing any apparent disease. However, S. aureus can also act as a pathogen to cause severe infections. The factors determining the balance between its commensal and pathogenic states are not understood. Emerging evidence suggests that S. aureus, in addition to inducing a pro-inflammatory response, may have the capacity to modulate the host immune system. The latter is in part the result of recognition of specific molecules embedded in the peptidoglycan layer of the staphylococcal cell wall that bind to TLR2 on host antigen-presenting cells and induce a strong IL-10 response that down regulates the adaptive T cell response. This mechanism can partially explain the duality of interactions between S. aureus and the human immune system by favoring nasal colonization instead of staphylococcal diseases. In this review, we discuss the molecular and cellular basis of this mechanism and explore its clinical implications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Adam G Peres
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, McGill University, Montreal, QC, Canada
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30
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Abstract
Laminated object manufacturing (LOM) technology using polymer sheets is an easy and affordable method for rapid prototyping of Lab-on-a-Chip (LOC) systems. It has recently been used to fabricate a miniature 96 sample ELISA lab-on-a-chip (ELISA-LOC) by integrating the washing step directly into an ELISA plate. LOM has been shown to be capable of creating complex 3D microfluidics through the assembly of a stack of polymer sheets with features generated by laser micromachining and by bonding the sheets together with adhesive. A six layer ELISA-LOC was fabricated with an acrylic (poly(methyl methacrylate) (PMMA)) core and five polycarbonate layers micromachined by a CO(2) laser with simple microfluidic features including a miniature 96-well sample plate. Immunological assays can be carried out in several configurations (1 × 96 wells, 2 × 48 wells, or 4 × 24 wells). The system includes three main functional elements: (1) a reagent loading fluidics module, (2) an assay and detection wells plate, and (3) a reagent removal fluidics module. The ELISA-LOC system combines several biosensing elements: (1) carbon nanotube (CNT) technology to enhance primary antibody immobilization, (2) sensitive ECL (electrochemiluminescence) detection, and (3) a charge-coupled device (CCD) detector for measuring the light signal generated by ECL. Using a sandwich ELISA assay, the system detected Staphylococcal enterotoxin B (SEB) at concentrations as low as 0.1 ng/ml, a detection level similar to that reported for conventional ELISA. ELISA-LOC can be operated by a syringe and does not require power for operation. This simple point-of-care (POC) system is useful for carrying out various immunological assays and other complex medical assays without the laboratory required for conventional ELISA, and therefore may be more useful for global healthcare delivery.
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Affiliation(s)
- Avraham Rasooly
- Division of Biology, Office of Science and Engineering, FDA Center for Devices and Radiological Health (CDRH), Silver Spring, MD, USA.
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31
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Scala E, Abeni D, Palazzo P, Liso M, Pomponi D, Lombardo G, Picchio MC, Narducci MG, Russo G, Mari A. Specific IgE toward Allergenic Molecules Is a New Prognostic Marker in Patients with Sézary Syndrome. Int Arch Allergy Immunol 2012; 157:159-67. [DOI: 10.1159/000327553] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/13/2010] [Accepted: 03/14/2011] [Indexed: 02/02/2023] Open
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Yang M, Sun S, Kostov Y, Rasooly A. An automated point-of-care system for immunodetection of staphylococcal enterotoxin B. Anal Biochem 2011; 416:74-81. [PMID: 21640067 PMCID: PMC3148523 DOI: 10.1016/j.ab.2011.05.014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/18/2011] [Revised: 04/28/2011] [Accepted: 05/10/2011] [Indexed: 01/19/2023]
Abstract
An automated point-of-care (POC) immunodetection system for immunological detection of staphylococcal enterotoxin B (SEB) was designed, fabricated, and tested. The system combines several elements: (i) enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay-lab-on-a-chip (ELISA-LOC) with fluidics, (ii) a charge-coupled device (CCD) camera detector, (iii) pumps and valves for fluid delivery to the ELISA-LOC, (iv) a computer interface board, and (v) a computer for controlling the fluidics, logging, and data analysis of the CCD data. The ELISA-LOC integrates a simple microfluidic system into a miniature 96-well sample plate, allowing the user to carry out immunological assays without a laboratory. The analyte is measured in a sandwich ELISA assay format combined with a sensitive electrochemiluminescence (ECL) detection method. Using the POC system, SEB, a major foodborne toxin, was detected at concentrations as low as 0.1 ng/ml. This is similar to the reported sensitivity of conventional ELISA. The open platform with simple modular fluid delivery automation design described here is interchangeable between detection systems, and because of its versatility it can also be used to automate many other LOC systems, simplifying LOC development. This new POC system is useful for carrying out various immunological and other complex medical assays without a laboratory and can easily be adapted for high-throughput biological screening in remote and resource-poor areas.
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Affiliation(s)
- Minghui Yang
- Center for Advanced Sensor Technology, University of Maryland Baltimore County, MD 21250
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, University of Jinan, Jinan 250022, China
| | - Steven Sun
- Center for Advanced Sensor Technology, University of Maryland Baltimore County, MD 21250
- Division of Biology, Office of Science and Engineering, FDA, Silver Spring, MD 20993
| | - Yordan Kostov
- Center for Advanced Sensor Technology, University of Maryland Baltimore County, MD 21250
| | - Avraham Rasooly
- Division of Biology, Office of Science and Engineering, FDA, Silver Spring, MD 20993
- National Cancer Institute, Bethesda, MD 20892
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Nowrouzian FL, Dauwalder O, Meugnier H, Bes M, Etienne J, Vandenesch F, Lindberg E, Hesselmar B, Saalman R, Strannegård IL, Åberg N, Adlerberth I, Wold AE, Lina G. Adhesin and Superantigen Genes and the Capacity of Staphylococcus aureus to Colonize the Infantile Gut. J Infect Dis 2011; 204:714-21. [DOI: 10.1093/infdis/jir388] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/14/2023] Open
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Fusco V, Quero GM, Morea M, Blaiotta G, Visconti A. Rapid and reliable identification of Staphylococcus aureus harbouring the enterotoxin gene cluster (egc) and quantitative detection in raw milk by real time PCR. Int J Food Microbiol 2011; 144:528-37. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ijfoodmicro.2010.11.016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/03/2010] [Revised: 09/10/2010] [Accepted: 11/09/2010] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
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Casas C, Ribet V, Alvarez-Georges S, Sibaud V, Guerrero D, Schmitt AM, Redoulès D. Modulation of Interleukin-8 and staphylococcal flora by Avène hydrotherapy in patients suffering from chronic inflammatory dermatoses. J Eur Acad Dermatol Venereol 2010; 25 Suppl 1:19-23. [DOI: 10.1111/j.1468-3083.2010.03898.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
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Claßen A, Kalali BN, Schnopp C, Andres C, Aguilar-Pimentel JA, Ring J, Ollert M, Mempel M. TNF receptor I on human keratinocytes is a binding partner for staphylococcal protein A resulting in the activation of NF kappa B, AP-1, and downstream gene transcription. Exp Dermatol 2010; 20:48-52. [DOI: 10.1111/j.1600-0625.2010.01174.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
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Yang M, Sun S, Bruck HA, Kostov Y, Rasooly A. Lab-on-a-chip for label free biological semiconductor analysis of staphylococcal enterotoxin B. LAB ON A CHIP 2010; 10:2534-2540. [PMID: 20668726 DOI: 10.1039/c005141a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/29/2023]
Abstract
We describe a new lab-on-a-chip (LOC) which utilizes a biological semiconductor (BSC) transducer for label free analysis of Staphylococcal Enterotoxin B (SEB) (or other biological interactions) directly and electronically. BSCs are new transducers based on electrical percolation through a multi-layer carbon nanotube-antibody network. In BSCs the passage of current through the conductive network is dependent upon the continuity of the network. Molecular interactions within the network, such as binding of antigens to the antibodies, disrupt the network continuity causing increased resistance of the network. For the fabrication of a BSC based detector, we combined several elements: (1) BSC transducers for direct detection, (2) LOC for flow through continuous measurements, (3) a digital multimeter with computer connection for data logging, (4) pumps and valves for fluid delivery, and (5) a computer for fluid delivery control and data analysis. Polymer lamination technology was used for the fabrication of a four layer LOC for BSC detection, the BSC on the chip is fabricated by immobilizing pre-functionalized single-walled carbon nanotubes (SWNTs)-antibody complex directly on the PMMA surface of the LOC. SEB samples were loaded into the device using a peristaltic pump and the change in resistance resulting from antibody-antigen interactions was continuously monitored and recorded. Binding of SEB rapidly increases the BSC electrical resistance. SEB in buffer was assayed with limit of detection (LOD) of 5 ng mL(-1) at a signal to baseline (S/B) ratio of 2. A secondary antibody was used to verify the presence of the SEB captured on the surface of the BSC and for signal amplification. The new LOC system permits rapid detection and semi-automated operation of BSCs. Such an approach may enable the development of multiple biological elements "Biological Central Processing Units (CPUs)" for parallel processing and sorting out automatically information on multiple analytes simultaneously. Such an approach has potential use for point-of-care medical and environmental testing.
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Affiliation(s)
- Minghui Yang
- Center for Advanced Sensor Technology, University of Maryland Baltimore County, MD 21250, USA
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Shukla SK, Karow ME, Brady JM, Stemper ME, Kislow J, Moore N, Wroblewski K, Chyou PH, Warshauer DM, Reed KD, Lynfield R, Schwan WR. Virulence genes and genotypic associations in nasal carriage, community-associated methicillin-susceptible and methicillin-resistant USA400 Staphylococcus aureus isolates. J Clin Microbiol 2010; 48:3582-92. [PMID: 20668125 PMCID: PMC2953128 DOI: 10.1128/jcm.00657-10] [Citation(s) in RCA: 68] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/29/2010] [Revised: 05/18/2010] [Accepted: 07/20/2010] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
It is not well understood why strains of community-associated methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (CA-MRSA), a major cause of skin and soft tissue infections, became successful so quickly, overtaking the place of methicillin-sensitive S. aureus (MSSA) in many communities. To evaluate the genetic basis of differences in their virulence traits, 293 S. aureus isolates consisting of three cohorts, genotypically defined clinical CA-MRSA (n = 77), clinical MSSA (n = 103), and nasal carriage MSSA (n = 113), collected over a 19-year period in two Midwestern states in the United States, were (i) extensively genotyped and (ii) screened for 40 known virulence genes which included those for enterotoxins, leukocidins, hemolysins, and surface proteins and several newly identified putative toxin genes from the USA400 lineage of CA-MRSA. Genotypically, nasal carriage and clinical MSSA isolates were much more diverse than was the CA-MRSA group, which was found to be of USA400 lineage only. Virulence gene profiles of the three groups showed that CA-MRSA strains harbored significantly higher percentages (≥95%; P value, <0.05) of the sea, sec, sec4, seg2, seh, sek, sel, sel2, ear, ssl1, lpl10, lukSF-PV, lukD, lukE, and clfA genes than did the carriage and the clinical MSSA group (range, 0% to 58%). Genes of the enterotoxin gene cluster, seg, sei, sem, sen, and seo, were present in the clinical and carriage isolates but not in the CA-MRSA group. These results suggest that the presence of additional virulence factors in USA400 CA-MRSA strains compared to the nasal carriage and clinical MSSA strains probably contributed to their enhanced virulence.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sanjay K Shukla
- Molecular Microbiology Laboratory, Marshfield Clinic Research Foundation, Marshfield, WI 54449, USA.
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Yang M, Bruck HA, Kostov Y, Rasooly A. Biological semiconductor based on electrical percolation. Anal Chem 2010; 82:3567-72. [PMID: 20361741 DOI: 10.1021/ac902644z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
We have developed a novel biological semiconductor (BSC) based on electrical percolation through a multilayer three-dimensional carbon nanotube-antibody bionanocomposite network, which can measure biological interactions directly and electronically. In electrical percolation, the passage of current through the conductive network is dependent upon the continuity of the network. Molecular interactions, such as binding of antigens to the antibodies, disrupt the network continuity causing increased resistance of the network. A BSC is fabricated by immobilizing a prefunctionalized single-walled carbon nanotubes (SWNTs)-antibody bionanocomposite directly on a poly(methyl methacrylate) (PMMA) surface (also known as plexiglass or acrylic). We used the BSC for direct (label-free) electronic measurements of antibody-antigen binding, showing that, at slightly above the electrical percolation threshold of the network, binding of a specific antigen dramatically increases the electrical resistance. Using anti-staphylococcal enterotoxin B (SEB) IgG as a "gate" and SEB as an "actuator", we demonstrated that the BSC was able to detect SEB at concentrations of 1 ng/mL. The new BSCs may permit assembly of multiple sensors on the same chip to create "biological central processing units (CPUs)" with multiple BSC elements, capable of processing and sorting out information on multiple analytes simultaneously.
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Affiliation(s)
- Minghui Yang
- Center for Advanced Sensor Technology, University of Maryland, Baltimore County, Maryland 21250, USA
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41
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Yang M, Sun S, Bruck HA, Kostov Y, Rasooly A. Electrical percolation-based biosensor for real-time direct detection of staphylococcal enterotoxin B (SEB). Biosens Bioelectron 2010; 25:2573-8. [PMID: 20447819 PMCID: PMC2996829 DOI: 10.1016/j.bios.2010.04.019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/12/2010] [Revised: 04/14/2010] [Accepted: 04/15/2010] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
Electrical percolation-based biosensing is a new technology. This is the first report of an electrical percolation-based biosensor for real-time detection. The label-free biosensor is based on electrical percolation through a single-walled carbon nanotubes (SWNTs)-antibody complex that forms a network functioning as a "Biological Semiconductor" (BSC). The conductivity of a BSC is directly related to the number of contacts facilitated by the antibody-antigen "connectors" within the SWNT network. BSCs are fabricated by immobilizing a pre-functionalized SWNTs-antibody complex directly on a poly(methyl methacrylate) (PMMA) and polycarbonate (PC) surface. Each BSC is connected via silver electrodes to a computerized ohmmeter, thereby enabling a continuous electronic measurement of molecular interactions (e.g. antibody-antigen binding) via the change in resistance. Using anti-staphylococcal enterotoxin B (SEB) IgG to functionalize the BSC, we demonstrate that the biosensor was able to detect SEB at concentrations as low as 5 ng/mL at a signal to baseline (S/B) ratio of 2. Such measurements were performed on the chip in wet conditions. The actuation of the chip by SEB is immediate, permitting real-time signal measurements. In addition to this "direct" label-free detection mode, a secondary antibody can be used to "label" the target molecule bound to the BSC in a manner analogous to an immunological sandwich "indirect" detection-type assay. Although a secondary antibody is not needed for direct detection, the indirect mode of detection may be useful as an additional measurement to verify or amplify signals from direct detection in clinical, food safety and other critical assays. The BSC was used to measure SEB both in buffer and in milk, a complex matrix, demonstrating the potential of electrical percolation-based biosensors for real-time label-free multi-analyte detection in clinical and complex samples. Assembly of BSCs is simple enough that multiple sensors can be fabricated on the same chip, thereby creating "Biological Central Processing Units (BCPUs)" capable of parallel processing and sorting out information on multiple analytes simultaneously which may be used for complex analysis and for point of care diagnostics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Minghui Yang
- Center for Advanced Sensor Technology, University of Maryland Baltimore County, MD 21250
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, University of Jinan, Jinan 250022, China
| | - Steven Sun
- Center for Advanced Sensor Technology, University of Maryland Baltimore County, MD 21250
- Division of Biology, Office of Science and Engineering, FDA, Silver Spring, MD 20993
| | - Hugh Alan Bruck
- University of Maryland College Park (UMCP), College Park MD 20742
| | - Yordan Kostov
- Center for Advanced Sensor Technology, University of Maryland Baltimore County, MD 21250
| | - Avraham Rasooly
- Division of Biology, Office of Science and Engineering, FDA, Silver Spring, MD 20993
- National Cancer Institute, Bethesda, MD 20892
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Wollenberg A, Schnopp C. Evolution of Conventional Therapy in Atopic Dermatitis. Immunol Allergy Clin North Am 2010; 30:351-68. [DOI: 10.1016/j.iac.2010.06.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
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43
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Bystroń J, Podkowik M, Piasecki T, Wieliczko A, Molenda J, Bania J. Genotypes and enterotoxin gene content of S. aureus isolates from poultry. Vet Microbiol 2010; 144:498-501. [DOI: 10.1016/j.vetmic.2010.01.029] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/17/2009] [Revised: 01/27/2010] [Accepted: 01/29/2010] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
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44
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Scala E, Abeni D, Pomponi D, Narducci MG, Lombardo GA, Mari A, Frontani M, Picchio MC, Pilla MA, Caprini E, Russo G. The role of 9-O-acetylated ganglioside D3 (CD60) and {alpha}4{beta}1 (CD49d) expression in predicting the survival of patients with Sezary syndrome. Haematologica 2010; 95:1905-12. [PMID: 20663947 DOI: 10.3324/haematol.2010.026260] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Sézary syndrome is a rare and very aggressive leukemic variant of cutaneous T-cell lymphoma characterized by extensive skin involvement and a malignant circulating CD4(+) T-cell clone which homes to the skin, over-expresses CD60, and lacks CD7, CD26 and CD49d. So far prognostic markers in this disease are limited to treatment with systemic steroids, age, serum lactate dehydrogenase, and a white blood cell count of 20×10(9)/L or higher: no other biological marker with prognostic value, especially related to malignant cells, has been described. DESIGN AND METHODS We used flow activated cell sorting analysis to compare the distribution of the T-cell receptor-Vβ repertoire and several surface molecules (CD7, CD26, CD49d and CD60) within the circulating CD4(+) T-cell population in 62 patients with Sézary syndrome, 180 with mycosis fungoides, 6 with B-cell lymphomas, and 19 with chronic eczema. We calculated the 5-year overall survival of patients with Sézary syndrome after first hospital admission using Kaplan-Meier product-limit estimates and hazard ratios from the Cox proportional hazards model. RESULTS We found that both higher number of CD60(+) and lower number of CD49d(+) cells within circulating CD4(+) T cells at disease presentation were significantly associated with a lower probability of survival. An exceedingly high risk of death was observed for patients with a combination of a high proportion of CD4(+)CD60(+) cells (≥ 0.5×10(9)/L) and low proportion of CD4(+)CD49d(+) cells (<0.5×10(9)/L) (hazard ratio = 12.303, 95% confidence interval 1.5-95.9; P<0.02). In addition, a skewed usage of T-cell receptor-Vβ subfamilies was observed in the circulating T-cell clone for 61.9% of all patients with Sézary syndrome, T-cell receptor-Vβ 2 and 5.1 subfamilies being the most frequently represented (42.8%), followed by T-cell receptor-Vβ 12 and 13.1. CONCLUSIONS In this study we showed that up-regulation of CD60 and down-regulation of CD49d on circulating CD4(+) T cells are two useful markers for predicting a very poor outcome in patients with Sézary syndrome.
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Affiliation(s)
- Enrico Scala
- Center for Molecular Allergology, IDI-IRCCS, Via dei Monti di Creta 104, I-00167 Rome, Italy.
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Argudín MÁ, Mendoza MC, Rodicio MR. Food poisoning and Staphylococcus aureus enterotoxins. Toxins (Basel) 2010; 2:1751-73. [PMID: 22069659 PMCID: PMC3153270 DOI: 10.3390/toxins2071751] [Citation(s) in RCA: 617] [Impact Index Per Article: 44.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/03/2010] [Revised: 06/24/2010] [Accepted: 06/30/2010] [Indexed: 01/31/2023] Open
Abstract
Staphylococcus aureus produces a wide variety of toxins including staphylococcal enterotoxins (SEs; SEA to SEE, SEG to SEI, SER to SET) with demonstrated emetic activity, and staphylococcal-like (SEl) proteins, which are not emetic in a primate model (SElL and SElQ) or have yet to be tested (SElJ, SElK, SElM to SElP, SElU, SElU2 and SElV). SEs and SEls have been traditionally subdivided into classical (SEA to SEE) and new (SEG to SElU2) types. All possess superantigenic activity and are encoded by accessory genetic elements, including plasmids, prophages, pathogenicity islands, vSa genomic islands, or by genes located next to the staphylococcal cassette chromosome (SCC) implicated in methicillin resistance. SEs are a major cause of food poisoning, which typically occurs after ingestion of different foods, particularly processed meat and dairy products, contaminated with S. aureus by improper handling and subsequent storage at elevated temperatures. Symptoms are of rapid onset and include nausea and violent vomiting, with or without diarrhea. The illness is usually self-limiting and only occasionally it is severe enough to warrant hospitalization. SEA is the most common cause of staphylococcal food poisoning worldwide, but the involvement of other classical SEs has been also demonstrated. Of the new SE/SEls, only SEH have clearly been associated with food poisoning. However, genes encoding novel SEs as well as SEls with untested emetic activity are widely represented in S. aureus, and their role in pathogenesis may be underestimated.
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Affiliation(s)
- María Ángeles Argudín
- Department of Functional Biology (Section of Microbiology) and University Institute of Biotechnology of Asturias (IUBA), University of Oviedo, Oviedo, Spain.
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Schnopp C, Ring J, Mempel M. The role of antibacterial therapy in atopic eczema. Expert Opin Pharmacother 2010; 11:929-36. [PMID: 20307218 DOI: 10.1517/14656561003659992] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/05/2022]
Abstract
IMPORTANCE OF THE FIELD Atopic eczema is highly colonized with Staphylococcus aureus in lesional as in non-lesional skin. Antimicrobial therapy as part of a comprehensive therapeutic concept in atopic eczema has been discussed for a long a time. AREAS COVERED IN THIS REVIEW A complete literature review of the accessible publications concerning antibacterial and antiseptic therapy has been undertaken. WHAT THE READER WILL GAIN This review covers the literature on antimicrobial therapy in atopic eczema and will try to weigh the different publications in the field. TAKE-HOME MESSAGE A beneficial role for antibacterial/antiseptic therapy on top of anti-inflammatory therapy in atopic eczema has to be questioned. However, a role in prevention of overt skin infection seems possible.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christina Schnopp
- Clinical Research Division of Molecular and Clinical Allergotoxicology, Technical University Munich, Germany
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SHYLAJA R, MURALI H, BATRA H, BAWA A. A NOVEL MULTIPLEX PCR SYSTEM FOR THE DETECTION OFSTAPHYLOCOCCAL ENTEROTOXIN B,TSST,NUCANDFEMGENES OFSTAPHYLOCOCCUS AUREUSIN FOOD SYSTEM. J Food Saf 2010. [DOI: 10.1111/j.1745-4565.2010.00218.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
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Characterization of virulence factors and genetic background of Staphylococcus aureus isolated from Peking University People's Hospital between 2005 and 2009. Curr Microbiol 2010; 61:435-43. [PMID: 20383506 DOI: 10.1007/s00284-010-9635-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/27/2009] [Accepted: 03/19/2010] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
Abstract
The aim of this study was to investigate both the genetic features of MRSA strains and the occurrence of virulence factors produced by Staphylococcus aureus strains isolated from Peking University People's Hospital in Beijing, China, between 2005 and 2009. A total of 179 S. aureus strains were isolated, 139 of which were MRSA. The MRSA strains were characterized epidemiologically by SCCmec typing, spa typing and agr typing, then were classified into different genetic groups. The prevalence of genes coding for 14 exotoxins and eight adhesion factors among the S. aureus samples was assessed via polymerase chain reaction. Cluster analysis based on virulence factors-encoding gene content was performed to divide the MRSA isolates into valid clusters. Correspondence analysis was done to analyze the correlation between virulence factors clusters and genetic groups. JCSC1716-agrI-t030 (67.6%), SCCmec-IIIA-agrI-t030 (14.4%), SCCmec-IIIA-agrI-t037 (8.6%) and SCCmecII-agrII-t002 (2.2%) were four predominant MRSA clones. PVL was positive only in MSSA strains, there were at least three superantigenic toxins in our HA-MRSA clones, the prevalence of 16 virulence factors genes (sea, seb, sec, sed, seg, sei, sej, pvl, lukE-lukD, eta, bbp, can, ebp, clfA, fib, fnbB) in MRSA and MSSA was found to be significantly different from MSSA (P < 0.05). Results of correspondence analysis among clusters based on virulence factors genes and groups based on genetic typing illustrated not only the correspondence relationship between groups and clusters overall (P < 0.001), but also the genetic diversity of MRSA strains with respect to virulence factors genes.
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Eyerich K, Böckelmann R, Pommer AJ, Foerster S, Hofmeister H, Huss-Marp J, Cavani A, Behrendt H, Ring J, Gollnick H, Bonnekoh B, Traidl-Hoffmann C. Comparative in situ topoproteome analysis reveals differences in patch test-induced eczema: cytotoxicity-dominated nickel versus pleiotrope pollen reaction. Exp Dermatol 2009; 19:511-7. [PMID: 19758337 DOI: 10.1111/j.1600-0625.2009.00980.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
A subgroup of patients with atopic eczema develops acute eczematous reactions to type I allergy-inducing agents such as pollen that clinically resemble type IV allergies induced by haptens like metal ions. To clarify the underlying immunologic mechanisms, this study was designed to map the inflammatory in situ topoproteome of eczematous responses to grass/birch pollen and nickel by using atopy patch test (APT) and nickel patch test (NPT) as an appropriate clinical model, respectively. Biopsies from NPT (n = 6) and APT (n = 6) with positive reactions at 72 h were analysed by multiple epitope ligand cartography (MELC), which enabled to investigate coexpression of 49 different epitopes immunohistochemically in a single given tissue section. Colocalisation of IgE and FcepsilonRI was investigated by confocal microscopy. Compared with APT responses, NPT reactions were dominated by cytotoxic TIA-1 + and CD8 + T cells. In contrast, the immune response in APT reactions appeared more pleiotrope - as detected by colocalisation analysis. Multiple combinatorial molecular phenotype (CMP) motifs containing naive, early maturation and memory T cell (CD45RA, CD7, CD44, CD45R0), and general activation markers (CLA, HLA-DR, CD13, CD29, CD58, CD71, CD138) were significantly higher expressed in APT when compared with NPT reactions. APT response was confirmed to be accompanied by IgE bound to FcepsilonRI. In summary, our results demonstrate that the NPT reaction is clearly dominated by cytotoxic events, while the APT reaction to pollen grains is more heterogeneous and elicits a combined humoral and cellular immune reaction.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kilian Eyerich
- ZAUM - Center for Allergy and Environment, Division of Environmental Dermatology and Allergy, Helmholtz Zentrum/TUM, Munich, Germany
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COMPARISON OF THE PREVALENCE OF GENES CODING FOR ENTEROTOXINS, EXFOLIATINS, PANTON-VALENTINE LEUKOCIDIN AND TSST-1 BETWEEN METHICILLIN-RESISTANT AND METHICILLIN-SUSCEPTIBLE ISOLATES OF STAPHYLOCOCCUS AUREUS AT THE UNIVERSITY HOSPITAL IN OLOMOUC. Biomed Pap Med Fac Univ Palacky Olomouc Czech Repub 2009; 153:215-8. [DOI: 10.5507/bp.2009.036] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
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